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Chen R, Gao W, Liang L, Yu H, Song W. Stem cell index-based RiskScore model for predicting prognosis in thyroid cancer and experimental verification. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31970. [PMID: 38868069 PMCID: PMC11167363 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective An mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi) has been developed to characterize cancer stemness. However, the predictive value of mRNAsi-based signature in therapeutic resistance and immunotherapy in thyroid cancer (THCA) remains unclarified. This study evaluated and validated the role of mRNAsi in drug sensitivity, its relationship between mRNAsi and THCA clinical features and immunity based on bioinformatics. Methods Based on transcriptome data of THCA patients from the Tumor Genome Atlas Project (TCGA) database, and expression data of multifunctional stem cell samples from the Progenitor Cell Biology Consortium (PCBC) databases, mRNAsi was calculated by the " one class logistic regression (OCLR)" method, Molecular subtypes of TCGA-THCA samples were identified with mRNAsi-related genes using ConsensusClusterPlus method. The gene mutation, clinical characteristics, immune characteristics, TIDE and drug sensitivity were compared among molecular subtypes. A prognostic model was designed with Lasso cox method. Modulation of malignant phenotype of THCA cell lines by model characterization genes is validated by CCK-8, flow cytometry. DNA methylation disorder in promoter region was analyzed between risk groups. The model was validated for survival in the internal Test dataset, while TCGA pan-cancer and immunotherapy datasets were further employed to validate the performance of this model. Results We obtained a total of 78 stem cell samples, each containing the expression profile of 8087 mRNA genes. Based on mRNAsi, THCA was divided into 3 subtypes. Subtype C2 had the poorest prognosis and highest immune score, while subtype C3 had the best prognosis, lowest mRANsi and highest TIDE score. Patients in subtype C2 showed higher sensitivity to Cisplatin, Erlotinib, Paclitaxel, and Lapatinib. The prognostic signature was generated using 5 mRNAsi-related genes, which could predict prognosis for THCA. qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of 5 genes were various in Hth7 and KTC-1 cells, and inhibition CELSR3 expression increased percentage of apoptosis in Hth7 and KTC-1 cells. mRNAsi related DNA methylation sites were mainly enriched in tumor related pathways. Good performance of this model was validated in Test dataset, pan-cancer and immunotherapy datasets. Conclusion This study identified three subtypes for classification and developed a prognostic model with mRNAsi-related genes, which provided great potential for prognosis and immunotherapy prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoran Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Linlang Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, China
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2
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Ubiquitous Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM): Potential Mechanism and Valorisation in Cancer Pathophysiology, Drug Targeting and Molecular Transductions. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5902-5924. [PMID: 35831555 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecule, an integrated molecule of immunoglobulin protein superfamily involved in cell-cell adhesion, undergoes various structural modifications through numerous temporal-spatial regulations that generously alter their expressions on cell surfaces. These varied expression patterns are mostly envisioned in the morphogenesis and innervations of different human organs and systems. The considerable role of NCAM in neurite growth, brain development and etc. and its altered expression of NCAM in proliferating tumour cells and metastasis of various human melanomas clearly substantiate its appropriateness as a cell surface marker for diagnosis and potential target for several therapeutic moieties. This characteristic behaviour of NCAM is confined to its novel biochemistry, structural properties, signalling interactions and polysialylation. In particular, the characteristic expressions of NCAM are mainly attributed by its polysialylation, a post-translational modification that attaches polysialyl groups to the NCAM. The altered expression of NCAM on cell surface develops curiosity amidst pharmaceutical scientists, which drives them to understand its role of such expressions in various human melanomas and to elucidate the promising therapeutic strategies that are currently available to target NCAM appositely. Therefore, this review article is articulated with an insight on the altered expressions of NCAM, the clinical significances and the consequences of such atypical expression patterns in various human organs and systems.
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Liu Q, Sun W, Zhang H. Roles and new Insights of Macrophages in the Tumor Microenvironment of Thyroid Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:875384. [PMID: 35479325 PMCID: PMC9035491 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.875384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most thyroid cancers have a good and predictable prognosis, the anaplastic, medullary, and refractory thyroid cancers still prone to recurrence and metastasis, resulting in poor prognosis. Although a number of newly developed targeted therapies have begun to be indicated for the above types of thyroid cancer in recent years, their ability to improve overall survival remain hindered by low efficacy. As the largest component of immune cells in tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages play a key role in the invasion and metastasis of thyroid cancer. There is much evidence that the immune system, tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cell interactions may revolutionize traditional therapeutic directions. Tumor-associated macrophages have been extensively studied in a variety of tumors, however, research on the relationship between thyroid cancer and macrophages is still insufficient. In this review, we summarize the functions of tumor-associated macrophages in different types of thyroid cancer, their cytokines or chemokines effect on thyroid cancer and the mechanisms that promote tumor proliferation and migration. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms by which tumor-associated macrophages maintain the stemness of thyroid cancer and potential strategies for targeting tumor-associated macrophages to treat thyroid cancer.
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Kaushik V, Kulkarni Y, Felix K, Azad N, Iyer AKV, Yakisich JS. Alternative models of cancer stem cells: The stemness phenotype model, 10 years later. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:934-943. [PMID: 34367485 PMCID: PMC8316871 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical cancer stem cell (CSCs) theory proposed the existence of a rare but constant subpopulation of CSCs. In this model cancer cells are organized hierarchically and are responsible for tumor resistance and tumor relapse. Thus, eliminating CSCs will eventually lead to cure of cancer. This simplistic model has been challenged by experimental data. In 2010 we proposed a novel and controversial alternative model of CSC biology (the Stemness Phenotype Model, SPM). The SPM proposed a non-hierarchical model of cancer biology in which there is no specific subpopulation of CSCs in tumors. Instead, cancer cells are highly plastic in term of stemness and CSCs and non-CSCs can interconvert into each other depending on the microenvironment. This model predicts the existence of cancer cells ranging from a pure CSC phenotype to pure non-CSC phenotype and that survival of a single cell can originate a new tumor. During the past 10 years, a plethora of experimental evidence in a variety of cancer types has shown that cancer cells are indeed extremely plastic and able to interconvert into cells with different stemness phenotype. In this review we will (1) briefly describe the cumulative evidence from our laboratory and others supporting the SPM; (2) the implications of the SPM in translational oncology; and (3) discuss potential strategies to develop more effective therapeutic regimens for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kaushik
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Yogesh Kulkarni
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Kumar Felix
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Neelam Azad
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Anand Krishnan V Iyer
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Juan Sebastian Yakisich
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
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Ge MH, Zhu XH, Shao YM, Wang C, Huang P, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Maimaitiyiming Y, Chen E, Yang C, Naranmandura H. Synthesis and characterization of CD133 targeted aptamer-drug conjugates for precision therapy of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1313-1324. [PMID: 33350399 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01832e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an undifferentiated and highly aggressive type of thyroid cancer and is extremely resistant to standard therapies such as surgical resection and radioactive iodine therapy. Although targeted therapeutic agents including small molecule drugs and monoclonal antibodies are rapidly developed in recent years, no ATC targeted drugs are available to date; thereby, novel targeted therapies are needed to improve the outcomes of ATC patients. Aptamers are single-stranded DNA (or RNA) molecules that can selectively bind to cancer specific antigens, and aptamer-based targeted therapy has certain advantages over that based on antibodies due to its high binding affinity and low immunogenicity. Here, we identified that CD133, a cancer stem cell marker, was specifically expressed in ATC tumor tissues and cells, implying that CD133 is a potential drug target for ATC therapy. Additionally, we successfully obtained a CD133 targeted aptamer AP-1 by paired cell-based SELEX, which can precisely recognize CD133 antigen in vitro. Furthermore, the truncated AP-1-M aptamer from its precursor AP-1 has shown higher binding affinity for CD133, and specifically accumulated in anaplastic thyroid cancer FRO cell derived tumor in vivo. Conjugation of truncated AP-1-M with doxorubicin could dramatically inhibit CD133 positive FRO cell proliferation, induce cell apoptosis in vitro, and also suppress tumor growth in FRO cell xenograft mice in vivo. Our results clearly demonstrated that the CD133 targeted aptamer AP-1-M conjugated with anticancer drugs has potential to become a promising therapeutic approach against ATC in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hua Ge
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xu Hang Zhu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yi Ming Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yasen Maimaitiyiming
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. and Department of Public Health, and Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - En Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. and Department of Public Health, and Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hua Naranmandura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. and Department of Public Health, and Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China and Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Thyroid Cancer Stem-Like Cells: From Microenvironmental Niches to Therapeutic Strategies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071455. [PMID: 33916320 PMCID: PMC8037626 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. Recent progress in thyroid cancer biology revealed a certain degree of intratumoral heterogeneity, highlighting the coexistence of cellular subpopulations with distinct proliferative capacities and differentiation abilities. Among those subpopulations, cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to drive TC heterogeneity, contributing to its metastatic potential and therapy resistance. CSCs principally exist in tumor areas with specific microenvironmental conditions, the so-called stem cell niches. In particular, in thyroid cancer, CSCs' survival is enhanced in the hypoxic niche, the immune niche, and some areas with specific extracellular matrix composition. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about thyroid CSCs, the tumoral niches that allow their survival, and the implications for TC therapy.
