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Ito H, Hirose T, Sato S, Takahashi C, Ishikawa R, Endo A, Kamada A, Oba-Yabana I, Kimura T, Murakami K, Nakamura Y, Takahashi K, Mori T. Pericyte detachment and renal congestion involve interstitial injury and fibrosis in Dahl salt-sensitive rats and humans with heart failure. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2705-2717. [PMID: 37845397 PMCID: PMC10695822 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Congestive heart failure produces fluid volume overload, central and renal venous pressure elevation, and consequently renal congestion, which results in worsening renal function. Pericyte detachment and pericyte-myofibroblast transition (PMT) were linked to renal interstitial fibrosis. Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive (DahlS) rats are a non-surgical renal congestion model. The relation, however, between renal interstitial damage, pericyte morphology, and PMT in the renal congestion of DahlS rats has not been reported. DahlS rats (8-week-old) were fed normal salt (NS, 0.4% NaCl) or high salt (HS, 4% NaCl), and the left kidney was decapsulated to reduce renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) at 9 weeks old. One week after capsulotomy, both kidneys were analyzed by molecular and histological techniques. Renal pericyte structure was assessed in the body donors with/without venous stasis. Markers of tubulointerstitial damage, interstitial fibrosis, and PMT were upregulated in the right non-decapsulated kidney of DahlS rats fed HS. Renal tubular injury and fibrosis were detected in the HS diet groups in histological analysis. Pericyte detachment was observed in the right non-decapsulated kidney of DahlS rats fed HS by low vacuum-scanning electron microscopy. Decapsulation in DahlS rats fed HS attenuated these findings. Also, renal pericytes detached from the vascular wall in patients with heart failure. These results suggest that pericyte detachment and PMT induced by increased RIHP are responsible for tubulointerstitial injury and fibrosis in DahlS rats and humans with renal congestion. Renal venous congestion and subsequent physiological changes could be therapeutic targets for renal damage in cardiorenal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuo Hirose
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
- Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Shigemitsu Sato
- Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chika Takahashi
- Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Risa Ishikawa
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akari Endo
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kamada
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ikuko Oba-Yabana
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Kimura
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Murakami
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takefumi Mori
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
- Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
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Huang Z, Liu S, Tang A, Wu X, Aube J, Xu L, Huang Y. Targeting RNA-binding protein HuR to inhibit the progression of renal tubular fibrosis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:428. [PMID: 37391777 PMCID: PMC10311833 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upregulation of an RNA-binding protein HuR has been implicated in glomerular diseases. Herein, we evaluated whether it is involved in renal tubular fibrosis. METHODS HuR was firstly examined in human kidney biopsy tissue with tubular disease. Second, its expression and the effect of HuR inhibition with KH3 on tubular injury were further assessed in a mouse model induced by a unilateral renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR). KH3 (50 mg kg-1) was given daily via intraperitoneal injection from day 3 to 14 after IR. Last, one of HuR-targeted pathways was examined in cultured proximal tubular cells. RESULTS HuR significantly increases at the site of tubular injury both in progressive CKD in patients and in IR-injured kidneys in mice, accompanied by upregulation of HuR targets that are involved in inflammation, profibrotic cytokines, oxidative stress, proliferation, apoptosis, tubular EMT process, matrix remodeling and fibrosis in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. KH3 treatment reduces the IR-induced tubular injury and fibrosis, accompanied by the remarkable amelioration in those involved pathways. A panel of mRNA array further revealed that 519 molecules in mouse kidney following IR injury changed their expression and 71.3% of them that are involved in 50 profibrotic pathways, were ameliorated when treated with KH3. In vitro, TGFβ1 induced tubular HuR cytoplasmic translocation and subsequent tubular EMT, which were abrogated by KH3 administration in cultured HK-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that excessive upregulation of HuR contributes to renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by dysregulating genes involved in multiple profibrotic pathways and activating the TGFß1/HuR feedback circuit in tubular cells. Inhibition of HuR may have therapeutic potential for renal tubular fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Huang
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Science, Wintrobe Rm 403, 26 N Medical Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Simeng Liu
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Science, Wintrobe Rm 403, 26 N Medical Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Anna Tang
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Science, Wintrobe Rm 403, 26 N Medical Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aube
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medical Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Science, Wintrobe Rm 403, 26 N Medical Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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3
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Campos Pamplona C, Moers C, Leuvenink HGD, van Leeuwen LL. Expanding the Horizons of Pre-Transplant Renal Vascular Assessment Using Ex Vivo Perfusion. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5437-5459. [PMID: 37504261 PMCID: PMC10378498 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, immense efforts have focused on improving the preservation of (sub)optimal donor organs by means of ex vivo perfusion, which enables the opportunity for organ reconditioning and viability assessment. However, there is still no biomarker that correlates with renal viability. Therefore, it is essential to explore new techniques for pre-transplant assessment of organ quality to guarantee successful long-term transplantation outcomes. The renal vascular compartment has received little attention in machine perfusion studies. In vivo, proper renal vascular and endothelial function is essential for maintaining homeostasis and long-term graft survival. In an ex vivo setting, little is known about vascular viability and its implications for an organ's suitability for transplant. Seeing that endothelial damage is the first step in a cascade of disruptions and maintaining homeostasis is crucial for positive post-transplant outcomes, further research is key to clarifying the (patho)physiology of the renal vasculature during machine perfusion. In this review, we aim to summarize key aspects of renal vascular physiology, describe the role of the renal vasculature in pathophysiological settings, and explain how ex vivo perfusion plays a role in either unveiling or targeting such processes. Additionally, we discuss potentially new vascular assessment tools during ex vivo renal perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos Pamplona
- Department of Surgery-Organ Donation and Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cyril Moers
- Department of Surgery-Organ Donation and Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri G D Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery-Organ Donation and Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Leonie van Leeuwen
- Department of Surgery-Organ Donation and Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Layton TB, Williams L, Nanchahal J. Dupuytren's disease: a localised and accessible human fibrotic disorder. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:218-227. [PMID: 36566101 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We review the biology of Dupuytren's disease (DD), a common localised fibrotic disorder of the hand. The disease develops through a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, and epigenetic signalling. The early-stage disease nodules comprise a complex milieu of stromal and immune cells which interact to promote disease development. Recently, inhibition of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) locally resulted in softening and a decrease in nodule size, potentially controlling disease progression. Unlike fibrotic disorders of the visceral organs, the easy access to tissue in DD patients enables dissection of the cellular landscape and molecular signalling pathways. In addition, the study of DD may have wider benefits in enhancing our understanding of less-accessible fibrotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Layton
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 8FE, UK
| | - Lynn Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 8FE, UK
| | - Jagdeep Nanchahal
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 8FE, UK.
