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Song Y, Seward CH, Chen CY, LeBlanc A, Leddy AM, Stubbs L. Isolated loss of the AUTS2 long isoform, brain-wide or targeted to Calbindin-lineage cells, generates a specific suite of brain, behavioral, and molecular pathologies. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad182. [PMID: 37816306 PMCID: PMC10763537 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements within the AUTS2 region are associated with a rare syndromic disorder with intellectual disability, developmental delay, and behavioral abnormalities as core features. In addition, smaller regional variants are linked to wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, underscoring the gene's essential role in brain development. Like many essential neurodevelopmental genes, AUTS2 is large and complex, generating distinct long (AUTS2-l) and short (AUTS2-s) protein isoforms from alternative promoters. Although evidence suggests unique isoform functions, the contributions of each isoform to specific AUTS2-linked phenotypes have not been clearly resolved. Furthermore, Auts2 is widely expressed across the developing brain, but cell populations most central to disease presentation have not been determined. In this study, we focused on the specific roles of AUTS2-l in brain development, behavior, and postnatal brain gene expression, showing that brain-wide AUTS2-l ablation leads to specific subsets of the recessive pathologies associated with mutations in 3' exons (exons 8-19) that disrupt both major isoforms. We identify downstream genes that could explain expressed phenotypes including hundreds of putative direct AUTS2-l target genes. Furthermore, in contrast to 3' Auts2 mutations which lead to dominant hypoactivity, AUTS2-l loss-of-function is associated with dominant hyperactivity and repetitive behaviors, phenotypes exhibited by many human patients. Finally, we show that AUTS2-l ablation in Calbindin 1-expressing cell lineages is sufficient to yield learning/memory deficits and hyperactivity with abnormal dentate gyrus granule cell maturation, but not other phenotypic effects. These data provide new clues to in vivo AUTS2-l functions and novel information relevant to genotype-phenotype correlations in the human AUTS2 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshu Song
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle WA 98122, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Chih-Ying Chen
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle WA 98122, USA
| | - Amber LeBlanc
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle WA 98122, USA
| | | | - Lisa Stubbs
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle WA 98122, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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2
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Song Y, Seward CH, Chen CY, LeBlanc A, Leddy AM, Stubbs L. Isolated loss of the AUTS2 long isoform, brain-wide or targeted to Calbindin -lineage cells, generates a specific suite of brain, behavioral and molecular pathologies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.04.539486. [PMID: 37205596 PMCID: PMC10187298 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangements within the AUTS2 region are associated with a rare syndromic disorder with intellectual disability, developmental delay and behavioral abnormalities as core features. In addition, smaller regional variants are linked to wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, underscoring the gene's essential role in brain development. Like many essential neurodevelopmental genes, AUTS2 is large and complex, generating distinct long (AUTS2-l) and short (AUTS2-s) protein isoforms from alternative promoters. Although evidence suggests unique isoform functions, the contributions of each isoform to specific AUTS2- linked phenotypes have not been clearly resolved. Furthermore, Auts2 is widely expressed across the developing brain, but cell populations most central to disease presentation have not been determined. In this study, we focused on the specific roles of AUTS2-l in brain development, behavior, and postnatal brain gene expression, showing that brain-wide AUTS2-l ablation leads to specific subsets of the recessive pathologies associated with C-terminal mutations that disrupt both isoforms. We identify downstream genes that could explain expressed phenotypes including hundreds of putative direct AUTS2- l target genes. Furthermore, in contrast to C-terminal Auts2 mutations which lead to dominant hypoactivity, AUTS2-l loss-of-function is associated with dominant hyperactivity, a phenotype exhibited by many human patients. Finally, we show that AUTS2-l ablation in Calbindin 1 -expressing cell lineages is sufficient to yield learning/memory deficits and hyperactivity with abnormal dentate gyrus granule cell maturation, but not other phenotypic effects. These data provide new clues to in vivo AUTS2-l functions and novel information relevant to genotype-phenotype correlations in the human AUTS2 region.
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3
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Nair KP, Salaka RJ, Srikumar BN, Kutty BM, Rao BSS. Enriched environment rescues impaired sleep-wake architecture and abnormal neural dynamics in chronic epileptic rats. Neuroscience 2022; 495:97-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Scheuer T, dem Brinke EA, Grosser S, Wolf SA, Mattei D, Sharkovska Y, Barthel PC, Endesfelder S, Friedrich V, Bührer C, Vida I, Schmitz T. Reduction of cortical parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons in a rodent hyperoxia model of preterm birth brain injury with deficits in social behavior and cognition. Development 2021; 148:272278. [PMID: 34557899 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory GABAergic system in the brain is involved in the etiology of various psychiatric problems, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and others. These disorders are influenced not only by genetic but also by environmental factors, such as preterm birth, although the underlying mechanisms are not known. In a translational hyperoxia model, exposing mice pups at P5 to 80% oxygen for 48 h to mimic a steep rise of oxygen exposure caused by preterm birth from in utero into room air, we documented a persistent reduction of cortical mature parvalbumin-expressing interneurons until adulthood. Developmental delay of cortical myelin was observed, together with decreased expression of oligodendroglial glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a factor involved in interneuronal development. Electrophysiological and morphological properties of remaining interneurons were unaffected. Behavioral deficits were observed for social interaction, learning and attention. These results demonstrate that neonatal oxidative stress can lead to decreased interneuron density and to psychiatric symptoms. The obtained cortical myelin deficit and decreased oligodendroglial GDNF expression indicate that an impaired oligodendroglial-interneuronal interplay contributes to interneuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Scheuer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Elena Auf dem Brinke
- Department of Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Sabine Grosser
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany.,Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Daniele Mattei
- Cellular Neurocience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Yuliya Sharkovska
- Department of Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany.,Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Paula C Barthel
- Department of Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany.,Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Stefanie Endesfelder
- Department of Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Vivien Friedrich
- Department of Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Christoph Bührer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Imre Vida
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz
- Department of Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
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5
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Hermanowicz-Sobieraj B, Bogus-Nowakowska K, Równiak M, Robak A. Ontogeny of calcium-binding proteins in the cingulate cortex of the guinea pig: The same onset but different developmental patterns. Ann Anat 2018; 222:103-113. [PMID: 30566895 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper compared the density of calbindin D28k (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) containing neurons in prenatal, newborn and postnatal periods in the cingulate cortex (CC) of the guinea pig as an animal model. The distribution and co-distribution among calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) was also investigated during the entire ontogeny. The study found that CB-positive neurons exhibited the highest density in the developing CC. The CC development in the prenatal period took place with a high level of CB and CR immunoreactivity and both of these proteins reached peak density during fetal life. The density of PV-positive neurons, in contrast to CB and CR-positive neurons, reached high levels postnatally. The observed changes of the CaBPs-positive neuron density in the developing CC coincide with developmental events in the guinea pig. E.g. the eyes opening moment may be preceded by elevated levels of CB and CR at E50, whereas high immunoreactivity of PV from P10 to P40 with a peak at P20 may indicate the participation of PV in enhancement of the inhibitory cortical pathway maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Hermanowicz-Sobieraj
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Bogus-Nowakowska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Równiak
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Robak
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland.