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7
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Chowdhury S, Ghosh S. Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1638-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The Possible Role of Cancer Stem Cells in the Resistance to Kinase Inhibitors of Advanced Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082249. [PMID: 32796774 PMCID: PMC7465706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Target therapy with various kinase inhibitors (KIs) has been extended to patients with advanced thyroid cancer, but only a subset of these compounds has displayed efficacy in clinical use. However, after an initial response to KIs, dramatic disease progression occurs in most cases. With the discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs), it is possible to postulate that thyroid cancer resistance to KI therapies, both intrinsic and acquired, may be sustained by this cell subtype. Indeed, CSCs have been considered as the main drivers of metastatic activity and therapeutic resistance, because of their ability to generate heterogeneous secondary cell populations and survive treatment by remaining in a quiescent state. Hence, despite the impressive progress in understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid tumorigenesis, drug resistance is still the major challenge in advanced thyroid cancer management. In this view, definition of the role of CSCs in thyroid cancer resistance may be crucial to identifying new therapeutic targets and preventing resistance to anti-cancer treatments and tumor relapse. The aim of this review is to elucidate the possible role of CSCs in the development of resistance of advanced thyroid cancer to current anti-cancer therapies and their potential implications in the management of these patients.
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9
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Samimi H, Sajjadi-Jazi SM, Seifirad S, Atlasi R, Mahmoodzadeh H, Faghihi MA, Haghpanah V. Molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNAs in anaplastic thyroid cancer: a systematic review. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:352. [PMID: 32760219 PMCID: PMC7392660 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal and aggressive cancers. Evidence has shown that the tumorigenesis of ATC is a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. Several studies have suggested that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may play an important role in the development and progression of ATC. In this article, we have collected the published reports about the role of lncRNAs in ATC. METHODS "Scopus", "Web of Science", "PubMed", "Embase", etc. were systematically searched for articles published since 1990 to 2020 in English language, using the predefined keywords. RESULTS 961 papers were reviewed and finally 33 papers which fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Based on this systematic review, among a lot of evidences on examining the function of lncRNAs in thyroid cancer, there are only a small number of studies about the role of lncRNAs and their molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ATC. CONCLUSIONS lncRNAs play a crucial role in regulation of different processes involved in the development and progression of ATC. Currently, just a few lncRNAs have been identified in ATC that may serve as prognosis markers such as GAS5, MIR22HG, and CASC2. Also, because of the dysregulation of Klhl14-AS, HOTAIRM1, and PCA3 during ATC development and progression, they may act as therapeutic targets. However, for most lncRNAs, only a single experiment has evaluated the expression profile in ATC tissues/cells. Therefore, further functional studies and expression profiling is needed to resolve this limitation and identify novel and valid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Samimi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahmoud Sajjadi-Jazi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Seifirad
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, PERFUSE Study Group, Boston, MA USA
| | - Rasha Atlasi
- Evidence Based Practice Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibollah Mahmoodzadeh
- Department of Surgery, Iranian National Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faghihi
- Persian BayanGene Research and Training Center, Dr. Faghihi’s Medical Genetic Center, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Vahid Haghpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave., Tehran, 14114 Iran
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Mariniello K, Ruiz-Babot G, McGaugh EC, Nicholson JG, Gualtieri A, Gaston-Massuet C, Nostro MC, Guasti L. Stem Cells, Self-Renewal, and Lineage Commitment in the Endocrine System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:772. [PMID: 31781041 PMCID: PMC6856655 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine system coordinates a wide array of body functions mainly through secretion of hormones and their actions on target tissues. Over the last decades, a collective effort between developmental biologists, geneticists, and stem cell biologists has generated a wealth of knowledge related to the contribution of stem/progenitor cells to both organogenesis and self-renewal of endocrine organs. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the role of tissue stem cells in the development and self-renewal of endocrine organs. Pathways governing crucial steps in both development and stemness maintenance, and that are known to be frequently altered in a wide array of endocrine disorders, including cancer, are also described. Crucially, this plethora of information is being channeled into the development of potential new cell-based treatment modalities for endocrine-related illnesses, some of which have made it through clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Mariniello
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Ruiz-Babot
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Emily C. McGaugh
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James G. Nicholson
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angelica Gualtieri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Nostro
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Thyroid gland has been implicated in the regulation of many functions using endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signals. Functional thyroid follicular cells derived from stem cells attracted a great interest from researchers as a strategy for thyroid's regenerative therapy. Thyroid has a very low rate of turnover; however, studies showed that the regenerative ability is enhanced following diseases or thyroidectomy, which promotes the role of stem cell. The objective of this review is to summarize the morphological characterization and the expression of stem cell genes/markers in the thyroid. Also, to highlight the mechanisms of tumor formation in thyroid via its stem cells. The most important thyroid stem cell's markers are: stem cell antigen 1 (SCA-1), octamer-binding transcription 4 (OCT-4), p63, CD34+ CD45-, paired box gene 8 (PAX-8), thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), thyroid transcription factor 2 (TTF-2), hematopoietically expressed homeobox protein HHEX, the transcription factor GATA-4, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-α (HNF-4-α) and homeobox transcription factor Nanog (hNanog). This review highlights the functional characterization describing the mechanisms of stem cell's differentiation into functional thyroid follicle and proposing mechanisms involving in cancer formation through one of these cell types: fetal cell, thyroblasts, prothyrocytes, certain genetic mutation in the mature thyroid cells or presence of a special type of cells (cancer stem cell) which are responsible for different types of cancer formation. Understanding the mechanisms of thyroid's stem cell in cancer formation and the expression of the biomarkers in normal and abnormal thyroid status are promising physiological tools in promoting thyroid regeneration and in provision management for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam A Al-Suhaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khulood Al-Khater
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Iacobas DA, Tuli NY, Iacobas S, Rasamny JK, Moscatello A, Geliebter J, Tiwari RK. Gene master regulators of papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 9:2410-2424. [PMID: 29416781 PMCID: PMC5788649 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that distinct cell phenotypes are governed by different sets of gene master regulators (GMRs) whose strongly protected (by the homeostatic mechanisms) abundance modulates most cell processes by coordinating the expression of numerous genes from the corresponding functional pathways. Gene Commanding Height (GCH), a composite measure of gene expression control and coordination, is introduced to establish the gene hierarchy in each phenotype. If the hypothesis is true, than one can selectively destroy cancer nodules from a heterogeneous tissue by altering the expression of genes whose GCHs are high in cancer but low in normal cell phenotype. Here, we test the hypothesis and show its utility for the thyroid cancer (TC) gene therapy. First, we prove that malignant and cancer free surrounding areas of a surgically removed papillary TC (PTC) tumor are governed by different GMRs. Second, we show that stable transfection of a gene induces larger transcriptomic alterations in the cells where it has higher GCH than in other cells. For this, we profiled the transcriptomes of the papillary BCPAP and anaplastic 8505C TC cell lines before and after stable transfection with NEMP1, DDX19B, PANK2 or UBALD1. The four genes were selected to have similar expression levels but significantly different GCH scores in the two cell lines before transfection. Indeed, each of the four genes triggered larger alterations in the cells where they had larger GCH. Our results prove the feasibility of a personalized gene therapy approach that selectively targets the cancer cells from a tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru A Iacobas
