1
|
Semerci R, Uysal G, Açikgöz A, Demirer P. The Predictive Power of Religious Coping on Care Burden, Depression, Stress, and Anxiety of Parents of Pediatric Oncology Patients in Turkey. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024:10.1007/s10943-024-02096-3. [PMID: 39127992 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-024-02096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the predictive power of religious coping of parents of children with cancer on caregiver burden, depression, anxiety, and stress in Turkey. It was designed as a descriptive and cross-sectional study, utilizing correlational analysis and regression models to explore associations between variables. Data were collected from 164 parents in the pediatric hematology-oncology clinics of a university hospital between November 2023 and March 2024. There was a negative correlation between caregiver burden score and negative and positive religious coping scores. Caregiver burden scores were positively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress scores. Results indicated that caregiver burden, education level, employment status, family structure, family income, and age at diagnosis significantly predicted positive religious coping. For negative religious coping, caregiver burden, education level, family structure, and family income were significant predictors. This suggests that religious coping may help reduce caregiver burden, underscoring the importance of promoting constructive coping strategies to support caregivers' well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gülzade Uysal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Ayfer Açikgöz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Osmangazi Eskisehir University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Pınar Demirer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ståhl A, Salonen M, Hakanen E, Mikkola S, Sulkama S, Lahti J, Lohi H. Development and validation of the puppy blues scale measuring temporary affective disturbance resembling baby blues. NPJ MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 3:27. [PMID: 38849543 PMCID: PMC11161525 DOI: 10.1038/s44184-024-00072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
It has been described that many puppy owners experience a state called puppy blues involving stress, worry, anxiety, strain, frustration, or regret. While puppy blues is a commonly used term among dog owners, the term is nearly nonexistent in scientific literature. In turn, analogous phenomenon, postpartum affective disturbance of infant caregivers, is well described in the literature. This study aimed to develop and validate the first questionnaire to evaluate puppy blues. The methodology involved generating scale items based on a qualitative review of 135 pilot survey responses from people who had experienced distress during the puppy period, conducting exploratory factor analysis for the final scale items from a dataset of 1801 answers from Finnish dog owners (92% women), and collecting test-retest data from 265 individuals to assess the consistency of the measurement of items and factor structure across time. In addition, we collected an independent sample of 326 owners of 1-2-year-old dogs who answered the survey both regarding puppy period and current moment. The results indicate that the scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring dog owners' negative experiences and feelings related to puppyhood. We discovered three factors that describe different aspects of puppy blues: Frustration, Anxiety, and Weariness, which accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in puppy blues. The study demonstrated good internal consistency and consistency across two independent samples for the three identified factors. The test-retest reliability of the factors was good. Responses for the current timeframe compared to puppyhood experiences revealed significantly lower current scores across all factors for the current period, validating that the scale captures distress during puppyhood that diminishes over time. Interestingly, we found a fading affect bias where recollections of the experiences in the puppy period became more positive with time. Our findings shed light on the characteristics of puppy blues and provide a useful retrospective tool for measuring it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aada Ståhl
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Milla Salonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Emma Hakanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salla Mikkola
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Sulkama
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sowden E, Robinson D, Lovell K, Bee P, Fulwood A, Lidbetter N, Wilson Z, Brown A, Pedley R. Understanding the support needs of parents of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a qualitative descriptive study in the UK. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:309. [PMID: 37138253 PMCID: PMC10155140 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Caring for a child with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be extremely difficult, yet evidence-based support strategies for parents/carers are limited. A detailed understanding of parent support needs is an important first step in intervention development and qualitative research with this focus is currently lacking. In this study, the viewpoints of parents and professionals were used to understand support needs and preferences when caring for a child with OCD. This qualitative descriptive study formed part of a wider UK-based project aimed at developing better support for parents of children with OCD. METHOD Individual semi-structured interviews (and an optional one-week journal) with a purposive sample of parents of children and young people (CYP) with OCD, aged 8-18, and focus groups (or individual interviews where preferred) with a purposive sample of professionals supporting CYP with OCD. Data comprised transcripts of audio-recorded interviews and focus groups, and text from journals. Analysis was informed by the Framework approach involving inductive and deductive coding, supported by NVivo 12.0 software. Co-production methods were adopted throughout the research process, including the involvement of a parent co-researcher and charity collaborators. RESULTS Interviews were undertaken with 20 parents, of which 16 completed a journal. Twenty-five professionals took part in a focus group or interview. Five key themes relating to parent support challenges and support needs/preferences were identified (1) Coping with the impact of OCD; (2) Getting help for my child; (3) Understanding parents' role; (4) Making sense of OCD; (5) Joined-up care. CONCLUSION Parents caring for children with OCD have clear caregiver support needs which are currently not being met. Through triangulation of parent and professional accounts, this study has identified parent support challenges (e.g., emotional impact of OCD, visibility of caring role, misunderstanding about OCD) and support needs/ preferences (e.g., headspace/respite, compassion/sensitivity, guidance on accommodation) to lay the vital foundations for the development of effective parent support interventions. There is now an urgent need to develop and test an intervention to support parents in their caregiving role, with the aim of preventing and/or reducing their levels of burden and distress and ultimately, improving their quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sowden
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, 1st Floor Block B Waterhouse Building, Brownlow Street, L69 3GL, Liverpool, UK.