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6
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Reillo I, de Juan Romero C, Cárdenas A, Clascá F, Martínez-Martinez MÁ, Borrell V. A Complex Code of Extrinsic Influences on Cortical Progenitor Cells of Higher Mammals. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4586-4606. [PMID: 28922855 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the cerebral cortex depends critically on the regulation of progenitor cell proliferation and fate. Cortical progenitor cells are remarkably diverse with regard to their morphology as well as laminar and areal position. Extrinsic factors, such as thalamic axons, have been proposed to play key roles in progenitor cell regulation, but the diversity, extent and timing of interactions between extrinsic elements and each class of cortical progenitor cell in higher mammals remain undefined. Here we use the ferret to demonstrate the existence of a complex set of extrinsic elements that may interact, alone or in combination, with subpopulations of progenitor cells, defining a code of extrinsic influences. This code and its complexity vary significantly between developmental stages, layer of residence and morphology of progenitor cells. By analyzing the spatial-temporal overlap of progenitor cell subtypes with neuronal and axonal populations, we show that multiple sets of migrating neurons and axon tracts overlap extensively with subdivisions of the Subventricular Zones, in an exquisite lamina-specific pattern. Our findings provide a framework for understanding the feedback influence of both intra- and extra-cortical elements onto progenitor cells to modulate their dynamics and fate decisions in gyrencephalic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Reillo
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, IBV-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Camino de Juan Romero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Adrián Cárdenas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Francisco Clascá
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Martínez-Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
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7
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Himmelhan DK, Rawashdeh O, Oelschläger HHA. Early postnatal development of the visual cortex in mice with retinal degeneration. Mech Dev 2018; 151:1-9. [PMID: 29563063 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study characterizes the early postnatal development of the visual neocortex in C3H/HeNRj mice. These mice are homozygous for the Pde6brd1 mutation, which causes retinal degeneration starting from postnatal day 7 (P7). To monitor the development of the visual cortex between P3 and P28 we used eight antigens known to be expressed at different developmental stages (Nestin, tau3, β3- Tubulin, Calbindin, Doublecortin, MAP2, Parvalbumin and NeuN). Using semiquantitative analysis we traced the expression and localization of different developmental markers throughout the layers of the visual cortex. Cortical tissue sections corresponding to the first postnatal week (P3-P6) stained positively for Nestin, tau3, β3-Tubulin and Calbindin. These proteins are known to be involved in the migration of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) within the cortical plate. At the time of eye-opening (P14), Doublecortin, MAP2 and NeuN, markers for developing and maturing neurons involved in NPC differentiation are present. Between P9 and P21 Nestin and Calbindin disappear while NeuN and Parvalbumin expression increases in the course of visual neocortex development. The findings of this study provide a snapshot of the dynamic changes in cortex formation during early postnatal development. So far, it is the first investigation on the postnatal development of the mouse visual cortex. Our results indicate that in C3H/HeNRj mice retinal degeneration during these early stages may not influence the maturation of the visual cortex. Until P28 in this mouse strain, the development of the visual neocortex is in accordance with data from other mice (C57BL/6) without retinal degeneration. Whether in older individuals of the C3H/HeNRj strain the visual neocortex will show signs of functional impairment has to be shown by future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Himmelhan
- Department of Anatomy III (Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - O Rawashdeh
- Department of Anatomy III (Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - H H A Oelschläger
- Department of Anatomy III (Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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8
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Mayer C, Hafemeister C, Bandler RC, Machold R, Brito RB, Jaglin X, Allaway K, Butler A, Fishell G, Satija R. Developmental diversification of cortical inhibitory interneurons. Nature 2018; 555:457-462. [PMID: 29513653 PMCID: PMC6052457 DOI: 10.1038/nature25999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse subsets of cortical interneurons have vital roles in higher-order brain functions. To investigate how this diversity is generated, here we used single-cell RNA sequencing to profile the transcriptomes of mouse cells collected along a developmental time course. Heterogeneity within mitotic progenitors in the ganglionic eminences is driven by a highly conserved maturation trajectory, alongside eminence-specific transcription factor expression that seeds the emergence of later diversity. Upon becoming postmitotic, progenitors diverge and differentiate into transcriptionally distinct states, including an interneuron precursor state. By integrating datasets across developmental time points, we identified shared sources of transcriptomic heterogeneity between adult interneurons and their precursors, and uncovered the embryonic emergence of cardinal interneuron subtypes. Our analysis revealed that the transcription factor Mef2c, which is linked to various neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, delineates early precursors of parvalbumin-expressing neurons, and is essential for their development. These findings shed new light on the molecular diversification of early inhibitory precursors, and identify gene modules that may influence the specification of human interneuron subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mayer
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY,
USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston MA,
USA
- Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge
MA, USA
| | | | - Rachel C. Bandler
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY,
USA
| | - Robert Machold
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY,
USA
| | - Renata Batista Brito
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY,
USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Xavier Jaglin
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY,
USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston MA,
USA
| | - Kathryn Allaway
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY,
USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston MA,
USA
| | - Andrew Butler
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York University, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New
York NY, USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY,
USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston MA,
USA
- Broad Institute, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge
MA, USA
| | - Rahul Satija
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York University, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New
York NY, USA
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9
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ARX polyalanine expansion mutations lead to migration impediment in the rostral cortex coupled with a developmental deficit of calbindin-positive cortical GABAergic interneurons. Neuroscience 2017. [PMID: 28627419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Aristaless-related homeobox gene (ARX) is indispensable for interneuron development. Patients with ARX polyalanine expansion mutations of the first two tracts (namely PA1 and PA2) suffer from intellectual disability of varying severity, with seizures a frequent comorbidity. The impact of PA1 and PA2 mutations on the brain development is unknown, hindering the search for therapeutic interventions. Here, we characterized the disturbances to cortical interneuron development in mice modeling the two most common ARX polyalanine expansion mutations in human. We found a consistent ∼40-50% reduction of calbindin-positive interneurons, but not Stt+ or Cr+ interneurons, within the cortex of newborn hemizygous mice (p=0.024) for both mutant strains compared to wildtype (p=0.011). We demonstrate that this was a consequence of calbindin precursor cells being arrested or delayed at the ventral subpallium en route of tangential migration. Ex-vivo assay validated this migration deficit in PA1 cells (p=0.0002) suggesting that the defect is contributed by intrinsic loss of Arx function within migrating cells. Both humans and mice with PA1 mutations present with severe clinical features, including intellectual disability and infantile spasms. Our data further demonstrated the pathogenic mechanism was robustly shared between PA1 and PA2 mutations, as previously reported including Arx protein reduction and overlapping transcriptome profiles within the developing mouse brains. Data from our study demonstrated that cortical calbindin interneuron development and migration is negatively affected by ARX polyalanine expansion mutations. Understanding the cellular pathogenesis contributing to disease manifestation is necessary to screen efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions.
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10
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Hadzic M, Jack A, Wahle P. Ionotropic glutamate receptors: Which ones, when, and where in the mammalian neocortex. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:976-1033. [PMID: 27560295 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of 18 iGluR receptor subunits, many of which are diversified by splicing and RNA editing, localize to >20 excitatory and inhibitory neocortical neuron types defined by physiology, morphology, and transcriptome in addition to various types of glial, endothelial, and blood cells. Here we have compiled the published expression of iGluR subunits in the areas and cell types of developing and adult cortex of rat, mouse, carnivore, bovine, monkey, and human as determined with antibody- and mRNA-based techniques. iGluRs are differentially expressed in the cortical areas and in the species, and all have a unique developmental pattern. Differences are quantitative rather than a mere absence/presence of expression. iGluR are too ubiquitously expressed and of limited use as markers for areas or layers. A focus has been the iGluR profile of cortical interneuron types. For instance, GluK1 and GluN3A are enriched in, but not specific for, interneurons; moreover, the interneurons expressing these subunits belong to different types. Adressing the types is still a major hurdle because type-specific markers are lacking, and the frequently used neuropeptide/CaBP signatures are subject to regulation by age and activity and vary as well between species and areas. RNA-seq reveals almost all subunits in the two morphofunctionally characterized interneuron types of adult cortical layer I, suggesting a fairly broad expression at the RNA level. It remains to be determined whether all proteins are synthesized, to which pre- or postsynaptic subdomains in a given neuron type they localize, and whether all are involved in synaptic transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:976-1033, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Hadzic
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Jack
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Wahle
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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11
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Kenigfest NB, Belekhova MG. Neurons of visual thalamic nuclei projecting to telencephalon express different types of calcium-binding proteins: A combined immunocytochemical and tracer study. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093015060083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Belekhova MG, Chudinova TV, Rio JP, Tostivint H, Vesselkin NP, Kenigfest NB. Distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the pigeon visual thalamic centers and related pretectal and mesencephalic nuclei. Phylogenetic and functional determinants. Brain Res 2016; 1631:165-93. [PMID: 26638835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multichannel processing of environmental information constitutes a fundamental basis of functioning of sensory systems in the vertebrate brain. Two distinct parallel visual systems - the tectofugal and thalamofugal exist in all amniotes. The vertebrate central nervous system contains high concentrations of intracellular calcium-binding proteins (CaBPrs) and each of them has a restricted expression pattern in different brain regions and specific neuronal subpopulations. This study aimed at describing the patterns of distribution of parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB) in the visual thalamic and mesencephalic centers of the pigeon (Columba livia). We used a combination of immunohistochemistry and double labeling immunofluorescent technique. Structures studied included the thalamic relay centers involved in the tectofugal (nucleus rotundus, Rot) and thalamofugal (nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars dorsalis, GLd) visual pathways as well as pretectal, mesencephalic, isthmic and thalamic structures inducing the driver and/or modulatory action to the visual processing. We showed that neither of these proteins was unique to the Rot or GLd. The Rot contained i) numerous PV-immunoreactive (ir) neurons and a dense neuropil, and ii) a few CB-ir neurons mostly located in the anterior dorsal part and associated with a light neuropil. These latter neurons partially overlapped with the former and some of them colocalized both proteins. The distinct subnuclei of the GLd were also characterized by different patterns of distribution of CaBPrs. Some (nucleus dorsolateralis anterior, pars magnocellularis, DLAmc; pars lateralis, DLL; pars rostrolateralis, DLAlr; nucleus lateralis anterior thalami, LA) contained both CB- and PV-ir neurons in different proportions with a predominance of the former in the DLAmc and DLL. The nucleus lateralis dorsalis of nuclei optici principalis thalami only contained PV-ir neurons and a neuropil similar to the interstitial pretectal/thalamic nuclei of the tectothalamic tract, nucleus pretectalis and thalamic reticular nucleus. The overlapping distribution of PV and CB immunoreactivity was typical for the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and the nucleus ectomamillaris as well as for the visual isthmic nuclei. The findings are discussed in the light of the contributive role of the phylogenetic and functional factors determining the circuits׳ specificity of the different CaBPr types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita G Belekhova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Chudinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Jean-Paul Rio