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Center for Computational Systems Biology at Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
| | - Neha Y Tuli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Sanda Iacobas
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - John K Rasamny
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Augustine Moscatello
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Jan Geliebter
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Raj K Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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13
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Lee SI, Kim DK, Seo EJ, Choi EJ, Kwon YW, Jang IH, Lee JC, Kim HY, Shong M, Kim JH, Kim SJ. Role of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 in the Maintenance of Chemoresistance of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2017; 27:1424-1432. [PMID: 28920531 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) has a very poor prognosis due to its aggressive nature and resistance to conventional treatment. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are not fully effective because of the undifferentiated phenotype and enhanced drug resistance of ATC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the involvement of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a stemness-associated transcription factor, in the undifferentiated phenotype and drug resistance of ATC. METHODS ATC cells were compared to papillary thyroid cancer cells in drug resistance and gene expression. The effects of KLF4 knockdown in ATC cells on in vitro and in vivo drug resistance were measured. The effects of KLF4 overexpression and knockdown on ABC transporter activity were determined. RESULTS ATC cells, such as HTH83, 8505C, and SW1736, exhibited higher resistance to the anticancer drug paclitaxel and higher expression of KLF4 than TPC-1 papillary thyroid cancer cells. Knockdown of KLF4 expression in ATC cells increased the expression of the thyroid-specific differentiation genes, such as thyrotropin receptor, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, and sodium-iodide symporter. Knockdown of KLF4 expression in ATC cells decreased the resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel, and reduced ABC transporter expression. Luciferase reporter assay results showed that KLF4 overexpression increased ABCG2 promoter activity, which was abolished by KLF4 knockdown. A tumorigenicity assay showed that the combination of paclitaxel treatment and KLF4 knockdown significantly decreased tumor mass originated from HTH83 cells in mice. CONCLUSIONS ATC cells show high expression of KLF4, and KLF4 expression is necessary for maintaining the undifferentiated phenotype and drug resistance in vitro and in vivo. The present study identifies KLF4 as a potential therapeutic target for eliminating ATC cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Paclitaxel/metabolism
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/drug therapy
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/genetics
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/metabolism
- Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Su In Lee
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kyoung Kim
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Seo
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Jang
- 2 Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Choon Lee
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Yul Kim
- 4 Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- 5 Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- 6 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- 5 Research Institute of Convergence Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jang Kim
- 7 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital , Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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14
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Caria P, Pillai R, Dettori T, Frau DV, Zavattari P, Riva G, Romano G, Pani F, Bentivegna A, Giovannoni R, Pagni F, Sogos V, Vanni R. Thyrospheres from B-CPAP Cell Line with BRAF and TERT Promoter Mutations have Different Functional and Molecular Features than Parental Cells. J Cancer 2017; 8:1629-1639. [PMID: 28775782 PMCID: PMC5535718 DOI: 10.7150/jca.18855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thyroid cancer derived cell lines are widely used to study the mechanisms involved in thyroid carcinogenesis. However, there is limited availability of non-cross-contaminated cancer cell lines derived from papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and the B-CPAP cell line is one of the few such lines. B-CPAP cells have been genetically and cytogenetically well-characterized, but details of their stemness features remain uncertain. Considering that this cell line is extensively used for in vitro studies on thyroid tumorigenesis, we broaden its functional and molecular profiles as well as the tumorigenic capacity. We used functional assays (sphere-forming capacity and efficiency), assessed self-renewal and propagation efficiency and tested in vivo tumorigenicity in Hsd:Athymic Nude-Foxn1nu mice. Expression of markers of stemness, differentiation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were estimated at RNA and protein levels in adherent parental cells and sphere-forming cells. Functional aspects and stemness features were compared with normal thyrocytes. Protein expression of xenograft tumors was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. B-CPAP sphere-forming cells were able to form thyrospheres theoretically indefinitely in an appropriate serum-free medium, reverting to the adherent parental cell phenotype when cultured in differentiation medium. Different expression of ALDH1-A1 and CD44 stemness markers and TTF-1 and CK19 differentiation markers allowed discrimination between isolated sphere-forming cells and adherent parental cells, indicating that sphere-forming cells retained stem-like features. In keeping with these observations, tumorigenicity assays confirmed that, relative to parental adherent cells, thyrospheres had enhanced capacity to initiate xenograft tumors. Thyrospheres from normal cell line retained very low functional capacity, as well as different stemness markers expression compared to tumor thyrospheres. Our findings may constitute a useful background to develop an in vitro model for assessing the origin and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma bearing BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rita Pillai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tinuccia Dettori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriele Riva
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Gabriele Romano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Fabiana Pani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Pagni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Valeria Sogos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberta Vanni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
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15
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Generation of Novel Thyroid Cancer Stem-Like Cell Clones: Effects of Resveratrol and Valproic Acid. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1662-73. [PMID: 27060227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is an aggressive and highly lethal cancer for which conventional therapies have proved ineffective. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) represent a small fraction of cells in the cancer that are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy and are responsible for tumor reoccurrence and metastasis. We characterized CSCs in thyroid carcinomas and generated clones of CSC lines. Our study showed that anaplastic thyroid cancers had significantly more CSCs than well-differentiated thyroid cancers. We also showed that Aldefluor-positive cells revealed significantly higher expression of stem cell markers, self-renewal properties, thyrosphere formation, and enhanced tumorigenicity. In vivo passaging of Aldefluor-positive cells resulted in the growth of larger, more aggressive tumors. We isolated and generated two clonal spheroid CSC lines derived from anaplastic thyroid cancer that were even more enriched with stem cell markers and more tumorigenic than the freshly isolated Aldefluor-positive cells. Resveratrol and valproic acid treatment of one of the CSC lines resulted in a significant decrease in stem cell markers, Aldefluor expression, proliferation, and invasiveness, with an increase in apoptosis and thyroid differentiation markers, suggesting that these cell lines may be useful for discovering new adjuvant therapies for aggressive thyroid cancers. For the first time, we have two thyroid CSC lines that will be useful tools for the study of thyroid CSC targeted therapies.
