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Shah P, Hill R, Dion C, Clark SJ, Abakir A, Willems J, Arends MJ, Garaycoechea JI, Leitch HG, Reik W, Crossan GP. Primordial germ cell DNA demethylation and development require DNA translesion synthesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3734. [PMID: 38702312 PMCID: PMC11068800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in DNA damage response (DDR) factors are associated with human infertility, which affects up to 15% of the population. The DDR is required during germ cell development and meiosis. One pathway implicated in human fertility is DNA translesion synthesis (TLS), which allows replication impediments to be bypassed. We find that TLS is essential for pre-meiotic germ cell development in the embryo. Loss of the central TLS component, REV1, significantly inhibits the induction of human PGC-like cells (hPGCLCs). This is recapitulated in mice, where deficiencies in TLS initiation (Rev1-/- or PcnaK164R/K164R) or extension (Rev7 -/-) result in a > 150-fold reduction in the number of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and complete sterility. In contrast, the absence of TLS does not impact the growth, function, or homeostasis of somatic tissues. Surprisingly, we find a complete failure in both activation of the germ cell transcriptional program and in DNA demethylation, a critical step in germline epigenetic reprogramming. Our findings show that for normal fertility, DNA repair is required not only for meiotic recombination but for progression through the earliest stages of germ cell development in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Shah
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Ross Hill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Camille Dion
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Stephen J Clark
- Altos Labs, Cambridge, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Abdulkadir Abakir
- Altos Labs, Cambridge, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Jeroen Willems
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry G Leitch
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Wolf Reik
- Altos Labs, Cambridge, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Gerry P Crossan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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2
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Application of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in Ovarian Development. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010047. [PMID: 36671432 PMCID: PMC9855652 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovary is a female reproductive organ that plays a key role in fertility and the maintenance of endocrine homeostasis, which is of great importance to women's health. It is characterized by a high heterogeneity, with different cellular subpopulations primarily containing oocytes, granulosa cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and diverse immune cell types. Each has unique and important functions. From the fetal period to old age, the ovary experiences continuous structural and functional changes, with the gene expression of each cell type undergoing dramatic changes. In addition, ovarian development strongly relies on the communication between germ and somatic cells. Compared to traditional bulk RNA sequencing techniques, the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approach has substantial advantages in analyzing individual cells within an ever-changing and complicated tissue, classifying them into cell types, characterizing single cells, delineating the cellular developmental trajectory, and studying cell-to-cell interactions. In this review, we present single-cell transcriptome mapping of the ovary, summarize the characteristics of the important constituent cells of the ovary and the critical cellular developmental processes, and describe key signaling pathways for cell-to-cell communication in the ovary, as revealed by scRNA-seq. This review will undoubtedly improve our understanding of the characteristics of ovarian cells and development, thus enabling the identification of novel therapeutic targets for ovarian-related diseases.
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3
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Au HK, Peng SW, Guo CL, Lin CC, Wang YL, Kuo YC, Law TY, Ho HN, Ling TY, Huang YH. Niche Laminin and IGF-1 Additively Coordinate the Maintenance of Oct-4 Through CD49f/IGF-1R-Hif-2α Feedforward Loop in Mouse Germline Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:646644. [PMID: 34381769 PMCID: PMC8351907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.646644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism on how extracellular matrix (ECM) cooperates with niche growth factors and oxygen tension to regulate the self-renewal of embryonic germline stem cells (GSCs) still remains unclear. Lacking of an appropriate in vitro cell model dramatically hinders the progress. Herein, using a serum-free culture system, we demonstrated that ECM laminin cooperated with hypoxia and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) to additively maintain AP activity and Oct-4 expression of AP+GSCs. We found the laminin receptor CD49f expression in d2 testicular GSCs that were surrounded by laminin. Laminin and hypoxia significantly increased the GSC stemness-related genes, including Hif-2α, Oct-4, IGF-1R, and CD49f. Cotreatment of IGF-1 and laminin additively increased the expression of IGF-IR, CD49f, Hif-2α, and Oct-4. Conversely, silencing IGF-1R and/or CD49f decreased the expression of Hif-2α and Oct-4. The underlying mechanism involved CD49f/IGF1R-(PI3K/AKT)-Hif-2α signaling loop, which in turn maintains Oct-4 expression, symmetric self-renewal, and cell migration. These findings reveal the additive niche laminin/IGF-IR network during early GSC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Kien Au