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5
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Kim KP, Williams CE, Lemmon CA. Cell-Matrix Interactions in Renal Fibrosis. KIDNEY AND DIALYSIS 2022; 2:607-624. [PMID: 37033194 PMCID: PMC10081509 DOI: 10.3390/kidneydial2040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a hallmark of end-stage chronic kidney disease. It is characterized by increased accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), which disrupts cellular organization and function within the kidney. Here, we review the bi-directional interactions between cells and the ECM that drive renal fibrosis. We will discuss the cells involved in renal fibrosis, changes that occur in the ECM, the interactions between renal cells and the surrounding fibrotic microenvironment, and signal transduction pathways that are misregulated as fibrosis proceeds. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell-ECM crosstalk will identify novel targets to better identify and treat renal fibrosis and associated renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin P. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lemmon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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6
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Kida Y, Yamaguchi I. The vascular protective effect of matrix Gla protein during kidney injury. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 2:970744. [PMID: 39086959 PMCID: PMC11285670 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2022.970744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a small secreted protein and requires vitamin K dependent γ-carboxylation for its function. MGP has been identified as a local inhibitor of vascular calcification because MGP-deficient mice die due to severe arterial calcification and resulting arterial rupture. Clinical trials revealed that reduction in active MGP predicts poor prognosis in patients due to cardiovascular complications. However, recent studies showed that MGP controls angiogenesis during development. MGP-deficient mice demonstrated abnormal hypervascularization and arteriovenous malformations in kidneys and other organs. This abnormal angiogenesis is largely caused by excessive expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2). However, only a few studies have investigated the roles of MGP in tissue injury. We observed mesangial cell proliferation and mild interstitial fibrosis in addition to increased capillaries in kidneys of MGP-null mice even without injury. We also created a mouse model with kidney injury and found that kidney damage greatly increases MGP expression in peritubular capillary endothelial cells and tubular epithelial cells. Finally, our study showed that impairment of MGP expression aggravates peritubular capillary rarefaction and accumulation of collagen-producing myofibroblasts following kidney injury. Peritubular capillary damage induces capillary loss as well as trans-differentiation of vascular pericytes into myofibroblasts. These results indicate that MGP has the vascular protective effect in the injured kidney. Clinical trials have already started to test the efficacy of MGP activation to repair vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney diseases. In this "Hypothesis and Theory" article, we discuss possible mechanisms by which MGP protects against vascular damage during tissue injury based on our experimental results and previous results from other research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Kida
- Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Nephrology, Takashimadaira Chūō General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Yamaguchi
- Center for Tissue and Cell Sciences, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Children’s Hospital, OU Health, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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7
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Raza GS, Sodum N, Kaya Y, Herzig KH. Role of Circadian Transcription Factor Rev-Erb in Metabolism and Tissue Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12954. [PMID: 36361737 PMCID: PMC9655416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms significantly affect metabolism, and their disruption leads to cardiometabolic diseases and fibrosis. The clock repressor Rev-Erb is mainly expressed in the liver, heart, lung, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and brain, recognized as a master regulator of metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammatory response, and fibrosis. Fibrosis is the response of the body to injuries and chronic inflammation with the accumulation of extracellular matrix in tissues. Activation of myofibroblasts is a key factor in the development of organ fibrosis, initiated by hormones, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and mechanical stress. This review summarizes the importance of Rev-Erb in ECM remodeling and tissue fibrosis. In the heart, Rev-Erb activation has been shown to alleviate hypertrophy and increase exercise capacity. In the lung, Rev-Erb agonist reduced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing fibroblast differentiation. In the liver, Rev-Erb inhibited inflammation and fibrosis by diminishing NF-κB activity. In adipose tissue, Rev- Erb agonists reduced fat mass. In summary, the results of multiple studies in preclinical models demonstrate that Rev-Erb is an attractive target for positively influencing dysregulated metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis, but more specific tools and studies would be needed to increase the information base for the therapeutic potential of these substances interfering with the molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Shere Raza
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Nalini Sodum
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Yagmur Kaya
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, 34854 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Institute, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
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8
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Lendahl U, Muhl L, Betsholtz C. Identification, discrimination and heterogeneity of fibroblasts. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3409. [PMID: 35701396 PMCID: PMC9192344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, the principal cell type of connective tissue, secrete extracellular matrix components during tissue development, homeostasis, repair and disease. Despite this crucial role, the identification and distinction of fibroblasts from other cell types are challenging and laden with caveats. Rapid progress in single-cell transcriptomics now yields detailed molecular portraits of fibroblasts and other cell types in our bodies, which complement and enrich classical histological and immunological descriptions, improve cell class definitions and guide further studies on the functional heterogeneity of cell subtypes and states, origins and fates in physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the understanding of fibroblast identification and heterogeneity and how they discriminate from other cell types. In this review, the authors look at how recent progress in single-cell transcriptomics complement and enrich the classical, largely morphological, portraits of fibroblasts. The detailed molecular information now available provides new insights into fibroblast identity, heterogeneity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14183, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 16, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 16, SE-141 57, Huddinge, Sweden. .,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Miao C, Zhu X, Wei X, Long M, Jiang L, Li C, Jin D, Du Y. Pro- and anti-fibrotic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor in chronic kidney diseases. Ren Fail 2022; 44:881-892. [PMID: 35618410 PMCID: PMC9154791 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2079528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the inevitable common end-point of all progressive chronic kidney diseases. The underlying mechanisms of renal fibrosis are complex, and currently there is no effective therapy against renal fibrosis. Renal microvascular rarefaction contributes to the progression of renal fibrosis; however, an imbalance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors leads to the loss of renal microvasculature. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most important pro-angiogenic factor. Recent studies have unraveled the involvement of VEGF in the regulation of renal microvascular rarefaction and fibrosis via various mechanisms; however, it is not clear whether it has anti-fibrotic or pro-fibrotic effect. This paper reviews the available evidence pertaining to the function of VEGF in the fibrotic process and explores the associated underlying mechanisms. Our synthesis will help identify the future research priorities for developing specialized treatments for alleviating or preventing renal fibrosis. Abbreviation: VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ESKD: end-stage kidney disease; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; AKI: acute kidney injury; EMT: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; HIF: hypoxia-inducible factor; α-SMA: α smooth muscle actin; UUO: unilateral ureteral obstruction; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; PMT: pericyte-myofibroblast transition; NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; nNOS: neuronal nitric oxide synthase; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; sGC: soluble guanylate cyclase; PKG: soluble guanylate cyclase dependent protein kinases; UP R: unfolded protein response
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxiu Miao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengtuan Long
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Physical Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Die Jin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Du
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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10
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Ajay AK, Zhao L, Vig S, Fujiwara M, Thakurela S, Jadhav S, Cho A, Chiu IJ, Ding Y, Ramachandran K, Mithal A, Bhatt A, Chaluvadi P, Gupta MK, Shah SI, Sabbisetti VS, Waaga-Gasser AM, Frank DA, Murugaiyan G, Bonventre JV, Hsiao LL. Deletion of STAT3 from Foxd1 cell population protects mice from kidney fibrosis by inhibiting pericytes trans-differentiation and migration. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110473. [PMID: 35263586 PMCID: PMC10027389 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key transcription factor implicated in the pathogenesis of kidney fibrosis. Although Stat3 deletion in tubular epithelial cells is known to protect mice from fibrosis, vFoxd1 cells remains unclear. Using Foxd1-mediated Stat3 knockout mice, CRISPR, and inhibitors of STAT3, we investigate its function. STAT3 is phosphorylated in tubular epithelial cells in acute kidney injury, whereas it is expanded to interstitial cells in fibrosis in mice and humans. Foxd1-mediated deletion of Stat3 protects mice from folic-acid- and aristolochic-acid-induced kidney fibrosis. Mechanistically, STAT3 upregulates the inflammation and differentiates pericytes into myofibroblasts. STAT3 activation increases migration and profibrotic signaling in genome-edited, pericyte-like cells. Conversely, blocking Stat3 inhibits detachment, migration, and profibrotic signaling. Furthermore, STAT3 binds to the Collagen1a1 promoter in mouse kidneys and cells. Together, our study identifies a previously unknown function of STAT3 that promotes kidney fibrosis and has therapeutic value in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra K Ajay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Renal Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shruti Vig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mai Fujiwara
- Ann Romney Centre for Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sudhir Thakurela
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Shreyas Jadhav
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - I-Jen Chiu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krithika Ramachandran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arushi Mithal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aanal Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pratyusha Chaluvadi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manoj K Gupta
- Section of Islet Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sujal I Shah
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Venkata S Sabbisetti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana Maria Waaga-Gasser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Frank
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Research Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gopal Murugaiyan
- Ann Romney Centre for Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li-Li Hsiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Wilson SE, Sampaio LP, Shiju TM, Hilgert GSL, de Oliveira RC. Corneal Opacity: Cell Biological Determinants of the Transition From Transparency to Transient Haze to Scarring Fibrosis, and Resolution, After Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:22. [PMID: 35044454 PMCID: PMC8787546 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To highlight the cellular, matrix, and hydration changes associated with opacity that occurs in the corneal stroma after injury. Methods Review of the literature. Results The regulated transition of keratocytes to corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and of bone marrow-derived fibrocytes to myofibroblasts, is in large part modulated by transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) entry into the stroma after injury to the epithelial basement membrane (EBM) and/or Descemet's membrane. The composition, stoichiometry, and organization of the stromal extracellular matrix components and water is altered by corneal fibroblast and myofibroblast production of large amounts of collagen type I and other extracellular matrix components-resulting in varying levels of stromal opacity, depending on the intensity of the healing response. Regeneration of EBM and/or Descemet's membrane, and stromal cell production of non-EBM collagen type IV, reestablishes control of TGFβ entry and activity, and triggers TGFβ-dependent myofibroblast apoptosis. Eventually, corneal fibroblasts also disappear, and repopulating keratocytes reorganize the disordered extracellular matrix to reestablish transparency. Conclusions Injuries to the cornea produce varying amounts of corneal opacity depending on the magnitude of cellular and molecular responses to injury. The EBM and Descemet's membrane are key regulators of stromal cellularity through their modulation of TGFβ. After injury to the cornea, depending on the severity of the insult, and possibly genetic factors, trace opacity to severe scarring fibrosis develops. Stromal cellularity, and the functions of different cell types, are the major determinants of the level of the stromal opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Wilson