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Debbie Robinson
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karina Lovell
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Greater Manchester, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Penny Bee
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Greater Manchester, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ashley Fulwood
- OCD UK, 8 Chapel Street, DE56 1AR, Belper, Derbyshire, UK
| | - Nicky Lidbetter
- Anxiety UK, Nunes House, 447 Chester Road, Old Trafford, M16 9HA, Manchester, UK
| | - Zoe Wilson
- OCD UK, 8 Chapel Street, DE56 1AR, Belper, Derbyshire, UK
| | - Abi Brown
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Greater Manchester, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Pedley
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Greater Manchester, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen W, Wang X, Zhou T, Wen L, Yang X, Chen B, Zhang T, Zhang C, Hua J, Tang Q, Hong X, Liu W, Du C, Xie C, Ma H, Yu X, Guan L. Childhood experiences and needs of offspring living with paternal and maternal severe mental illness: A retrospective study in China. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 81:103449. [PMID: 36641966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parental mental illness is considered one of the strongest risk factors for the development of children. This study aimed to describe the adverse childhood experiences and needs of offspring living with parental severe mental illness (SMI) in China and to compare the differences in needs between offspring living with maternal SMI and those living with paternal SMI. METHOD Overall, 381 participants, including 76 living with paternal SMI, 104 living with maternal SMI, and 201 living without parental mental illness, were enrolled. Data were collected using questionnaires from five sites in China. Differences among the three groups were compared using analysis of variance and chi-square test. Factors were extracted using exploratory factor analysis, and differences in factor scores between the paternal and maternal SMI groups were compared using the rank sum test. RESULTS The percentages of poverty, family care, and housework were significantly higher in the paternal SMI group and maternal SMI group, compared with the control group, and those of school dropout and relationship with friends were significantly higher in the maternal SMI group (p < 0.0167). The need for stigma reduction in the maternal SMI group was significantly higher than that in the paternal SMI group (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of considering the impact of maternal and paternal SMI on child development. There is an urgent need to develop a national program to assist families with mentally ill parents to provide services for children living with parental SMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Tianhang Zhou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Liping Wen
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Zigong, Zigong, China
| | - Xianmei Yang
- The Third Hospital of Mianyang, Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, China
| | | | - Tao Zhang
- Taiyuan Psychiatric Hospital, Shanxi Mental Health Center, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Juan Hua
- Yantan Mental Health Center, Zigong, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Jiangyou Psychiatric Hospital, Jiangyou, China
| | - Xu Hong
- Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Taiyuan Psychiatric Hospital, Shanxi Mental Health Center, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunyu Du
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Chenmei Xie
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Lili Guan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guillén V, Bolo S, Fonseca-Baeza S, Pérez S, García-Alandete J, Botella C, Marco JH. Psychological assessment of parents of people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and comparison with parents of people without psychological disorders. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1097959. [PMID: 36710828 PMCID: PMC9880188 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1097959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundTo date, several evidence-based interventions have been created to help relatives of people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), but few studies have analyzed the clinical situation of the family members. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to explore the clinical symptomatology in a sample of parents of people diagnosed with BPD and compare them with a sample of a sample of people without a relative with a personality disorder, (2) to explore whether the parents of people diagnosed with BPD have psychopathology related to personality disorders (PD) or meet the diagnostic criteria for PD.MethodParticipants were 42 (39.6%) fathers and 64 (60.4%) were mothers and mothers (n = XX, −%) of people diagnosed with BPD, who were selected from a specialized PD unit for treatment. The sample of people without a relative with a PD was obtained from social network announcements. To test for differences between the two groups, Student’s t tests were performed for quantitative variables, and Chi-square tests were performed for categorical variables. Cohen’s d was calculated as a measure of the effect size.ResultsParents of people with BPD showed greater depressive and anxious symptomatology, higher levels of expressed emotion, and worse quality of life than the sample of people without a relative with a personality disorder. In addition, a high percentage of the parents of people diagnosed with BPD (50%) met the diagnostic criteria for different PD.ConclusionParents of people diagnosed with BPD may need psychological help in various aspects. Therapists are therefore advised to bear in mind the importance of carrying out a psychological assessment of family members and, if necessary, to offer psychological intervention. It is crucial to invite the family to be part of the treatment, since they can be part of the solution.Clinical Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04160871 (registered November 15, 2019).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Guillén
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Carlos, Spain,*Correspondence: Verónica Guillén,
| | - Sara Bolo
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Fonseca-Baeza
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín García-Alandete
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Carlos, Spain,Department of Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universidad Jaime I de Castellón, Plana, Spain
| | - José Heliodoro Marco
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Carlos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mehdizadeh Behtash M, Mansuri B, Salmani M, Tohidast SA, Zarjini R, Scherer RC. Development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the caregiver burden scale for parents of children who stutter (CBS-PCWS). JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2022; 73:105921. [PMID: 35932583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2022.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Caring for a child who stutters can impose excessive pressure on parents. Caregiver burden affects many aspects of parents' lives. Paying attention to parents in the treatment of children who stutter (CWS) is important because parents play a key role in the treatment of CWS. The aim of the study was to develop the Caregiver Burden Scale for Parents of Children Who Stutter (CBS-PCWS) and investigate the psychometric properties of the CBS-PCWS. METHOD The CBS-PCWS was developed using interviews with 15 parents of CWS and a literature review. The content validity, face validity, construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and reliability of the CBS-PCWS were investigated. The content validity was evaluated using 10 experts' opinions. Face validity was determined using interviews with 10 parents of CWS. The reliability of the CBS-PCWS was evaluated through internal consistency and test-retest reliability. RESULTS The scale development resulted in the creation of 137 items. During an expert panel with the presence of the research team, 51 similar items were eliminated. During the qualitative content validity stage, nine items were added to the initial scale. After determining the content and face validity, the number of CBS-PCWS items was reduced to 52 items. In the construct validity stage using EFA with responses from 364 parents, eight items of the CBS-PCWS were removed due to low factor loadings. The results of the EFA indicated that the CBS-PCWS contained five factors: psychological and emotional, personal and physical, support for caregiving, culpability, and socio-communicative. The Cronbach's alpha values of the scale domains were in the 0.78-0.94 range. In addition, the ICC test-retest coefficient for the total score of the CBS-PCWS was 0.93 and for its domains was in 0.91-0.99 range. CONCLUSION The CBS-PCWS has 44 items with five domains and is a valid and reliable scale that can be used for clinical or research purposes. More studies are required to evaluate further psychometric properties of the CBS-PCWS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mehdizadeh Behtash
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Banafshe Mansuri
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Salmani
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Reyhaneh Zarjini
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ronald Callaway Scherer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Caregiving-related experiences associated with depression severity and its symptomatology among caregivers of individuals with a severe mental disorder: an online cross-sectional study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022:10.1007/s00406-022-01451-3. [PMID: 35771258 PMCID: PMC9245882 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Caring for a relative with a severe mental disorder puts family caregivers to a great risk of depression. While overall caregiving burden is a strong predictor of depression, the contribution of the various dimensions of burden to caregivers' depression as well as their relationships with depressive symptoms has received little attention. 384 family caregivers completed a cross-sectional online survey including the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and the Brief Experience of Caregiving Inventory (BECI), measuring caregiving burden and experience. We estimated the structure of the relationships between caregiving experiences (i.e., ZBI and BECI subscales) and CES-D symptoms using a network approach. Negative Emotion/Consequences, (lack of) Positive Personal Experience, and Stigma/Effects on Family were the most connected caregiving dimensions to depression. To untangle the role of the Negative Emotion/Consequences component (by far the most central node in estimated networks), a secondary analysis incorporating its composing items was estimated. Losing control over life, feeling strained around the relative and impaired self-perceived health emerged as central nodes. Interestingly, these caregiving-related dimensions or experiences were differentially connected to depressive symptoms. We discuss how these findings might help future research and inform tailored psychoeducational interventions for family caregivers of people with a severe mental disorder.