- CRICM UPMC/INSERM UMR_S975/CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, Bd de l׳Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Hérve Tostivint
- CNRS UMR 7221, MNHN USM 0501, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Nikolai P Vesselkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Department of Medicine, The State University of Saint-Petersburg, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Natalia B Kenigfest
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 44, Thorez Avenue, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; CNRS UMR 7221, MNHN USM 0501, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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Mithbaokar P, Fiorito F, Della Morte R, Maharajan V, Costagliola A. Chronic maternal morphine alters calbindin D-28k expression pattern in postnatal mouse brain. Synapse 2015; 70:15-23. [PMID: 26418221 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The distribution pattern of calbindin (CB)-D28k-expressing neurons results to be altered in several brain regions of chronic morphine exposed adult mice. In this study, the influence of chronic maternal exposure to morphine on the distribution pattern of CB-D28k-expressing neurons in the brain of mouse offspring was investigated. Females of CD-1 mice were daily administered with saline or morphine for 7 days before mating, during the whole gestation period, and until 21 day post-partum. Their offspring were sacrificed on postnatal day 18, and the brains were examined by histology using cresyl violet and by immunohistochemistry using a rabbit polyclonal anti-CB-D28k antibody. Histology revealed no significant differences in the distribution pattern and the number of neurons between the offspring forebrain of the control group of mice and the two groups of mice treated with different doses of morphine. However, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the number of CB-D28k-immunoreactive neurons remarkably decreased in the cingulate cortex, in the layers II-IV of the parietal cortex and in all regions of the hippocampus, while it increased in the layers V-VI of the parietal cortex and in the subicular region of the offspring brain of morphine treated mice. Overall, our findings demonstrate that maternal exposure to morphine alters the pattern of CB-D28k-expressing neuron pattern in specific regions of murine developing brain, in a layer- and dose-dependent way, thus suggesting that these alterations might represent a mechanism by which morphine modifies the functional aspects of developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Mithbaokar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino, 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino, 1, Naples, 80137, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Del Mezzogiorno, via Salute, 2, Portici, Naples, 80055, Italy
| | - Rossella Della Morte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino, 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | | | - Anna Costagliola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, via F. Delpino, 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
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14
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Kröcher T, Röckle I, Diederichs U, Weinhold B, Burkhardt H, Yanagawa Y, Gerardy-Schahn R, Hildebrandt H. A crucial role for polysialic acid in developmental interneuron migration and the establishment of interneuron densities in the mouse prefrontal cortex. Development 2014; 141:3022-32. [PMID: 24993945 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a unique glycan modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM and a major determinant of brain development. Polysialylation of NCAM is implemented by the two polysialyltransferases (polySTs) ST8SIA2 and ST8SIA4. Dysregulation of the polySia-NCAM system and variation in ST8SIA2 has been linked to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Here, we show reduced interneuron densities in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of mice with either partial or complete loss of polySia synthesizing capacity by ablation of St8sia2, St8sia4, or both. Cells positive for parvalbumin and perineuronal nets as well as somatostatin-positive cells were reduced in the mPFC of all polyST-deficient lines, whereas calretinin-positive cells and the parvalbumin-negative fraction of calbindin-positive cells were unaffected. Reduced interneuron numbers were corroborated by analyzing polyST-deficient GAD67-GFP knock-in mice. The accumulation of precursors in the ganglionic eminences and reduced numbers of tangentially migrating interneurons in the pallium were observed in polyST-deficient embryos. Removal of polySia by endosialidase treatment of organotypic slice cultures led to decreased entry of GAD67-GFP-positive interneurons from the ganglionic eminences into the pallium. Moreover, the acute loss of polySia caused significant reductions in interneuron velocity and leading process length. Thus, attenuation of polySia interferes with the developmental migration of cortical interneurons and causes pathological changes in specific interneuron subtypes. This provides a possible link between genetic variation in polyST genes, neurodevelopmental alterations and interneuron dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kröcher
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Iris Röckle
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute Diederichs
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Weinhold
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hannelore Burkhardt
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine and CREST, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
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15
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Urakawa S, Takamoto K, Hori E, Sakai N, Ono T, Nishijo H. Rearing in enriched environment increases parvalbumin-positive small neurons in the amygdala and decreases anxiety-like behavior of male rats. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:13. [PMID: 23347699 PMCID: PMC3599335 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life experiences including physical exercise, sensory stimulation, and social interaction can modulate development of the inhibitory neuronal network and modify various behaviors. In particular, alteration of parvalbumin-expressing neurons, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neuronal subpopulation, has been suggested to be associated with psychiatric disorders. Here we investigated whether rearing in enriched environment could modify the expression of parvalbumin-positive neurons in the basolateral amygdala and anxiety-like behavior. RESULTS Three-week-old male rats were divided into two groups: those reared in an enriched environment (EE rats) and those reared in standard cages (SE rats). After 5 weeks of rearing, the EE rats showed decreased anxiety-like behavior in an open field than the SE rats. Under another anxiogenic situation, in a beam walking test, the EE rats more quickly traversed an elevated narrow beam. Anxiety-like behavior in the open field was significantly and negatively correlated with walking time in the beam-walking test. Immunohistochemical tests revealed that the number of parvalbumin-positive neurons significantly increased in the basolateral amygdala of the EE rats than that of the SE rats, while the number of calbindin-D28k-positive neurons did not change. These parvalbumin-positive neurons had small, rounded soma and co-expressed the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67). Furthermore, the number of parvalbumin-positive small cells in the basolateral amygdala tended to positively correlate with emergence in the center arena of the open field and negatively correlated with walking time in the beam walking test. CONCLUSION Rearing in the enriched environment augmented the number of parvalbumin-containing specific inhibitory neuron in the basolateral amygdala, but not that of calbindin-containing neuronal phenotype. Furthermore, the number of parvalbumin-positive small neurons in the basolateral amygdala was negatively correlated with walking time in the beam walking test and tended to be positively correlated with activity in the center arena in the open field test. The results suggest that rearing in the enriched environment augmented parvalbumin-positive specific neurons in the basolateral amygdala, which induced behavioral plasticity that was reflected by a decrease in anxiety-like behavior in anxiogenic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kouich Takamoto
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Natsuko Sakai
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Department of System Emotional Science, Graduate school of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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16
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Vaghi V, Pennucci R, Talpo F, Corbetta S, Montinaro V, Barone C, Croci L, Spaiardi P, Consalez GG, Biella G, de Curtis I. Rac1 and rac3 GTPases control synergistically the development of cortical and hippocampal GABAergic interneurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 24:1247-58. [PMID: 23258346 PMCID: PMC3977619 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular mechanisms driving postmitotic development of cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons are poorly understood. We have addressed the function of Rac GTPases in cortical and hippocampal interneuron development. Developing neurons express both Rac1 and Rac3. Previous work has shown that Rac1 ablation does not affect the development of migrating cortical interneurons. Analysis of mice with double deletion of Rac1 and Rac3 shows that these GTPases are required during postmitotic interneuron development. The number of parvalbumin-positive cells was affected in the hippocampus and cortex of double knockout mice. Rac depletion also influences the maturation of interneurons that reach their destination, with reduction of inhibitory synapses in both hippocampal CA1 and cortical pyramidal cells. The decreased number of cortical migrating interneurons and their altered morphology indicate a role of Rac1 and Rac3 in regulating the motility of cortical interneurons, thus interfering with their final localization. While electrophysiological passive and active properties of pyramidal neurons including membrane capacity, resting potential, and spike amplitude and duration were normal, these cells showed reduced spontaneous inhibitory currents and increased excitability. Our results show that Rac1 and Rac3 contribute synergistically to postmitotic development of specific populations of GABAergic cells, suggesting that these proteins regulate their migration and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vaghi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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17
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Changes in cortical interneuron migration contribute to the evolution of the neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8015-20. [PMID: 21518872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102153108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of the mammalian neocortex is often explained phylogenetically by an evolutionary change in the pallial neuronal progenitors of excitatory projection neurons. It remains unclear, however, whether and how the evolutionary change in inhibitory interneurons, which originate outside the neocortex, has been involved in the establishment of the neocortex. In this study, we transplanted chicken, turtle, mouse, and marmoset medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cells into the embryonic mouse MGE in utero and compared their migratory behaviors. We found that the MGE cells from all of the species were able to migrate through the mouse neocortical subventricular zone and that both the mouse and marmoset cells subsequently invaded the neocortical cortical plate (CP). However, regardless of their birthdates and interneuron subtypes, most of the chicken and turtle cells ignored the neocortical CP and passed beneath it, although they were able to invade the archicortex and paleocortex, suggesting that the proper responsiveness of MGE cells to guidance cues to enter the neocortical CP is unique to mammals. When chicken MGE cells were transplanted directly into the neocortical CP, they were able to survive and mature, suggesting that the neocortical CP itself is essentially permissive for postmigratory development of chicken MGE cells. These results suggest that an evolutionary change in the migratory ability of inhibitory interneurons, which originate outside the neocortex, was involved in the establishment of the neocortex by supplying inhibitory components to the network.
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18
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Dorsal radial glial cells have the potential to generate cortical interneurons in human but not in mouse brain. J Neurosci 2011; 31:2413-20. [PMID: 21325508 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5249-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glial (RG) cells, in the neocortical ventricular/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ), generate cortical projection neurons both in rodents and humans, but whether they can also generate cortical interneurons is not clear. We demonstrated both on cryosections and in cell cultures that in the human VZ/SVZ, cells can be double labeled with RG markers and calretinin (CalR) and GABA, markers that suggest interneuronal lineage. We examined in more detail the cell fate of human RG cells isolated from the VZ/SVZ at midterm. After 24 h, no CalR(+) or GABA(+) cells were seen in cultures, whereas 5-10% cells expressed Nkx2.1 and Dlx, two ventral transcription factors. CalR(+) and GABA(+) cells were apparent for the first time after 3 d in vitro, and their number increased in subsequent days, consistent with the gradual transition of RG cells into CalR(+) or GABA(+) cells. Indeed, the progeny of genetically labeled RG cells could be immunolabeled with antibodies to CalR and GABA or ventral transcription factors (Nkx2.1(+), Dlx(+)). In contrast to humans, in the embryonic mouse, similar experiments showed that only RG cells isolated from the subpallium (ganglionic eminence) generate CalR(+) or GABA(+) cells, whereas this was not the case with RG cells isolated from the pallium. These findings support the idea that human, but not mouse, dorsal RG cells have the potential to generate various subtypes of neocortical interneurons. Multiple progenitors and sites of cortical interneuron origin in human might be an evolutionary adaptation underlying brain expansion and the increased complexity of cortical circuitry in humans.
