1
|
Kim AMJ, Nemeth MR, Lim SO. 4-1BB: A promising target for cancer immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:968360. [PMID: 36185242 PMCID: PMC9515902 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.968360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, powered by its relative efficacy and safety, has become a prominent therapeutic strategy utilized in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Within this class of therapeutics, there is a variety of drug types such as immune checkpoint blockade therapies, vaccines, and T cell transfer therapies that serve the purpose of harnessing the body’s immune system to combat disease. Of these different types, immune checkpoint blockades that target coinhibitory receptors, which dampen the body’s immune response, have been widely studied and established in clinic. In contrast, however, there remains room for the development and improvement of therapeutics that target costimulatory receptors and enhance the immune response against tumors, one of which being the 4-1BB (CD137/ILA/TNFRSF9) receptor. 4-1BB has been garnering attention as a promising therapeutic target in the setting of cancer, amongst other diseases, due to its broad expression profile and ability to stimulate various signaling pathways involved in the generation of a potent immune response. Since its discovery and demonstration of potential as a clinical target, major progress has been made in the knowledge of 4-1BB and the development of clinical therapeutics that target it. Thus, we seek to summarize and provide a comprehensive update and outlook on those advancements in the context of cancer and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Min Jung Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Macy Rose Nemeth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Seung-Oe Lim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute of Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Seung-Oe Lim,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ju SA, Park SM, Joe Y, Chung HT, An WG, Kim BS. Anti-4-1BB antibody-based combination therapy augments antitumor immunity by enhancing CD11c +CD8 + T cells in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:43. [PMID: 34976155 PMCID: PMC8674882 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the potential treatment strategies of incurable renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is highly resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the present study established a combination therapy with immunostimulatory factor (ISTF) and anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to augment the antitumor response in a murine RCC model. ISTF isolated from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans stimulates macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells to produce IL-6, TNF-α, nitric oxide and major histocompatibility complex class II expression. 4-1BB (CD137) is expressed in activated immune cells, including activated T cells, and is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. The administration of anti-4-1BB mAbs promoted antitumor immunity via enhancing CD11c+CD8+ T cells. The CD11c+CD8+ T cells were characterized by high killing activity and IFN-γ-producing ability, representing a phenotype of active effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The present study showed that combination therapy with ISTF and anti-4-1BB mAbs promoted partial tumor regression with established RCC, but monotherapy with ISTF or anti-4-1BB mAbs did not. These effects were speculated to be caused by the increase in CD11c+CD8+ T cells in the spleen and tumor, and IFN-γ production. These insights into the effector mechanisms of the combination of ISTF and anti-4-1BB mAbs may be useful for targeting incurable RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-A Ju
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yeonsoo Joe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Taeg Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Won G An
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Sam Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McGray AJR, Bernard D, Hallett R, Kelly R, Jha M, Gregory C, Bassett JD, Hassell JA, Pare G, Wan Y, Bramson JL. Combined vaccination and immunostimulatory antibodies provides durable cure of murine melanoma and induces transcriptional changes associated with positive outcome in human melanoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:419-431. [PMID: 22754760 PMCID: PMC3382903 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a recombinant adenovirus vaccine encoding dopachrome tautomerase (rHuAd5-hDCT) that produces robust DCT-specific immunity, but only provides modest suppression of murine melanoma. In the current study, an agonist antibody against 4-1BB was shown to enhance rHuAd5-hDCT efficacy and evoke tumor regression, but most tumors ultimately relapsed. The vaccine triggered upregulation of the immune inhibitory PD-1 signaling pathway and PD-1 blockade dramatically enhanced the rHuAd5-hDCT + anti-4-1BB strategy, resulting in complete regression of growing tumors in > 70% of recipients. The impact of the combined anti-4-1BB/anti-PD-1 treatment did not manifest as a dramatic enhancement in either the magnitude or functionality of DCT-specific tumor infiltrating lymphocytes relative to either treatment alone. Rather, a synergistic enhancement in intratumoral cytokine expression was observed, suggesting that the benefit of the combined therapy was a local event within the tumor. Global transcriptional analysis revealed immunological changes within the tumor following the curative vaccination, which extended beyond the T cell compartment. We identified an immune signature of 85 genes associated with clearance of murine melanoma that correlated with improved survival outcome in two independent cohorts of human melanoma patients. Our data reinforce the concept that successful vaccination must overcome local hurdles in the tumor microenvironment that are not manifest within the periphery. Further, tumor rejection following vaccination involves more than simply T cells. Finally, the association of our immune signature with positive survival outcome in human melanoma patients suggests that similar vaccination strategies may be promising for melanoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Robert McGray