Collapse
|
8
|
Factor Structure of the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory in Chinese (Brief-COPE-C) in Caregivers of Children with Chronic Illnesses. J Pediatr Nurs 2021; 59:63-69. [PMID: 33476915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to translate and evaluate the factor structure of the Chinese version of the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (Brief-COPE-C) among the caregivers of children with chronic illnesses. DESIGN AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 217 caregivers, aged 18 years and older and cared for children with chronic illnesses. All participants were recruited from two local hospitals in Hong Kong using convenience sampling. We excluded caregivers diagnosed with major psychiatric diseases, such as major depression or schizophrenia. RESULTS The Brief-COPE-C had good validity and three factors were identified: active coping, distraction, and dysfunctional coping. The content validity index was 0.97, and the item content validity index ranged from 0.83-1 for all 28 items. The Brief-COPE-C had adequate internal consistency. The Cronbach's alpha for the overall scale was 0.89, while the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was 0.876. CONCLUSIONS The Brief-COPE-C is a valid, reliable, and culturally appropriate tool for measuring coping in caregivers of children with chronic illnesses. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Use of the Brief-COPE-C to assess coping responses of caregivers can facilitate clinicians' and researchers' understanding of how these individuals cope. Hence, appropriate interventions can be implemented to improve caregivers' physical and psychological outcomes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wong WC, Wong IYF. Burden and coping strategies of parents of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in Hong Kong: A qualitative study. Nurs Open 2021; 8:3452-3460. [PMID: 33951337 PMCID: PMC8510781 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a prevalent mental disorder among children worldwide. The parents of children with ADHD experience great burden. However, burden and coping styles of these parents are seldom explored. The present study aimed to illustrate the burden and coping strategies of parents of children with Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Design A descriptive qualitative study design was employed. Methods Samples were recruited from a general primary school in Hong Kong using convenience sampling. An information sheet was provided to participants, and written informed consent was obtained. Content analysis was conducted after the interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. COREQ reporting guidelines were used. Results Individual, face‐to‐face interviews were conducted, using a semi‐structured interview guide with 12 parents of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Four themes (academic burden, children's social dependence, uncertainty regarding parenting strategies before diagnosis and emotional hardship) and three themes (acting according to situation, employing problemfocused coping methods and acceptance) emerged for burden and coping strategies, respectively. Coping strategies processes were also found. Medical diagnosis was reported to be a critical point for parents to shift their coping strategies. Timely interventions, such as early assessment and diagnosis, are recommended during or after medical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Chi Wong
- The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ji X, Li W, Zhu H, Zhang L, Cheung T, Ng CH, Xiang YT. Fatigue and Its Association With Quality of Life Among Carers of Patients Attending Psychiatric Emergency Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:681318. [PMID: 34239464 PMCID: PMC8257938 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.681318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Carers of psychiatric patients often suffered from mental and physical burden during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic due to the lack of mental health services. This study investigated the pattern of fatigue and its association with quality of life (QOL) among the carers of patients attending psychiatric emergency services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, carers of patients attending psychiatric emergency services during the COVID-19 pandemic were consecutively included. Fatigue, insomnia symptoms, depressive symptoms, and QOL were assessed with standardized instruments. Results: A total of 496 participants were included. The prevalence of fatigue was 44.0% (95% CI = 39.6-48.4%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that fatigue was positively associated with higher education level (OR = 1.92, P < 0.01) and more severe depressive (OR = 1.18, P < 0.01) and insomnia symptoms (OR = 1.11, P < 0.01). ANCOVA analysis revealed that the QOL was significantly lower in carers with fatigue compared with those without (P = 0.03). Conclusions: Fatigue was common among carers of patients attending psychiatric emergency services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the adverse impact of fatigue on QOL and other health outcomes, routine screening and appropriate intervention for fatigue are warranted for this subpopulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teris Cheung
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chee H Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou DHR, Chiu YLM, Lo TLW, Lo WFA, Wong SS, Luk KL, Leung CHT, Yu CK, Chang YSG. Outside-in or Inside-out? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Empowerment Approaches for Family Caregivers of People with Schizophrenia. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2020; 41:761-772. [PMID: 32497453 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2020.1734992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Training-based intervention such as psychoeducational groups has become increasingly popular to empower family caregivers of people with schizophrenia, yet existing supportive programs for caregivers tend to focus more on the needs of the patients rather than the development of the caregivers. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of a skill-based empowerment psychoeducational group and an inner-resource enhancing empowerment narrative therapy group for family caregivers of people with schizophrenia. We conducted a randomized controlled trial with a longitudinal design. The sample consisted of 132 family caregivers who were randomly assigned to eight sessions of the two groups (i.e. a narrative-based group, or a psychoeducational group), or a control group with delayed treatment. Psychometric scales were administrated throughout the project. Both the psychoeducational group and the narrative group showed significant improvements in family relationships, caregiving burden, and coping skills compared with the control group across the three time points (pretest, posttest, and 2-month follow-up). A statistically significant advancement in coping skills was found in the psychoeducational group. The narrative group outperformed the psychoeducational group and the control group in the enhancement of inner resources, perceived control, and level of hope. The findings call for the need of an integrative empowerment approach that both values the inner strength and unique experiences of the caregivers and at the same time provides them with necessary skills and knowledge in taking care of their family members with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Hui Ruth Zhou
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, North Point, Hong Kong
| | - Yu-Lung Marcus Chiu
- Department of Applied Social Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Siu-Sing Wong
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, North Point, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Leung Luk
- Department Operations Manager, Kwai Chung Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Hoi Tom Leung
- East Kowloon Psychistric Center, Kwai Chung Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chui-Kam Yu
- East Kowloon Psychistric Center, Kwai Chung Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghorbani F, Iranmanesh S, Razban F, Dehghan M. Parental coping with childhood cancer and its relationship with self-construal: A survey in southeast Iran. Health Sci Rep 2020; 3:e185. [PMID: 32832705 PMCID: PMC7436170 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood cancer is a major challenge for parapets. Parents are one of the main sources of emotional support for their child, but their ability to provide proper care during their child's illness and treatment depends entirely on the way they manage to cope with diagnosis and its outcomes. Parents' coping pattern seems to be affected by their perception of themselves or their surroundings. AIM To investigate parents' coping strategies with childhood cancer and its relation with self-construal. METHODS A total of 127 eligible parents participated in this descriptive correlational study. RESULTS Medical, social support, and family strategies were respectively helpful for parents. The interdependent self-construal score was higher than the independent self-construal score. A significant relationship was found between interdependent self-construal and social support (P = .01). DISCUSSION It seems that individualists and collectivists' cultural context influence the usefulness of coping strategies. These differences should be considered in training of coping strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghorbani
- Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and MidwiferyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Sedigheh Iranmanesh
- Department of Psychology Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and MidwiferyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Farideh Razban
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing and MidwiferyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Mahlagha Dehghan
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and MidwiferyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shepherd D, Landon J, Goedeke S, Meads J. The Cold Shoulder or a Shoulder to Cry on? Mechanisms of Formal and Informal Social Support in the ASD Parenting Context. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:4331-4343. [PMID: 32266681 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms by which social support exerts its (typically) positive effects on parental wellbeing are still being investigated in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) context. Parents (n = 674) of a child with ASD responded to questions probing parenting stress, parent psychological health, their child's ASD symptoms, and the types of social supports they were currently utilising. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses examined whether social support moderated or mediated (or neither) the relationships between: (a) parent-rated child ASD symptoms and parenting stress, and (b) parenting stress and parent psychological health. The main findings were that none of the mediating models reached statistical significance, while 7/20 moderation analyses were significant, though significance was dependent upon how social support was operationalised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shepherd