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Lycia Pedral Sampaio
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Yu H, Commander CW, Stavas JM. Stem Cell-Based Therapies: What Interventional Radiologists Need to Know. Semin Intervent Radiol 2021; 38:523-534. [PMID: 34853498 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
As the basic units of biological organization, stem cells and their progenitors are essential for developing and regenerating organs and tissue systems using their unique self-renewal capability and differentiation potential into multiple cell lineages. Stem cells are consistently present throughout the entire human development, from the zygote to adulthood. Over the past decades, significant efforts have been made in biology, genetics, and biotechnology to develop stem cell-based therapies using embryonic and adult autologous or allogeneic stem cells for diseases without therapies or difficult to treat. Stem cell-based therapies require optimum administration of stem cells into damaged organs to promote structural regeneration and improve function. Maximum clinical efficacy is highly dependent on the successful delivery of stem cells to the target tissue. Direct image-guided locoregional injections into target tissues offer an option to increase therapeutic outcomes. Interventional radiologists have the opportunity to perform a key role in delivering stem cells more efficiently using minimally invasive techniques. This review discusses the types and sources of stem cells and the current clinical applications of stem cell-based therapies. In addition, the regulatory considerations, logistics, and potential roles of interventional Radiology are also discussed with the review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Yu
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,ProKidney LLC, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Clayton W Commander
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph M Stavas
- Department of Radiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
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13
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Di Benedetto P, Ruscitti P, Berardicurti O, Vomero M, Navarini L, Dolo V, Cipriani P, Giacomelli R. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 205:12-27. [PMID: 33772754 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by significant vascular alterations and multi-organ fibrosis. Microvascular alterations are the first event of SSc and injured endothelial cells (ECs) may transdifferentiate towards myofibroblasts, the cells responsible for fibrosis and collagen deposition. This process is identified as endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and understanding of its development is pivotal to identify early pathogenetic events and new therapeutic targets for SSc. In this review, we have highlighted the molecular mechanisms of EndMT and summarize the evidence of the role played by EndMT during the development of progressive fibrosis in SSc, also exploring the possible therapeutic role of its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Di Benedetto
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Ruscitti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - O Berardicurti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M Vomero
- Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Rome, Italy
| | - L Navarini
- Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Rome, Italy
| | - V Dolo
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - P Cipriani
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - R Giacomelli
- Unit of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Rome, Italy
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14
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Son SS, Hwang S, Park JH, Ko Y, Yun SI, Lee JH, Son B, Kim TR, Park HO, Lee EY. In vivo silencing of amphiregulin by a novel effective Self-Assembled-Micelle inhibitory RNA ameliorates renal fibrosis via inhibition of EGFR signals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2191. [PMID: 33500443 PMCID: PMC7838194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphiregulin (AREG) is a transmembrane glycoprotein recently implicated in kidney fibrosis. Previously, we reported that the AREG-targeting Self-Assembled-Micelle inhibitory RNA (SAMiRNA-AREG) alleviated fibrosis by stably silencing the AREG gene, and reduced the side effects of conventional siRNA treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. However, the therapeutic effect of SAMiRNA-AREG in renal fibrosis has not been studied until now. We used two animal models of renal fibrosis generated by a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and an adenine diet (AD) to investigate whether SAMiRNA-AREG inhibited renal fibrosis. To investigate the delivery of SAMiRNA-AREG to the kidney, Cy5-labeled SAMiRNA-AREG was injected into UUO- and AD-induced renal fibrosis models. In both kidney disease models, SAMiRNA-AREG was delivered primarily to the damaged kidney. We also confirmed the protective effect of SAMiRNA-AREG in renal fibrosis models. SAMiRNA-AREG markedly decreased the UUO- and AD-induced AREG mRNA expression. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of fibrosis markers, including α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, α1(I) collagen, and α1(III) collagen in the UUO and AD-induced kidneys, was diminished in the SAMiRNA-AREG-treated mice. The transcription of inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and adhesion markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1) was attenuated. The hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining results showed that SAMiRNA-AREG decreased renal fibrosis, AREG expression, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation in the UUO- and AD-induced models. Moreover, we studied the effects of SAMiRNA-AREG in response to TGF-β1 in mouse and human proximal tubule cells, and mouse fibroblasts. TGF-β1-induced extracellular matrix production and myofibroblast differentiation were attenuated by SAMiRNA-AREG. Finally, we confirmed that upregulated AREG in the UUO or AD models was mainly localized in the distal tubules. In conclusion, SAMiRNA-AREG represents a novel siRNA therapeutic for renal fibrosis by suppressing EGFR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Seob Son
- siRNAgen Therapeutics, Daejeon, 34302, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Hwang
- siRNAgen Therapeutics, Daejeon, 34302, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- siRNAgen Therapeutics, Daejeon, 34302, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Ko
- siRNAgen Therapeutics, Daejeon, 34302, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Yun
- Bioneer Corporation, 8-11 Munpyeongseo-ro, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon, 34302, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomseok Son
- siRNAgen Therapeutics, Daejeon, 34302, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Rim Kim
- siRNAgen Therapeutics, Daejeon, 34302, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Oh Park
- siRNAgen Therapeutics, Daejeon, 34302, Republic of Korea.
- Bioneer Corporation, 8-11 Munpyeongseo-ro, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon, 34302, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, 31 Soonchunhyang 6-gil, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 FOUR Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Peritubular Capillary Rarefaction: An Underappreciated Regulator of CKD Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218255. [PMID: 33158122 PMCID: PMC7662781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritubular capillary (PTC) rarefaction is commonly detected in chronic kidney disease (CKD) such as hypertensive nephrosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, PTC rarefaction prominently correlates with impaired kidney function and predicts the future development of end-stage renal disease in patients with CKD. However, it is still underappreciated that PTC rarefaction is a pivotal regulator of CKD progression, primarily because the molecular mechanisms of PTC rarefaction have not been well-elucidated. In addition to the established mechanisms (reduced proangiogenic factors and increased anti-angiogenic factors), recent studies discovered significant contribution of the following elements to PTC loss: (1) prompt susceptibility of PTC to injury, (2) impaired proliferation of PTC, (3) apoptosis/senescence of PTC, and (4) pericyte detachment from PTC. Mainly based on the recent and novel findings in basic research and clinical study, this review describes the roles of the above-mentioned elements in PTC loss and focuses on the major factors regulating PTC angiogenesis, the assessment of PTC rarefaction and its surrogate markers, and an overview of the possible therapeutic agents to mitigate PTC rarefaction during CKD progression. PTC rarefaction is not only a prominent histological characteristic of CKD but also a central driving force of CKD progression.
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16
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Shimada S, Abais-Battad JM, Alsheikh AJ, Yang C, Stumpf M, Kurth T, Mattson DL, Cowley AW. Renal Perfusion Pressure Determines Infiltration of Leukocytes in the Kidney of Rats With Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 76:849-858. [PMID: 32755400 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the extent to which leukocyte infiltration into the kidneys in Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced hypertension is determined by elevation of renal perfusion pressure (RPP). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with carotid and femoral arterial catheters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure and a femoral venous catheter for infusion. An inflatable aortic occluder cuff placed between the renal arteries with computer-driven servo-controller maintained RPP to the left kidney at control levels during 7 days of intravenous Ang II (50 ng/kg per minute) or vehicle (saline) infusion. Rats were fed a 0.4% NaCl diet throughout the study. Ang II-infused rats exhibited nearly a 50 mm Hg increase of RPP (carotid catheter) to the right kidney while RPP to the left kidney (femoral catheter) was controlled at baseline pressure throughout the study. As determined at the end of the studies by flow cytometry, right kidneys exhibited significantly greater numbers of T cells, B cells, and monocytes/macrophages compared with the servo-controlled left kidneys and compared with vehicle treated rats. No difference was found between Ang II servo-controlled left kidneys and vehicle treated kidneys. Immunostaining found that the density of glomeruli, cortical, and outer medullary capillaries were significantly reduced in the right kidney of Ang II-infused rats compared with servo-controlled left kidney. We conclude that in this model of hypertension the elevation of RPP, not Ang II nor dietary salt, leads to leukocyte infiltration in the kidney and to capillary rarefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Shimada
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | | | - Ammar J Alsheikh
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Chun Yang
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Megan Stumpf
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Theresa Kurth
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - David L Mattson
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Allen W Cowley
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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17
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Ullah MM, Basile DP. Role of Renal Hypoxia in the Progression From Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease. Semin Nephrol 2020; 39:567-580. [PMID: 31836039 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been an increased appreciation of the long-term sequelae of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the potential development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several pathophysiologic features have been proposed to mediate AKI to CKD progression including maladaptive alterations in tubular, interstitial, inflammatory, and vascular cells. These alterations likely interact to culminate in the progression to CKD. In this article we focus primarily on evidence of vascular rarefaction secondary to AKI, and the potential mechanisms by which rarefaction occurs in relation to other alterations in tubular and interstitial compartments. We further focus on the potential that rarefaction contributes to renal hypoxia. Consideration of the role of hypoxia in AKI to CKD transition focuses on experimental evidence of persistent renal hypoxia after AKI and experimental maneuvers to evaluate the influence of hypoxia, per se, in progressive disease. Finally, consideration of methods to evaluate hypoxia in patients is provided with the suggestion that noninvasive measurement of renal hypoxia may provide insight into progression in post-AKI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbub Ullah
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - David P Basile
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.