- Taipei Medical University (TMU) Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Syue-Wei Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lin Guo
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chia Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Che Kuo
- Taipei Medical University (TMU) Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsz-Yau Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Nerng Ho
- Taipei Medical University (TMU) Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thai-Yen Ling
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Taipei Medical University (TMU) Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Yoshino T, Suzuki T, Nagamatsu G, Yabukami H, Ikegaya M, Kishima M, Kita H, Imamura T, Nakashima K, Nishinakamura R, Tachibana M, Inoue M, Shima Y, Morohashi KI, Hayashi K. Generation of ovarian follicles from mouse pluripotent stem cells. Science 2021; 373:eabe0237. [PMID: 34437124 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oocytes mature in a specialized fluid-filled sac, the ovarian follicle, which provides signals needed for meiosis and germ cell growth. Methods have been developed to generate functional oocytes from pluripotent stem cell-derived primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) when placed in culture with embryonic ovarian somatic cells. In this study, we developed culture conditions to recreate the stepwise differentiation process from pluripotent cells to fetal ovarian somatic cell-like cells (FOSLCs). When FOSLCs were aggregated with PGCLCs derived from mouse embryonic stem cells, the PGCLCs entered meiosis to generate functional oocytes capable of fertilization and development to live offspring. Generating functional mouse oocytes in a reconstituted ovarian environment provides a method for in vitro oocyte production and follicle generation for a better understanding of mammalian reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yoshino
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruka Yabukami
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mika Ikegaya
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Kishima
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Haruka Kita
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuya Imamura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- RNA Biology and Epigenomics Team/LMCP, Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Makoto Tachibana
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miki Inoue
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, 701-0192 Okayama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichirou Morohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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5
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Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) must complete a complex and dynamic developmental program during embryogenesis to establish the germline. This process is highly conserved and involves a diverse array of tasks required of PGCs, including migration, survival, sex differentiation, and extensive epigenetic reprogramming. A common theme across many organisms is that PGC success is heterogeneous: only a portion of all PGCs complete all these steps while many other PGCs are eliminated from further germline contribution. The differences that distinguish successful PGCs as a population are not well understood. Here, we examine variation that exists in PGCs as they navigate the many stages of this developmental journey. We explore potential sources of PGC heterogeneity and their potential implications in affecting germ cell behaviors. Lastly, we discuss the potential for PGC development to function as a multistage selection process that assesses heterogeneity in PGCs to refine germline quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca G Jaszczak
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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6
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Pan L, Zhao Y, Farouk MH, Bao N, Wang T, Qin G. Integrins Were Involved in Soybean Agglutinin Induced Cell Apoptosis in IPEC-J2. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E587. [PMID: 29462933 PMCID: PMC5855809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean agglutinin (SBA), is a non-fiber carbohydrate related protein and a major anti-nutritional factor. Integrins, transmembrane glycoproteins, are involved in many biological processes. Although recent work suggested that integrins are involved in SBA-induced cell-cycle alterations, no comprehensive study has reported whether integrins are involved in SBA-induced cell apoptosis (SCA) in IPEC-J2. The relationship between SBA and integrins are still unclear. We aimed to elucidate the effects of SBA on IPEC-J2 cell proliferation and cell apoptosis; to study the roles of integrins in IPEC-J2 normal cell apoptosis (NCA) and SCA; and to illustrate the relationship and connection type between SBA and integrins. Thus, IPEC-J2 cells were treated with SBA at the levels of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/mL to determine cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. The cells were divided into control, SBA treated groups, integrin inhibitor groups, and SBA + integrin inhibitor groups to determine the integrin function in SCA. The results showed that SBA significantly (p < 0.05) lowered cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in IPEC-J2 (p < 0.05). Inhibition of any integrin type induced the cell apoptosis (p < 0.05) and these integrins were involved in SCA (p < 0.05). Even SBA had no physical connection with integrins, an association was detected between SBA and α-actinin-2 ACTN2 (integrin-binding protein). Additionally, SBA reduced the mRNA expression of integrins by down regulating the gene expression level of ACTN2. We concluded an evidence for the anti-nutritional mechanism of SBA by ACTN2 with integrins. Further trials are needed to prove whether ACTN2 is the only protein for connecting SBA with integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Mohamed Hamdy Farouk