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jason Landon
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sonja Goedeke
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jake Meads
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
An Y, Fu G, Yuan G. Quality of Life in Patients With Breast Cancer: The Influence of Family Caregiver's Burden and the Mediation of Patient's Anxiety and Depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2019; 207:921-926. [PMID: 31517713 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous research showed that family caregiver's perception of burden can influence patient's report on their quality of life (QoL). The present study investigated the relationship between the two variables by considering the role of patient's anxiety and depression. A total of 382 dyads of Chinese breast cancer patients and their family caregivers participated in this study. The results showed that the mediation model fitted the data well (χ = 49.859; df = 16; χ/df = 3.116; RMSEA = 0.05; TLI = 0.928; CFI = 0.959). It indicated that family caregiver's burden influenced patient's QoL negatively, and this relationship was partially mediated by patient's anxiety and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan An
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University Jiangsu Provincial Key Constructive Laboratory for Big Data of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Nanjing School of Educational Science, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Macau, Macau, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hand BN, Lane AE, De Boeck P, Basso DM, Nichols-Larsen DS, Darragh AR. Caregiver Burden Varies by Sensory Subtypes and Sensory Dimension Scores of Children with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 48:1133-1146. [PMID: 29076036 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding characteristics associated with burden in caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is critical due to negative health consequences. We explored the association between child sensory subtype, sensory dimension scores, and caregiver burden. A national survey of caregivers of children with ASD aged 5-13 years was conducted (n = 367). The relationship between variables of interest and indicators of caregiver burden, including health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and caregiver strain, was examined with canonical correlation analyses. Caregiver strain was, but caregiver HRQOL was not, significantly associated with child sensory subtype and sensory dimension scores. Caregiver age, child age, and household income were also associated with caregiver strain. Potential explanatory mechanisms for these findings, derived from published qualitative studies, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Hand
- College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, 151B Rutledge Ave., Charleston, SC, 29403, USA. .,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Alison E Lane
- Priority Research Centre Grow Up Well®, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul De Boeck
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D Michele Basso
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Amy R Darragh
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leng A, Xu C, Nicholas S, Nicholas J, Wang J. Quality of life in caregivers of a family member with serious mental illness: Evidence from China. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2019; 33:23-29. [PMID: 30663621 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the quality of life (QoL) and social support among family caregivers of a family member with a mental illness and to identify factors associated with the QoL. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study, where participants were recruited and independently interviewed using a questionnaire, consisting of demographic characteristics, the Medical Outcome Survey SF-36 form, and social support rating scales. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to analyse the factors related to QoL. RESULTS 181 family caregivers were recruited in Shandong province, China. On a composite QoL score, family caregivers perceived that their QoL was poor (68.3), especially in the aspects of role-physical (61.3), role-emotional (57.6) and mental health (63.0). We also found family caregivers received low social support, especially in objective support and utilization of social support. Patient's illness state, care time, financial burden and objective support were significantly correlated to caregivers' QoL in the physical component score (PCS). Patient's illness state, patient's marital status, family monthly income, caregiver's knowledge about the illness, caregivers coordinating caring, life and work, subjective support received and utility of support were significantly associated with caregivers' QoL in the mental component score (MCS). CONCLUSIONS Social support had a significant correlation with caregivers' QoL. Caregivers should be encouraged to request assistance from other family members and friends in providing care, especially when caregivers are unemployed or long-time carers. Mental health education campaigns and helping families to maintain and enhance a supportive social network may provide useful means to improve caregivers' QoL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anli Leng
- Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy, School of Public Health, Shandong University; Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, NHFPC (Shandong University), Jinan, China. No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Lixia District, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Caifen Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science & Technology Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
| | - Stephen Nicholas
- School of Economics and School of Management, Tianjin Normal University, West Bin Shui Avenue, Tianjin 300074, China; TOP Education Institute, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh NSW 2015 Sydney Australia; Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Nicholas
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy, School of Public Health, Shandong University; Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, NHFPC (Shandong University), Jinan, China. No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Lixia District, 250012, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dijkxhoorn MA, Padmakar A, Jude N, Bunders J, Regeer B. Understanding caregiver burden from a long-term perspective: The Banyan model of caregiver experiences. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2019; 55:61-71. [PMID: 29862525 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A multiphase model for experiences of family members of persons with mental illness that considers both positive and negative aspects is proposed. DESIGN AND METHODS Mixed methods (semistructured interviews, life history timelines, focus group discussions, and the Experience of Caregiving Inventory) were used with caregivers accessing outpatient services of a nongovernmental organization in urban and rural locations around Chennai, India. FINDINGS Based on our results, we constructed a multiphase model, which we named The Banyan model of caregiver experiences. The phases are (1) manifestation of symptoms, (2) seeking help, (3) helplessness and attribution, (4) relative control and insight, (5) loss and worries, and (6) finding new meaning. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Our multiphase model allows us to identify in more detail the needs of caregivers at various stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Anne Dijkxhoorn
- The Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, North-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Archana Padmakar
- The Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,The Banyan, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, North-Holland, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joske Bunders
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, North-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Regeer
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, North-Holland, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dadson DA, Annor F, Salifu Yendork J. The Burden of Care: Psychosocial Experiences and Coping Strategies among Caregivers of Persons with Mental Illness in Ghana. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2018; 39:915-923. [PMID: 30346231 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2018.1496208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated psychosocial experiences and coping strategies of caregivers of persons with mental illness in a psychiatric hospital in Ghana. The study adopted a qualitative design in which 20 participants (10 psychiatric nurses and 10 family caregivers) were sampled from the hospital and interviewed. Using thematic analysis, the results showed that stress was common with both psychiatric nurses and family caregivers, which impact on their physical health. Both groups of caregivers reported experiences of stigma, with psychiatric nurses being stigmatized mainly by other health workers whereas family caregivers reported stigma from the public, particularly neighbors. Coping strategies differed between family caregivers and psychiatric nurses, in that nurses mostly used avoidance strategies and humor in dealing with stress and stigma associated with their work whereas family caregivers used emotion-focused coping. The implications of these findings include the need for counseling services to help caregivers manage negative experiences and psychoeducation of caregivers on adaptive coping strategies as well as training strategies targeting the public and healthcare workers on measures to reduce the stigma associated with caring for persons with mental illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francis Annor
- a Department of Psychology , University of Ghana , Accra , Ghana
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fitryasari R, Yusuf A, Nursalam, Tristiana RD, Nihayati HE. Family members' perspective of family Resilience's risk factors in taking care of schizophrenia patients. Int J Nurs Sci 2018; 5:255-261. [PMID: 31406834 PMCID: PMC6626218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study was conducted to illustrate the risk factors of family resilience when taking care of patients with schizophrenia. METHODS The research used qualitative design with an interpretive phenomenology approach, with in-depth interviews. The subjects were 15 family members who cared for patients with schizophrenia at the Menur Mental Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. The samples were obtained by purposive sampling technique. The data was collected by interview and using field notes, then analyzed by Collaizi technique. RESULTS This research produced two themes, they were care burden and stigma. Care burdens felt by families were confusion about the illness, emotional, physical, time, financial and social burdens, which leads to decrease in family quality of life. Families also experienced stigma called labeling, stereotyping, separation and discrimination. Stigmas meant that families faced psychological, social and intrapersonal consequences. This decreased the family quality of life and functionality of the family, and there were opportunities for negative results to family resilience. Health workers, especially psychiatric nurses, should review care burdens and stigma to develop nursing interventions so families are able to achieve resilience. CONCLUSIONS This research explained how care burden and stigma are risk factors that must be managed by families to survive, rise up, and become better in caring for patients with schizophrenia. Nurses have a central role in assessing the level of care burdens and stigma in order to help families achieve resilience. Further research may focus on family-based nursing interventions to lower care burden, and community-based interventions to reduce stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rizki Fitryasari