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18
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Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Rodelo-Haad C, Pendon-Ruiz de Mier MV, Martin-Malo A, Santamaria R, Rodriguez M. Klotho/FGF23 and Wnt Signaling as Important Players in the Comorbidities Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E185. [PMID: 32188018 PMCID: PMC7150840 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) and Klotho play an essential role in the regulation of mineral metabolism, and both are altered as a consequence of renal failure. FGF23 increases to augment phosphaturia, which prevents phosphate accumulation at the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This effect of FGF23 requires the presence of Klotho in the renal tubules. However, Klotho expression is reduced as soon as renal function is starting to fail to generate a state of FGF23 resistance. Changes in these proteins directly affect to other mineral metabolism parameters; they may affect renal function and can produce damage in other organs such as bone, heart, or vessels. Some of the mechanisms responsible for the changes in FGF23 and Klotho levels are related to modifications in the Wnt signaling. This review examines the link between FGF23/Klotho and Wnt/β-catenin in different organs: kidney, heart, and bone. Activation of the canonical Wnt signaling produces changes in FGF23 and Klotho and vice versa; therefore, this pathway emerges as a potential therapeutic target that may help to prevent CKD-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rafael Muñoz-Castañeda
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), 14005 Cordoba, Spain; (J.R.M.-C.); (C.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (R.S.); (M.R.)
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Rodelo-Haad
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), 14005 Cordoba, Spain; (J.R.M.-C.); (C.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (R.S.); (M.R.)
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Victoria Pendon-Ruiz de Mier
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), 14005 Cordoba, Spain; (J.R.M.-C.); (C.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (R.S.); (M.R.)
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martin-Malo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), 14005 Cordoba, Spain; (J.R.M.-C.); (C.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (R.S.); (M.R.)
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Santamaria
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), 14005 Cordoba, Spain; (J.R.M.-C.); (C.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (R.S.); (M.R.)
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Rodriguez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), 14005 Cordoba, Spain; (J.R.M.-C.); (C.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (R.S.); (M.R.)
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14005 Cordoba, Spain
- Spanish Renal Research Network (REDinREN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Terada N, Karim MR, Izawa T, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Expression of β-catenin in regenerating renal tubules of cisplatin-induced kidney failure in rats. Clin Exp Nephrol 2018; 22:1240-1250. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-018-1583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Changes in Renal Peritubular Capillaries in Canine and Feline Chronic Kidney Disease. J Comp Pathol 2018; 160:79-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Yang SH, Kim YC, An JN, Kim JH, Lee J, Lee HY, Cho JY, Paik JH, Oh YK, Lim CS, Kim YS, Lee JP. Active maintenance of endothelial cells prevents kidney fibrosis. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2017; 36:329-341. [PMID: 29285425 PMCID: PMC5743042 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.2017.36.4.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) expressed by endothelial cells catalyzes the metabolism of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are vasoactive agents. Methods We used a unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model of kidney fibrosis to determine whether inhibition of sEH activity reduces fibrosis, the final common pathway for chronic kidney disease. Results sEH activity was inhibited by continuous release of the inhibitor 12-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA) for 1 or 2 weeks. Treatment with AUDA significantly ameliorated tubulointerstitial fibrosis by reducing fibroblast mobilization and enhancing endothelial cell activity. In an in vitro model of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) using human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), AUDA prevented the morphologic changes associated with EndMT and reduced expression of fibroblast-specific protein 1. Furthermore, HUVECs activated by AUDA prevented the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tubular epithelial cells in a co-culture system. Conclusion Our findings suggest that regulation of sEH is a potential target for therapies aimed at delaying the progression of kidney fibrosis by inhibiting EndMT and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Yang
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Seoul National University Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Nam An
- Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hyuk Kim
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhoh Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of the Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hee-Yoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Paik
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yun Kyu Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Novel Mechanism of the Pericyte-Myofibroblast Transition in Renal Interstitial Fibrosis: Core Fucosylation Regulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16914. [PMID: 29209018 PMCID: PMC5717002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericytes have been identified as a major source of myofibroblasts in renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). The overactivation of several signaling pathways, mainly the TGF-β and PDGF pathways, initiates the pericyte-myofibroblast transition during RIF. Key receptors in these two pathways have been shown to be modified by fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8), the enzyme that catalyzes core fucosylation. This study postulated that core fucosylation might play an important role in regulating the pericyte transition in RIF. The data showed that core fucosylation increased with the extent of RIF in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Similarly, core fucosylation of pericytes increased in both a unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) mouse model and an in vitro model of pericyte transition. Inhibition of core fucosylation by adenoviral-mediated FUT8 shRNA in vivo and FUT8 siRNA in vitro significantly reduced pericyte transition and RIF. In addition, the activation of both the TGF-β/Smad and PDGF/ERK pathways was blocked by core fucosylation inhibition. In conclusion, core fucosylation may regulate the pericyte transition in RIF by modifying both the TGF-β/Smad and PDGF/ERK pathways. Glycosylation might be a novel "hub" target to prevent RIF.
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23
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Deletion of Pkd1 in renal stromal cells causes defects in the renal stromal compartment and progressive cystogenesis in the kidney. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1427-1438. [PMID: 28892094 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), caused by PKD1 and PKD2 gene mutations, is one of the most common genetic diseases, affecting up to 1 in 500 people. Mutations of PKD1 account for over 85% of ADPKD cases. However, mechanisms of disease progression and explanations for the wide range in disease phenotype remain to be elucidated. Moreover, functional roles of PKD1 in the renal stromal compartment are poorly understood. In this work, we tested if Pkd1 is essential for development and maintenance of the renal stromal compartment and if this role contributes to pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease using a novel tissue-specific knockout mouse model. We demonstrate that deletion of Pkd1 from renal stromal cells using Foxd1-driven Cre causes a spectrum of defects in the stromal compartment, including excessive apoptosis/proliferation and extracellular matrix deficiency. Renal vasculature was also defective. Further, mutant mice showed epithelial changes and progressive cystogenesis in adulthood modeling human ADPKD. Altogether, we provide robust evidence to support indispensable roles for Pkd1 in development and maintenance of stromal cell derivatives by using a novel ADPKD model. Moreover, stromal compartment defects caused by Pkd1 deletion might serve as an important mechanism for pathogenesis of ADPKD.
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Kropski JA, Richmond BW, Gaskill CF, Foronjy RF, Majka SM. Deregulated angiogenesis in chronic lung diseases: a possible role for lung mesenchymal progenitor cells (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217739807. [PMID: 29040010 PMCID: PMC5731726 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217739807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease (CLD), including pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide. Both are debilitating pathologies that impede overall tissue function. A common co-morbidity in CLD is vasculopathy, characterized by deregulated angiogenesis, remodeling, and loss of microvessels. This substantially worsens prognosis and limits survival, with most current therapeutic strategies being largely palliative. The relevance of angiogenesis, both capillary and lymph, to the pathophysiology of CLD has not been resolved as conflicting evidence depicts angiogenesis as both reparative or pathologic. Therefore, we must begin to understand and model the underlying pathobiology of pulmonary vascular deregulation, alone and in response to injury induced disease, to define cell interactions necessary to maintain normal function and promote repair. Capillary and lymphangiogenesis are deregulated in both PF and COPD, although the mechanisms by which they co-regulate and underlie early pathogenesis of disease are unknown. The cell-specific mechanisms that regulate lung vascular homeostasis, repair, and remodeling represent a significant gap in knowledge, which presents an opportunity to develop targeted therapies. We have shown that that ABCG2pos multipotent adult mesenchymal stem or progenitor cells (MPC) influence the function of the capillary microvasculature as well as lymphangiogenesis. A balance of both is required for normal tissue homeostasis and repair. Our current models suggest that when lymph and capillary angiogenesis are out of balance, the non-equivalence appears to support the progression of disease and tissue remodeling. The angiogenic regulatory mechanisms underlying CLD likely impact other interstitial lung diseases, tuberous sclerosis, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kropski
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bradley W Richmond
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christa F Gaskill
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- 3 5718 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan M Majka
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,2 74498 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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The Importance of Pericytes in Healing: Wounds and other Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061129. [PMID: 28538706 PMCID: PMC5485953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of current research investigates the beneficial properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a treatment for wounds and other forms of injury. In this review, we bring attention to and discuss the role of the pericyte, a cell type which shares much of the differentiation potential and regenerative properties of the MSC as well as specific roles in the regulation of angiogenesis, inflammation and fibrosis. Pericytes have been identified as dysfunctional or depleted in many disease states, and observing the outcomes of pericyte perturbation in models of disease and wound healing informs our understanding of overall pericyte function and identifies these cells as an important target in the development of therapies to encourage healing.