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19
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Asmus SE, Cocanougher BT, Allen DL, Boone JB, Brooks EA, Hawkins SM, Hench LA, Ijaz T, Mayfield MN. Increasing proportions of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive interneurons colocalize with choline acetyltransferase or vasoactive intestinal peptide in the developing rat cerebral cortex. Brain Res 2011; 1383:108-19. [PMID: 21295554 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons are critical for information processing, and their dysfunction has been implicated in neurological disorders. One subset of this diverse cell population expresses tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) during postnatal rat development. Cortical TH-immunoreactive neurons appear at postnatal day (P) 16. The number of TH cells sharply increases between P16 and P20 and subsequently decreases to adult values. The absence of apoptotic markers in these cells suggests that the reduction in cell number is not due to cell death but is due to a decline in TH production. Cortical TH cells lack all additional catecholaminergic enzymes, and many coexpress GABA and calretinin, but little else is known about their phenotype or function. Because interneurons containing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) share characteristics with cortical TH neurons, the coexpression of TH with ChAT or VIP was examined throughout the neocortex at P16, P20, and P30. The proportions of TH cell profiles double-labeled for ChAT or VIP significantly increased between P16 and P30. Based on their proximity to blood vessels, intrinsic cholinergic and VIPergic cells have been hypothesized to regulate cortical microcirculation. Labeling with the gliovascular marker aquaporin-4 revealed that at least half of the TH cells were apposed to microvessels at these ages, and many of these cells contained ChAT or VIP. Cortical TH neurons did not coproduce nitric oxide synthase. These results suggest that increasing proportions of cortical TH neurons express ChAT or VIP developmentally and that a subset of these TH neurons may regulate local blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Asmus
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Biology Programs, Centre College, Danville, KY 40422, USA.
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20
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Braun K, Seidel K, Weigel S, Roski C, Poeggel G. Paternal deprivation alters region- and age-specific interneuron expression patterns in the biparental rodent, Octodon degus. Cereb Cortex 2010; 21:1532-46. [PMID: 21127019 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of paternal care on the postnatal development of inhibitory neuronal subpopulations in prefrontal and limbic brain regions was studied in the rodent Octodon degus. Comparing offspring from biparental families with animals raised by a single mother revealed region-specific deprivation-induced changes in the density of PARV- and CaBP-D28k expressing cells. Some deprivation-induced changes were only seen at P21: elevated CaBP-D28k-positive neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex, CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) and elevated PARV-positive neurons in the lateral orbitofrontal, prelimbic/infralimbic (PL/IL), DG and CA1, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. Some deprivation-induced changes were obvious in both age groups: increased CaBP-D28k-positive neurons in the nucleus accumbens shell and increased PARV-positive neurons in the ventral orbitofrontal. Some deprivation-induced changes were only seen in adulthood: increased CaBP-D28k-positive neurons in the amygdala and decreased PARV-positive neurons in the PL/IL and in CA3. In CA1, PARV-positive neurons were increased at P21 and decreased in adulthood. The functional significance of the deprivation-induced changes in PARV-positive neurons, which are involved in gamma oscillations and thereby affect information processing and which appear to be key players for critical period plasticity in sensory cortex development, as well as the behavioral implications remain to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Braun
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
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21
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Seizures during pregnancy modify the development of hippocampal interneurons of the offspring. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 19:20-5. [PMID: 20708978 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of epileptic seizures during pregnancy on hippocampal expression of calcium-binding proteins in the offspring. Female Wistar rats were submitted to the pilocarpine model and mated during the chronic period. Seizure frequency was monitored over the entire pregnancy. Pups were perfused at postnatal days 6 and 13, and the brains processed for Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry for NeuN, calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin. Number of stained cells in the hippocampus was estimated through stereological methods. Our results showed a decrease in epileptic seizure frequency during pregnancy. No differences were observed in NeuN-positive, CR-positive cells, and Nissl-stained hippocampal neurons between the groups. However, there was a significant decrease in calbindin-positive cells (P=0.005) and a significant increase in parvalbumin-positive cells (P=0.02) in the experimental group when compared with the control group. These results suggest that seizures during pregnancy affect the development of specific hippocampal interneurons of the offspring.
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22
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Regionalized loss of parvalbumin interneurons in the cerebral cortex of mice with deficits in GFRalpha1 signaling. J Neurosci 2009; 29:10695-705. [PMID: 19710321 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2658-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons are crucially important for cerebral cortex function and behavior. The mechanisms controlling inhibitory interneuron diversification and allocation to distinct cortical areas remain poorly understood. GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) and its receptor GFRalpha1 have been implicated in the development of GABAergic precursors but, because of the early lethality of null mutants, their roles in postnatal maturation and function of cortical interneurons are unknown. "cis-only" mutant mice lack GFRalpha1 only in cells that do not express the RET signaling receptor subunit and survive to adulthood. At birth, both null mutants and cis-only mice showed a specific loss of GABAergic interneurons in rostro- and caudolateral cortical regions but not in more medial areas. Unexpectedly, the adult cortex of cis-only mice displayed a complete loss of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing GABAergic interneurons in discrete regions (PV holes) interspersed among areas of normal PV cell density. PV holes predominantly occurred in the visual and frontal cortices, and their size could be affected by neuronal activity. Consistent with deficits in cortical inhibitory activity, these mice showed enhanced cortical excitability, increased sensitivity to epileptic seizure, and increased social behavior. We propose that GFRalpha1 signaling guides the development of a subset of PV-expressing GABAergic interneurons populating discrete regions of the cerebral cortex and may thus contribute to the diversification and allocation of specific cortical interneuron subtypes.
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23
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Patz S, Colovic C, Wawro S, Lafenetre P, Leske O, Heumann R, Schönfelder S, Tomaschewski J, Räk A, Wahle P. Interneuronal growth and expression of interneuronal markers in visual cortex of mice with transgenic activation of Ras. Exp Brain Res 2009; 199:265-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-008-1688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Asmus SE, Anderson EK, Ball MW, Barnes BA, Bohnen AM, Brown AM, Hartley LJ, Lally MC, Lundblad TM, Martin JB, Moss BD, Phelps KD, Phillips LR, Quilligan CG, Steed RB, Terrell SL, Warner AE. Neurochemical characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive interneurons in the developing rat cerebral cortex. Brain Res 2008; 1222:95-105. [PMID: 18589406 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the development of cortical interneuron phenotypic diversity is critical because interneuron dysfunction has been implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the developing and adult rat cortex were characterized in light of findings regarding interneuron neurochemistry and development. Cortical TH-immunoreactive neurons were first observed 2 weeks postnatally and peaked in number 3 weeks after birth. At subsequent ages, the number of these cell profiles was gradually reduced, and they were seen less frequently in adults. No DNA fragmentation or active caspase 3 was observed in cortical TH cells at any age examined, eliminating cell death as an explanation for the decrease in cell number. Although cortical TH cells reportedly fail to produce subsequent catecholaminergic enzymes, we found that the majority of these cells at all ages contained phosphorylated TH, suggesting that the enzyme may be active and producing L-DOPA as an end-product. Morphological criteria and colocalization of some TH cells with glutamic acid decarboxylase suggest that these cells are interneurons. Previously, parvalbumin, somatostatin, and calretinin were demonstrated in non-overlapping subsets of interneurons. Cortical TH neurons colocalized with calretinin but not with parvalbumin or somatostatin. These findings suggest that the transitory increase in TH cell number is not due to cell death but possibly due to alterations in the amount of detectable TH present in these cells, and that at least some cortical TH-producing interneurons belong to the calretinin-containing subset of interneurons that originate developmentally in the caudal ganglionic eminence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Asmus
- Biochemistry/Molecular Biology and Biology Programs, Centre College, 600 W. Walnut Street, Danville, KY 40422, USA.