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16
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Abstract
The thyroid parafollicular cell, or commonly named "C-cell," functions in serum calcium homeostasis. Elevations in serum calcium trigger release of calcitonin from the C-cell, which in turn functions to inhibit absorption of calcium by the intestine, resorption of bone by the osteoclast, and reabsorption of calcium by renal tubular cells. Oncogenic transformation of the thyroid C-cell is thought to progress through a hyperplastic process prior to malignancy with increasing levels of serum calcitonin serving as a biomarker for tumor burden. The discovery that multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 is caused by activating mutations of the RET gene serves to highlight the RET-RAS-MAPK signaling pathway in both initiation and progression of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Thyroid C-cells are known to express RET at high levels relative to most cell types; therefore, aberrant activation of this receptor is targeted primarily to the C-cell, providing one possible cause of tissue-specific oncogenesis. The role of RET signaling in normal C-cell function is unknown though calcitonin gene transcription appears to be sensitive to RET activation. Beyond RET, the modeling of oncogenesis in animals and screening of human tumors for candidate gene mutations have uncovered mutation of RAS family members and inactivation of Rb1 regulatory pathway as potential mediators of C-cell transformation. A growing understanding of how RET interacts with these pathways, both in normal C-cell function and during oncogenic transformation, will help in the development of novel molecular-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert J Cote
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1461, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Elizabeth G Grubbs
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1484, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Hofmann
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1461, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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17
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Bhatia P, Tsumagari K, Abd Elmageed ZY, Friedlander P, Buell JF, Kandil E. Stem cell biology in thyroid cancer: Insights for novel therapies. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:614-619. [PMID: 25426258 PMCID: PMC4178261 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i5.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine cancer in the United States. A recent involvement of sub-population of stem cells, cancer stem cells, has been proposed in different histological types of thyroid cancer. Because of their ability of self-renewal and differentiation into various specialized cells in the body, these putative cells drive tumor genesis, metastatic activity and are responsible to provide chemo- and radioresistant nature to the cancer cells in the thyroid gland. Our Review was conducted from previously published literature to provide latest apprises to investigate the role of embryonic, somatic and cancer stem cells, and discusses the hypothesis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Different methods for their identification and isolation through stemness markers using various in vivo and in vitro methods such as flow cytometry, thyrosphere formation assay, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 efflux-pump mediated Hoechst 33342 dye exclusion have been discussed. The review also outlines various setbacks that still remain to target these tumor initiating cells. Future perspectives of therapeutic strategies and their potential to treat advanced stages of thyroid cancer are also disclosed in this review.
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18
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Madani A, Jozaghi Y, Tabah R, How J, Mitmaker E. Rare metastases of well-differentiated thyroid cancers: a systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:460-6. [PMID: 25192681 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A minority of metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) patients present with end-organ disease other than in the lung, bone or lymph nodes. These metastases tend to be overlooked because of their low incidence, and this results in delayed diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the clinical and histologic features of unusual WDTC metastases. METHODS A systematic literature search of bibliographic databases, reference lists of articles, and conference proceedings was performed up to 2013. Studies were included if they reported on adult patients with WDTC and pathology-proven metastases to end-organs other than lung, bone, or lymph nodes. A total of 238 studies were included in a qualitative analysis. Data is expressed as N (%) and median [interquartile range]. RESULTS A total of 492 patients (median age, 62 years [50-70 years]) were identified in 197 case reports and 42 case series. There were 22 different end-organ metastatic sites documented with either papillary [255 (57 %)], follicular [172 (39 %)], or Hürthle-cell [18 (4 %)] histology. A total of 181 (41 %) patients presented with solitary metastasis and 54 (93 %) with elevated serum thyroglobulin. Positron emission tomography and whole-body radioactive iodine scans revealed hypermetabolic foci in 28 (97 %) and 50 (81 %) cases, respectively. Disease-free interval following the initial diagnosis of the primary thyroid cancer was highly variable, ranging from synchronous presentation [66 (33 %)] to metachronous disease after 516 months [mean 86 months (SD 90)]. CONCLUSIONS WDTC can manifest with highly variable and unusual clinical features. Rare sites of metastases should be considered in the absence of the more common extra-cervical disease recurrence locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Madani
- Division of General Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,
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19
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Ahn SH, Henderson YC, Williams MD, Lai SY, Clayman GL. Detection of thyroid cancer stem cells in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:536-44. [PMID: 24302752 PMCID: PMC3913805 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Special populations of cells that can efficiently initiate tumor growth have been characterized, and this feature supports the cancer stem cell theory. These cancer stem cell populations have been identified with CD44 and POU5F1. Most cancer stem cells express high levels of CD44 and low levels of CD24. In thyroid lesions, cancer stem cells have been detected in anaplastic carcinoma. However, little is known about the presence of cancer stem cells in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), especially in recurrent PTC. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN PTC cells were labeled and sorted by flow cytometry to obtain two populations. Total RNA was prepared from cells with high CD44 and CD24 expressions (CD44+CD24+) and from cells with high CD44 and low CD24 expressions (CD44+CD24-). The expressions of the stem cell marker POU5F1 and several differentiated thyroid markers were measured via real-time PCR. RESULTS CD44+CD24- cells were present in all PTCs tested, and the percentage of these cells was higher in clinically aggressive recurrent PTC than in less aggressive primary PTCs. Higher expression of POU5F1 was found in CD44+CD24- cells compared with that of CD44+CD24+ cells. The expression of POU5F1 was higher in thyrospheroids grown in serum-free condition than in cells grown in the presence of serum from the same patient, and the tumor was initiated in mice using thyrospheroids. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of CD44+CD24- cells varied from tumor to tumor. Our findings suggest that cancer stem cells are present in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (S-H.A.), College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Kyunggi-do 463-707, South Korea; and Departments of Head and Neck Surgery (Y.C.H., S.Y.L., G.L.C.), Pathology (M.D.W.), Molecular and Cellular Oncology (S.Y.L.), and Cancer Biology (G.L.C.), The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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20
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Faber A, Aderhold C, Goessler UR, Hoermann K, Schultz JD, Umbreit C, Walliczek U, Stern-Straeter J. Interaction of a CD44+ head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line with a stromal cell-derived factor-1-expressing supportive niche: An in vitro model. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:82-86. [PMID: 24348826 PMCID: PMC3861560 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory implies that CSCs are surrounded by supportive stromal cells, which are known as the CSC niche. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) shows a multitude of functional effects in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, including migration and polarization. Therefore, the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis may be involved in the pathophysiology of the progression, recurrence and metastasis of malignant diseases of the head and neck. In the present study, the CD44+ HNSCC UM-SCC-11A cell line was used as a model for CSCs. The interaction between the UM-SCC-11A cells and the supportive microenvironmental cells, including fibrocytes, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human microvascular vein endothelial cells (HMVECs) was evaluated. All the cell types that were tested were shown to secrete different concentrations of SDF-1 into the surrounding culture medium [mean (m)fibro, 1243.3±156.2 pg/ml; mHMVEC, 1061.4±23.2 pg/ml; mHUVEC, 849.6±110.9 pg/ml]. The migration of the UM-SCC-11A cells towards the supportive cells was increased by a higher supply of SDF-1 (contrfibro, 315.23±61.55 μm; mfibro, 477.73±143.7 μm; Pfibro=0.003; contrHMVEC, 123.41±66.68 μm; mHMVEC, 249.04±111.95 μm; PHMVEC=0.004; contrHUVEC, 189.7±93.26 μm; mHUVEC, 260.82±161.58 μm). The amount of the UM-SCC-11A cells that migrated towards the differentiated fibrocytes was significantly higher than that which migrated towards the HMVECs or HUVECs (Pfibro/HMVEC=2.12E-11; Pfibro/HUVEC=2.28E-5). Cell-cell interaction by podia formation of the UM-SCC-11A cells was observed in all the supportive cell types that were tested. Broadly based cell-cell contacts were observed. By contrast, digitiform podia formations presented by the UM-SCC-11A cells were determined using fluorescence microscopy. The SDF-1-CXCR4 axis is postulated to be a crucial pathway in the interaction between CSCs and their surrounding supportive cells. Understanding the cell-cell interactions in the CSC niche using in vitro models may aid in gaining further insight into these mechanisms and finding new strategies of therapy in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Faber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Christoph Aderhold
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Ulrich Reinhart Goessler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Karl Hoermann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Johannes David Schultz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Claudia Umbreit
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Ute Walliczek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
| | - Jens Stern-Straeter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim D-68167, Germany
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21
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Mixed medullary-follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Case Rep Endocrinol 2013; 2013:571692. [PMID: 24288632 PMCID: PMC3830771 DOI: 10.1155/2013/571692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma is an uncommon tumor that consists of both follicular and parafollicular cells. Case. We report a 43-year-old woman with a palpable mass in the right side of the neck. Fine needle aspiration suggested a diagnosis of high grade anaplastic carcinoma that has been associated with papillary features. Total thyroidectomy was done in which histopathological examination showed diagnosis of medullary carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for chromogranin, calcitonin, and thyroglobulin in tumoral cells. Conclusion. Mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma is a rare tumor. Diagnosis of these tumors with fine needle aspiration is very difficult and may lead to misdiagnosis. It is necessary to correlate the cytological finding with serum calcitonin and thyroglobulin. Also immunostaining for calcitonin and thyroglobulin confirms diagnosis.