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Activation of Hypoxia Signaling in Stromal Progenitors Impairs Kidney Development. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1496-1511. [PMID: 28527294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine hypoxia is a reason for impaired kidney development. The cellular and molecular pathways along which hypoxia exerts effects on nephrogenesis are not well understood. They are likely triggered by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs), and their effects appear to be dependent on the cell compartment contributing to kidney formation. In this study, we investigated the effects of HIF activation in the developing renal stroma, which also essentially modulates nephron development from the metanephric mesenchyme. HIF activation was achieved by conditional deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) protein in the forkhead box FOXD1 cell lineage, from which stromal progenitors arise. The resulting kidneys showed maturation defects associated with early postnatal death. In particular, nephron formation, tubular maturation, and the differentiation of smooth muscle, renin, and mesangial cells were impaired. Erythropoietin expression was strongly enhanced. Codeletion of VHL together with HIF2A but not with HIF1A led to apparently normal kidneys, and the animals reached normal age but were anemic because of low erythropoietin levels. Stromal deletion of HIF2A or HIF1A alone did not affect kidney development. These findings emphasize the relevance of sufficient intrauterine oxygenation for normal renal stroma differentiation, suggesting that chronic activity of HIF2 in stromal progenitors impairs kidney development. Finally, these data confirm the concept that normal stroma function is essential for normal tubular differentiation.
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Gaskill CF, Carrier EJ, Kropski JA, Bloodworth NC, Menon S, Foronjy RF, Taketo MM, Hong CC, Austin ED, West JD, Means AL, Loyd JE, Merryman WD, Hemnes AR, De Langhe S, Blackwell TS, Klemm DJ, Majka SM. Disruption of lineage specification in adult pulmonary mesenchymal progenitor cells promotes microvascular dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2262-2276. [PMID: 28463231 DOI: 10.1172/jci88629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular disease is characterized by remodeling and loss of microvessels and is typically attributed to pathological responses in vascular endothelium or abnormal smooth muscle cell phenotypes. We have challenged this understanding by defining an adult pulmonary mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC) that regulates both microvascular function and angiogenesis. The current understanding of adult MPCs and their roles in homeostasis versus disease has been limited by a lack of genetic markers with which to lineage label multipotent mesenchyme and trace the differentiation of these MPCs into vascular lineages. Here, we have shown that lineage-labeled lung MPCs expressing the ATP-binding cassette protein ABCG2 (ABCG2+) are pericyte progenitors that participate in microvascular homeostasis as well as adaptive angiogenesis. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, either autonomously or downstream of decreased BMP receptor signaling, enhanced ABCG2+ MPC proliferation but suppressed MPC differentiation into a functional pericyte lineage. Thus, enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ABCG2+ MPCs drives a phenotype of persistent microvascular dysfunction, abnormal angiogenesis, and subsequent exacerbation of bleomycin-induced fibrosis. ABCG2+ MPCs may, therefore, account in part for the aberrant microvessel function and remodeling that are associated with chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa F Gaskill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Erica J Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | | | - Swapna Menon
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute, Kochi, and AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Kerala, India
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine or Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - James D West
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Anna L Means
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James E Loyd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Anna R Hemnes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | | | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Dwight J Klemm
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan M Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine or Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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28
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Wang S, Zeng H, Chen ST, Zhou L, Xie XJ, He X, Tao YK, Tuo QH, Deng C, Liao DF, Chen JX. Ablation of endothelial prolyl hydroxylase domain protein-2 promotes renal vascular remodelling and fibrosis in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1967-1978. [PMID: 28266128 PMCID: PMC5571552 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-α) hydroxylase system has a critical role in vascular remodelling. Using an endothelial-specific prolyl hydroxylase domain protein-2 (PHD2) knockout (PHD2EC KO) mouse model, this study investigates the regulatory role of endothelial HIF-α hydroxylase system in the development of renal fibrosis. Knockout of PHD2 in EC up-regulated the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, resulting in a significant decline of renal function as evidenced by elevated levels of serum creatinine. Deletion of PHD2 increased the expression of Notch3 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) in EC, thus further causing glomerular arteriolar remodelling with an increased pericyte and pericyte coverage. This was accompanied by a significant elevation of renal resistive index (RI). Moreover, knockout of PHD2 in EC up-regulated the expression of fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1) and increased interstitial fibrosis in the kidney. These alterations were strongly associated with up-regulation of Notch3 and TGF-β1. We concluded that the expression of PHD2 in endothelial cells plays a critical role in renal fibrosis and vascular remodelling in adult mice. Furthermore, these changes were strongly associated with up-regulation of Notch3/TGF-β1 signalling and excessive pericyte coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Sean T Chen
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xue-Jiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaochen He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yong-Kang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Qin-Hui Tuo
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Changqin Deng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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29
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Pericytes: The Role of Multipotent Stem Cells in Vascular Maintenance and Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1079:69-86. [PMID: 29282647 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels consist of an inner endothelial cell layer lining the vessel wall and perivascular pericytes, also known as mural cells, which envelop the vascular tube surface. Pericytes have recently been recognized for their central role in blood vessel formation. Pericytes are multipotent cells that are heterogeneous in their origin, function, morphology and surface markers. Similar to other types of stem cells, pericytes act as a repair system in response to injury by maintaining the structural integrity of blood vessels. Several studies have shown that blood vessels lacking pericytes become hyperdilated and haemorrhagic, leading to vascular complications ranging from diabetic retinopathy to embryonic death. The role of pericytes is not restricted to the formation and development of the vasculature: they have been shown to possess stem cell-like characteristics and may differentiate into cell types from different lineages. Recent discoveries regarding the contribution of pericytes to tumour metastasis and the maintenance of tumour vascular supply and angiogenesis have led researchers to propose targeting pericytes with anti-angiogenic therapies. In this review, we will examine the different physiological roles of pericytes, their differentiation potential, and how they interact with surrounding cells to ensure the integrity of blood vessel formation and maintenance.
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30
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Kennedy-Lydon T. Immune Functions and Properties of Resident Cells in the Heart and Cardiovascular System: Pericytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1003:93-103. [PMID: 28667555 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to pericyte physiology. Pericytes are smooth muscle-like cells that wrap around vessels and arterioles. Here, we discuss their structure, function, contractility and interaction with other cells including immune cells and finally their role in pathological processes. Additionally, we discuss recent studies describing pericyte populations in the heart and their potential as targets for future cardiac therapeutic interventions.
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31
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Abstract
Pericytes are a heterogeneous population of cells located in the blood vessel wall. They were first identified in the 19th century by Rouget, however their biological role and potential for drug targeting have taken time to be recognised. Isolation of pericytes from several different tissues has allowed a better phenotypic and functional characterization. These findings revealed a tissue-specific, multi-functional group of cells with multilineage potential. Given this emerging evidence, pericytes have acquired specific roles in pathobiological events in vascular diseases. In this review article, we will provide a compelling overview of the main diseases in which pericytes are involved, from well-established mechanisms to the latest findings. Pericyte involvement in diabetes and cancer will be discussed extensively. In the last part of the article we will review therapeutic approaches for these diseases in light of the recently acquired knowledge. To unravel pericyte-related vascular pathobiological events is pivotal not only for more tailored treatments of disease but also to establish pericytes as a therapeutic tool.