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25
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Du T, Xu Q, Ocbina PJ, Anderson SA. NKX2.1 specifies cortical interneuron fate by activating Lhx6. Development 2008; 135:1559-67. [PMID: 18339674 DOI: 10.1242/dev.015123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the ventral telencephalon, the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) is a major source of cortical interneurons. Expression of the transcription factor NKX2.1 in the MGE is required for the specification of two major subgroups of cortical interneurons - those that express parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) - but direct targets of NKX2.1 remain to be established. We find that electroporation of Nkx2.1 cDNA into the ventral telencephalon of slice cultures from Nkx2.1-/- mouse embryos, followed by transplantation into neonatal cortex to permit postnatal analysis of their fate, rescues the loss of PV- and SST-expressing cells. The LIM-homeobox gene Lhx6 is induced by this rescue experiment, and gain- and loss-of-function studies suggest that Lhx6 is necessary and sufficient to rescue these and other interneuron phenotypes in cells transplanted from Nkx2.1-/- slices. Finally, NKX2.1 protein binds a highly conserved sequence in the Lhx6 promoter, and this sequence appears to mediate the direct activation of Lhx6 by NKX2.1. The slice transfection and transplantation methods employed here are beginning to uncover embryonic mechanisms for specifying neuronal fates that only become definable postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonggong Du
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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26
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Dávila JC, Olmos L, Legaz I, Medina L, Guirado S, Real MA. Dynamic patterns of colocalization of calbindin, parvalbumin and GABA in subpopulations of mouse basolateral amygdalar cells during development. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 35:67-76. [PMID: 17681450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Calbindin cells represent a major interneuron subtype of the cortical/pallial regions, such as the basolateral amygdala, which are often analyzed in studies of tangential migration of interneurons from the subpallial ganglionic eminences to the pallium/cortex. However, previous evidence suggests that during development the calbindin cells may include more than one of the interneuron subtypes found in the adult pallium/cortex. Furthermore, in the adult basolateral amygdala, calbindin cells include a subpopulation of non-GABAergic (non-interneuron) cells. To better characterize these cells throughout development, in the present study we investigated the colocalization of calbindin, parvalbumin and GABA in cells of the mouse basolateral amygdala during late embryonic (E16.5) and several postnatal ages from birth until 4 weeks after birth (P0, P10 and P28). Our results indicate that CB, PV and GABA show a dynamic pattern of colocalization in cells of the mouse basolateral amygdalar nucleus throughout development. From E16.5 through P28, the majority of CB+ neurons and virtually all PV+ neurons are GABAergic. However, after P10, the percentage of GABAergic CB+ cells decline from 96% to 70%. Furthermore, while only 9% of CB+ neurons are PV+ at P10, this percentage raises to 42% at P28. At all postnatal ages studied, the majority of the PV+ cells are CB+, suggesting that PV+ interneurons develop postnatally mainly as a subpopulation within the CB+ cells of the basolateral amygdalar nucleus. These results are important for interpreting data from interneuron migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Dávila
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Samanta J, Burke GM, McGuire T, Pisarek AJ, Mukhopadhyay A, Mishina Y, Kessler JA. BMPR1a signaling determines numbers of oligodendrocytes and calbindin-expressing interneurons in the cortex. J Neurosci 2007; 27:7397-407. [PMID: 17626200 PMCID: PMC6672617 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1434-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Progenitor cells that express the transcription factor olig1 generate several neural cell types including oligodendrocytes and GABAergic interneurons in the dorsal cortex. The fate of these progenitor cells is regulated by a number of signals including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) secreted in the dorsal forebrain. BMPs signal by binding to heteromeric serine-threonine kinase receptors formed by type I (BMPR1a, BMPR1b, Alk2) and type II (BMPRII) subunits. To determine the specific role of the BMPR1a subunit in lineage commitment by olig1-expressing cells, we used a cre/loxP genetic approach to ablate BMPR1a in these cells while leaving signaling from other subunits intact. There was a reduction in numbers of immature oligodendrocytes in the BMPR1a-null mutant brains at birth. However, by postnatal day 20, the BMPR1a-null mice had a significant increase in the number of mature and immature oligodendrocytes compared with wild-type littermates. There was also an increase in the proportion of calbindin-positive interneurons in the dorsomedial cortex of BMPR1a-null mice at birth without any change in the number of parvalbumin- or calretinin-positive cells. These effects were attributable, at least in part, to a decrease in the length of the cell cycle in subventricular zone progenitor cells. Thus, our findings indicate that BMPR1a mediates the suppressive effects of BMP signaling on oligodendrocyte lineage commitment and on the specification of calbindin-positive interneurons in the dorsomedial cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Samanta
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Gordon M. Burke
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Tammy McGuire
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Anna J. Pisarek
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Abhishek Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - John A. Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
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Engelhardt M, Di Cristo G, Berardi N, Maffei L, Wahle P. Differential effects of NT-4, NGF and BDNF on development of neurochemical architecture and cell size regulation in rat visual cortex during the critical period. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:529-40. [PMID: 17284195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of inhibition is a crucial determinant of the time course of visual cortical plasticity. BDNF strongly affects interneuron development and the onset and closure of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity. Less is known on the effects of NT-4 despite a clear involvement in ocular dominance plasticity. We have investigated the effects of NT-4 on interneuron development by supplying NT-4 with osmotic minipumps during two time windows overlapping the onset (P12-20) and the peak (P20-28) of the critical period. We assessed the expression of interneuronal markers and soma size maturation either after the end of the infusion periods or at the end of the critical period (P45). We found that NT-4 was very effective in regulating interneuron development. NPY, SOM and PARV neuron somata grew faster during both infusion periods whereas CR neurons only responded during the early infusion period. The effects of soma size elicited during the earlier infusion period were still present at P45. In PARV neurons, NT-4 caused a long-lasting stabilization of CB and NPY expression. Furthermore, NT-4 accelerated the expression of GAD-65 mRNA in a subset of non-PARV neurons of layer V, which normally up-regulate GAD-65 towards the end of the critical period. Most of these effects were shared by NT-4 and BDNF. Some were unexpectedly also shared by NGF, which promoted growth of layer V PARV neurons, stabilized the CB expression and accelerated the GAD-65 expression. The results suggest that neurotrophins act on critical period plasticity by strengthening inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Engelhardt
- AG Entwicklungsneurobiologie ND 6/72, Fakultät für Biologie, Ruhr-Universität, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Brummelte S, Witte V, Teuchert-Noodt G. Postnatal development of GABA and calbindin cells and fibers in the prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 25:191-200. [PMID: 17350213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The postnatal maturation of immunohistochemically stained gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and calbindin (CB) cells and fibers were quantitatively examined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Animals of different ages, ranging from juvenile (postnatal day (PD)14, PD20, PD30), to adolescent (PD70), adult (PD180, PD540) and aged (PD720) were analyzed. Results reveal an increase in GABAergic fiber densities between PD14-20 in the PFC and the BLA with a concomitant decrease in cell density. After PD70 GABA fiber density slightly decreases again in the BLA, while there is a further slow but significant increase in the PFC between PD70 and PD540. Fibers immunoreactive for the calcium binding-protein CB, which is predominantly localized in particular GABAergic subpopulations, also accumulate between PD14 and PD20 in the PFC and BLA, while a concomitant decrease in cell density is only seen in the BLA. Both areas reveal a decrease of CB cells between PD30 and PD70, which parallels with a decrease of CB fibers in the PFC. However, there is no particular 'aging-effect' in the fiber or cell densities of GABA or CB in any of the investigated areas in old animals. In conclusion, we here demonstrate long-term dynamics in cell and fiber densities of the GABAergic system until late in development which might correspond to the prolonged maturation of other neuroanatomical and functional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Brummelte
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Valencia I, Legido A, Yelin K, Khurana D, Kothare SV, Katsetos CD. Anomalous inhibitory circuits in cortical tubers of human tuberous sclerosis complex associated with refractory epilepsy: aberrant expression of parvalbumin and calbindin-D28k in dysplastic cortex. J Child Neurol 2006; 21:1058-63. [PMID: 17156698 DOI: 10.1177/7010.2006.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Damage or loss of inhibitory cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons is associated with impaired inhibitory control of neocortical pyramidal cells, leading to hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis. The calcium binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin-D(28k) are expressed in subpopulations of GABAergic local circuit neurons in the neocortex and can serve as neuronotypic markers. Parvalbumin and calbindin-D(28k) facilitate the neuron's ability to sustain firing and provide neuroprotection. The goal of this study was to assess the hitherto unknown status of inhibitory interneurons in cortical tubers of human tuberous sclerosis complex. Surgically excised cortical tubers from three patients with tuberous sclerosis complex were evaluated immunohistochemically with antibodies to parvalbumin and calbindin-D(28k). Cortical specimens from young patients with intractable seizures, including microdysgenesis (n = 3), postischemic cortical scarring (n = 1), porencephaly (n = 1), postictal gliosis (n = 3), and low-grade neuronal or glial tumors (n = 5), were also examined for comparison. In cortical tubers, calcium binding protein immunoreactivities (calbindin-D(28k) > parvalbumin) were present in medium- or large-size dysplastic neurons, whereas giant or ballooned cells were parvalbumin or calbindin-D(28k) negative. In microdysgenesis, a nearly normal number of parvalbumin-positive neurons and a decreased number of calbindin-D(28k)-positive neurons were present. In peritumoral but more so in gliotic cortex, a coordinate decrease of parvalbumin and calbindin-D(28k) immunoreactivities was present. Our findings indicate that the expression of parvalbumin or calbindin-D(28k) by subpopulations of dysplastic neurons in cortical tubers is aberrant and denotes dysfunctional inhibitory circuits inept for excitoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Valencia