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton, ON Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu BS, Tang T, Jia JL, Xie BC, Wu TL, Sheng YY, Xue YZ, Tang HM. CD137 agonist induces gastric cancer cell apoptosis by enhancing the functions of CD8 + T cells via NF-κB signaling. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:513. [PMID: 33093811 PMCID: PMC7576737 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD137 is a target for tumor immunotherapy. However, the role of CD137 in gastric cancer (GC), especially in inducing GC cell apoptosis, has not been studied. Methods Foxp3+ and CD8+ T cells in GCs were investigated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). CD137 expression in GCs was detected using flow cytometry, IHC and immunofluorescence (IF). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood were stimulated with a CD137 agonist in vitro. CD8+ T cell proliferation and p65 expression was examined using flow cytometry. P65 nuclear translocation was analyzed using IF. IL-10, TGF-β, IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme B were detected using real-time quantitative PCR (real-time PCR). PBMCs and primary GC cells were cocultured and stimulated with a CD137 agonist in vitro. Apoptosis of primary GC cells was detected using flow cytometry. Results Our data demonstrated that GC tumors showed characteristics of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. CD137 was predominantly expressed in CD8+ T cells in GCs and had a positive correlation with tumor cell differentiation. The CD137 agonist promoted CD8+ T cell proliferation and increased the secretion of IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme B, which induced primary GC cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, this study found that the CD137 agonist induced NF-κB nuclear translocation in CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that a CD137 agonist induced primary GC cell apoptosis by enhancing CD8+ T cells via activation of NF-κB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Shun Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166 People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Li Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166 People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Chen Xie
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie-Long Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Rd, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Yue Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Rd, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zheng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 200 Huihe Rd, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000 People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Min Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Varied functions of immune checkpoints during cancer metastasis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:569-588. [PMID: 32902664 PMCID: PMC7907026 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints comprise diverse receptors and ligands including costimulatory and inhibitory molecules, which play monumental roles in regulating the immune system. Immune checkpoints retain key potentials in maintaining the immune system homeostasis and hindering the malignancy development and autoimmunity. The expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints delineates an increase in a plethora of metastatic tumors and the inhibition of these immune checkpoints can be followed by promising results. On the other hand, the stimulation of costimulatory immune checkpoints can restrain the metastasis originating from diverse tumors. From the review above, key findings emerged regarding potential functions of inhibitory and costimulatory immune checkpoints targeting the metastatic cascade and point towards novel potential Achilles’ heels of cancer that might be exploited therapeutically in the future.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ye L, Jia K, Wang L, Li W, Chen B, Liu Y, Wang H, Zhao S, He Y, Zhou C. CD137, an attractive candidate for the immunotherapy of lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1461-1467. [PMID: 32073704 PMCID: PMC7226203 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a hotspot in cancer therapy in recent years. Several immune checkpoints inhibitors have been used to treat lung cancer. CD137 is a kind of costimulatory molecule that mediates T cell activation, which regulates the activity of immune cells in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Targeting CD137 or its ligand (CD137L) has been studied, aiming to enhance anticancer immune responses. Accumulating studies show that anti-CD137 mAbs alone or combined with other drugs have bright antitumor prospects. In the following, we reviewed the biology of CD137, the antitumor effects of anti-CD137 Ab monotherapy and the combined therapy in lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Ye
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Medical schoolTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Keyi Jia
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Medical schoolTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Medical schoolTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Medical schoolTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical OncologyShanghai Pulmonary HospitalTongji University Medical School Cancer InstituteTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Trojaniello C, Vitale MG, Scarpato L, Esposito A, Ascierto PA. Melanoma immunotherapy: strategies to overcome pharmacological resistance. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:289-304. [PMID: 32195606 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1745634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Although checkpoint inhibitors have provided a breakthrough in how melanoma is treated, about half of patients still do not respond due to primary or acquired resistance. New strategies are, therefore, required to increase the number of patients benefiting from immunotherapy. This systematic review investigates novel combinations that may overcome immune resistance in patients with melanoma.Areas covered: We provide an overview of immune-related resistance mechanisms and the various therapeutic strategies that can be considered in attempting to overcome these barriers, including combined immunotherapy approaches and combinations with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy.Expert opinion: The immune response is a dynamic process in which the tumor microenvironment and immune cells interact in a variety of ways. New treatment approaches aim to enrich the tumor microenvironment with immune-infiltrate and increase response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Trojaniello
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Scarpato
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Esposito
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Ascierto
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eomesodermin Increases Survival and IL-2 Responsiveness of Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cells in an Adoptive Transfer Model of Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunother 2019; 41:53-63. [PMID: 29271784 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-specific CD8 T cells often fail to elicit effective antitumor immune responses due to an inability to expand into a substantial effector population and persist long-term in vivo. Using an adoptive transfer model of cancer immunotherapy, we demonstrate that constitutive eomesodermin (Eomes) expression in tumor-specific CD8 T cells improves tumor rejection and survival. The increase in tumor rejection was associated with an increased number and persistence of CD8 T cells in lymphoid tissues during acute tumor rejection, tumor regrowth, and in mice that remained tumor-free. Constitutive Eomes expression increased expression of CD25, and this was associated with enhanced interleukin-2 responsiveness and tumor-specific CD8 T-cell proliferation. Moreover, constitutive Eomes expression improved cell survival. Taken together, our data suggest that constitutive Eomes expression enhances CD8 T-cell proliferation and survival, in part through the enhancement of interleukin-2 responsiveness through CD25 induction.