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Nan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Guixin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Liu C, Chang IK, Khazanehdari KA, Thomas S, Varghese P, Baskar V, Alkhatib R, Li W, Kinne J, McGrew MJ, Wernery U. Uniparental chicken offsprings derived from oogenesis of chicken primordial germ cells (ZZ). Biol Reprod 2017; 96:686-693. [PMID: 28339605 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.144253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer) in avian species has proven unachievable due to the physical structure of the avian oocyte. Here, the sexual differentiation of primordial germ cells with genetic sex ZZ (ZZ PGCs) was investigated in female germline chimeric chicken hosts with the aim to produce uniparental offspring. ZZ PGCs were expanded in culture and transplanted into the same and opposite sex chicken embryos which were partially sterilized using irradiation. All tested chimeric roosters (ZZ/ZZ) showed germline transmission with transmission rates of 3.2%-91.4%. Unexpectedly, functional oogenesis of chicken ZZ PGCs was found in three chimeric hens, resulting in a transmission rate of 2.3%-27.8%. Matings were conducted between the germline chimeras (ZZ/ZZ and ZZ/ZW) which derived from the same ZZ PGCs line. Paternal uniparental chicken offspring were obtained with a transmission rate up to 28.4% and as expected, all uniparental offspring were phenotypic male (ZZ). Genotype analysis of uniparental offsprings was performed using 13 microsatellite markers. The genotype profile showed that uniparental offspring were 100% genetically identical to the donor ZZ PGC line, shared 69.2%-88.5% identity with the donor bird. Homozygosity of the tested birds varied from 61.5% to 84.6%, which was higher than the donor bird (38.5%). These results demonstrate that male avian ZZ PGCs can differentiate into functional ova in an ovary, and uniparental avian clones are possible. This technology suggests novel approaches for generating genetically similar flocks of birds and for the conservation of avian genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Il-Kuk Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | | | - Shruti Thomas
- Department of Cell Biology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Preetha Varghese
- Department of Cell Biology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Vijaya Baskar
- Department of Cell Biology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Razan Alkhatib
- Department of Cell Biology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Wenhai Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Jörg Kinne
- Department of Cell Biology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Michael J McGrew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Department of Cell Biology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
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8
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Saito D, Suyama M. Linkage disequilibrium analysis of allelic heterogeneity in DNA methylation. Epigenetics 2016; 10:1093-8. [PMID: 26575360 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of DNA methylation status among alleles is observed in various cell types and is involved in epigenetic gene regulation and cancer biology. However, the individual methylation profile within each allele has not yet been examined at the whole-genome level. In the present study, we applied linkage disequilibrium analysis to the DNA methylation data obtained from whole-genome bisulfite sequencing studies in mouse germline and other types of cells. We found that the methylation status of 2 consecutive CpG sites showed deviation from equilibrium frequency toward concordant linkage (both methylated or both unmethylated) in germline cells. In the imprinting loci where methylation of constituent alleles is known, our analysis detected the deviation toward the concordant linkage as expected. In addition, we applied this analysis to the transitional zone between methylated and unmethylated regions and to the cells undergoing epigenetic reprogramming. In both cases, deviation to the concordant-linked alleles was conspicuous, indicating that the methylation pattern is not random but rather concordant within each allele. These results will provide the key to understanding the mechanism underlying allelic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Saito
- a Division of Bioinformatics; Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University ; Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- a Division of Bioinformatics; Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University ; Fukuoka , Japan
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9
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Virant-Klun I. Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells: A Potential Developmental Link Between Germinal Lineage and Hematopoiesis in Humans. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 25:101-13. [PMID: 26494182 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) could become specified from a population of migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs), precursors of gametes, during embryogenesis. Some recent experimental data demonstrated that the cell population that is usually considered to be PGCs, moving toward the gonadal ridges of an embryo, contains a subset of cells coexpressing several germ cell and hematopoietic markers and possessing hematopoietic activity. Experimental data showed that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) generates PGCs from mouse bone marrow-derived pluripotent stem cells. Interestingly, functional reproductive hormone receptors have been identified in HSPCs, thus indicating their potential role in reproductive function. Several reports have demonstrated fertility restoration and germ cell generation after bone marrow transplantation in both animal models and humans. A potential link