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32
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Stefanska A, Kenyon C, Christian HC, Buckley C, Shaw I, Mullins JJ, Péault B. Human kidney pericytes produce renin. Kidney Int 2016; 90:1251-1261. [PMID: 27678158 PMCID: PMC5126097 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes, perivascular cells embedded in the microvascular wall, are crucial for vascular homeostasis. These cells also play diverse roles in tissue development and regeneration as multi-lineage progenitors, immunomodulatory cells and as sources of trophic factors. Here, we establish that pericytes are renin producing cells in the human kidney. Renin was localized by immunohistochemistry in CD146 and NG2 expressing pericytes, surrounding juxtaglomerular and afferent arterioles. Similar to pericytes from other organs, CD146+CD34–CD45–CD56– renal fetal pericytes, sorted by flow cytometry, exhibited tri-lineage mesodermal differentiation potential in vitro. Additionally, renin expression was triggered in cultured kidney pericytes by cyclic AMP as confirmed by immuno-electron microscopy, and secretion of enzymatically functional renin, capable of generating angiotensin I. Pericytes derived from second trimester human placenta also expressed renin in an inducible fashion although the renin activity was much lower than in renal pericytes. Thus, our results confirm and extend the recently discovered developmental plasticity of microvascular pericytes, and may open new perspectives to the therapeutic regulation of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Stefanska
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Christopher Kenyon
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Isaac Shaw
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John J Mullins
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bruno Péault
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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33
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Perry HM, Okusa MD. Endothelial Dysfunction in Renal Interstitial Fibrosis. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 134:167-171. [PMID: 27576317 DOI: 10.1159/000447607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease affects millions of people worldwide and it is now widely accepted that many pathological processes may persist after acute kidney injury that can cause the progression to CKD. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis manifests soon after injury and while many cellular and molecular components of kidney fibrosis have been discovered, largely in animal models, new therapeutic strategies are still desperately needed. The renal endothelium has emerged as important in progression of fibrosis through regulation of hypoxia, inflammation and cellular crosstalk. This review aims to highlight our current understanding of the role of the endothelium in interstitial fibrosis and to identify potential therapeutic targets. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Perry
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va., USA
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34
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Kida Y, Zullo JA, Goligorsky MS. Endothelial sirtuin 1 inactivation enhances capillary rarefaction and fibrosis following kidney injury through Notch activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1074-9. [PMID: 27524235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peritubular capillary (PTC) rarefaction along with tissue fibrosis is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, molecular mechanisms of PTC loss have been poorly understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that functional loss of endothelial sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) impairs angiogenesis during development and tissue damage. Here, we found that endothelial SIRT1 dysfunction causes activation of endothelial Notch1 signaling, which leads to PTC rarefaction and fibrosis following kidney injury. In mice lacking functional SIRT1 in the endothelium (Sirt1 mutant), kidney injury enhanced apoptosis and senescence of PTC endothelial cells with impaired endothelial proliferation and expanded myofibroblast population and collagen deposition. Compared to wild-type kidneys, Sirt1 mutant kidneys up-regulated expression of Delta-like 4 (DLL4, a potent Notch1 ligand), Hey1 and Hes1 (Notch target genes), and Notch intracellular domain-1 (NICD1, active form of Notch1) in microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) post-injury. Sirt1 mutant primary kidney MVECs reduced motility and vascular assembly and enhanced senescence compared to wild-type kidney MVECs. This difference in the phenotype was negated with Notch inhibition. Concurrent stimulation of DLL4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 increased trans-differentiation of primary kidney pericytes into myofibroblast more than TGF-β1 treatment alone. Collectively, these results indicate that endothelial SIRT1 counteracts PTC rarefaction by repression of Notch1 signaling and antagonizes fibrosis via suppression of endothelial DLL4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Kida
- Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Joseph A Zullo
- Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Renal Research Institute, Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Michael S Goligorsky
- Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Renal Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Renal Research Institute, Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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35
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Pozdzik AA, Giordano L, Li G, Antoine MH, Quellard N, Godet J, De Prez E, Husson C, Declèves AE, Arlt VM, Goujon JM, Brochériou-Spelle I, Ledbetter SR, Caron N, Nortier JL. Blocking TGF-β Signaling Pathway Preserves Mitochondrial Proteostasis and Reduces Early Activation of PDGFRβ+ Pericytes in Aristolochic Acid Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Wistar Male Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157288. [PMID: 27379382 PMCID: PMC4933370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ)+ perivascular cell activation becomes increasingly recognized as a main source of scar-associated kidney myofibroblasts and recently emerged as a new cellular therapeutic target. AIMS In this regard, we first confirmed the presence of PDGFRβ+ perivascular cells in a human case of end-stage aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and thereafter we focused on the early fibrosis events of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) inhibition in a rat model of AAN. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neutralizing anti-TGFβ antibody (1D11) and its control isotype (13C4) were administered (5 mg/kg, i.p.) at Days -1, 0, 2 and 4; AA (15 mg/kg, sc) was injected daily. RESULTS At Day 5, 1D11 significantly suppressed p-Smad2/3 signaling pathway improving renal function impairment, reduced the score of acute tubular necrosis, peritubular capillaritis, interstitial inflammation and neoangiogenesis. 1D11 markedly decreased interstitial edema, disruption of tubular basement membrane loss of brush border, cytoplasmic edema and organelle ultrastructure alterations (mitochondrial disruption and endoplasmic reticulum edema) in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Moreover, 1D11 significantly inhibited p-PERK activation and attenuated dysregulation of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial proteostasis in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The early inhibition of p-Smad2/3 signaling pathway improved acute renal function impairment, partially prevented epithelial-endothelial axis activation by maintaining PTEC proteostasis and reduced early PDGFRβ+ pericytes-derived myofibroblasts accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A. Pozdzik
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
- Nephrology Department, Erasme Hospital, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Giordano
- Laboratory of General Physiology, URPHYM, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Gang Li
- CardioMetabolic and Renal Research, Cell Biology, Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marie-Hélène Antoine
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Quellard
- Pathology and Electron Microscopy, CHU La Miletrie, Poitiers, France
- INSERM U 1082, Poitiers, France
| | - Julie Godet
- Pathology and Electron Microscopy, CHU La Miletrie, Poitiers, France
- INSERM U 1082, Poitiers, France
| | - Eric De Prez
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Husson
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Michel Goujon
- Pathology and Electron Microscopy, CHU La Miletrie, Poitiers, France
- INSERM U 1082, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Steven R. Ledbetter
- CardioMetabolic and Renal Research, Cell Biology, Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Caron
- Laboratory of General Physiology, URPHYM, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Joëlle L. Nortier
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
- Nephrology Department, Erasme Hospital, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
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36
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ARFIAN NUR, MUFLIKHAH KHUSNUL, SOEYONO SRIKADARSIH, SARI DWICAHYANIRATNA, TRANGGONO UNTUNG, ANGGOROWATI NUNGKI, ROMI MUHAMMADMANSYUR. Vitamin D Attenuates Kidney Fibrosis via Reducing Fibroblast Expansion, Inflammation, and Epithelial Cell Apoptosis. THE KOBE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 62:E38-E44. [PMID: 27578035 PMCID: PMC5425134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is the common final pathway of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). It is characterized by myofibroblast formation, inflammation, and epithelial architecture damage. Vitamin D is known as a renoprotective agent, although the precise mechanism is not well understood. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of vitamin D in fibroblast expansion, inflammation, and apoptosis in kidney fibrosis. We performed unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in male Swiss-Webster background mice (3 months, 30-40 grams) to induce kidney fibrosis. The mice (n=25) were divided into five groups: UUO, 3 groups treated with different oral vitamin D doses (0.125 µg/kg (UUO+VD1), 0.25 µg/kg (UUO+VD2), and 0.5 µg/kg (UUO+VD3), and a Sham operation (SO) group with ethanol 0.2% supplementation. We sacrificed the mice on day14 after the operation and harvested the kidney. We made paraffin sections for histological analysis. Tubular injury and fibrosis were quantified based on periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Sirius Red (SR) staining. Immunostaining was done for examination of myofibroblasts (αSMA), fibroblasts (PDGFRβ), TLR4, and apoptosis (TUNEL). We did RNA extraction and cDNA for Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) experiment for measuring MCP-1, ICAM-1, TLR4, and collagen 1 expression. TGFβ1 level was quantified using ELISA. We observed a significantly lower levels of fibrosis (p<0.001), tubular injury scores (p<0.001), and myofibroblast areas (p<0.001) in the groups treated with vitamin D compared with the UUO group. The TGFβ1 levels and the fibroblast quantifications were also significantly lower in the former group. However, we did not find any significant difference among the various vitamin D-treated groups. Concerning the dose-independent effect, we only compared the UUO+VD-1 group with SO group and found by TUNEL assay that UUO+VD-1 had a significantly lower epithelial cell apoptosis. RT-PCR analysis showed lower expression of collagen1, as well as inflammation-mediator expression (MCP-1, ICAM-1, TLR4) in the UUO+VD-1 group compared with the SO group. Vitamin D reduces kidney fibrosis through inhibition of fibroblast activation, and ameliorates epithelial cell architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- NUR ARFIAN
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - KHUSNUL MUFLIKHAH
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Jendral Sudirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - SRI KADARSIH SOEYONO
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - DWI CAHYANI RATNA SARI
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - UNTUNG TRANGGONO
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - NUNGKI ANGGOROWATI
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - MUHAMMAD MANSYUR ROMI
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Basile DP, Bonventre JV, Mehta R, Nangaku M, Unwin R, Rosner MH, Kellum JA, Ronco C. Progression after AKI: Understanding Maladaptive Repair Processes to Predict and Identify Therapeutic Treatments. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:687-97. [PMID: 26519085 PMCID: PMC4769207 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015030309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical studies indicate a strong link between AKI and progression of CKD. The increasing prevalence of AKI must compel the nephrology community to consider the long-term ramifications of this syndrome. Considerable gaps in knowledge exist regarding the connection between AKI and CKD. The 13th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative meeting entitled "Therapeutic Targets of Human Acute Kidney Injury: Harmonizing Human and Experimental Animal Acute Kidney Injury" convened in April of 2014 and assigned a working group to focus on issues related to progression after AKI. This article provides a summary of the key conclusions and recommendations of the group, including an emphasis on terminology related to injury and repair processes for both clinical and preclinical studies, elucidation of pathophysiologic alterations of AKI, identification of potential treatment strategies, identification of patients predisposed to progression, and potential management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Basile
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana;
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ravindra Mehta
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert Unwin
- Division of Medicine, University College London Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell H Rosner
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division and the Centre for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Centre, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital and the International Renal Research Institute, Vicenza, Italy
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Inducible glomerular erythropoietin production in the adult kidney. Kidney Int 2015; 88:1345-1355. [PMID: 26398496 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2-triggered erythropoietin production in renal interstitial fibroblast-like cells is the physiologically relevant source of erythropoietin for regulating erythropoiesis. During renal fibrosis, these cells transform into myofibroblasts and lose their ability to produce sufficient erythropoietin leading to anemia. To find if other cells for erythropoietin production might exist in the kidney we tested for the capability of nonepithelial glomerular cells to elaborate erythropoietin. Therefore, HIF transcription factors were stabilized by cell-specific deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene. Inducible deletion of VHL in glomerular connexin40-expressing cells (endothelial, renin-expressing, and mesangial cells) markedly increased glomerular erythropoietin mRNA expression levels, plasma erythropoietin concentrations, and hematocrit values. These changes were mimicked by inducible cell-specific VHL deletion in renin-expressing and in mesangial cells but not in endothelial cells. The increases of erythropoietin production were absent, when VHL was co-deleted with HIF-2. The induction of glomerular erythropoietin expression was associated with the downregulation of juxtaglomerular renin expression, again in a HIF-2-dependent manner. Thus, VHL deletion in renin-expressing and in mesangial cells induces the capability to produce relevant amounts of erythropoietin and to suppress renin expression in the adult kidney if HIF-2 is stabilized.