Collapse
|
9
|
Giunta EF, Argenziano G, Brancaccio G, Martinelli E, Ciardiello F, Troiani T. Beyond PD-1/PD-L1 Axis Blockade: New Combination Strategies in Metastatic Melanoma Treatment. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180927095650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Metastatic melanoma treatment has dramatically changed in the last few years, having a
breakthrough with the introduction of targeted agents and immunotherapy. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway
is one of the physiologic mechanisms of peripheral immune tolerance, but it also represents a
mechanism of tumor immune escape. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors represent new immune-checkpoint
drugs currently used in metastatic melanoma treatment.
:
Resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade, which is the main cause of therapeutic failure during
therapeutic use of these drugs, could be linked to several mechanism of immune escape. In fact,
other inhibitory receptor such as CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3 and TIGIT might be co-expressed on T
cells, deleting the effect of anti-PD-1/PD-L1; overexpression of the enzyme IDO could cause immunosuppression
through the depletion of tryptophan in the tumor microenvironment; defective c
ostimulation (through reduced activity of 4-1BB and OX40 receptors) could result in T-cell
energy.
:
Combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 with drugs targeting inhibitory or costimulatory receptors, intracellular
pathways, enzymes or neoangiogenesis could be a possible strategy to overcome resistance
to single PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Clinical trials evaluating combination therapies have already
showed interesting results, although most of them are still on going.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Argenziano
- Dermatology unit, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Brancaccio
- Dermatology unit, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale , Italy
| | | | - Teresa Troiani
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cho JH, Lee HJ, Ko HJ, Yoon BI, Choe J, Kim KC, Hahn TW, Han JA, Choi SS, Jung YM, Lee KH, Lee YS, Jung YJ. The TLR7 agonist imiquimod induces anti-cancer effects via autophagic cell death and enhances anti-tumoral and systemic immunity during radiotherapy for melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24932-24948. [PMID: 28212561 PMCID: PMC5421900 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are strongly considered immune-adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy and have been shown to exert direct anti-cancer effects. This study was performed to evaluate the synergistic anti-cancer and anti-metastatic effects of the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ) during radiotherapy for melanoma. The pretreatment of B16F10 or B16F1 cells with IMQ combined with γ-ionizing radiation (IR) led to enhanced cell death via autophagy, as demonstrated by increased expression levels of autophagy-related genes, and an increased number of autophagosomes in both cell lines. The results also confirmed that the autophagy process was accelerated via the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in the cells pretreated with IMQ combined with IR. Mice subcutaneously injected with melanoma cells showed a reduced tumor growth rate after treatment with IMQ and IR. Treatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), ameliorated the anti-cancer effect of IMQ combined with IR. Additionally, the combination therapy enhanced anti-cancer immunity, as demonstrated by an increased number of CD8+ T cells and decreased numbers of regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor lesions. Moreover, the combination therapy decreased the number of metastatic nodules in the lungs of mice that were injected with B16F10 cells via the tail vein. In addition, the combination therapy enhanced systemic anti-cancer immunity by increasing the abundances of T cell populations expressing IFN-γ and TNF-α. Therefore, these findings suggest that IMQ could serve as a radiosensitizer and immune booster during radiotherapy for melanoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Ji Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseon Choe
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong A Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Shim Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Ho Lee
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kwon B. Anti-CD137 Cancer Immunotherapy Suppresses Tumor Growth-Response. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1572-1573. [PMID: 29490950 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byungsuk Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dharmadhikari B, Zeng Q, Wu M, Schwarz H. Anti-CD137 Cancer Immunotherapy Suppresses Tumor Growth—Letter. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1571. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
13
|
Rahman MM, Badruzzaman ATM, Altaf Hossain FM, Husna A, Bari AM, Eo SK. The promise of 4-1BB (CD137) mediated immunomodulation and immunotherapy for viral diseases. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell surface receptor, 4-1BB (CD137), has been of increasing interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule over the last two decades. Ligation of 4-1BB can activate signals in CD8+ T cells and NK cells, resulting in increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion, cytolytic function and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Targeting 4-1BB, using a 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) or agonistic monoclonal antibodies, has delivered a new strategy to fight against cancer, autoimmune diseases and viral infections. In this review, different aspects of 4-1BB mediated antiviral responses, the mechanistic basis of such responses and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Masudur Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - ATM Badruzzaman
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Asmaul Husna
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Abusaleh Mahfuzul Bari
