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Carneiro Romão I, Costa Siqueira SM, Amâncio Ferreira MK, Wlisses da Silva A, Machado Marinho M, Ferreira Ribeiro WH, de Castro Gomes AF, Alencar de Menezes JES, Dos Santos HS. Effect of Cinnamaldehyde Chalcone on Behavior in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): In Silico Approach. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400935. [PMID: 38818650 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The study focuses on the anxiolytic potential of chalcone (2E,4E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dien-1-one (CHALCNM) in adult zebrafish. Successfully synthesized in 58 % yield, CHALCNM demonstrated no toxicity after 96 h of exposure. In behavioral tests, CHALCNM (40 mg/kg) reduced locomotor activity and promoted less anxious behavior in zebrafish, confirmed by increased permanence in the light zone of the aquarium. Flumazenil reversed its anxiolytic effect, indicating interaction with GABAA receptors. Furthermore, CHALCNM (4 and 20 mg/kg) preserved zebrafish memory in inhibitory avoidance tests. Virtual screening and ADMET profile studies suggest high oral bioavailability, access to the CNS, favored by low topological polarity (TPSA≤75 Å2) and low incidence of hepatotoxicity, standing out as a promising pharmacological agent against the GABAergic system. In molecular coupling, CHALCNM demonstrated superior affinity to diazepam for the GABAA receptor. These results reinforce the therapeutic potential of CHALCNM in the treatment of anxiety, highlighting its possible future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Carneiro Romão
- Laboratório de Bioensaios Químicos-Farmacológicos e Ambiental - LabQFAm, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-242, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Sônia Maria Costa Siqueira
- Laboratório de Bioensaios Químicos-Farmacológicos e Ambiental - LabQFAm, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-242, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Kueirislene Amâncio Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioensaios Químicos-Farmacológicos e Ambiental - LabQFAm, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-242, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Antonio Wlisses da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioensaios Químicos-Farmacológicos e Ambiental - LabQFAm, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-242, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Márcia Machado Marinho
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Eletroquímica -, GQTE, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-242, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Curso de Química, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú, 62.040-370, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil Curso de Química, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Walber Henrique Ferreira Ribeiro
- Curso de Química, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú, 62.040-370, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil Curso de Química, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Andreia Ferreira de Castro Gomes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA) / Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Universidade do Minho, Escola de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jane Eire Silva Alencar de Menezes
- Laboratório de Bioensaios Químicos-Farmacológicos e Ambiental - LabQFAm, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-242, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Bioensaios Químicos-Farmacológicos e Ambiental - LabQFAm, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-242, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Curso de Química, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú, 62.040-370, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil Curso de Química, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
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Kim H, Kornman PT, Kweon J, Wassermann EM, Wright DL, Li J, Brown JC. Combined effects of pharmacological interventions and intermittent theta-burst stimulation on motor sequence learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.24.604878. [PMID: 39211172 PMCID: PMC11361068 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.24.604878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Drugs that modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) receptors can shed light on their role in synaptic plasticity mechanisms underlying the effects of non-invasive brain stimulation. However, research on the combined effects of these drugs and exogenous stimulation on motor learning is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pharmacological interventions combined with intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) on human motor learning. Nine right-handed healthy subjects (mean age ± SD: 31.56 ± 12.96 years; 6 females) participated in this double-blind crossover study. All participants were assigned to four drug conditions in a randomized order: (1) D-cycloserine (partial NMDA receptor agonist), (2) D-cycloserine + dextromethorphan (NMDA receptor agonist + antagonist), (3) lorazepam (GABA A receptor agonist), and (4) placebo (identical microcrystalline cellulose capsule). After drug intake, participants practiced the 12-item keyboard sequential task as a baseline measure. Two hours after drug intake, iTBS was administered at the primary motor cortex. Following iTBS, the retention test was performed in the same manner as the baseline measure. Our findings revealed that lorazepam combined with iTBS impaired motor learning during the retention test. Future studies are still needed for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which TMS may influence human motor learning.