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Cipriani P, Di Benedetto P, Ruscitti P, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, Liakouli V, Pantano I, Berardicurti O, Carubbi F, Pecetti G, Turricchia S, Alesse E, Iglarz M, Giacomelli R. The Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition in Systemic Sclerosis Is Induced by Endothelin-1 and Transforming Growth Factor-β and May Be Blocked by Macitentan, a Dual Endothelin-1 Receptor Antagonist. J Rheumatol 2015; 42:1808-16. [PMID: 26276964 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.150088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High endothelin-1 (ET-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels may induce in healthy endothelial cells (EC) an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). The same cytokines are associated with fibrosis development in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Although EndMT has not been definitively shown in SSc, this process, potentially induced by a stimulatory loop involving these 2 cytokines, overexpressed in this disease might contribute to fibroblast accumulation in affected tissues. Macitentan (MAC), an ET-1 receptor antagonist interfering with this loop, might prevent EndMT and fibroblast accumulation. METHODS EC, isolated from healthy controls (HC) and patients with SSc, were treated with ET-1 and TGF-β and successively analyzed for gene and protein expressions of endothelial and mesenchymal markers, and for Sma- and Mad-related (SMAD) phosphorylation. Further, in the supernatants, we evaluated ET-1 and TGF-β production by ELISA assay. In each assay we evaluated the ability of MAC to inhibit both the TGF-β and ET-1 effects. RESULTS We showed that both TGF-β and ET-1 treatments induced an activation of the EndMT process in SSc-EC as reported in HC cells. The ELISA assays showed a mutual TGF-β and ET-1 induction in both SSc-EC and HC-EC. A statistically significant increase of SMAD phosphorylation after treatment was observed in SSc-EC. In each assay, MAC inhibited both TGF-β and ET-1 effects. CONCLUSION Our work is the first demonstration in literature that SSc-EC, under the synergistic effect of TGF-β and ET-1, may transdifferentiate toward myofibroblasts, thus contributing to fibroblast accumulation. MAC, interfering with this process in vitro, may offer a new potential therapeutic strategy against fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cipriani
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila.
| | - Paola Di Benedetto
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Daria Capece
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Vasiliki Liakouli
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Ilenia Pantano
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Onorina Berardicurti
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Francesco Carubbi
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Gianluca Pecetti
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Stefano Turricchia
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Marc Iglarz
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- From the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, and the Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila; Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy, Imola, Italy; Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.P. Cipriani, MD, PhD; P. Di Benedetto, PhD; P. Ruscitti, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; D. Capece, PhD; F. Zazzeroni, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Phatology Unit, University of L'Aquila; V. Liakouli, MD, PhD; I. Pantano, MD; O. Berardicurti, MD; F. Carubbi, MD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila; G. Pecetti, MD; S. Turricchia, MD, Medical and Scientific Direction, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Italy; E. Alesse, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, General Pathology Unit, University of L'Aquila; M. Iglarz, PhD, Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; R. Giacomelli, MD, PhD, Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila
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Pitulescu ME, Adams RH. Regulation of signaling interactions and receptor endocytosis in growing blood vessels. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:366-77. [PMID: 25482636 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.970010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels and the lymphatic vasculature are extensive tubular networks formed by endothelial cells that have several indispensable functions in the developing and adult organism. During growth and tissue regeneration but also in many pathological settings, these vascular networks expand, which is critically controlled by the receptor EphB4 and the ligand ephrin-B2. An increasing body of evidence links Eph/ephrin molecules to the function of other receptor tyrosine kinases and cell surface receptors. In the endothelium, ephrin-B2 is required for clathrin-dependent internalization and full signaling activity of VEGFR2, the main receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. In vascular smooth muscle cells, ephrin-B2 antagonizes clathrin-dependent endocytosis of PDGFRβ and controls the balanced activation of different signal transduction processes after stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor. This review summarizes the important roles of Eph/ephrin molecules in vascular morphogenesis and explains the function of ephrin-B2 as a molecular hub for receptor endocytosis in the vasculature.
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Key Words
- Ang, angiopoietin
- CHC, clathrin heavy chains
- CLASP, clathrin-associated-sorting protein
- CV, cardinal vein
- DA, dorsal aorta
- EC, endothelial cell
- EEA1, early antigen 1
- Eph
- Ephrin-B2ΔV, ephrin-B2 deletion of C-terminal PDZ binding motif
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LEC, lymphatic endothelial cells
- LRP1, Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MVB, multivesicular body
- NRP, neuropilin
- PC, pericytes
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PTC, peritubular capillary
- PlGF, placental growth factor
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGFR, Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells.
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- endocytosis
- endothelial cells
- ephrin
- mural cells
- receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara E Pitulescu
- a Department of Tissue Morphogenesis; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; and Faculty of Medicine , University of Münster ; Münster , Germany
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Falke LL, Gholizadeh S, Goldschmeding R, Kok RJ, Nguyen TQ. Diverse origins of the myofibroblast—implications for kidney fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:233-44. [PMID: 25584804 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the common end point of chronic kidney disease. The persistent production of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors leads to an ongoing process of extracellular matrix production that eventually disrupts the normal functioning of the organ. During fibrosis, the myofibroblast is commonly regarded as the predominant effector cell. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated a diverse origin of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis. Proposed major contributors of myofibroblasts include bone marrow-derived fibroblasts, tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes and interstitial fibroblasts; the published data, however, have not yet clearly defined the relative contribution of these different cellular sources. Myofibroblasts have been reported to originate from various sources, irrespective of the nature of the initial damage responsible for the induction of kidney fibrosis. Here, we review the possible relevance of the diversity of myofibroblast progenitors in kidney fibrosis and the implications for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Specifically, we discuss the current status of preclinical and clinical antifibrotic therapy and describe targeting strategies that might help support resident and circulating cells to maintain or regain their original functional differentiation state. Such strategies might help these cells resist their transition to a myofibroblast phenotype to prevent, or even reverse, the fibrotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L Falke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04.312, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Shima Gholizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04.312, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Kok
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tri Q Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04.312, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Baskir R, Majka S. Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling by Resident Lung Stem and Progenitor Cells. LUNG STEM CELLS IN THE EPITHELIUM AND VASCULATURE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16232-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Marriott S, Baskir RS, Gaskill C, Menon S, Carrier EJ, Williams J, Talati M, Helm K, Alford CE, Kropski JA, Loyd J, Wheeler L, Johnson J, Austin E, Nozik-Grayck E, Meyrick B, West JD, Klemm DJ, Majka SM. ABCG2pos lung mesenchymal stem cells are a novel pericyte subpopulation that contributes to fibrotic remodeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C684-98. [PMID: 25122876 PMCID: PMC4200000 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00114.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genesis of myofibroblasts is obligatory for the development of pathology in many adult lung diseases. Adult lung tissue contains a population of perivascular ABCG2(pos) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) that are precursors of myofibroblasts and distinct from NG2 pericytes. We hypothesized that these MSC participate in deleterious remodeling associated with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and associated hypertension (PH). To test this hypothesis, resident lung MSC were quantified in lung samples from control subjects and PF patients. ABCG2(pos) cell numbers were decreased in human PF and interstitial lung disease compared with control samples. Genetic labeling of lung MSC in mice enabled determination of terminal lineage and localization of ABCG2 cells following intratracheal administration of bleomycin to elicit fibrotic lung injury. Fourteen days following bleomycin injury enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-labeled lung MSC-derived cells were increased in number and localized to interstitial areas of fibrotic and microvessel remodeling. Finally, gene expression analysis was evaluated to define the response of MSC to bleomycin injury in vivo using ABCG2(pos) MSC isolated during the inflammatory phase postinjury and in vitro bleomycin or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-treated cells. MSC responded to bleomycin treatment in vivo with a profibrotic gene program that was not recapitulated in vitro with bleomycin treatment. However, TGF-β1 treatment induced the appearance of a profibrotic myofibroblast phenotype in vitro. Additionally, when exposed to the profibrotic stimulus, TGF-β1, ABCG2, and NG2 pericytes demonstrated distinct responses. Our data highlight ABCG2(pos) lung MSC as a novel cell population that contributes to detrimental myofibroblast-mediated remodeling during PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shennea Marriott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Rubin S Baskir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Christa Gaskill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Swapna Menon
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute Kochi and AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Kerala, India