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22
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Igci YZ, Erkilic S, Igci M, Arslan A. MCM3 protein expression in follicular and classical variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 20:87-91. [PMID: 23821456 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins are needed as licensors in the DNA replication of eukaryotic cells and transcriptional control of MCM genes has critical role in the regulation of MCM functions. Different MCM protein family members are proposed as diagnostic or prognostic markers in various cancers due to their increased proliferative potential. Among MCM family members, minichromosome maintenance protein 3 (MCM3) expressions in both mRNA and protein levels were shown to be associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). But, the usability of MCM3 in some histological variants of PTC might be controversial due to tissue specific molecular heterogeneities. In follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC), a number of genes including MCM3 were shown to be differentially expressed which were specific to this kind of variant. Using immunohistochemistry method, MCM3 protein expression levels were compared in FVPTC, classic variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CVPTC), and multi-nodular goiter (MNG) tissues in a group of 32 cases. There was meaningful differences between MNG vs. FVPTC (p = 0.016) and MNG vs. CVPTC (p = 0.019) while there was no significant difference in the comparison FVPTC vs. CVPTC (p = 0.15). Four of the 5 CVPTC cases having surrounding tissue invasion had high expression values. For FVPTC and CVPTC, MCM3 protein expression results were parallel to our previous mRNA expression study while there was downregulation in protein expression despite the increased expression of MCM3 mRNA in MNG suggesting tissue-specific post-transcriptional events in benign thyroid neoplasms of which should be focused on. Moreover, the relatively lower MCM3 protein expression in FVPTC comparing to CVPTC could be due to a different tumorigenic pathway favored in this type of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ziya Igci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, University of Gaziantep, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey,
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23
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Kataria K, Yadav R, Sarkar C, Karak AK. Simultaneous medullary carcinoma, papillary carcinoma and granulomatous inflammation of the thyroid. Singapore Med J 2013; 54:e146-8. [DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2013115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Li W, Reeb AN, Sewell WA, Elhomsy G, Lin RY. Phenotypic characterization of metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65095. [PMID: 23724124 PMCID: PMC3665717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests cancer stem cells (CSCs) may initiate new tumors in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), one of the most aggressive solid tumors in humans. However, the involvement of CSCs in human tumorigenesis has not been previously studied in authenticated ATC cell lines. Here we demonstrate a functional role of CSCs in four new validated human ATC cell lines (THJ-11T, THJ-16T, THJ-21T and THJ-29T). We identified and enriched CSCs using a spheroid-forming assay. About 3 to 9% of cells from four ATC cell lines formed thyrospheres. The thyrospheres expressed the stem cell markers NANOG and Oct4 and possessed the ability to self-renew. Injection of these thyrospheres into the thyroids of NOD/SCID Il2rg-/- mice resulted in the formation of metastatic tumors that recapitulated the clinical features of human ATC. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo characterization of thyroid CSCs using validated human ATC cell lines. The availability of disease-specific thyrospheres and our orthotopic tumor models will enable the elucidation of disease mechanisms and the environmental niche of CSCs. They may also be useful for preclinical therapeutic screening and for monitoring the effects of biological therapies on ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ashley N. Reeb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William A. Sewell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - George Elhomsy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Reigh-Yi Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Saint Louis University Cancer Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Zahreddine H, Borden KLB. Mechanisms and insights into drug resistance in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:28. [PMID: 23504227 PMCID: PMC3596793 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer drug resistance continues to be a major impediment in medical oncology. Clinically, resistance can arise prior to or as a result of cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss different mechanisms adapted by cancerous cells to resist treatment, including alteration in drug transport and metabolism, mutation and amplification of drug targets, as well as genetic rewiring which can lead to impaired apoptosis. Tumor heterogeneity may also contribute to resistance, where small subpopulations of cells may acquire or stochastically already possess some of the features enabling them to emerge under selective drug pressure. Making the problem even more challenging, some of these resistance pathways lead to multidrug resistance, generating an even more difficult clinical problem to overcome. We provide examples of these mechanisms and some insights into how understanding these processes can influence the next generation of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Zahreddine
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Faber A, Hoermann K, Stern-Straeter J, Schultz DJ, Goessler UR. Functional effects of SDF-1α on a CD44(+) CXCR4(+) squamous cell carcinoma cell line as a model for interactions in the cancer stem cell niche. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:579-84. [PMID: 23232503 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), also known as CXCL12, has variable effects on a plurality of cells. It is known to have selective effects on cell migration, morphology, survival and cell homing. As such the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis is postulated to be a crucial key pathway in the interaction between (cancer) stem cells and their surrounding supportive cells, the so-called (cancer) stem cell niche. We evaluated the expression of CD44 as a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker and the expression of CXCR4 in the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line UM-SCC 11A. In addition, we monitored proliferation, formation of podia and migration of UM-SCC 11A cells under the influence of SDF-1α. Whereas SDF-1α induced the formation of podia of CD44(+) CXCR4(+) UM-SCC 11A cells in a dose-dependent manner and the maximum number of cells exhibiting the formation of podia was observed under the influence of 10 ng/ml SDF-1α (P=5.3x10(-6)), the highest number of migrating cells was noted using a concentration of 100 ng/ml (P=0.027). Proliferation and survival were not affected by SDF-1α. We showed that UM-SCC 11A cells could be a target for SDF-1α by CXCR4 expression and these cells also showed characteristics of HNSCC CSCs via CD44 expression. We demonstrated that SDF-1α is a chemoattractant for UM-SCC 11A cells, and a maximum directed migration was achieved under the influence of 100 ng/ml SDF-1α. Changes in cell morphology by presenting filopodia or a prominent uropod were noted following treatment of 10 ng/ml SDF-1α. The SDF-CXCR4 axis may play a crucial role in the interaction between CSCs and their supportive cells in the CSC niche. Understanding these interactions may help to gain further insight into the pathophysiology of the progression and recurrence of malignant diseases and thus help to develop novel strategies for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Faber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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Medullary Thyroid Cancer—Current Treatment Strategy, Novel Therapies and Perspectives for the Future. Discov Oncol 2012; 3:218-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s12672-012-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Tiozzo C, Danopoulos S, Lavarreda-Pearce M, Baptista S, Varimezova R, Al Alam D, Warburton D, Virender R, De Langhe S, Di Cristofano A, Bellusci S, Minoo P. Embryonic epithelial Pten deletion through Nkx2.1-cre leads to thyroid tumorigenesis in a strain-dependent manner. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:111-122. [PMID: 22167068 PMCID: PMC4217534 DOI: 10.1530/erc-10-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Even though the role of the tyrosine phosphatase Pten as a tumor suppressor gene has been well established in thyroid cancer, its role during thyroid development is still elusive. We therefore targeted Pten deletion in the thyroid epithelium by crossing Pten(flox/flox) with a newly developed Nkx2.1-cre driver line in the BALB/c and C57BL/6 genetic backgrounds. C57BL/6 homozygous Pten mutant mice died around 2 weeks of age due to tracheal and esophageal compression by a hyperplasic thyroid. By contrast, BALB/c homozygous Pten mutant mice survived up to 2 years, but with a slightly increased thyroid volume. Characterization of the thyroid glands from C57BL/6 homozygous Pten mutant mice at postnatal day 14 (PN14) showed abnormally enlarged tissue with areas of cellular hyperplasia, disruption of the normal architecture, and follicular degeneration. In addition, differing degrees of hypothyroidism, thyroxine (T(4)) decrease, and thyroid-stimulating hormone elevation between the strains in the mutants and the heterozygous mutant were detected at PN14. Finally, C57BL/6 heterozygous Pten mutant mice developed thyroid tumors after 2 years of age. Our results indicate that Pten has a pivotal role in thyroid development and its deletion results in thyroid tumor formation, with the timing and severity of the tumor depending on the particular genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tiozzo