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Section of Neurology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Matveev V, Bertram R, Sherman A. Residual Bound Ca2+ Can Account for the Effects of Ca2+ Buffers on Synaptic Facilitation. J Neurophysiol 2006; 96:3389-97. [PMID: 16971687 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00101.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Facilitation is a transient stimulation-induced increase in synaptic response, a ubiquitous form of short-term synaptic plasticity that can regulate synaptic transmission on fast time scales. In their pioneering work, Katz and Miledi and Rahamimoff demonstrated the dependence of facilitation on presynaptic Ca2+ influx and proposed that facilitation results from the accumulation of residual Ca2+ bound to vesicle release triggers. However, this bound Ca2+ hypothesis appears to contradict the evidence that facilitation is reduced by exogenous Ca2+ buffers. This conclusion led to a widely held view that facilitation must depend solely on the accumulation of Ca2+ in free form. Here we consider a more realistic implementation of the bound Ca2+ mechanism, taking into account spatial diffusion of Ca2+, and show that a model with slow Ca2+ unbinding steps can retain sensitivity to free residual Ca2+. We demonstrate that this model agrees with the facilitation accumulation time course and its biphasic decay exhibited by the crayfish inhibitor neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and relies on fewer assumptions than the most recent variants of the free residual Ca2+ hypothesis. Further, we show that the bound Ca2+ accumulation is consistent with Kamiya and Zucker's experimental results, which revealed that photolytic liberation of a fast Ca2+ buffer decreases the synaptic response within milliseconds. We conclude that Ca2+ binding processes with slow unbinding times (tens to hundreds of milliseconds) constitute a viable mechanism of synaptic facilitation at some synapses and discuss the experimental evidence for such a mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Matveev
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Guentchev M, Groschup MH, Kordek R, Liberski PP, Budka H. Severe, early and selective loss of a subpopulation of GABAergic inhibitory neurons in experimental transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Brain Pathol 2006; 8:615-23. [PMID: 9804371 PMCID: PMC8098355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the pathogenetic basis of characteristic symptoms in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) such as myoclonus and characteristic EEG hyperactivity. We investigated the GABAergic system and its subpopulations in mice inoculated with experimental scrapie (ME7, RML, 22A strains) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD; Fujisaki strain), to study damage to inhibitory neurons. Since recent studies have shown electrophysiological changes in prion protein (PrP) knockout mice, we also studied mice lacking or overexpressing the PrP gene. Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB), and calretinin (CR) were used to stain GABAergic neurons, and isolectin-B4 to stain perineuronal nets around PV+ neurons. In scrapie infected mice, cortical PV+ neurons were severely reduced while CB+ and CR+ neurons were well preserved. In CJD inoculated mice, loss of PV+ neurons was severe and occurred very early after inoculation. PrP-/- and tg20 mice showed normal appearance of PV, CB, CR, GAD+ neurons and their neuropil, and of isolectin-B4+ perineuronal nets. The early, severe and selective loss of cortical PV+ neurons in experimental scrapie and CJD suggest selective loss of PV+ GABAergic neurons as important event during disease development, possibly as one basis of excitatory symptoms in TSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guentchev
- Austrian Reference Center for Human Prion Diseases and Institute of Neurology, University of Vienna
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Xu Q, Wonders CP, Anderson SA. Sonic hedgehog maintains the identity of cortical interneuron progenitors in the ventral telencephalon. Development 2005; 132:4987-98. [PMID: 16221724 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fate determination in the mammalian forebrain, where mature phenotypes are often not achieved until postnatal stages of development, has been an elusive topic of study despite its relevance to neuropsychiatric disease. In the ventral telencephalon, major subgroups of cerebral cortical interneurons originate in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), where the signaling molecule sonic hedgehog (Shh) continues to be expressed during the period of neuronogenesis. To examine whether Shh regulates cortical interneuron specification, we studied mice harboring conditional mutations in Shh within the neural tube. At embryonic day 12.5, NestinCre:ShhFl/Flmutants have a relatively normal index of S-phase cells in the MGE, but many of these cells do not co-express the interneuron fate-determining gene Nkx2.1. This effect is reproduced by inhibiting Shh signaling in slice cultures, and the effect can be rescued in NestinCre:ShhFl/Fl slices by the addition of exogenous Shh. By culturing MGE progenitors on a cortical feeder layer, cell fate analyses suggest that Shh signaling maintains Nkx2.1 expression and cortical interneuron fate determination by MGE progenitors. These results are corroborated by the examination of NestinCre:ShhFl/Fl cortex at postnatal day 12, in which there is a dramatic reduction in cell profiles that express somatostatin or parvalbumin. By contrast, analyses of Dlx5/6Cre:SmoothenedFl/Flmutant mice suggest that cell-autonomous hedgehog signaling is not crucial to the migration or differentiation of most cortical interneurons. These results combine in vitro and ex vivo analyses to link embryonic abnormalities in Shh signaling to postnatal alterations in cortical interneuron composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Burnashev N, Rozov A. Presynaptic Ca2+ dynamics, Ca2+ buffers and synaptic efficacy. Cell Calcium 2005; 37:489-95. [PMID: 15820398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In synapses neurotransmitter release is triggered by elevation of Ca2+ concentration at a Ca2+ sensor of the release machinery. The Ca2+ concentration at the release site at the given time point is determined by Ca2+ dynamics within presynaptic terminal. It depends on a source of Ca2+ (usually voltage-gated Ca2+ channels), diffusional distance between the source of Ca2+ and the Ca2+ sensor and Ca2+ buffering by endogenous Ca2+ buffers. In many synapses transmitter release can be enhanced (facilitated) during repetitive activity of neurons. The main source of facilitation is activity-dependent increase of Ca2+ concentration at the release site. Several mechanisms of facilitation have been proposed, namely, accumulation of residual Ca2+, multi-site (X receptor) mechanism and partial Ca2+ buffer saturation mechanism. In this review we discuss theoretical and experimental evidence in favor of one or the other of proposed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Burnashev
- Department of Experimental Neurophysiology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, CNCR, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hamann M, Sander SE, Richter A. Age-Dependent Alterations of Striatal Calretinin Interneuron Density in a Genetic Animal Model of Primary Paroxysmal Dystonia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64:776-81. [PMID: 16141787 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000178447.79713.bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of hereditary dystonia are regarded as a basal ganglia disorder, but the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. In the dt hamster, a genetic animal model of age-dependent paroxysmal dystonia, recent studies demonstrated a reduced density of striatal parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV) GABAergic interneurons at an age of maximum severity of dystonia in comparison with age-matched nondystonic controls. So far, alterations of other types of striatal interneurons in dt hamsters cannot be excluded. Therefore, we determined the density of calretinin-immunoreactive (CR) interneurons in the dt mutant at an age of maximum severity and after spontaneous remission of dystonia in comparison with age-matched nondystonic controls using an image analysis system and a stereologic counting method in a blinded fashion. At an age of maximum severity of dystonia, CR interneuron density was significantly lower in dt hamsters in comparison with controls (-20%), whereas no significant differences between the animal groups could be detected after spontaneous remission of dystonia. The comparison of CR interneuron density between young hamsters with those at an age of > 90 days revealed a significant ontogenetic decrease of CR interneurons in both animal groups (dt hamsters: -38%, controls: -54%). These results demonstrate that alterations of striatal interneuron density in dt mutants are not restricted to PV ones. A deficit of CR interneurons that coexpress GABA may contribute to previous findings of disinhibition of striatal projection neurons in the dt mutant at an age of maximum expression of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hamann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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da Silva AV, Regondi MC, Cavalheiro EA, Spreafico R. Disruption of cortical development as a consequence of repetitive pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. Epilepsia 2005; 46 Suppl 5:22-30. [PMID: 15987249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to observe possible cortical abnormalities after repetitive pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in rats during development. METHODS Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine hydrochloride 2% (380 mg/kg) at P7, P8, and P9. All experimental rats displayed SE after pilocarpine injections. Rats were killed at P10 and P35, and immunocytochemistry procedures were performed on 50-microm vibratome sections, by using antibodies against nonphosphorylated neurofilament (SMI-311), parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD-65). Selected sections were used for the TUNEL method and double-labeling experiments, with different mixtures of the same markers. RESULTS The major findings of the present work were (a) altered intracortical circuitry development; (b) anticipation of PV immunoreactivity in neocortical interneurons; (c) increased GAD-65 immunoreactivity; and (d) reduced neocortical apoptotic process. CONCLUSIONS From these results, we suggest that previously healthy brain, without genetic abnormalities, might develop an "acquired" disruption of cortical development whose evolution reproduces some characteristics of the childhood epilepsies associated with cognitive impairment.