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hendriks D, Choi G, de Bruyn M, Wiersma VR, Bremer E. Antibody-Based Cancer Therapy: Successful Agents and Novel Approaches. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 331:289-383. [PMID: 28325214 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, antibodies have been viewed as ideal candidates or "magic bullets" for use in targeted therapy in the fields of cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammatory disorders. A wave of antibody-dedicated research followed, which resulted in the clinical approval of a first generation of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy such as rituximab (1997) and cetuximab (2004), and infliximab (2002) for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. More recently, the development of antibodies that prevent checkpoint-mediated inhibition of T cell responses invigorated the field of cancer immunotherapy. Such antibodies induced unprecedented long-term remissions in patients with advanced stage malignancies, most notably melanoma and lung cancer, that do not respond to conventional therapies. In this review, we will recapitulate the development of antibody-based therapy, and detail recent advances and new functions, particularly in the field of cancer immunotherapy. With the advent of recombinant DNA engineering, a number of rationally designed molecular formats of antibodies and antibody-derived agents have become available, and we will discuss various molecular formats including antibodies with improved effector functions, bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-cytokine fusion proteins, and T cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors. With these exciting advances, new antibody-based treatment options will likely enter clinical practice and pave the way toward more successful control of malignant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Hendriks
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Choi
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - V R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - E Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Section Immunohematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ret mouse very large tumors (VLTs) display altered ratios of infiltrating memory to naive T cells: Roles in tumor expansion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:211-20. [PMID: 27397900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer, however it is immunogenic. The size of the primary tumor is associated with the nodal metastases. Our goals were to characterize melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs) and tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs) subsets in the few very large tumors (VLTs) developing in ret transgenic mice of melanoma. Tumors >700mg (VLTs) were investigated for MAAs and subsets of TILs. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry-based studies were performed to determine the infiltration patterns of T-lymphocytes in VLTs. It was observed that zinc fixative restores the antigenicity of the cell-surface markers of lymphocyte subpopulations without the need of antigen retrieval, whereas formalin-based fixative fails to restore the antigenicity in the presence of antigen retrieval in the immunohistochemistry. VLTs from ret mice express MAAs, such as Tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and gp-100. The mean±standard deviation (S.D.) T-cell infiltration per 400 times-high power field in VLTs; CD4(+) (2.33±1.3), CD8(+) (2.00±1.0), and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) (2.5±0.5) regulatory T cells infiltration was exclusively restricted to the tumor stroma. Moreover, our flow cytometry-based data reveal that % mean±S.D. naive CD3(+) CD4(+) T cell infiltration (32.8±4.0%) was significantly larger than effector (25.8±2.8%, p<0.01) and central memory cells (16.1±3.7%, p<0.001) in VLTs. Similarly, between CD3(+) CD8(+) T cells, naive cells infiltrate (57.7±2.3%) in a significantly larger frequency than effector (5.0±0.4%, p<0.0001) and central memory cell (4.8±1.7%, p<0.0001) subsets. These results suggest that the VLTs from ret mice display lowered infiltration ratios between memory and naive T cells, which could be associated with the relatively large growth of VLTs.
Collapse
|
16
|
Morse MA, Lyerly HK. Checkpoint blockade in combination with cancer vaccines. Vaccine 2015; 33:7377-7385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
17
|
Yonezawa A, Dutt S, Chester C, Kim J, Kohrt HE. Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy with Anti-CD137 Antibody Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3113-20. [PMID: 25908780 PMCID: PMC5422104 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past 5 years, immunomodulatory antibodies have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. CD137, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, represents a promising target for enhancing antitumor immune responses. CD137 helps regulate the activation of many immune cells, including CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Recent studies indicate that the antitumor efficacy of therapeutic tumor-targeting antibodies can be augmented by the addition of agonistic antibodies targeting CD137. As ligation of CD137 provides a costimulatory signal in multiple immune cell subsets, combination therapy of CD137 antibody with therapeutic antibodies and/or vaccination has the potential to improve cancer treatment. Recently, clinical trials of combination therapies with agonistic anti-CD137 mAbs have been launched. In this review, we discuss the recent advances and clinical promise of agonistic anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yonezawa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suparna Dutt
- Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Cariad Chester
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jeewon Kim
- Transgenic, Knockout and Tumor Model Center, Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Holbrook E Kohrt
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bartkowiak T, Curran MA. 4-1BB Agonists: Multi-Potent Potentiators of Tumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:117. [PMID: 26106583 PMCID: PMC4459101 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly expanding field of oncology aimed at targeting, not the tumor itself, but the immune system combating the cancerous lesion. Of the many approaches currently under study to boost anti-tumor immune responses; modulation of immune co-receptors on lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment has thus far proven to be the most effective. Antibody blockade of the T cell co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has become the first FDA approved immune checkpoint blockade; however, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes express a diverse array of additional stimulatory and inhibitory co-receptors, which can be targeted to boost tumor immunity. Among these, the co-stimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137/TNFSF9) possesses an unequaled capacity for both activation and pro-inflammatory polarization of anti-tumor lymphocytes. While functional studies of 4-1BB have focused on its prominent role in augmenting cytotoxic CD8 T cells, 4-1BB can also modulate the activity of CD4 T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 4-1BB’s expression on both T cells and antigen presenting cells, coupled with its capacity to promote survival, expansion, and enhanced effector function of activated T cells, has made it an alluring target for tumor immunotherapy. In contrast to immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, 4-1BB agonists can both potentiate anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity, while at the same time ameliorating autoimmune disease. Despite this, 4-1BB agonists can trigger high grade liver inflammation which has slowed their clinical development. In this review, we discuss how the underlying immunobiology of 4-1BB activation suggests the potential for therapeutically synergistic combination strategies in which immune adverse events can be minimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bartkowiak