- Nursing Faculty, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Doctoral Student’s of Health Science of Public Health Faculty, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ah Yusuf
- Nursing Faculty, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nursalam
- Nursing Faculty, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ata EE, Doğan S. The Effect of a Brief Cognitive Behavioural Stress Management Programme on Mental Status, Coping with Stress Attitude and Caregiver Burden While Caring for Schizophrenic Patients. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018; 32:112-119. [PMID: 29413060 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This experimental study was carried out using a pre-test/post-test control group model to evaluate the effect of a "Brief Cognitive Behavioural Stress Management Programme" (BCBSMP) on mental status, coping with stress attitude, and caregiver burden while caring for patients with schizophrenia. A total of 61 caregivers who provided care for schizophrenia patients at a community mental health centre were included in the study. Caregivers were matched according to gender and scale scores and were assigned to either the study or the control group. Before and after the programme, caregivers in both groups were given the "Demografic Data Form", "Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale", "Coping Attitude Evaluation Scale", "Stress Indicators Scale", and the "General Health Survey-28". Caregivers in the study group were taken to a BCSMP one session per week (each session lasted 120min) for seven weeks. We determined that the stress indicators, the risk of developing a psychological disorder, and caregiver burden decreased and skills related to both the problem-oriented and emotion-oriented aspects of stress increased in the study group after the programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvan Emine Ata
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Healty Science, Giresun University, Piraziz, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Selma Doğan
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Healty Science, Üsküdar University, Üsküdar, İstanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zeng Y, Zhou Y, Lin J. Perceived Burden and Quality of Life in Chinese Caregivers of People With Serious Mental Illness: A Comparison Cross-Sectional Survey. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2017; 53:183-189. [PMID: 26909775 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate perceived caregiver burden and quality of life (QOL) among Chinese family caregivers for people with serious mental illness (SMI). DESIGN AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study design. Participants were recruited and independently interviewed using the Chinese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief Form, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Social Support Rating Scale, and Family Burden Interview Schedule as outcome measures. FINDINGS In this study, 363 family caregivers were recruited. This study found that caregivers in Guangzhou perceived significantly higher levels of burden than did family caregivers in Hong Kong (all p values <.001). Weekly hours of contact with patients; subjective support; and subdomains of physical, psychological, and environmental QOL were significant predictors of perceived overall caregiver burden. Education levels, depressive symptoms, objective support, and objective caregiver burden significantly predicted caregivers' QOL. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Study findings suggest there is a need for developing and implementing effective intervention strategies to reduce caregiver burden and improve caregivers' QOL. Health policy makers should provide relevant resources, such as financial assistance with care for family caregivers, as it is important that the health policy fully recognizes the role of family caregivers as a healthcare resource in caring for people with SMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zeng
- Yingchun Zeng, MPhil, is Research Associate Professor at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Ying Zhou, PhD, is Professor at the School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiankui Lin
- Jiankui Lin, BN, is Director at the Department of Nursing, Guangzhou Brian Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ceco U, Çakın Memik N. Bakım Verenin Yükü Penceresinden Otizme Bakış. KOCAELI ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2017. [DOI: 10.30934/kusbed.312586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
23
|
Darmi E, Bellali T, Papazoglou I, Karamitri I, Papadatou D. Caring for an intimate stranger: parenting a child with psychosis. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2017; 24:194-202. [PMID: 27981693 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT The care of an adult son or daughter with psychosis is filled with overwhelming demands caused by the symptomatology and illness exacerbations. Parents display disenfranchised grief over multiple losses and report increased levels of emotional burden. Most studies use quantitative methods and rely on pre-existing theoretical frameworks to investigate, through psychometric measures, the effects of being a carer. Meaning attributions to the disorder, and changes in parent-child relations over time, are poorly understood. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE This hermeneutic phenomenological study illuminates the subjective experience of parenting a son or daughter with psychosis, as it is lived and described by parents of young adults with psychosis. Findings suggest that the parents' perceptions of their child changes over the course of the disorder, leading to a redefinition of the parent-child relationship, causing alternations in attachment. Findings illuminate the parents' profound guilt over having contributed or not prevented the disorder, over not being 'good' parents and feeling ambivalent towards an 'intimate stranger.' Guilt is compensated by absolute dedication to the son or daughter's care, at the expense of their own well-being. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Interventions for parents must be available as soon as possible, both during hospitalization and after discharge. Professionals should provide a therapeutic space, where parents could express intimate thoughts and feelings, address guilt, fear and resentment issues, be assisted in their parenting role as well as in the reconstruction of a sense of self and self-esteem. Professionals are invited to facilitate illness acceptance, provide accurate information, assist parents to redefine their relationship to the child and facilitate the integration of the traumatic experience into their personal and family narrative. Professionals must develop in depth awareness of their biases and attitudes, have an ongoing training on how to respond to the parents' needs, facilitate therapeutic change and accompany families through the course of their adult child's illness trajectory. ABSTRACT Introduction Children who are diagnosed with psychosis often rely on their parents for prolonged care. The impact of such care is partially understood as most studies use quantitative methods and pre-existing theoretical frameworks that limit their investigation to emotional burden, and emotional responses. Aim Explore the parents' lived experience of caring for a child with psychosis. Method A hermeneutic phenomenological design was used with a sample of 16 parents of children with psychotic disorders who were hospitalized or attended the outpatient clinic of a large psychiatric Greek hospital. Results Identified themes were as follows: (i) the psychosis experience, (ii) redefinition of the parent-child relationship over the course of the disorder and (iii) challenges of parenting a child with psychosis. Discussion 'Caring for an intimate stranger' reflects the parents' overall experience, involving changes in the parent-child relationship, ambivalence towards caretaking and profound guilt, compensated by self-sacrifice parenting practices. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Findings highlight the necessity to train mental health professionals to provide individualized information; facilitate family communication; address the parents' guilt, ambivalence, meaning attributions that compromise adjustment; and support them through the challenges of parenting a son or daughter with psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Darmi
- Department of Psychotherapy, Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital of Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - T Bellali
- Nursing Department, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I Papazoglou
- Psychiatric Department, Sismanoglio Public General Hospital of Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - I Karamitri
- General Hospital of Kalamata, Kalamata, Greece
| | - D Papadatou
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang X, Chen Q, Yang M. Effect of caregivers' expressed emotion on the care burden and rehospitalization rate of schizophrenia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2017; 11:1505-1511. [PMID: 28919723 PMCID: PMC5593414 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s143873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the effect of expressed emotion (EE) among caregivers of schizophrenia patients on their care burden and the illness rehospitalization rate. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 64 schizophrenia patients hospitalized for the first time and their key caregivers were recruited. The Chinese version of the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI-CV) was used to evaluate the EE of the key caregivers. A family burden questionnaire was used to evaluate the care burden. The patients' rehospitalization rate and medication compliance were evaluated by the self-designated criteria. The data collection was carried out at the first meeting in the hospital, at 6 months and 12 months after hospital discharge by using the same instruments. RESULTS The subjective stress burden and subjective demand burden scores were higher in caregivers before and after discharge with statistical difference between the various observation time points (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in the rehospitalization rate between patients with high medication adherence and low medication adherence at 12 months (P<0.01) and between patients with high expressed emotion (HEE) and low expressed emotion (LEE; P<0.05). The rehospitalization rate in patients with HEE caregivers was higher than that in those with LEE caregivers. The subjective stress burden scores were statistically significant between HEE and LEE caregivers (P<0.05). CONCLUSION HEE is a predictor of rehospitalization rate in schizophrenic patients. The burdens of care scores are high in caregivers of schizophrenic patients. The caregivers with HEE have a high score in burden of care compared with those with LEE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiongni Chen