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Hasan F, Muhtar MS, Wu D, Chen PY, Hsu MH, Nguyen PA, Chen TJ, Chiu HY. Web-based artificial intelligence to predict cognitive impairment following stroke: A multicenter study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107826. [PMID: 38908612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is highly prevalent in modern society. However, there is limited study implying an accurate and explainable machine learning model to predict PSCI. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a web-based artificial intelligence (AI) tool for predicting PSCI. METHODS The retrospective cohort study design was conducted to develop and validate a web-based prediction model. Adults who experienced a stroke between January 1, 2004, and September 30, 2017, were enrolled, and patients with PSCI were followed up from the stroke index date until their last follow-up. The model's performance metrics, including accuracy, area under the curve (AUC), recall, precision, and F1 score, were compared. RESULTS A total of 3209 stroke patients were included in the study. The model demonstrated an accuracy of 0.8793, AUC of 0.9200, recall of 0.6332, precision of 0.9664, and F1 score of 0.7651. In the external validation phase, the accuracy improved to 0.9039, AUC to 0.9094, recall to 0.7457, precision to 0.9168, and F1 score to 0.8224. The final model can be accessed at https://psci-calculator.my.id/. CONCLUSION Our results are able to produce a user-friendly interface that is useful for health practitioners to perform early prediction on PSCI. These findings also suggest that the provided AI model is reliable and can serve as a roadmap for future studies using AI models in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Hasan
- Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Boromarajonani Srisataphat Building, 12th Floor, Rama1 Road, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | | | - Dean Wu
- Research Center of Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University 110, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City 204, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Min-Huei Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Phung Anh Nguyen
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jhen Chen
- Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Boromarajonani Srisataphat Building, 12th Floor, Rama1 Road, Wang Mai, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; School of Nursing, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Hsiao-Yean Chiu
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110, Taiwan; Research Center of Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University 110, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan.
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Hasan F, Muhtar MS, Wu D, Lee HC, Fan YC, Chen TJ, Chiu HY. Post-Stroke Insomnia Increased the Risk of Cognitive Impairments: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. Behav Sleep Med 2023; 21:802-810. [PMID: 36606311 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2023.2165491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/BACKGROUND Insomnia is a common sleep complaint among patients who had a stroke and has been recognized as an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment. However, the relationship between poststroke insomnia and cognitive impairment over time is under-researched. Therefore, we examined the association between poststroke insomnia and the risk of cognitive impairment. PARTICIPANTS Stroke participants who had a stroke and were 20 years and older. METHODS This multicenter hospital-based retrospective cohort study with a 13-year follow-up period (2004-2017). The diagnosis of stroke, insomnia, and cognitive impairment was based on the International Classification of Diseases. The study participants who experienced a stroke were divided into two cohorts: those who also had insomnia and those who did not have insomnia. A Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used. RESULTS A total of 1,775 patients with a mean age of 67.6 years were included. Of these patients, 146 and 75 patients were diagnosed with insomnia and cognitive impairment during the follow-up period, respectively. The cumulative incidence of cognitive impairment in the stroke with insomnia cohort was significantly lower than that in the stroke without insomnia cohort (log-rank test, P < .001). The adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the stroke with insomnia cohort indicated a higher risk of cognitive impairment compared with the stroke without insomnia cohort (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.41-4.03). CONCLUSIONS Patients who had a stroke and were diagnosed with insomnia exhibited a substantial increased risk of cognitive impairment over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Hasan
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Dean Wu
- Research Center of Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chien Lee
- Research Center of Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Fan
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jhen Chen
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yean Chiu
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center of Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kaplan K, Hunsberger HC. Benzodiazepine-induced anterograde amnesia: detrimental side effect to novel study tool. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1257030. [PMID: 37781704 PMCID: PMC10536168 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1257030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are anxiolytic drugs that act on GABAa receptors and are used to treat anxiety disorders. However, these drugs come with the detrimental side effect of anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories. In this review we discuss, behavioral paradigms, sex differences and hormonal influences affecting BZD-induced amnesia, molecular manipulations, including the knockout of GABAa receptor subunits, and regional studies utilizing lesion and microinjection techniques targeted to the hippocampus and amygdala. Additionally, the relationship between BZD use and cognitive decline related to Alzheimer's disease is addressed, as there is a lack of consensus on whether these drugs are involved in inducing or accelerating pathological cognitive deficits. This review aims to inspire new research directions, as there is a gap in knowledge in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind BZD-induced amnesia. Understanding these mechanisms will allow for the development of alternative treatments and potentially allow BZDs to be used as a novel tool to study Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron Kaplan