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Dávila JC, Real MA, Olmos L, Legaz I, Medina L, Guirado S. Embryonic and postnatal development of GABA, calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the mouse claustral complex. J Comp Neurol 2005; 481:42-57. [PMID: 15558732 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the development of immunoreactive expression patterns for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the embryonic and postnatal mouse claustral complex. Each calcium-binding protein shows a different temporal and spatial pattern of development. Calbindin-positive cells start to be seen very early during embryogenesis and increase dramatically until birth, thus becoming the most abundant cell type during embryonic development, especially in the ventral pallial part of the claustrum. The distribution of calbindin neurons throughout the claustrum during embryonic development partly parallels that of GABA neurons, suggesting that at least part of the calbindin neurons of the claustral complex are GABAergic and originate in the subpallium. Parvalbumin cells, on the other hand, start to be seen only postnatally, and their number then increases while the density of calbindin neurons decreases. Based on calretinin expression in axons, the core/shell compartments of the dorsal claustrum start to be clearly seen at embryonic day 18.5 and may be related to the development of the thalamoclaustral input. Comparison with the expression of Cadherin 8, a marker of the developing dorsolateral claustrum, indicates that the core includes a central part of the dorsolateral claustrum, whereas the shell includes a peripheral area of the dorsolateral claustrum, plus the adjacent ventromedial claustrum. The present data on the spatiotemporal developmental patterns of several subtypes of GABAergic neurons in the claustral complex may help for future studies on temporal lobe epilepsies, which have been related to an alteration of the GABAergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Dávila
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Legaz I, Olmos L, Real MA, Guirado S, Dávila JC, Medina L. Development of neurons and fibers containing calcium binding proteins in the pallial amygdala of mouse, with special emphasis on those of the basolateral amygdalar complex. J Comp Neurol 2005; 488:492-513. [PMID: 15973681 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the development of neurons and fibers containing calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the mouse pallial amygdala, with special emphasis on those of the basolateral amygdalar complex. Numerous calbindin-immunoreactive (CB+) cells were observed in the incipient basolateral amygdalar complex and cortical amygdalar area from E13.5. At E16.5, CB+ cells became more abundant in the lateral and basolateral nuclei than in the basomedial nucleus, showing a pattern very similar to that of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. Many CB+ cells observed in the pallial amygdala appeared to originate in the anterior entopeduncular area/ganglionic eminences of the subpallium. The density of CB+ cells gradually increased in the pallial amygdala until the first postnatal week and appeared to decrease later, coinciding with the postnatal appearance of parvalbumin cells and raising the possibility of a partial phenotypic shift. Calretinin (CR) immunoreactivity could be observed in a few cells and fibers in the pallial amygdala at E14.5, and by E16.5 it became a good marker of the different nuclei of the basolateral amygdalar complex. Numerous CB+ and CR+ varicosities, part of which have an intrinsic origin, were observed in the basolateral amygdalar complex from E16.5, and some surrounded unstained perikarya and/or processes before birth, indicating an early formation of inhibitory networks. Each calcium binding protein showed a distinct spatiotemporal expression pattern of development in the mouse pallial amygdala. Any alteration in the development of neurons and fibers containing calcium binding proteins of the pallial amygdala may result in important disorders of emotional and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Legaz
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Luo T, Wagner E, Crandall JE, Dräger UC. A retinoic-acid critical period in the early postnatal mouse brain. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56:971-80. [PMID: 15601608 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A normal supply of vitamin A, which regulates gene expression through its active form retinoic acid, is required by many organs; both excess and deficiency can be teratogenic. Very little is known about the role of retinoic acid in maturation of the mammalian forebrain. METHODS As retinoic acid cannot be visualized directly, we mapped its actions in the forebrain with indirect morphologic methods and by applying retinoic acid overdoses to early postnatal mice. RESULTS During this time, the morphologic indicators of retinoic acid actions are localized mainly in the limbic system and they undergo rapid changes. Retinoic acid overdoses can cause lasting behavioral abnormalities that point to disrupted limbic functions. In the anterior cingulate cortex, inhibitory interneurons are affected, and in the hippocampus, primarily the dentate gyrus is abnormal. CONCLUSIONS Retinoic acid is involved in functional maturation of limbic regions of the forebrain with a critical stage early postnatally in mice, when their brains are particularly vulnerable to vitamin A perturbations. This developmental time in mice compares with the second trimester of gestation in humans, a stage when in genetically predisposed individuals the corresponding brain regions are known to pass through a period of increased susceptibility to environmental disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuanlian Luo
- E. Kennedy Shriver Center at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Waltham, MA 02452, USA
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Irintchev A, Rollenhagen A, Troncoso E, Kiss JZ, Schachner M. Structural and functional aberrations in the cerebral cortex of tenascin-C deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 15:950-62. [PMID: 15537675 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhh195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C (TNC) has been implicated in neural development and plasticity but many of its functions in vivo remain obscure. Here we addressed the question as to whether the constitutive absence of TNC in mice affects cortical physiology and structure. Defined major cell populations (neurons and inhibitory neuronal subpopulations, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia) were quantified in the somatosensory and motor cortices of adult TNC deficient (TNC-/-) and wild-type (TNC+/+) mice by immunofluorescence labelling and stereology. In both areas studied we found abnormally high neuronal density, astrogliosis, low density of parvalbumin-positive interneurons and reduced ratios of oligodendrocytes to neurons and of inhibitory to excitatory neurons in the TNC deficient as opposed to the non-deficient animals. Analysis of Golgi-impregnated layer V pyramidal neurons in TNC-/- animals showed aberrant dendrite tortuosity and redistribution of stubby spines within first- to third-order dendritic arbors. Significantly enhanced responses upon whisker stimulation were recorded epicranially over the barrel and the motor cortices of TNC-/- as compared to TNC+/+ animals, and this effect might be associated with the diminished inhibitory circuitry. These results indicate that TNC is essential for normal cortical development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Irintchev
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Teijido O, Martínez A, Pusch M, Zorzano A, Soriano E, Del Río JA, Palacín M, Estévez R. Localization and functional analyses of the MLC1 protein involved in megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:2581-94. [PMID: 15367490 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the MLC1 gene are responsible for one form of the neurological disorder megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC). The disease is a type of vacuolating myelinopathy. The biochemical properties and the function of the MLC1 protein are unknown. To characterize MLC1, we generated polyclonal antibodies. The MLC1 protein was detected in the brain, assembled into higher molecular complexes, as assessed by assembly-dependent trafficking assays. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to determine MLC1 localization within the adult mouse brain. MLC1 was expressed in neurons, detected preferentially in particular axonal tracts. This expression pattern correlates with the major phenotype observed in the disease. In addition, it was expressed in some astrocytes, concentrating in Bergmann glia, the astrocyte end-feet membranes adjacent to blood vessels and in astrocyte-astrocyte membrane contact regions. Other neuronal barriers, such as the ependyma and the pia mater, were also positive for MLC1 expression. MLC1 was detected in vivo and in heterologous systems at the plasma membrane. MLC mutations impaired folding, and the defect was corrected in vitro by addition of curcumin, a Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor. In summary, this study provides an explanation as to why mutations in MLC1 provoke the disease and points to a possible therapy for some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Teijido
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Josep Samitier 1-5. Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Xu Q, Cobos I, De La Cruz E, Rubenstein JL, Anderson SA. Origins of cortical interneuron subtypes. J Neurosci 2004; 24:2612-22. [PMID: 15028753 PMCID: PMC6729522 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5667-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortical functions are conducted by two general classes of neurons: glutamatergic projection neurons and GABAergic interneurons. Distinct interneuron subtypes serve distinct roles in modulating cortical activity and can be differentially affected in cortical diseases, but little is known about the mechanisms for generating their diversity. Recent evidence suggests that many cortical interneurons originate within the subcortical telencephalon and then migrate tangentially into the overlying cortex. To test the hypothesis that distinct interneuron subtypes are derived from distinct telencephalic subdivisions, we have used an in vitro assay to assess the developmental potential of subregions of the telencephalic proliferative zone (PZ) to give rise to neurochemically defined interneuron subgroups. PZ cells from GFP+ donor mouse embryos were transplanted onto neonatal cortical feeder cells and assessed for their ability to generate specific interneuron subtypes. Our results suggest that the parvalbumin- and the somatostatin-expressing interneuron subgroups originate primarily within the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) of the subcortical telencephalon, whereas the calretinin-expressing interneurons appear to derive mainly from the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE). These results are supported by findings from primary cultures of cortex from Nkx2.1 mutants, in which normal MGE fails to form but in which the CGE is less affected. In these cultures, parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing cells are absent, although calretinin-expressing interneurons are present. Interestingly, calretinin-expressing bipolar interneurons were nearly absent from cortical cultures of Dlx1/2 mutants. By establishing spatial differences in the origins of interneuron subtypes, these studies lay the groundwork for elucidating the molecular bases for their distinct differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Morozov YM, Freund TF. Postnatal development and migration of cholecystokinin-immunoreactive interneurons in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2003; 120:923-39. [PMID: 12927199 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of cholecystokinin-immunoreactive (CCK-IR) interneurons in the rat hippocampus was studied using immunocytochemical methods at the light and electron microscopic levels from early (P0-P8) to later postnatal (P12-P20) periods. The laminar distribution of CCK-IR cell bodies changed considerably during the studied period, which is suggested to be due to migration. CCK-IR cells appear to move from the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus to their final destination at the stratum granulosum/hilus border, and tend to concentrate in the distal third of stratum radiatum in CA1-3. The density of CCK-IR cells is rapidly decreasing during the first 4 postnatal days without any apparent reduction in their total number, therefore it is due to the pronounced growth of hippocampal volume in this period. Axons of CCK-IR interneurons formed symmetrical synapses already at P0, and by far the predominant targets were dendrites of presumed principal cells in all subfields of the hippocampus. These axon arbors began to concentrate around pyramidal cell bodies only at P8, at earlier ages CCK-IR axons crossed stratum pyramidale at right angles, and gave rise to varicose collaterals only outside this layer. The dendrites and somata of CCK-IR cells received synapses already at P0, but those were mostly symmetrical, apart from a few immature asymmetrical synapses. At P4, mature asymmetrical synapses with considerable amounts of synaptic vesicles were already commonly encountered. Thus, the innervation of CCK-IR interneurons apparently develops later than their output synapses, suggesting that they may be able to release transmitter before receiving any considerable excitatory drive. We conclude that CCK-IR cells represent one, if not the major, interneuron type that assists in the maturation of glutamatergic synapses (activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors) via GABAergic depolarization of principal cell dendrites, and may contribute to the generation of giant depolarizing potentials. CCK-IR cells will change their function to perisomatic hyperpolarizing inhibition, as glutamatergic transmission in the network becomes operational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Morozov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary
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Kharazia VN, Jacobs KM, Prince DA. Light microscopic study of GluR1 and calbindin expression in interneurons of neocortical microgyral malformations. Neuroscience 2003; 120:207-18. [PMID: 12849753 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rat neocortex that has been injured on the first or second postnatal day (P0-1) develops an epileptogenic, aberrantly layered malformation called a microgyrus. To investigate the effects of this developmental plasticity on inhibitory interneurons, we studied a sub-population of GABAergic cells that co-express the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor GluR1 subunit and the calcium-binding protein, calbindin (CB). Both malformed and control cortex of adult (P40-60) animals contained numerous interneurons double-stained for CB and GluR1. Immunoreactivity (IR) for CB was up-regulated in perikarya of interneurons within supragranular layers of control cortex between P12 and P40. However, in malformed adult (P40) cortex, CB-IR levels were significantly lower than in adult controls, and fell midway between levels in immature and adult control animals. Between P12 and P40, GluR1-IR was down-regulated in perikarya of interneurons in control cortex. Somatic GluR1-IR levels in malformed adult (P40) cortex were not different from adult controls. These neurons formed a dense plexus of highly GluR1-positive spiny dendrites within layer II. The dendritic plexus in the malformation was more intensely GluR1-immunoreactive than that in layer II of control cortex. This was due to apparent changes in thickness and length of dendrites, rather than to significant changes in the number of interneuronal perikarya in the microgyral cortex. Results indicate that the population of GluR1/CB-containing interneurons is spared in malformed microgyral cortex, but that these cells sustain lasting decreases in their somatic expression of calbindin and alterations of dendritic structure. Potential functional implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Kharazia
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, M016, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Abstract
We have used time-lapse multiphoton microscopy to map the migration and settling pattern of GABAergic interneurons that originate in the ganglionic eminence of the ventral forebrain and incorporate into the neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres. Imaging of the surface of the cerebral hemispheres in both explant cultures and brains of living mouse embryos revealed that GABAergic interneurons migrating within the marginal zone originate from three different sources and migrate via distinct and independent streams. After reaching their areal destination, interneurons descend into the underlying cortex to assume positions with isochronically generated, radially derived neurons. The dynamics and pattern of cell migration in the marginal zone (see movies, available at www.jneurosci.org) suggest that the three populations of interneurons respond selectively to distinct local cues for directing their migration to the appropriate areas and layers of the neocortex. This approach opens a new avenue for study of normal and abnormal neuronal migration in their native environment and indicate that interneurons have specific programs for their areal and laminar deployment.