between HSPCs and germinal lineage might be represented by very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), which have been found in adult human bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood, express a specific pattern of pluripotency, germinal lineage, and hematopoiesis, and are proposed to persist in adult tissues and organs from the embryonic period of life. Stem cell populations, similar to VSELs, expressing several genes related to pluripotency and germinal lineage, especially to PGCs, have been discovered in adult human reproductive organs, ovaries and testicles, and were related to primitive germ cell-like cell development in vitro, thus supporting the idea of VSELs as a potential link between germinal lineage and hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Virant-Klun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Scaldaferri ML, Klinger FG, Farini D, Di Carlo A, Carsetti R, Giorda E, De Felici M. Hematopoietic activity in putative mouse primordial germ cell populations. Mech Dev 2015; 136:53-63. [PMID: 25684074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, starting from the observation of heterogeneous expression of the GOF-18ΔPE-GFP Pou5f1 (Oct3/4) transgene in putative mouse PGC populations settled in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, we identified various OCT3/4 positive populations showing distinct expression of PGC markers (BLIMP-1, AP, TG-1, STELLA) and co-expressing several proteins (CD-34, CD-41, FLK-1) and genes (Brachyury, Hox-B4, Scl/Tal-1 and Gata-2) of hematopoietic precursors. Moreover, we found that Oct3/4-GFP(weak) CD-34(weak/high) cells possess robust hematopoietic colony forming activity (CFU) in vitro. These data indicate that the cell population usually considered PGCs moving toward the gonadal ridges encompasses a subset of cells co-expressing several germ cell and hematopoietic markers and possessing hematopoietic activity. These results are discussed within of the current model of germline segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucia Scaldaferri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia Klinger
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Farini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Di Carlo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Research Center Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCSS, Laboratory of Flow-Cytometry and B Cell Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- Research Center Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCSS, Laboratory of Flow-Cytometry and B Cell Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Section of Histology and Embryology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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11
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Matsui Y, Takehara A, Tokitake Y, Ikeda M, Obara Y, Morita-Fujimura Y, Kimura T, Nakano T. The majority of early primordial germ cells acquire pluripotency by AKT activation. Development 2014; 141:4457-67. [PMID: 25359722 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are undifferentiated germ cells in embryos, the fate of which is to become gametes; however, mouse PGCs can easily be reprogrammed into pluripotent embryonic germ cells (EGCs) in culture in the presence of particular extracellular factors, such as combinations of Steel factor (KITL), LIF and bFGF (FGF2). Early PGCs form EGCs more readily than do later PGCs, and PGCs lose the ability to form EGCs by embryonic day (E) 15.5. Here, we examined the effects of activation of the serine/threonine kinase AKT in PGCs during EGC formation; notably, AKT activation, in combination with LIF and bFGF, enhanced EGC formation and caused ∼60% of E10.5 PGCs to become EGCs. The results indicate that the majority of PGCs at E10.5 could acquire pluripotency with an activated AKT signaling pathway. Importantly, AKT activation did not fully substitute for bFGF and LIF, and AKT activation without both LIF and bFGF did not result in EGC formation. These findings indicate that AKT signal enhances and/or collaborates with signaling pathways of bFGF and of LIF in PGCs for the acquisition of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Matsui
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Asuka Takehara
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuko Tokitake
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Makiko Ikeda
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuka Obara
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuiko Morita-Fujimura
- Frontier Research Institute of Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tohru Kimura
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Toru Nakano
- CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Saba R, Wu Q, Saga Y. CYP26B1 promotes male germ cell differentiation by suppressing STRA8-dependent meiotic and STRA8-independent mitotic pathways. Dev Biol 2014; 389:173-81. [PMID: 24576537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell sex is defined by factors derived from somatic cells. CYP26B1 is known to be a male sex-promoting factor that inactivates retinoic acid (RA) in somatic cells. In CYP26B1-null XY gonads, germ cells are exposed to a higher level of RA than in normal XY gonads and this activates Stra8 to induce meiosis while male-specific gene expression is suppressed. However, it is unknown whether meiotic entry by an elevated level of RA is responsible for the suppression of male-type gene expression. To address this question, we have generated Cyp26b1/Stra8 double knockout (dKO) embryos. We successfully suppressed the induction of meiosis in CYP26B1-null XY germ cells by removing the Stra8 gene. Concomitantly, we found that the male genetic program represented by the expression of NANOS2 and DNMT3L was totally rescued in about half of dKO germ cells, indicating that meiotic entry causes the suppression of male differentiation. However, half of the germ cells still failed to enter the appropriate male pathway in the dKO condition. Using microarray analyses together with immunohistochemistry, we found that KIT expression was accompanied by mitotic activation, but was canceled by inhibition of the RA signaling pathway. Taken together, we conclude that inhibition of RA is one of the essential factors to promote male germ cell differentiation, and that CYP26B1 suppresses two distinct genetic programs induced by RA: a Stra8-dependent meiotic pathway, and a Stra8-independent mitotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Saba