| | - Erica J Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Janice Williams
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Electron Microscopy-Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Megha Talati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Karen Helm
- Cancer Center Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Catherine E Alford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - James Loyd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Lisa Wheeler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - Joyce Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Department of Pediatrics or Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Barbara Meyrick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse
| | - James D West
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse; Vanderbilt Pulmonary Circulation Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dwight J Klemm
- Department of Pediatrics or Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Susan M Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse; Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Pulmonary Circulation Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesse;
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Cipriani P, Di Benedetto P, Capece D, Zazzeroni F, Liakouli V, Ruscitti P, Pantano I, Berardicurti O, Carubbi F, Alesse E, Giacomelli R. Impaired Cav-1 expression in SSc mesenchymal cells upregulates VEGF signaling: a link between vascular involvement and fibrosis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2014; 7:13. [PMID: 25237397 PMCID: PMC4166421 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by vascular alteration and fibrosis, the former probably leading to fibrosis via the ability of both endothelial cells and pericytes to differentiate toward myofibroblast. It is well known that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A, hereafter referred to as VEGF) may induce a profibrotic phenotype on perivascular cells. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is involved in the regulation of VEGF signaling, playing a role in the transport of internalized VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) toward degradation, thus decreasing VEGF signaling. In this work, we assessed the levels of Cav-1 in SSc bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (SSc-MSCs), a pericyte surrogate, and correlate these results with VEGF signaling, focusing onpotential pathogenic pathways leading to fibrosis. RESULTS WE EXPLORED THE VEGF SIGNALING ASSESSING: (1) Cav-1 expression; (2) its co-localization with VEGFR2; (3) the activity of VEGFR2, by IF, immunoprecipitation, and western blot. In SSc-MSCs, Cav-1 levels were lower when compared to healthy controls (HC)-MSCs. Furthermore, the Cav-1/VEGFR2 co-localization and the ubiquitination of VEGFR2 were impaired in SSc-MSCs, suggesting a decreased degradation of the receptor and, as a consequence, the tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and the PI3-kinase-Akt pathways were significantly increased when compared to HC. Furthermore, an increased connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression was observed in SSc-MSCs. Taken together, these data suggested the upregulation of VEGF signaling in SSc-MSCs. Furthermore, after silencing Cav-1 expression in HC-MSCs, an increased CTGF expression in HC-MSCs was observed, mirroring the results obtained in SSc-MSCs, and confirming the potential role that the lack of Cav-1 may play in the persistent VEGF signaling . CONCLUSIONS During SSc, the lower levels of Cav-1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrosis via an upregulation of the VEGF signaling in perivascular cells which are shifted to a profibrotic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cipriani
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell’Ospedale, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Paola Di Benedetto
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell’Ospedale, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Daria Capece
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L’Aquila, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Zazzeroni
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L’Aquila, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Vasiliki Liakouli
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell’Ospedale, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell’Ospedale, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pantano
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell’Ospedale, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Onorina Berardicurti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell’Ospedale, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Carubbi
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell’Ospedale, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L’Aquila, Coppito 2, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L’Aquila, Delta 6 Building, Via dell’Ospedale, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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Origin of myofibroblasts and cellular events triggering fibrosis. Kidney Int 2014; 87:297-307. [PMID: 25162398 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a major hallmark of chronic kidney disease that is considered to be a common end point of various types of renal disease. To date, the biological meaning of fibrosis during the progression of chronic kidney diseases is unknown and possibly depends on the cell type contributing to extracellular matrix production. During the past decade, the origin of myofibroblasts in the kidney has been intensively investigated. Determining the origins of renal myofibroblasts is important because these might account for the heterogeneous characteristics and behaviors of myofibroblasts. Current data strongly suggest that collagen-producing myofibroblasts in the kidney can be derived from various cellular sources. Resident renal fibroblasts and cells of hematopoietic origin migrating into the kidney seem to be the most important ancestors of myofibroblasts. It is likely that both cell types communicate with each other and also with other cell types in the kidney. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the origin of scar-producing myofibroblasts and cellular events triggering fibrosis.
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Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV, Chistiakov DA. The complexity of cell composition of the intima of large arteries: focus on pericyte-like cells. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:438-51. [PMID: 25016615 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes, which are also known as Rouget cells or perivascular cells, are considered to represent a likely distinct pool of vascular cells that are extremely branched and located mostly in the periphery of the vascular system. The family of pericytes is a heterogeneous cell population that includes pericytes and pericyte-like cells. Accumulated data indicate that networks of pericyte-like cells exist in normal non-atherosclerotic intima, and that pericyte-like cells can be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions from the very early stages of disease. The pathogenic role of arterial pericytes and pericyte-like cells also might be important in advanced and complicated atherosclerotic lesions via realizing mechanisms of vascular remodelling, ectopic ossification, intraplaque neovascularization, and probably thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Xu J, Nie X, Cai X, Cai CL, Xu PX. Tbx18 is essential for normal development of vasculature network and glomerular mesangium in the mammalian kidney. Dev Biol 2014; 391:17-31. [PMID: 24727670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tbx18 has been shown to be essential for ureteral development. However, it remains unclear whether it plays a direct role in kidney development. Here we addressed this by focusing on examining the pattern and contribution of Tbx18+ cells in the kidney and its role in kidney vascular development. Expression studies and genetic lineage tracing revealed that Tbx18 is expressed in renal capsule, vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes and glomerular mesangial cells in the kidney and that Tbx18-expressing progenitors contribute to these cell types. Examination of Tbx18(-/-) kidneys revealed large reduction in vasculature density and dilation of glomerular capillary loops. While SMA+ cells were reduced in the mutant, PDGFRβ+ cells were seen in early capillary loop renal corpuscles in the mutant, but fewer than in the controls, and further development of the mesangium failed. Analysis of kidney explants cultured from E12.5 excluded the possibility that the defects observed in the mutant were caused by ureter obstruction. Reduced proliferation in glomerular tuft and increased apoptosis in perivascular mesenchyme were observed in Tbx18(-/-) kidneys. Thus, our analyses have identified a novel role of Tbx18 in kidney vasculature development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshu Xu
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xuguang Nie
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Cai
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Peritubular capillary rarefaction: a new therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:333-42. [PMID: 23475077 PMCID: PMC3726573 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has reached worldwide epidemic proportions and desperately needs new therapies. Peritubular capillary (PTC) rarefaction, together with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, is one of the major hallmarks of CKD and predicts renal outcome in patients with CKD. PTC endothelial cells (ECs) undergo apoptosis during CKD, leading to capillary loss, tissue hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Although the mechanisms of PTC rarefaction are not well understood, the process of PTC rarefaction depends on multiple events that occur during CKD. These events, which lead to an antiangiogenic environment, include deprivation of EC survival factors, increased production of vascular growth inhibitors, malfunction of ECs, dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells, and loss of EC integrity via pericyte detachment from the vasculature. In this review, we focus on major factors regulating angiogenesis and EC survival and describe the roles of these factors in PTC rarefaction during CKD and possible therapeutic applications.
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50
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Kramann R, DiRocco DP, Humphreys BD. Understanding the origin, activation and regulation of matrix-producing myofibroblasts for treatment of fibrotic disease. J Pathol 2013; 231:273-89. [PMID: 24006178 DOI: 10.1002/path.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis and scar formation results from chronic progressive injury in virtually every tissue and affects a growing number of people around the world. Myofibroblasts drive fibrosis, and recent work has demonstrated that mesenchymal cells, including pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts, are their main progenitors. Understanding the cellular mechanisms of pericyte/fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition, myofibroblast proliferation and the key signalling pathways that regulate these processes is essential to develop novel targeted therapeutics for the growing patient population suffering from solid organ fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about different progenitor cells of myofibroblasts, discuss major pathways that regulate their transdifferentiation and discuss the current status of novel targeted anti-fibrotic therapeutics in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; RWTH Aachen University, Division of Nephrology, Aachen, Germany
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