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Blatow M, Rozov A, Katona I, Hormuzdi SG, Meyer AH, Whittington MA, Caputi A, Monyer H. A novel network of multipolar bursting interneurons generates theta frequency oscillations in neocortex. Neuron 2003; 38:805-17. [PMID: 12797964 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons can phase the output of principal cells, giving rise to oscillatory activity in different frequency bands. Here we describe a new subtype of GABAergic interneuron, the multipolar bursting (MB) cell in the mouse neocortex. MB cells are parvalbumin positive but differ from fast-spiking multipolar (FS) cells in their morphological, neurochemical, and physiological properties. MB cells are reciprocally connected with layer 2/3 pyramidal cells and are coupled with each other by chemical and electrical synapses. MB cells innervate FS cells but not vice versa. MB to MB cell as well as MB to pyramidal cell synapses exhibit paired-pulse facilitation. Carbachol selectively induced synchronized theta frequency oscillations in MB cells. Synchrony required both gap junction coupling and GABAergic chemical transmission, but not excitatory glutamatergic input. Hence, MB cells form a distinct inhibitory network, which upon cholinergic drive can generate rhythmic and synchronous theta frequency activity, providing temporal coordination of pyramidal cell output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blatow
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital for Neurology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Blatow M, Caputi A, Burnashev N, Monyer H, Rozov A. Ca2+ buffer saturation underlies paired pulse facilitation in calbindin-D28k-containing terminals. Neuron 2003; 38:79-88. [PMID: 12691666 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ buffer saturation was proposed as a mechanism of paired pulse facilitation (PPF). However, whether it operates under native conditions remained unclear. Here we show that saturation of the endogenous fast Ca2+ buffer calbindin-D28k (CB) plays a major role in PPF at CB-containing synapses. Paired recordings from synaptically connected interneurons and pyramidal neurons in the mouse neocortex revealed that dialysis increased the amplitude of the first response and decreased PPF. Loading the presynaptic terminals with BAPTA or CB rescued the effect of the CB washout. We extended the study to the CB-positive facilitating excitatory mossy fiber-CA3 pyramidal cell synapse. The effects of different extracellular Ca2+ concentrations and of EGTA indicated that PPF in CB-containing terminals depended on Ca2+ influx rather than on the initial release probability. Experiments in CB knockout mice confirmed that buffer saturation is a novel basic presynaptic mechanism for activity-dependent control of synaptic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blatow
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital for Neurology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Carretta D, Santarelli M, Vanni D, Ciabatti S, Sbriccoli A, Pinto F, Minciacchi D. Cortical and brainstem neurons containing calcium-binding proteins in a murine model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: selective changes in the sensorimotor cortex. J Comp Neurol 2003; 456:48-59. [PMID: 12508313 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the muscular dystrophic (mdx) mouse, which is characterized by deficient dystrophin expression and provides a model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, we previously demonstrated marked central nervous system alterations and in particular a quantitative reduction of corticospinal and rubrospinal neurons and pathologic changes of these cells. Prompted by these findings and in view of the relations between calcium ions and dystrophin, we analyzed with immunohistochemistry the neurons containing the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin D28k, and calretinin in cortical areas and brainstem nuclei of mdx mice. In the sensorimotor cortex, parvalbumin-positive and calbindin-positive neurons, which represent a subset of cortical interneurons, were significantly more numerous in mdx mice than in wild-type ones. In addition, the laminar distribution of parvalbumin-positive neurons in the motor and somatosensory cortical areas of mdx mice was altered with respect to wild-type animals. No alterations in the number and distribution were found in the parvalbumin- or calbindin-expressing cell populations of the visual and anterior cingulate cortices of mdx mice. The pattern of calretinin immunoreactivity was normal in all investigated cortical areas. The cell populations containing either calcium-binding protein were similar in brainstem nuclei of mdx and wild-type mice. The present findings demonstrated selective changes of subsets of interneurons in the motor and somatosensory cortical areas of mdx mice. Therefore, the data showed that, in the cortices of these mutant animals, the previously demonstrated pathologic changes of corticospinal cell populations are accompanied by marked alterations in the local circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Carretta
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, I-50134
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Fotaki V, Dierssen M, Alcántara S, Martínez S, Martí E, Casas C, Visa J, Soriano E, Estivill X, Arbonés ML. Dyrk1A haploinsufficiency affects viability and causes developmental delay and abnormal brain morphology in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:6636-47. [PMID: 12192061 PMCID: PMC135639 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.18.6636-6647.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2002] [Revised: 06/03/2002] [Accepted: 06/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DYRK1A is the human orthologue of the Drosophila minibrain (mnb) gene, which is involved in postembryonic neurogenesis in flies. Because of its mapping position on chromosome 21 and the neurobehavioral alterations shown by mice overexpressing this gene, involvement of DYRK1A in some of the neurological defects of Down syndrome patients has been suggested. To gain insight into its physiological role, we have generated mice deficient in Dyrk1A function by gene targeting. Dyrk1A(-/-) null mutants presented a general growth delay and died during midgestation. Mice heterozygous for the mutation (Dyrk1A(+/-)) showed decreased neonatal viability and a significant body size reduction from birth to adulthood. General neurobehavioral analysis revealed preweaning developmental delay of Dyrk1A(+/-) mice and specific alterations in adults. Brains of Dyrk1A(+/-) mice were decreased in size in a region-specific manner, although the cytoarchitecture and neuronal components in most areas were not altered. Cell counts showed increased neuronal densities in some brain regions and a specific decrease in the number of neurons in the superior colliculus, which exhibited a significant size reduction. These data provide evidence about the nonredundant, vital role of Dyrk1A and suggest a conserved mode of action that determines normal growth and brain size in both mice and flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Fotaki
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Center, Institut de Recerca Oncològica, 08907-L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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John LM, Mosquera-Caro M, Camacho P, Lechleiter JD. Control of IP(3)-mediated Ca2+ puffs in Xenopus laevis oocytes by the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin. J Physiol 2001; 535:3-16. [PMID: 11507154 PMCID: PMC2278773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-2-00003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Elementary events of Ca2+ release (Ca2+ puffs) can be elicited from discrete clusters of inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs) at low concentrations of IP(3). Ca(2+) puffs have rarely been observed unless elicited by either hormone treatment or introduction of IP(3) into the cell. However, cells appear to have sufficient concentrations of IP(3) (0.1-3.0 microM) to induce Ca2+ release under resting conditions. 2. Here, we investigated Ca2+ puff activity in non-stimulated Xenopus oocytes using confocal microscopy. The fluorescent Ca2+ dye indicators Calcium Green 1 and Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-2 were injected into oocytes to monitor basal Ca2+ activity. 3. In this preparation, injection or overexpression of parvalbumin, an EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding protein (CaBP), induced Ca2+ puffs in resting Xenopus oocytes. This activity was inhibited by heparin, an IP(3)R channel blocker, and by mutation of the Ca(2+)-binding sites in parvalbumin. 4. Ca2+ puff activity was also evoked by injection of low concentrations of the Ca2+ chelator EGTA, but not by calbindin D(28k), another member of the EF-hand CaBP superfamily. 5. BAPTA and the Ca2+ indicator dye Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 evoked Ca2+ puff activity, while the dextran conjugate of Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 did not. These data indicate that a Ca(2+) buffer must be mobile in order to increase Ca2+ puff activity. 6. Together, the data indicate that some IP(3)Rs spontaneously release Ca2+ under resting concentrations of IP(3). These elementary Ca2+ events appear to be below the level of detection of current imaging techniques. We suggest that parvalbumin evokes Ca2+ puffs by coordinating the activity of elementary IP(3)R channel openings. 7. We conclude that Ca2+ release can be evoked not only by hormone-induced increases in IP(3), but also by expression of mobile cytosolic CaBPs under resting concentrations of IP(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- L M John
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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