- Nursing Department, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Xiangya School of Nursing
- Correspondence: Min Yang, Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 731 8265 0275, Email
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu HC, Chen FP. Sociocultural Factors Associated with Caregiver-Psychiatrist Relationship in Taiwan. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:288-96. [PMID: 27247594 PMCID: PMC4878962 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.3.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on sociocultural factors associated caregiver-provider relationship is needed to enhance family involvement in psychiatric care. This study examines from the caregiver's perspective the associations of schizophrenia attributions, stigmatization, and caregiving experiences with caregiver-psychiatrist working relationship in Taiwan. METHODS This cross-sectional study used a convenience sample of 152 Taiwanese family caregivers of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia, recruited from a grassroots organization, 4 community mental health rehabilitation centers and 2 psychiatric hospitals between July 2012 and March 2013. Multiple linear regression models were used for analysis. RESULTS Biological attribution was positively associated with perceived family collaboration, and so was environmental attribution with perceived informational support. Internalized stigma was negatively associated with perceived family collaboration. Caregiving rewards were positively related to both perceived family collaboration and informational support, and so was experience of problems with services to perceived family collaboration. CONCLUSION The examination of family perceptions informs Western psychiatric care providers of the importance of culturally sensitive practices in developing an effective working relationship with family caregivers, particularly in regards to caregivers' casual attributions, impact of stigma, and caregiving experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ching Wu
- Department of Social Work, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-pei Chen
- Department of Social Welfare, National Chung-Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lam PC, Ng P, Pan J, Young DK. Ways of coping of Chinese caregivers for family members with schizophrenia in two metropolitan cities: Guangzhou and Hong Kong, China. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2015; 61:591-9. [PMID: 25575577 DOI: 10.1177/0020764014565797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Chinese societies, family caregivers play an important role in the recovery of persons with serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia. While family caregivers are often invaluable sources of caregiving in the community, a majority of them lack adequate knowledge and support skills to cope with the tasks involved. AIMS This study compares the coping strategies and psychological health of caregivers for family members with schizophrenia in two Chinese cities, Hong Kong and Guangzhou. METHOD A total of 109 caregivers, including 39 from Hong Kong and 70 from Guangzhou, were recruited from non-governmental mental health organizations in the two cities. They were assessed by the Chinese version of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire. RESULTS While there was no significant difference in the psychological distress of the family caregivers in the two locations, the Guangzhou caregivers adopt significantly more of the eight coping strategies, namely, confronting coping, distancing, self-control, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, escape-avoidance, planful problem solving and positive reappraisal, than their counterparts in Hong Kong. Significant correlations were also found between psychological distress and coping strategies of caregivers in the two cities. CONCLUSION There were significant differences in the coping strategies of family caregivers for people with schizophrenia in the two Chinese cities. Further studies are warranted to investigate factors affecting their coping strategies and their effects on psychological health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cw Lam
- Integrated Community Centre of Mental Wellness, Richmond Fellowship of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Petrus Ng
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiayan Pan
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel Kw Young
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cw Lam P, Ng P, Tori C. Burdens and psychological health of family caregivers of people with schizophrenia in two Chinese metropolitan cities: Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Community Ment Health J 2013; 49:841-6. [PMID: 23756723 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-013-9622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Family members charged with the care of those suffering from schizophrenia experience considerable stress due to their multiple responsibilities. Research regarding the burdens of caregiving is scant in Hong Kong and China. The present study quantified the association of the duties of caregivers with mental health symptoms in two Asian cities having distinct health care systems (i.e., Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China). Thirty nine caregivers in Hong Kong and 70 caregivers in Guangzhou were recruited from nongovernmental mental health organizations. They were assessed using the Chinese version of the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire. While the Guangzhou family caregivers had a significantly higher burden than the Hong Kong sample, there was no significant difference in the psychological health status of family caregivers in the two cities. Result of correlational analyses, however, revealed high associations between burden of care variables and the psychological health of the caregivers. Findings for the present study have implications regarding the physical and mental health needs of those caring for seriously disturbed relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cw Lam
- Richmond Fellowship of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC China,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yu HM, He RL, Ai YM, Liang RF, Zhou LY. Reliability and validity of the quality of life-Alzheimer disease Chinese version. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2013; 26:230-6. [PMID: 23970459 DOI: 10.1177/0891988713500586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the psychometric properties of the quality of life-Alzheimer disease (QOL-AD) Chinese version in patients with dementia in mainland, China and to compare patient and caregiver reports of patient QOL. METHODS The QOL-AD Chinese version was established following standard guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of measures. The reliability was assessed by internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The validity included construct and convergent validity. A paired Student t test was performed to determine differences between patient reports and caregiver reports. RESULTS The reliability for both patient and caregiver reports on the QOL-AD was good (Cronbach α values of 0.66 and 0.87; intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.84 and 0.90 for patient and caregiver reports, respectively). The validity of patient and caregiver reports was supported by correlation with domain measures. All of the multitrait-multimethod correlations demonstrated a high relationship between patient reports and caregiver reports, ranging from 0.26 to 0.55. The caregivers rated patient QOL significantly higher than did the patients. CONCLUSION The findings support the use of the Chinese version of the QOL-AD as a generic instrument to measure QOL of AD in mainland China. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between patient and caregiver reports of patient QOL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Yu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Fifty-six mothers of premature infants who participated in a study to reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) completed the Brief COPE, a self-report inventory of coping mechanisms, the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire to assess acute stress disorder (ASD) and the Davidson Trauma Scale to assess PTSD. 18 % of mothers had baseline ASD while 30 % of mothers met the criteria for PTSD at the 1-month follow-up. Dysfunctional coping as measured by the Brief COPE was positively associated with elevated risk of PTSD in these mothers (RR = 1.09, 95 % CI 1.02-1.15; p = .008). Maternal education was positively associated with PTSD; each year increase in education was associated with a 17 % increase in the relative risk of PTSD at 1 month follow-up (RR = 1.17, 95 % CI 1.02-1.35; p = .03). Results suggest that dysfunctional coping is an important issue to consider in the development of PTSD in parents of premature infants.
Collapse
|
30
|
Yuen WWY, Wong WCW, Tang CSK, Holroyd E, Tiwari AFY, Fong DYT, Chin WY. Evaluating the effectiveness of personal resilience and enrichment programme (PREP) for HIV prevention among female sex workers: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:683. [PMID: 23886280 PMCID: PMC3733820 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sex workers (FSWs) are often considered as the vector, if not reservoir, of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Building upon the existing evidence on the role of psychological health in sexual health, the aim of this protocol is to describe a trial investigating the effectiveness of the Personal Resilience and Enrichment Programme (PREP), a resilience-promoting intervention that targets at psychological well-being i.e. self-esteem, self-efficacy and coping, to facilitate adaptation and ultimately safe sexual practices among FSWs, which could be an innovative strategy in controlling the spread of these infections. METHODS A total of 132 FSWs will be recruited and randomly assigned to either the intervention or usual care (control) groups in a multi-centred randomised controlled trial. Based on the resilience framework, this intervention is comprised of six weekly sessions focused on the awareness, expression and management of emotions, identifying roles and personal strengths, and effective problem-solving skills. Complex intervention assessment on both intervention process and effectiveness will be adopted when the primary outcome reduction of sexual risk behaviour and other psychological outcomes include their perceived stress, self-esteem, self-efficacy, coping overall resilience, and psychological distress will be measured at baseline, post-treatment and 3-month post-intervention and differences assessed by ANOVA. The relationship of resilience factors, psychological health and HIV preventive behaviours will be evaluated using structural equation modelling. DISCUSSION It is anticipated that this study will increase our understanding of the relationships between individual resilience attributes, positive adaptation, psychological health and sexual health practices. If successful, this programme will provide an innovative direction for HIV prevention by applying the personal resilience factors to promote both psychological well-being and safe sex for this high risk population. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR-PRC-13003091.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Wing-Yan Yuen