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu EF, Gai SA, Opel CF, Kwan BH, Surana R, Mihm MC, Kauke MJ, Moynihan KD, Angelini A, Williams RT, Stephan MT, Kim JS, Yaffe MB, Irvine DJ, Weiner LM, Dranoff G, Wittrup KD. Synergistic innate and adaptive immune response to combination immunotherapy with anti-tumor antigen antibodies and extended serum half-life IL-2. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:489-501. [PMID: 25873172 PMCID: PMC4398916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies under development have generally focused on either stimulating T cell immunity or driving antibody-directed effector functions of the innate immune system such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We find that a combination of an anti-tumor antigen antibody and an untargeted IL-2 fusion protein with delayed systemic clearance induces significant tumor control in aggressive isogenic tumor models via a concerted innate and adaptive response involving neutrophils, NK cells, macrophages, and CD8(+) T cells. This combination therapy induces an intratumoral "cytokine storm" and extensive lymphocyte infiltration. Adoptive transfer of anti-tumor T cells together with this combination therapy leads to robust cures of established tumors and development of immunological memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shuning A Gai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cary F Opel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Byron H Kwan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rishi Surana
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Martin C Mihm
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02214, USA
| | - Monique J Kauke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kelly D Moynihan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert T Williams
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthias T Stephan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacob S Kim
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Louis M Weiner
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kobayashi T, Doff BL, Rearden RC, Leggatt GR, Mattarollo SR. NKT cell-targeted vaccination plus anti-4-1BB antibody generates persistent CD8 T cell immunity against B cell lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e990793. [PMID: 25949907 PMCID: PMC4404843 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.990793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the immune adjuvant properties of natural killer T (NKT) cells is an effective strategy to generate anticancer immunity. The objective of this study was to increase the potency and durability of vaccine-induced immunity against B cell lymphoma by combining α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-loaded tumor cell vaccination with an agonistic antibody targeting the immune checkpoint molecule 4–1BB (CD137). We observed potent synergy when combining vaccination and anti-4–1BB antibody treatment resulting in significantly enhanced survival of mice harboring Eμ-myc tumors, including complete eradication of lymphoma in over 50% of mice. Tumor-free survival required interferon γ (IFNγ)-dependent expansion of CD8+ T cells and was associated with 4–1BB-mediated differentiation of KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells. 'Cured' mice were also resistant to lymphoma re-challenge 80 days later indicating successful generation of immunological memory. Overall, our results demonstrate that therapeutic anticancer vaccination against B cell lymphoma using an NKT cell ligand can be boosted by subsequent co-stimulation through 4–1BB leading to a sustainable immune response that may enhance outcomes to conventional treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kobayashi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Brianna L Doff
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Rory C Rearden
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham R Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen R Mattarollo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute; The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane ; Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vinay DS, Kwon BS. 4-1BB (CD137), an inducible costimulatory receptor, as a specific target for cancer therapy. BMB Rep 2014; 47:122-9. [PMID: 24499671 PMCID: PMC4163883 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although considerable progress has been made in understanding how tumors evade immune surveillance, measures to counter the same have not kept pace with the advances made in designing effective strategies. 4-1BB (CD137; TNFRS9), an activation-induced costimulatory molecule, is an important regulator of immune responses. Targeting 4-1BB or its natural ligand 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) has important implications in many clinical conditions, including cancer. In-depth analysis revealed that 4-1BB-mediated anti-cancer effects are based on its ability to induce activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and among others, high amounts of IFN-γ. In this review, we will discuss the various aspects of 4-1BB-mediated anti-tumor responses, the basis of such responses, and future directions. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(3): 122-129]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA; Cell and Immunobiology, and R & D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Daniel-Meshulam I, Horovitz-Fried M, Cohen CJ. Enhanced antitumor activity mediated by human 4-1BB-engineered T cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2903-13. [PMID: 23754772 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is a costimulatory molecule transiently expressed on the T-cell surface after TCR engagement, whereas its ligand 4-1BBL can be found on professional antigen-presenting cells, but more importantly, also on tumor cells. As the role of the 4-1BB/4-1BBL pathway has emerged central to CD8(+) T-cell responses and survival, we sought to test its relevance in the context of genetically modified human T cells. To that end, T cells purified from healthy donors and from vaccinated-melanoma patients were transduced to express high levels of constitutive 4-1BB. 4-1BB-transduced T cells were cocultured with melanoma tumor lines and exhibited enhanced cytokine secretion, upregulation of activation markers as well as increased cytotoxicity in a chick-chorioallantoic membrane model of human melanoma tumors. In addition, these cells expanded and proliferated at a higher rate, expressed heightened levels of the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl(XL) and were also relatively insensitive to immunosuppression mediated by transforming growth factor-β, compared to control cells. We also show that 4-1BBL expression on the target cell is essential to 4-1BB-mediated functional improvement. Overall, we conclude that the modification of human T cells with 4-1BB yields enhanced antitumor function which may have important applications in therapies based on the genetic modification of patient lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Daniel-Meshulam
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat, Gan, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Williams EL, Dunn SN, James S, Johnson PW, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Gray JC. Immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies combined with peptide vaccination provide potent immunotherapy in an aggressive murine neuroblastoma model. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3545-55. [PMID: 23649004 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroblastoma is one of the commonest extracranial tumors of childhood. The majority of patients present with metastatic disease for which outcome remains poor. Immunotherapy is an attractive therapeutic approach for this disease, and a number of neuroblastoma tumor antigens have been identified. Here, we examine the therapeutic potential of combining immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with peptide vaccination in murine neuroblastoma models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Neuroblastoma-bearing mice were treated with mAb targeting 4-1BB, CD40, and CTLA-4 alone, or in combination with a peptide derived from the tumor antigen survivin (GWEDPPNDI). Survivin-specific immune response and therapeutic efficacy were assessed. RESULTS In the Neuro2a model, treatment of established tumor with anti-4-1BB, anti-CD40, or anti-CTLA-4 mAb results in tumor regression and long-term survival in 40% to 60% of mice. This is dependent on natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells and is associated with tumor CD8(+) lymphocyte infiltrate. Successful therapy is achieved only if mAb is given to mice once tumors are established, suggesting dependence on sufficient tumor to provide antigen. In the more aggressive AgN2a and NXS2 models, single-agent mAb therapy provides ineffective therapy. However, if mAb (anti-CTLA-4) is given in conjunction with survivin peptide vaccination, then 60% long-term survival is achieved. This is associated with the generation of survivin-specific T-cell immunity, which again is only shown in the presence of tumor antigen. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the combination of antigen and costimulatory mAb may provide effective immunotherapy against neuroblastoma and may be of particular use in the minimal residual disease setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Williams
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Research UK Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is an activation-induced T-cell costimulatory molecule. Signaling via 4-1BB upregulates survival genes, enhances cell division, induces cytokine production, and prevents activation-induced cell death in T cells. The importance of the 4-1BB pathway has been underscored in a number of diseases, including cancer. Growing evidence indicates that anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies possess strong antitumor properties, which in turn are the result of their powerful CD8+ T-cell activating, IFN-γ producing, and cytolytic marker-inducing capabilities. In addition, combination therapy of anti-4-1BB with other anticancer agents, such as radiation, has robust tumor-regressing abilities against nonimmunogenic or poorly immunogenic tumors. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of ex vivo anti-4-1BB-activated CD8+ T cells from previously tumor-treated animals efficiently inhibits progression of tumors in recipient mice that have been inoculated with fresh tumors. In addition, targeting of tumors with variants of 4-1BBL directed against 4-1BB also have potent antitumor effects. Currently, a humanized anti-4-1BB is in clinical trials in patients with solid tumors, including melanoma, renal carcinoma, and ovarian cancer, and so far seems to have a favorable toxicity profile. In this review, we discuss the basis of the therapeutic potential of targeting the 4-1BB-4-1BBL pathway in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ju SA, Park SM, Lee YS, Bae JH, Yu R, An WG, Suh JH, Kim BS. Administration of 6-gingerol greatly enhances the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in murine tumors. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2618-28. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
26
|
Kim CS, Tu TH, Kawada T, Kim BS, Yu R. The immune signaling molecule 4-1BB stimulation reduces adiposity, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis in obese mice. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4725-35. [PMID: 20719857 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells (e.g. macrophages and T cells) in adipose tissue play a crucial role in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic disorders. Here we report findings suggesting that the immune signaling molecule 4-1BB/CD137 is a novel target for treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders. 4-1BB stimulation with agonistic antibody reduced body weight and adiposity and markedly improved glucose intolerance and hepatosteatosis in diet-induced obese mice and genetically obese/diabetic mice. Increases in lymphoid T cell expansion/activation and adipose/hepatic CD8+ T cell recruitment were evident in the anti-4-1BB antibody-treated obese mice. Glycolysis, β-oxidation, and oxygen consumption rates also increased in the treated mice. These findings suggest that 4-1BB-stimulation accompanied by CD8+ T cell expansion/activation enhances glucose/lipid metabolism, leading to increased energy expenditure. Manipulation of 4-1BB may provide a unique immunological strategy against obesity and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Sook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Mugeo-dong, Nam-ku, Ulsan 