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Nassau University Medical Center, 201 Hempstead Turnpike, East Meadow, New York 11554, USA
| | - Soula Danopoulos
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | - Maria Lavarreda-Pearce
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | - Sheryl Baptista
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | - Radka Varimezova
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | - David Warburton
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | - Rehan Virender
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Stijn De Langhe
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, Klinikstrasse 36, Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Developmental Biology Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
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Vendittelli F, Raffaelli M, Fadda G, Carelli-Alinovi C, Paolillo C, Bellantone R, Zuppi C, Capoluongo E. Blood presence of circulating oncofetal fibronectin mRNA, by RT-PCR, does not represent a useful specific marker for the management and follow-up of thyroid cancer patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012; 50:715-20. [PMID: 22505562 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2011-0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies strongly suggest the use of oncofetal fibronectin (onfFN) mRNA in diagnostic follow-up and staging due to its very high specificity for thyroid cancers. Since the use of this marker has not been well established yet, particularly in the monitoring of minimal residual disease, we have tried to verify the diagnostic power of onfFN and its usefulness as a prognostic molecular marker. For this reason, we evaluated (by RT-PCR) the presence of onfFN mRNAs, not only in blood samples and thyroid tissues (both normal and neoplastic), but also in different biological fluids (such as K3-EDTA blood samples, saliva and urine) belonging to healthy individuals. METHODS Molecular investigations, such as RT-PCR protocol, and sequencing of onfFN cDNAs evaluation of the above-mentioned samples were performed. RESULTS The onfFN transcript was largely expressed in all benign and malignant thyroid tissues [differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs)] tested as well as in a large number of biological fluids; in particular, 100% urine samples were positive for onfFN transcript as compared to the thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNA (75%), while saliva was always positive for onfFN and never for Tg. These findings indicate that onfFN cannot be considered a marker specific for thyroid cancer presence. Finally, Tg results were positive in a large part of the samples, but not always in concomitance with onfFN. CONCLUSIONS We underline how the complexity of onfFN transcripts could affect the RT-PCR procedure. In addition, the presence of onfFN transcripts in several normal and cancer tissues, along with non-thyroid biological fluids or cells, does not allow the use of this marker for cancer monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vendittelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Malehmir M, Haghpanah V, Larijani B, Ahmadian S, Alimoghaddam K, Heshmat R, Ghavamzadeh A, Adabi K, Ghaffari SH. Multifaceted suppression of aggressive behavior of thyroid carcinoma by all-trans retinoic acid induced re-differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:260-9. [PMID: 21924320 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Since all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has shown promising results in differentiation therapy, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of ATRA on thyroid carcinoma and to evaluate the effectiveness of ATRA in redifferentiation induction of thyroid carcinoma. Therefore, we investigated cell growth rate, morphological and nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio, adherent-dependent growth, response to chemotherapy drug following differentiation, T3 and T4 measurement, and critical genes expression pattern. Papillary cell line showed more growth inhibition by ATRA, in addition, mesenchymal and spindle-shape of 8305C cells changed to polygonal. Additionally, high nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio of anaplastic decreased significantly. Redifferentiation significantly suppressed the anchorage-dependent growth in the both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, potentiated the arsenic trioxide (ATO) effects in anaplastic and papillary cell lines. Furthermore, reduction in the expression of stemness, and invasion related genes was observed in the both cell lines. Altogether, ATRA treatment could hold the aggressive behavior of thyroid carcinoma in restraint and/or potentiate the effect of chemotherapy drug ATO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Malehmir
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms arise in almost every organ of the body and are variably defined according to the site of origin. This Review focuses on neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive tract and pancreas. The 2010 WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system introduces grading and staging tools for neuroendocrine neoplasms. A carcinoid is now defined as a grade 1 or 2 neuroendocrine tumor and grade 3, small-cell or large-cell carcinomas are defined as neuroendocrine carcinoma. Epidemiological data show a worldwide increase in the prevalence and incidence of gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in the past few decades, which is probably due to improved methods of detection of these tumors. The current diagnostic procedures and treatment options for neuroendocrine neoplasms are defined and summarized in the Review, although evidence-based data are lacking. Surgery remains the treatment mainstay and somatostatin analogues the basis for both diagnosis and therapy as the only 'theranostic' tool. Emerging compounds including chemotherapeutic agents, small molecules and biological therapies may provide new hope for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Rindi
- Institute of Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Policlinico A. Gemelli, Largo A. Gemelli 8, I-00168 Rome, Italy.
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Igci YZ, Arslan A, Akarsu E, Erkilic S, Igci M, Oztuzcu S, Cengiz B, Gogebakan B, Cakmak EA, Demiryurek AT. Differential expression of a set of genes in follicular and classic variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 2011; 22:86-96. [PMID: 21509594 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-011-9157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is currently the best initial diagnostic test for evaluation of a thyroid nodule. FNA cytology cannot discriminate between benign and malignant thyroid nodules in up to 30% of thyroid nodules. Therefore, an adjunct to FNA is needed to clarify these lesions as benign or malignant. Using differential display-polymerase chain reaction method, the gene expression differences between follicular and classic variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and benign thyroid nodules were evaluated in a group of 42 patients. Computational gene function analyses via Cytoscape, FuncBASE, and GeneMANIA led us to a functional network of 17 genes in which a core sub-network of five genes coexists. Although the exact mechanisms underlying in thyroid cancer biogenesis are not currently known, our data suggest that the pattern of transformation from healthy cells to cancer cells of PTC is different in follicular variant than in classic variant.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biopsy, Fine-Needle
- Carcinoma
- Carcinoma, Papillary/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Nodule/diagnosis
- Thyroid Nodule/genetics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ziya Igci
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Loss of function of e-cadherin in embryonic stem cells and the relevance to models of tumorigenesis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2011:352616. [PMID: 21197469 PMCID: PMC3005858 DOI: 10.1155/2011/352616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin is the primary cell adhesion molecule within the epithelium, and loss of this protein is associated with a more aggressive tumour phenotype and poorer patient prognosis in many cancers. Loss of E-cadherin is a defining characteristic of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process associated with tumour cell metastasis. We have previously demonstrated an EMT event during embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation, and that loss of E-cadherin in these cells results in altered growth factor response and changes in cell surface localisation of promigratory molecules. We discuss the implication of loss of E-cadherin in ES cells within the context of cancer stem cells and current models of tumorigenesis. We propose that aberrant E-cadherin expression is a critical contributing factor to neoplasia and the early stages of tumorigenesis in the absence of EMT by altering growth factor response of the cells, resulting in increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and acquisition of a stem cell-like phenotype.