- Division of Mammalian Development, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Quan Wu
- Division of Mammalian Development, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Division of Mammalian Development, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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13
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Okamura D, Mochizuki K, Taniguchi H, Tokitake Y, Ikeda M, Yamada Y, Tournier C, Yamaguchi S, Tada T, Schöler HR, Matsui Y. REST and its downstream molecule Mek5 regulate survival of primordial germ cells. Dev Biol 2012; 372:190-202. [PMID: 23022299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In mouse embryos, some primordial germ cells (PGCs) are eliminated by apoptosis, but the molecular pathways that lead to PGC survival versus apoptosis have not been fully characterized. Here, we found that REST (repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor), a transcription factor that binds a conserved regulatory element, NRSE/RE1, played a role in PGC survival. REST expression was higher in PGCs than in surrounding somatic cells. Moreover, in mouse embryos with a PGC-specific conditional REST mutation, the PGC population experienced more apoptosis and was significantly smaller than that in control embryos; these findings indicated that REST functioned in a cell-autonomous fashion that was critical for PGC survival. Several anti-apoptotic genes were among the previously identified REST-target gene candidates; moreover, some of these genes were downregulated in the REST-deficient PGCs. Mek5, which encodes a component in the a MAP kinase cascade, was one of these downregulated REST-target gene candidates, and a Mek5 mutation, like the REST mutation, caused an increase in PGC apoptosis; these finding suggested that REST promoted PGC survival via regulation of the Mek5 expression. Importantly, there were a normal number of PGCs in the REST mutants at birth, and both the male and female REST-mutant adults were fertile; these final observations revealed that the PGC population was very robust and could recover from a genetically induced reduction in cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiji Okamura
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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14
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Ciccarone F, Klinger FG, Catizone A, Calabrese R, Zampieri M, Bacalini MG, De Felici M, Caiafa P. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation acts in the DNA demethylation of mouse primordial germ cells also with DNA damage-independent roles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46927. [PMID: 23071665 PMCID: PMC3465317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation regulates chromatin structure and transcription driving epigenetic events. In particular, Parp1 is able to directly influence DNA methylation patterns controlling transcription and activity of Dnmt1. Here, we show that ADP-ribose polymer levels and Parp1 expression are noticeably high in mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) when the bulk of DNA demethylation occurs during germline epigenetic reprogramming in the embryo. Notably, Parp1 activity is stimulated in PGCs even before its participation in the DNA damage response associated with active DNA demethylation. We demonstrate that PARP inhibition impairs both genome-wide and locus-specific DNA methylation erasure in PGCs. Moreover, we evidence that impairment of PARP activity causes a significant reduction of expression of the gene coding for Tet1 hydroxylases involved in active DNA demethylation. Taken together these results demonstrate new and adjuvant roles of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation during germline DNA demethylation and suggest its possible more general involvement in genome reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ciccarone
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Calabrese
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Zampieri
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Bacalini
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Caiafa
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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15
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Imamura M, Lin ZYC, Okano H. Cell-intrinsic reprogramming capability: gain or loss of pluripotency in germ cells. Reprod Med Biol 2012; 12:1-14. [PMID: 29699125 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-012-0131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, germ cells are an extremely specialized cell type with the vital function of transmitting genetic information across generations. In this respect, they are responsible for the perpetuity of species, and are separated from somatic lineages at each generation. Interestingly, in the past two decades research has shown that germ cells have the potential to proceed along two distinct pathways: gametogenesis or pluripotency. Unequivocally, the primary role of germ cells is to produce gametes, the sperm or oocyte, to produce offspring. However, under specific conditions germ cells can become pluripotent, as shown by teratoma formation in vivo or cell culture-induced reprogramming in vitro. This phenomenon seems to be a general propensity of germ cells, irrespective of developmental phase. Recent attempts at cellular reprogramming have resulted in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In iPSCs, the intracellular molecular networks instructing pluripotency have been activated and override the exclusively somatic cell programs that existed. Because the generation of iPSCs is highly artificial and depends on gene transduction, whether the resulting machinery reflects any physiological cell-intrinsic programs is open to question. In contrast, germ cells can spontaneously shift their fate to pluripotency during in-vitro culture. Here, we review the two fates of germ cells, i.e., differentiation and reprogramming. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating differentiation versus reprogramming would provide invaluable insight into understanding the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming that generate iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Imamura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Keio University 35 Shinanomachi 160-8582 Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Zachary Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Keio University 35 Shinanomachi 160-8582 Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine Keio University 35 Shinanomachi 160-8582 Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
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16
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Single cell analysis facilitates staging of Blimp1-dependent primordial germ cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28960. [PMID: 22194959 PMCID: PMC3240638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell intrinsic programming that regulates mammalian primordial germ cell (PGC) development in the pre-gonadal stage is challenging to investigate. To overcome this we created a transgene-free method for generating PGCs in vitro (iPGCs) from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Using labeling for SSEA1 and cKit, two cell surface molecules used previously to isolate presumptive iPGCs, we show that not all SSEA1+/cKit+ double positive cells exhibit a PGC identity. Instead, we determined that selecting for cKitbright cells within the SSEA1+ fraction significantly enriches for the putative iPGC population. Single cell analysis comparing SSEA1+/cKitbright iPGCs to ESCs and embryonic PGCs demonstrates that 97% of single iPGCs co-express PGC signature genes Blimp1, Stella, Dnd1, Prdm14 and Dazl at similar levels to e9.5–10.5 PGCs, whereas 90% of single mouse ESC do not co-express PGC signature genes. For the 10% of ESCs that co-express PGC signature genes, the levels are significantly lower than iPGCs. Microarray analysis shows that iPGCs are transcriptionally distinct from ESCs and repress gene ontology groups associated with mesoderm and heart development. At the level of chromatin, iPGCs contain 5-methyl cytosine bases in their DNA at imprinted and non-imprinted loci, and are enriched in histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation, yet do not have detectable levels of Mvh protein, consistent with a Blimp1-positive pre-gonadal PGC identity. In order to determine whether iPGC formation is dependent upon Blimp1, we generated Blimp1 null ESCs and found that loss of Blimp1 significantly depletes SSEA1/cKitbright iPGCs. Taken together, the generation of Blimp1-positive iPGCs from ESCs constitutes a robust model for examining cell-intrinsic regulation of PGCs during the Blimp1-positive stage of development.
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17
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Miranda A, Pericuesta E, Ramírez MÁ, Gutierrez-Adan A. Prion protein expression regulates embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18422. [PMID: 21483752 PMCID: PMC3070729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PRNP) is a glycoprotein involved in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Although the physiological function of PRNP is largely unknown, its key role in prion infection has been extensively documented. This study examines the functionality of PRNP during the course of embryoid body (EB) differentiation in mouse Prnp-null (KO) and WT embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines. The first feature observed was a new population of EBs that only appeared in the KO line after 5 days of differentiation. These EBs were characterized by their expression of several primordial germ cell (PGC) markers until Day 13. In a comparative mRNA expression analysis of genes playing an important developmental role during ESC differentiation to EBs, Prnp was found to participate in the transcription of a key pluripotency marker such as Nanog. A clear switching off of this gene on Day 5 was observed in the KO line as opposed to the WT line, in which maximum Prnp and Nanog mRNA levels appeared at this time. Using a specific antibody against PRNP to block PRNP pathways, reduced Nanog expression was confirmed in the WT line. In addition, antibody-mediated inhibition of ITGB5 (integrin αvβ5) in the KO line rescued the low expression of Nanog on Day 5, suggesting the regulation of Nanog transcription by Prnp via this Itgb5. mRNA expression analysis of the PRNP-related proteins PRND (Doppel) and SPRN (Shadoo), whose PRNP function is known to be redundant, revealed their incapacity to compensate for the absence of PRNP during early ESC differentiation. Our findings provide strong evidence for a relationship between Prnp and several key pluripotency genes and attribute Prnp a crucial role in regulating self-renewal/differentiation status of ESC, confirming the participation of PRNP during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Miranda
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal y Conservación de Recursos Zoogenéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Matsui Y, Tokitake Y. Primordial germ cells contain subpopulations that have greater ability to develop into pluripotential stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2009; 51:657-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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