680-749, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chi N, Maranchie JK, Appleman LJ, Storkus WJ. Update on vaccine development for renal cell cancer. Res Rep Urol 2010; 2:125-41. [PMID: 24198621 PMCID: PMC3703676 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a significant health concern that frequently presents as metastatic disease at the time of initial diagnosis. Current first-line therapeutics for the advanced-stage RCC include antiangiogenic drugs that have yielded high rates of objective clinical response; however, these tend to be transient in nature, with many patients becoming refractory to chronic treatment with these agents. Adjuvant immunotherapies remain viable candidates to sustain disease-free and overall patient survival. In particular, vaccines designed to optimize the activation, maintenance, and recruitment of specific immunity within or into the tumor site continue to evolve. Based on the integration of increasingly refined immunomonitoring systems in both translational models and clinical trials, allowing for the improved understanding of treatment mechanism(s) of action, further refined (combinational) vaccine protocols are currently being developed and evaluated. This review provides a brief history of RCC vaccine development, discusses the successes and limitations in such approaches, and provides a rationale for developing combinational vaccine approaches that may provide improved clinical benefits to patients with RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Chi
- Department of immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Newcomb EW, Lukyanov Y, Kawashima N, Alonso-Basanta M, Wang SC, Liu M, Jure-Kunkel M, Zagzag D, Demaria S, Formenti SC. Radiotherapy enhances antitumor effect of anti-CD137 therapy in a mouse Glioma model. Radiat Res 2010; 173:426-32. [PMID: 20334514 DOI: 10.1667/rr1904.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that peripheral vaccination of mice with modified autologous tumor cells secreting granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) combined with ionizing radiation to the whole brain cured 50% of mice using a syngeneic, intracranial model of murine high-grade glioma. Here, we tested the combination of radiotherapy (4 Gy x 2) with an immunotherapeutic approach using an anti-CD137 antibody directed to the co-stimulatory molecule CD137. The CD137 antibody has shown promise in generating effective antitumor responses in several animal models and has demonstrated a favorable toxicity profile in the clinic. The combination of radiation and anti-CD137 therapy resulted in complete tumor eradication and prolonged survival in six of nine (67%) mice with established brain tumors (P = 0.0009). Five of six (83%) long-term survivors in the combination group demonstrated antitumor immunity by rejecting challenge tumors. Antitumor immunity was associated with an increased number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in brain tumors and increased tumor-specific production of gammaIFN. In view of the finding that radiation enhanced the antitumor effect of anti-CD137 therapy, this approach should be studied further for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Newcomb
- Departments of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine and NYU Cancer Institute and Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim YH, Choi BK, Oh HS, Kang WJ, Mittler RS, Kwon BS. Mechanisms involved in synergistic anticancer effects of anti-4-1BB and cyclophosphamide therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:469-78. [PMID: 19190115 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy can precondition for immunotherapy by creating an environment for homeostatic lymphoproliferation and eliminating some of the suppressive immune networks. We found that combination therapy with anti-4-1BB and cyclophosphamide (CTX) produced synergistic anticancer effects in the poorly immunogenic B16 melanoma model in mice. The antitumor effect of the combination therapy depended mainly on CD8(+) T cells, the 4-1BB-dependent expansion and differentiation of which into IFN-gamma-producing CD11c(+)CD8(+) T cells was enhanced by CTX. Anti-4-1BB induced a rapid repopulation of T and B cells from CTX-mediated lymphopenia. Anti-4-1BB protected naïve T cells from CTX and promoted proliferation of memory/effector and memory T cells. The combination treatment produced approximately 60- and 2.2-fold more CTLs per tumor-associated antigen compared with CTX or anti-4-1BB alone, respectively. This indicates that anti-4-1BB promoted a preferential expansion of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells among the repopulated lymphocytes following CTX-mediated lymphopenia. CTX treatment enhanced 4-1BB expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells, and CTX alone or in combination with anti-4-1BB effectively suppressed peripheral regulatory T cells. Our results indicate that anti-4-1BB and CTX can be practical partners in cancer therapy because CTX creates an environment in which anti-4-1BB actively promotes the differentiation and expansion of tumor-specific CTLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young H Kim
- Division of Cell and Immunobiology, and R&D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Ilsan, Goyang, Kyounggi-do, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schrama D, Hauschild A, Becker J. Immunmodulierende Antikörper in der Dermatoonkologie. Hautarzt 2008; 59:806-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00105-008-1539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
31
|
Ju SA, Cheon SH, Park SM, Tam NQ, Kim YM, An WG, Kim BS. Eradication of established renal cell carcinoma by a combination of 5-fluorouracil and anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody in mice. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2784-90. [PMID: 18360825 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), one of the most incurable malignancies, is highly resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cytokine immunotherapy has been the standard approach, but the overall response rate is still very low. Administration of agonistic anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been shown to induce regression of several animal tumors but its effect on RCC is unknown. We show here that monotherapy with either anti-4-1BB mAb or the cytotoxic drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), has little effect on established RCC, Renca tumors, but combination therapy with anti-4-1BB mAb and 5-FU eradicates the tumors in more than 70 % of mice. The regressing tumor tissues from mice receiving the combination therapy contained more apoptotic tumor cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes than tumor tissues from mice receiving 5-FU or anti-4-1BB mAb monotherapy. The number of lymphocytes in the spleens and tumor- draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of the combination therapy mice was greatly increased compared to that of control or 5-FU monotherapy mice. Mice that had recovered due to the combination therapy rapidly rejected rechallenge with the tumor, pointing to the establishment of long-lasting tumor-specific memory. Our results indicate that targeting tumors with 5-FU, and immune cells with 4-1BB stimulation, could be a useful strategy for treating incurable RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-A Ju
- Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kim DH, Chang WS, Lee YS, Lee KA, Kim YK, Kwon BS, Kang CY. 4-1BB Engagement Costimulates NKT Cell Activation and Exacerbates NKT Cell Ligand-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2062-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
33
|
Zhang GB, Dong QM, Hou JQ, Ge Y, Ju SG, Lu BF, Zhang XG. Characterization and application of three novel monoclonal antibodies against human 4-1BB: distinct epitopes of human 4-1BB on lung tumor cells and immune cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:470-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
34
|
Choi BK, Kim YH, Kang WJ, Lee SK, Kim KH, Shin SM, Yokoyama WM, Kim TY, Kwon BS. Mechanisms involved in synergistic anticancer immunity of anti-4-1BB and anti-CD4 therapy. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8891-9. [PMID: 17875731 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anti-4-1BB-mediated anticancer effects were potentiated by depletion of CD4+ cells in B16F10 melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice. Anti-4-1BB induced the expansion and differentiation of polyclonal tumor-specific CD8+ T cells into IFN-gamma-producing CD11c+CD8+ T cells. The CD4+ cell depletion was responsible for facilitating immune cell infiltration into tumor tissues and removing some regulatory barriers such as T regulatory and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)+ dendritic cells. Both monoclonal antibodies (mAb) contributed to the efficient induction of MHC class I molecules on the tumor cells in vivo. The effectors that mediated the anti-4-1BB effect were NKG2D+KLRG1+CD11c+CD8+ T cells that accumulated preferentially in the tumor tissues. Blocking NKG2D reduced the therapeutic effect by 20% to 26%, which may indicate that NKG2D contributes partially to tumor killing by the differentiated CD8+ T cells. Our results indicate that the combination of the two mAbs, agonistic anti-4-1BB and depleting anti-CD4, results in enhanced production of efficient tumor-killing CTLs, facilitation of their infiltration, and production of a susceptible tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CD11c Antigen/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beom K Choi
- The Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li B, Lin J, Vanroey M, Jure-Kunkel M, Jooss K. Established B16 tumors are rejected following treatment with GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy in combination with anti-4-1BB mAb. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:76-87. [PMID: 17706463 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Immunization with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates potent, specific and long lasting anti-tumor immunity in clinical and preclinical settings. Efforts to further increase immunotherapy efficacy with immune-modulatory agents are under evaluation. Based on the immune-modulatory properties of 4-1BB (CD137), it has been postulated that agonistic 4-1BB antibodies may add additional anti-tumor efficacy to GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy. The combination of GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy and anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment resulted in rejection of established tumors in the B16 melanoma model. These anti-tumor effects correlated with persistent tumor-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. In addition, early tumor infiltration of functional CD8(+) T cells and a greater expansion of antigen-specific memory T cells were found in mice treated with the combination therapy. In summary, an agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb combined with GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy may provide a novel and potent treatment strategy for patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betty Li
- Cell Genesys Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vinay DS, Cha K, Kwon BS. Dual immunoregulatory pathways of 4-1BB signaling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:726-36. [PMID: 16924475 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is perhaps rare to encounter among the various immunologically competent receptor-ligand pairs that a single cell surface determinant unleashes both a hidden suppressive function and costimulation. 4-1BB, an activation-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family member chiefly viewed as a powerful T-cell costimulatory molecule, is one such example. Accumulated evidence in recent years uncovered an unknown facet of in vivo 4-1BB signaling (i.e., "active suppression"). Although in vitro signaling via 4-1BB is shown to support both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, the same induces a predominant CD8(+) T-cell response suppressing CD4(+) T-cell function when applied in vivo. How, when, and why such dual immunoregulatory effect of anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody (MAB) comes into play is currently the focus of intense research. Existing data, although not complete, uncover several important aspects of in vivo 4-1BB signaling in the amelioration or exacerbation of various immune disorders. Despite minor disagreements, a majority agree that upregulation of interferon (IFN)-gamma is critical to anti-4-1BB MAB therapy in addition to immune modulators such as interleukin 2, transforming growth factor beta, and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase(5), all of which contribute greatly to the success of anti-4-1BB MAB-based immunotherapy. Anti-4-1BB MAB-mediated expansion of novel CD11c(+)CD8(+) T cells is additional weaponry that appears critical for its in vivo suppressive function. These CD11c(+)CD8(+) T cells express high levels of IFN-gamma, become effective killers, and mediate selective suppression of CD4(+) T cells. In this review, we discuss the dual nature (costimulatory and suppressive) of 4-1BB-mediated immune regulation, its current status, future direction, and its impact on the immune system, with special reference to its immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Suite B, 2020 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|