- Department of Family Medicine & Primary Care, 3/F., Ap Lei Chau Clinic, The University of Hong Kong, 161 Main Street, Ap Lei Chau, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Chi-Wai Wong
- Department of Family Medicine & Primary Care, 3/F., Ap Lei Chau Clinic, The University of Hong Kong, 161 Main Street, Ap Lei Chau, Hong Kong, China
| | - Catherine So-Kum Tang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block AS4, #02-07, 9 Arts Link, Kint Ridge 117570, Singapore
| | - Eleanor Holroyd
- Asian and Gender Studies, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora 30038, Australia
| | - Agnes Fung-Yee Tiwari
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel Yee-Tak Fong
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weng Yee Chin
- Department of Family Medicine & Primary Care, 3/F., Ap Lei Chau Clinic, The University of Hong Kong, 161 Main Street, Ap Lei Chau, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Morgan S, Rickard E, Noone M, Boylan C, Carthy A, Crowley S, Butler J, Guerin S, Fitzpatrick C. Parents of young people with self-harm or suicidal behaviour who seek help - a psychosocial profile. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2013; 7:13. [PMID: 23618077 PMCID: PMC3645953 DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deliberate Self-Harm (DSH) is a common problem among children and adolescents in clinical and community populations, and there is a considerable amount of literature investigating factors associated with DSH risk and the effects of DSH on the child. However, there is a dearth of research examining the impact of DSH on parents, and there are few support programmes targeted at this population. This cross-sectional study examines the profile of a sample of parents of young people with DSH who participated in a support programme (Supporting Parents and Carers of young people with self-harm: the SPACE programme), with the goal of investigating pre-test parental well-being, family communication, parental satisfaction, perceived parental social support, and child strengths and difficulties. METHODS Participants were 130 parents who attended the SPACE programme between 2009 and 2012, and who completed six questionnaires at baseline: the General Health Questionnaire-12, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Kansas Parenting Satisfaction Scale, General Functioning Scale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and a demographic questionnaire. RESULTS The majority of parents met criteria for minor psychological distress (86%) and rated the quantity and severity of their children's difficulties as being in the abnormally high range (74%) at baseline. A majority of participants (61%) rated their perceived social support as being poor. Lower parental well-being was significantly correlated with poorer family communication, poorer parenting satisfaction, and a greater number of difficulties for the child. Perceived social support was not significantly correlated with parental well-being. Parents whose children were not attending school at baseline had significantly lower well-being scores than those whose children were. Parents whose children had received a formal diagnosis of a mental health disorder also had significantly lower well-being scores than those whose children had not. CONCLUSIONS Parents of young people with DSH behaviours face considerable emotional and practical challenges; they have low levels of well-being, parenting satisfaction, social support, and experience poor family communication. Given the importance of parental support for young people with DSH behaviours, consideration should be given to the need for individual or group support for such parents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Morgan
- The Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eóin Rickard
- The Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martha Noone
- The Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carole Boylan
- The Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreé Carthy
- The Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Crowley
- The Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Butler
- The Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wong DFK, Lam AYK, Chan SK, Chan SF. Quality of life of caregivers with relatives suffering from mental illness in Hong Kong: roles of caregiver characteristics, caregiving burdens, and satisfaction with psychiatric services. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012; 10:15. [PMID: 22289443 PMCID: PMC3293083 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study attempted to explore the quality of life (QoL) of Chinese caregivers with mentally ill relatives. It also aimed to examine the differential roles of caregiving burdens, caregiver characteristics, and satisfaction with psychiatric services in caregivers' QoL. Methods 276 caregivers with relatives attending community psychiatric facilities in Hong Kong were invited to fill out a questionnaire. One sample t-tests were conducted to compare the results of this study with that of other Chinese populations in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and mainland China. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed to examine the relative influence of different factors on caregivers' QoL. Results Our sample of caregivers had significantly lower QoL scores than other Chinese populations. Results also suggest that Chinese caregivers who had chronic illness, younger in age, a lower education level, experienced more difficulties in handling negative symptoms, and were more dissatisfied with mental health services had poorer quality of life. Indeed, caregiver characteristics displayed a much stronger association with caregivers' QoL than did caregiving burdens and satisfaction with psychiatric services. Conclusions This study supports the strong association of caregiver characteristics and the QoL of caregivers and establishes the nature of the relationship between satisfaction with mental health services and caregiver QoL. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Collapse
|
33
|
Dada MU, Okewole NO, Ogun OC, Bello-Mojeed MA. Factors associated with caregiver burden in a child and adolescent psychiatric facility in Lagos, Nigeria: a descriptive cross sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:110. [PMID: 22151428 PMCID: PMC3252249 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Definitions of burden of care stress the effect of the patient's mental illness on the family. There are generally very few studies in this environment on caregiver burden in child/adolescent mental ill-health. This study aimed to identify patient and caregiver characteristics that are associated with caregiver burden. Method Caregivers of patients attending the Child and Adolescent Clinic of the Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Yaba, Lagos [n = 155] were consecutively recruited over a one-month period. The caregivers were administered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire, Zarit Burden Interview, and the Columbia Impairment Scale. Scoring on the Children's Global Assessment Scale was done by clinicians. Results Most caregivers observed in this study were females (80.5%), with mothers of the patients accounting for 78% of all the caregivers. A higher percentage of the patients were males (52.8%). Moderate to severe/severe burden was recorded among 25.2% of caregivers. Factors associated with caregiver burden were patient's level of functioning [r = 0.489, p < 0.001], psychiatric morbidity in the caregiver [r = 0.709, p < 0.001], level of impairment as assessed by the caregiver [r = 0.545, p < 0.001], and child's level of education [t = 3.274, p = 0.001]. Each one independently predicted caregiver burden. Conclusion The study reveals a high level of burden among the caregivers of children and adolescents with mental health problems.
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Khanna R, Madhavan SS, Smith MJ, Tworek C, Patrick JH, Becker-Cottrill B. Psychometric properties of the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CGSQ) among caregivers of children with autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2011; 16:179-99. [PMID: 21715548 DOI: 10.1177/1362361311406143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CGSQ) among caregivers of children with autism. The CGSQ was originally developed to assess burden experienced by parents of children and adolescents with serious emotional and behavioral disorders. Study data was collected from 304 primary caregivers ofchildren with autism using a cross-sectional survey design. We tested the one-, two-, and three-factor CGSQ model. Though the three-factor CGSQ model fit better than the one- and two-factor model, it was still short of an acceptable fit. Minor modifications were made to the three-factor model by correlating error terms. The modified three-factor CGSQ model with correlated error indicated reasonable fit with the data. The 21-item CGSQ had good convergent validity, as indicated by the correlation of its three subscales with constructs including mental health-related quality of life, maladaptive coping, social support, family functioning, and care recipient level of functional impairment and extent of behavioral problems, respectively. The internal consistency reliability of the instrument was also good, and there were no floor and ceiling effects. The CGSQ was found to be a reliable and valid instrument to assess burden among caregivers of children with autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Khanna
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - S. Suresh Madhavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center (North), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J. Smith
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Cindy Tworek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Systems and Policy, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center (North), Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Julie H. Patrick