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Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Caramés N, Romero-Rojas A, Reyes-Santías R, Piso-Neira M, Bernabeu I, Abdulkader I. Thyroid-type solid cell nests in struma ovarii. Int J Surg Pathol 2009; 19:627-31. [PMID: 20034983 DOI: 10.1177/1066896909354335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Solid cell nests (SCNs) of the thyroid are single or multiple foci of solid and/or cystic clusters of squamoid cells (main cells) with a minor proportion of C-cells, found in the normal thyroid. The SCNs have also been reported in the heart as an ultimobranchial heterotopia. Here, the authors describe a case of thyroid-type SCNs associated with struma ovarii. Main cells were positive for simple and stratified epithelial-type cytokeratins, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19.9, p63, bcl-2, and galectin-3. The neuroendocrine cell population was positive for chromogranin A and synaptophysin but negative for calcitonin, suggesting a common ancestor cell capable of dual differentiation toward thyroid follicular cells and hindgut-type endocrine cells. The existence of thyroid-type SCNs in struma ovarii could be easily understood by considering the struma ovarii as a teratoma; at the same time, these findings also support the idea of a close histogenetic link between the main cells of SCNs and thyroid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cameselle-Teijeiro
- Hospital Clínico Universitario, Galician Health Service, University of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid gland development and function are essential for life, and recent findings indicate the presence of stem/progenitor cells within the thyroid gland as a potential source of tissue regeneration and cancer formation. SUMMARY This review summarizes the current knowledge on early differentiation of thyroid cells from embryonic stem cells and highlights exciting concepts and recent novel findings on adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells in the normal thyroid gland and in thyroid cancer. Other potential sources and markers of stem/progenitor cells in the thyroid include bone marrow, microchimerism, and embryological remnant-derived multifocal solid cell nests. Finally, we discuss new therapeutic strategies that target thyroid cancer stem cells. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid stem/progenitor cell populations are present in the normal and diseased thyroid gland. Advances in normal and cancer thyroid stem cell biology will be essential for future targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Canada.
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Nangue C, Bron L, Portmann L, Volante M, Ris HB, Monnier P, Andrejevic-Blant S. Mixed medullary-papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: report of a case and review of the literature. Head Neck 2009; 31:968-74. [PMID: 19260112 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma denotes a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors displaying morphological and immunophenotypical features of both origins within the same lesion. METHOD We report a case of a 41-year-old woman with a lump in the right side of the neck, increasing in pain and size over several weeks. Serum levels of calcitonine (1140 ng/L) and carcinoembryonic antigen (288 microg/L) were very high. Fine-needle aspiration cytology suggested a diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Total thyroidectomy, along with bilateral functional neck and mediastinal lymph-node dissection, were performed. RESULTS The histopathological examination yielded a diagnosis of medullary carcinoma in the right thyroid lobe, closely intermingled with a nonencapsulated classical papillary carcinoma. One ipsilateral lymph node showed micrometastasis of the medullary counterpart. CONCLUSION When compared with other cases reported in literature, this particular presentation should be recognized, if required, morphologic and functional criteria are used. The treatment is mostly surgical, driven by the medullary component. The presence of micrometastasis in 1 ipsilateral cervical lymph-node underlines the importance of cervicomediastinal lymph-node dissection and careful searching for metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlette Nangue
- Institute of Pathology, CHUV Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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Arcinas A, Yen TY, Kebebew E, Macher BA. Cell surface and secreted protein profiles of human thyroid cancer cell lines reveal distinct glycoprotein patterns. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3958-68. [PMID: 19530676 DOI: 10.1021/pr900278c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface proteins have been shown to be effective therapeutic targets. In addition, shed forms of these proteins and secreted proteins can serve as biomarkers for diseases, including cancer. Thus, identification of cell surface and secreted proteins has been a prime area of interest in the proteomics field. Most cell surface and secreted proteins are known to be glycosylated, and therefore, a proteomics strategy targeting these proteins was applied to obtain proteomic profiles from various thyroid cancer cell lines that represent the range of thyroid cancers of follicular cell origin. In this study, we oxidized the carbohydrates of secreted proteins and those on the cell surface with periodate and isolated them via covalent coupling to hydrazide resin. The glycoproteins obtained were identified from tryptic peptides and N-linked glycopeptides released from the hydrazide resin using two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in combination with the gas phase fractionation. Thyroid cancer cell lines derived from papillary thyroid cancer (TPC-1), follicular thyroid cancer (FTC-133), Hurthle cell carcinoma (XTC-1), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ARO and DRO-1) were evaluated. An average of 150 glycoproteins were identified per cell line, of which more than 57% are known cell surface or secreted glycoproteins. The usefulness of the approach for identifying thyroid cancer associated biomarkers was validated by the identification of glycoproteins (e.g., CD44, galectin 3 and metalloproteinase inhibitor 1) that have been found to be useful markers for thyroid cancer. In addition to glycoproteins that are commonly expressed by all of the cell lines, we identified others that are only expressed in the more well-differentiated thyroid cancer cell lines (follicular, Hurthle cell and papillary), or by cell lines derived from undifferentiated tumors that are uniformly fatal forms of thyroid cancer (i.e., anaplastic). On the basis of the results obtained, a set of glycoprotein biomarker candidates for thyroid cancer is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Arcinas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, California 94132, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is an incurable disease once metastasis becomes unresectable. Many therapeutic drugs and methods have been tried to circumvent this difficulty. We review currently published treatments and hope for future developments of more effective treatment methods. RECENT FINDINGS Motesanib, vandetanib, axitinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), and XL184 (multikinase inhibitor) have been shown to achieve partial response or stable disease state of metastatic MTC. Sunitinib and sorafenib, currently available tyrosine kinase inhibitors, can also be tried for patients with MTC. However, these medications are not curative and do not improve survival rate. Only carcinoembryonic antigen-I-iodine-based radioimmunotherapy improved survival of a subset of patients with a very aggressive type of MTC. Drugs currently available for possible use of MTC treatment include bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor), valproic acid (histone deacetylase inhibitor), capecitabine (5-fluorouracil prodrug), and indomethacin (NSAID), although clinical studies have yet to be done. Cardiac natriuretic hormones and an extract of the plant Cautleya gracilis are new agents to be studied for MTC. SUMMARY Kinase inhibitors are the first drugs showing some efficacy in MTC. To improve survival, unconventional drugs or other therapies with or without kinase inhibitors need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sugawara
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Charytonowicz E, Cordon-Cardo C, Matushansky I, Ziman M. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: Is the cell of origin a mesenchymal stem cell? Cancer Lett 2009; 279:126-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Abdulkader I, Pérez-Becerra R, Vázquez-Boquete A, Alberte-Lista L, Ruiz-Ponte C, Forteza J, Sobrinho-Simões M. BRAF mutation in solid cell nest hyperplasia associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma. A precursor lesion? Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1029-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Yamada H, Takano T, Ito Y, Matsuzuka F, Miya A, Kobayashi K, Yoshida H, Watanabe M, Iwatani Y, Miyauchi A. Expression of nestin mRNA is a differentiation marker in thyroid tumors. Cancer Lett 2009; 280:61-4. [PMID: 19268442 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nestin is a maker that identifies stem cells in some adult tissues, and its expression is believed to relate to malignancy in cancer cells. In this study, we measured the expression levels of nestin mRNA in various kinds of thyroid tumor by the real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Unexpectedly, nestin mRNA was detected in almost all differentiated thyroid tumors and normal thyroid tissues, whereas extremely decreased expression was observed in anaplastic carcinomas, which are the most malignant of the thyroid follicular cell-derived tumors. These results suggest that nestin mRNA is a differentiation marker, and its expression does not relate to malignant characteristics in thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Yamada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 D2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Lichtenauer UD, Beuschlein F. The tumor stem cell concept-implications for endocrine tumors? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:158-63. [PMID: 19027822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell hypothesis has recently evolved from an increasing body of evidence suggesting that in some cancers a small population of tumor cells with stem cell-like properties represents a critical component that dictates the malignant behavior of a given tumor. These observations challenge classical cancer biology and its theory, that tumor growth is mainly based on genomic alterations followed by modulation of cell cycle pathways, which finally result in uncontrolled clonal proliferation. Over the last few years, much progress in the field of tumor stem cells has been achieved in non-endocrine malignancies. In this review, we summarize the existing evidence regarding the tumor stem cell concept for tumor pathophysiology in general and highlight current models that have the potential to further impact research on endocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs D Lichtenauer
- Medical Clinic, University Hospital Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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44
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"Cancer stem cells"-lessons from Hercules to fight the Hydra. Urol Oncol 2008; 26:581-9. [PMID: 18818107 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following the initial identification of hematopoietic tumor stem cells, such cells were also found in several solid tumor types. In urology, cancer stem cells have only been found in prostate tumors so far. The concept and detection of tumor stem cells rely heavily on findings derived from stem cell research. Therefore, in addition to identifying and characterizing urologic tumor stem cells, research in uro-oncology should also aim at better understanding the stem-cell biology of urologic organs. Insights in similarities and differences gleaned from these studies could be used to develop strategies for targeted destruction of tumor stem cells while sparing the physiological stem cells. The main target of future curative therapies in uro-oncology must therefore be the central, immortal head of the Hydra, the tumor stem cell.
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Gelmini S, Mangoni M, Serio M, Romagnani P, Lazzeri E. The critical role of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in cancer and cancer stem cells metastasis. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:809-19. [PMID: 18997494 DOI: 10.1007/bf03349262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines exert their multifunctional role in several physiologic and pathologic processes through interaction with their specific receptors. Much evidence have revealed that metastatic spread tumor cells may use chemokine-mediated mechanisms. In particular, an involvement of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in growth of primary tumors and in metastatic process has been demonstrated. Indeed, it has been suggested that CXCR4 expression by tumor cells, plays a critical role in cell metastasis by a chemotactic gradient to organs expressing the ligand SDF-1. Moreover, CXCR4 overexpression correlated with poor prognosis in many types of cancer. In physiologic condition, SDF-1 also plays an essential role modulating stem cell proliferation, survival, and homing through its canonical receptor CXCR4. Recently, several studies have demonstrated the existence of a small subset of cancer cells which share many characteristics with stem cells and named cancer stem cells (CSC). They constitute a reservoir of self-sustaining cells with the ability to maintain the tumor growth. In particular, most of them express CXCR4 receptor and respond to a chemotactic gradient of its specific ligand SDF-1, suggesting that CSC probably represent a subpopulation capable of initiating metastasis. This review focuses on the role of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in cancer and in the metastatic progression by tumoral cells, as well as the role of CSC in tumor pathogenesis and in metastatic process. A better understanding of migratory mechanism involving cancer cells and CSC provides a powerful tool for developing novel therapies reducing both local and distant recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gelmini
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Graziano A, d'Aquino R, Tirino V, Desiderio V, Rossi A, Pirozzi G. The stem cell hypothesis in head and neck cancer. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:408-12. [PMID: 17546610 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumoral cells which have stem features such as self-renewal, high migration capacity, drug resistance, high proliferation abilities. In the last 10 years the pathological meaning and the existence of CSCs have been matter of discussion and a large number of articles have been published about the role that these cells play in the development and maintenance of the tumors. Head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide: early diagnosis of high-risk premalignant lesions are high priorities for reducing deaths due to head and neck cancer. In the last years the CSCs hypothesis has been faced also for head and neck cancer, with the aim of a better comprehension of the tumor biology and an early diagnosis. The evidence that the development of a tumor comes from a small number of cells with stem-like characteristic, could bring too to the identification of therapies against these cellular target, fundamental for maintenance and progression of the lesion. Here, a literature review has been reported about the detection of supposed CSCs in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Graziano
- SHRO and Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Huang CM, Nakatsuji T, Liu YT, Shi Y. In vivo tumor secretion probing via ultrafiltration and tissue chamber: implication for anti-cancer drugs targeting secretome. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2008; 3:48-54. [PMID: 18289123 DOI: 10.2174/157489208783478694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor secreted proteins/peptides (tumor secretome) act as mediators of tumor-host communication in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, development of anti-cancer drugs targeting secretome may effectively control tumor progression. Novel techniques including a capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probe and a dermis-based cell-trapped system (DBCTS) linked to a tissue chamber were utilized to sample in vivo secretome from tumor masses and microenvironments. The CUF probe and tissue chamber were evaluated in the context of in vivo secretome sampling. Both techniques have been successfully integrated with mass spectrometry for secretome identification. A secretome containing multiple proteins and peptides can be analyzed by NanoLC-LTQ mass spectrometry, which is specially suited to identifying proteins in a complex mixture. In the future, the establishment of comprehensive proteomes of various host and tumor cells, as well as plasma will help in distinguishing the cellular sources of secretome. Many detection methods have been patented regarding probes and peptide used for identification of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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Abstract
Ongoing advances in stem cell research have opened new avenues for therapy for many human disorders. Until recently, however, thyroid stem cells have been relatively understudied. Here, we review what is known about thyroid stem cells and explore their utility as models of normal and malignant biological development. We also discuss the cellular origin of thyroid cancer stem cells and explore the clinical implications of cancer stem cells in the thyroid gland. Since thyroid cancer is the most common form of endocrine cancer and that thyroid hormone is needed for the growth and metabolism of each cell in the body, understanding the molecular and the cellular aspects of thyroid stem cell biology will ultimately provide insights into mechanisms underlying human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Abstract
Stem cells exhibit an extraordinary ability for self-renewal. They also give rise to many specialized cells. The potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine, developmental biology, and drug discovery has been well documented. Although advances in stem cell science have raised broad ethical concerns, it is clear that stem cell technology has revolutionized our thinking in modern biology and medicine and provided the basis for understanding many of the mechanisms controlling basic biological processes and disease mechanisms. This review details the nascent field of thyroid stem cell research, exploring the current status of thyroid stem cell differentiation from the perspectives of both developmental biology and cell replacement therapy. It highlights successes to date in the generation of thyroid follicular cells from embryonic stem cells in the laboratory and the identification and characterization of adult stem cells from human thyroid glands and thyroid cancers. Finally, it outlines future challenges with a focus on potential stem cell therapy for thyroid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reigh-Yi Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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