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Goodman M, Patil U, Triebwasser J, Hoffman P, Weinstein ZA, New A. Parental burden associated with borderline personality disorder in female offspring. J Pers Disord 2011; 25:59-74. [PMID: 21309623 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2011.25.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To identify aspects of parental burden associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD), an anonymous internet survey linked to BPD support websites was developed for parents to complete on their BPD offspring and unaffected siblings. The questions cover aspects of the child's life from pregnancy through young adulthood, and query about the impact of the child's BPD on six domains of the parent's life, including physical and emotional health, marriage, job, standard of living, social life, and career trajectory. Additionally, financial burden was assessed with questions pertaining to insurance and out-of pocket costs associated with the BPD disorder. BPD offspring were identified by meeting diagnostic criteria embedded within the survey and having been given a diagnosis of BPD by a professional at some point in their life. We report on 233 female offspring meeting strict criteria for BPD. Parents of daughters with BPD endorsed varying levels of impact on the six domains comprising burden with the largest impact on emotional health which was impacted in over 88% of the respondents. Over 50% of parents endorsed four or greater of the six burden items. Particular aspects of the offspring's BPD symptom profile correlated with intensity of parental burden included including problems in adolescence with acting out behavior (p < .000), property destruction (.003), delusional symptoms (.007), and hallucinatory symptoms (.008). A subgroup of respondents provided data on specific financial expenses. The average and median out-of-pocket expense was $60,087, and $10,000. Insurance costs totaled an average of $108,251 with a mean of $20,000. The average cost per year after diagnosis was $14,606 out-of-pocket and $45,573 billed to insurance. The median cost per year after diagnosis was $3,667 out-of-pocket, and $12,500 billed to insurance. After adjusting for household income, a female proband who had been raped incurred roughly $40,000 more in BPD-related costs, while a diagnosis of conduct disorder led to about $50,000 in additional costs. Parents of female offspring with BPD experience burden in multiple domains of their life and many have incurred substantial financial expense. Increasing awareness of co-morbid conditions in the BPD proband that significantly increase parental burden may be indicators for the provision of increased family support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Goodman
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Meltzer H, Ford T, Goodman R, Vostanis P. The burden of caring for children with emotional or conduct disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE 2011; 2011:801203. [PMID: 22295194 PMCID: PMC3263847 DOI: 10.1155/2011/801203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. There is a paucity of evidence from epidemiological studies on the burden of children's emotional and conduct disorders on their parents. The main purpose of this study is to describe the problems experienced by parents of children with conduct and emotional disorders using data from a large national study on the mental health of children and young people in Great Britain. Materials and Methods. The Development and Well-Being Assessment and sections of the Child and Adolescent Burden Assessment were included in a nationally representative survey of the mental health of 10,438 children, aged 5-15, in Great Britain. Results and Discussion. Approximately half the parents of children with conduct disorder reported that they felt restricted in doing things socially with or without their children, embarrassed about their child's problems, and that these also made the relationship with their partner more strained. Conclusions. There is a growing need for research on the consequences of children mental disorders on families to increase the awareness of frontline workers on the burden to parents. Because parents feel embarrassed and stigmatized, they may hide their own feelings which may further exacerbate the situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard Meltzer
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, 22-28 Princess Road West, Leicester LE1 6TP, UK
- *Howard Meltzer:
| | - Tamsin Ford
- Institute of Child Health, Peninsula Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX2 8UT, UK
| | - Robert Goodman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Cespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Panos Vostanis
- Greenwood Institute of Child Health, Westcotes House, Westcotes Drive, Leicester LE3 0QU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hsiao CY. Family demands, social support and caregiver burden in Taiwanese family caregivers living with mental illness: the role of family caregiver gender. J Clin Nurs 2010; 19:3494-503. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
39
|
Hsiao CY, Van Riper M. Research on caregiving in Chinese families living with mental illness: a critical review. JOURNAL OF FAMILY NURSING 2010; 16:68-100. [PMID: 20145286 DOI: 10.1177/1074840709358405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Much of the existing research on caregiving in families of individuals with mental illness has been conducted in Western societies. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to critically examine research on caregiving in families of individuals with mental illness living in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China. A search using computerized databases, public search engines, and references from retrieved articles revealed 37 studies published from 1990 to 2009. Four studies were theory driven at an individual level, and one study was guided by a family-level framework. Thirty-two articles were quantitative studies, and 5 were qualitative studies. All but 5 of 37 studies were cross-sectional. Findings suggest that misconceptions about mental illness, behavior disturbances, inadequate social support, and the limited value placed on caregiving contribute to maladaptation. Future research should include longitudinal studies guided by culturally appropriate family frameworks and studies using mixed methods.
Collapse
|
40
|
Dimitropoulos G, Carter J, Schachter R, Woodside DB. Predictors of family functioning in carers of individuals with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2008; 41:739-47. [PMID: 18570190 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to determine influences on caregiver distress and family functioning in AN using the stress process model. METHOD Using a cross-sectional design, self-report measures were disseminated to 63 family members of inpatients with long-term AN. Outcome measures included the Family Assessment Device and the General Health Questionnaire. RESULTS Multiple regression analysis of family functioning resulted in a model predicting 38% of the variance. Burden, conflict regarding AN and the caregiving role, attitudes and actions of other family members toward the person with AN, family stigma, and social support were predictive of family functioning. In contrast, caregiver psychological distress was poorly predicted by the independent variables, with only 11% of the variance explained. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the utility of the stress process model for predicting family functioning in this population, and suggest potential targets of intervention for clinicians working with caregivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Dimitropoulos
- Inpatient Eating Disorders Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tang VWK, Leung SK, Lam LCW. Clinical correlates of the caregiving experience for Chinese caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008; 43:720-6. [PMID: 18438734 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-008-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the correlation between clinical characteristics and the caregiving experience of caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two hundred and one patients with schizophrenia and their caregivers were recruited from a psychiatric clinic. The involvement evaluation questionnaire (IEQ) and the general health questionnaire (GHQ) were administered to the caregivers. The patients were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview, the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and the global assessment of functioning scale (GAF). Correlation analysis and regression analysis was performed to identify the best predictors of caregiver stress. RESULTS The most important clinical predictor of caregiver stress as assessed using IEQ was the GAF, followed by PANSS-Pos and Neg scores and admission. Positive symptoms contributed more to overall caregiver stress than negative symptoms. DISCUSSION Both symptom severity and patient function were important factors in the caregiver experience. Treatment should aim not only to reduce symptoms but also maximize function. Service planning should include psychosocial intervention involving caregivers.
Collapse
|
42
|
Li J, Lambert VA. Coping strategies and predictors of general well-being in women with breast cancer in the People's Republic of China. Nurs Health Sci 2007; 9:199-204. [PMID: 17688478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of breast cancer has been a great challenge to women's health for decades. However, limited information exists about how Chinese women with breast cancer cope with the stressors of the illness and which factors predict their sense of general well-being. Therefore, the purposes of this study of women with breast cancer from the People's Republic of China were to identify the coping strategies being used and to identify which demographic characteristics and coping strategies were the best predictors of general well-being. The sample consisted of 100 newly diagnosed women with breast cancer, located within one city in the People's Republic of China. Each woman completed three paper-and-pencil questionnaires that measured demographics, coping strategies, and general well-being. The findings indicated planning, positive reframing, and self-distraction were the most commonly used coping strategies. The best predictors of general well-being were employment status and the coping method, self-blame.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Li
- HOPE School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li J, Lambert CE, Lambert VA. Predictors of family caregivers' burden and quality of life when providing care for a family member with schizophrenia in the People's Republic of China. Nurs Health Sci 2007; 9:192-8. [PMID: 17688477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Limited research has been undertaken regarding family caregivers' burden and quality of life (QOL) when providing care for a family member with schizophrenia in the People's Republic of China. This study examined the following in Chinese families caring for a member with schizophrenia: (i) the level of family caregivers' burden and QOL; (ii) the relationships among the demographic characteristics of family caregivers, the demographic characteristics of family members with schizophrenia, and family caregivers' burden and QOL; and (iii) the best predictors of family caregivers' burden and QOL. The findings suggest that family caregivers suffer a high level of burden when caring for a family member with schizophrenia. Numerous significant correlations were found among the variables. The best predictor of family caregivers' burden was found to be their level of education, while the best predictors of family caregivers' QOL were physical health and household income.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jufang Li
- HOPE School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|