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Holly Christian Hunsberger
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alsayegh AA, Abusudah WF, Almohmadi NH, Eldahshan OA, Ahmed EA, Batiha GES. Insights on benzodiazepines' potential in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2023; 320:121532. [PMID: 36858314 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent type of dementia characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque and tau-neurofibrillary tangles (TNTs) in the brain. AD is associated with the disturbances of various neurotransmitters including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Of note, GABA is reduced in AD, and restoration of GABA effect by benzodiazepines (BDZs) may improve AD outcomes. However, BDZs may adversely affect cognitive functions chiefly in elderly AD patients with sleep disorders. Besides, there is a controversy regarding the use of BDZs in AD. Consequently, the objective of the present review was to disclose the possible role of BDZs on the pathogenesis of AD that might be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental effects on AD. Prolonged use of intermediate-acting BDZ lorazepam exerts amnesic effects due to attenuation of synaptic plasticity and impairment of recognition memory. However, BDZs may have a protective effect against the development of AD by reducing tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and progression of AD neuropathology. On the other side, other findings highlighted that extended use of BDZs was not associated with the development of AD. In conclusion, there are controversial points concerning the use of BDZs and the risk for the progression of AD. Thus, preclinical, and clinical studies are essential in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Bagdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Bagdad, Iraq
| | - Abdulrahman A Alsayegh
- Clinical Nutrition Department Applied Medical Sciences, College Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Wafaa Fouzi Abusudah
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Najlaa Hamed Almohmadi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Al Beheira, Egypt.
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Diazepam induces retrograde facilitation of object recognition and object location memory in male mice. Neuroreport 2023; 34:137-143. [PMID: 36574287 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed for patients suffering from anxiety and insomnia. Although amnesic effects of benzodiazepines are commonly known as side effects, it has also been reported that these drugs improve memory for information learned before drug intake, a phenomenon called retrograde facilitation. However, the retrograde effects of benzodiazepines on cognitive performances in rodents remain controversial. It should be considered that studies on diazepam-induced retrograde facilitation in humans have been conducted using a recall paradigm focused on short-term memory, whereas these studies in rodents have been conducted using memory tasks that mainly target long-term memory and/or require negative or positive reinforcers. In the current study, we investigated whether diazepam, a benzodiazepine, induces retrograde facilitation for object recognition memory and spatial memory in mice, using a novel object recognition test and an object location test, respectively. These tests are available for short-term memory and do not require any reinforcer. The mice treated with diazepam retained object recognition memory for at least 180 min and spatial memory for at least 150 min. In contrast, vehicle-treated control mice retained object recognition memory for 120 min but not 150 min or longer, and spatial memory for 90 min but not 120 min or longer. These data clearly demonstrated diazepam-induced retrograde facilitation for both object recognition and spatial memories in mice. The present study is expected to contribute to the elucidation of the neural basis of retrograde facilitation.
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Saad HM, Batiha GES. Benzodiazepines in Alzheimer's disease: beneficial or detrimental effects. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:221-230. [PMID: 36418599 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is considered a clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive dysfunction and memory loss. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. AD is linked with the turbulence of diverse neurotransmitters including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Notably, GABA in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid was reduced in AD. Thus, allosteric modulation of the GABA effect by benzodiazepines (BDZs) may improve the clinical outcomes of AD patients. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to reveal the possible role of BDZs on the pathogenesis and clinical outcomes in AD patients. Though BDZs may adversely affect cognitive functions mainly in elderly patients, herein it was postulated that BDZs may have beneficial, neutral, or detrimental effects in AD. Taken together, there is strong controversy regarding the use of BDZs and the risk for the development of AD. Therefore, experimental, preclinical and clinical studies are critical to determine the potential protective or detrimental effects of BDZs on AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Professor in Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Professor in Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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Carton L, Niot C, Kyheng M, Petrault M, Laloux C, Potey C, Lenski M, Bordet R, Deguil J. Lack of direct involvement of a diazepam long-term treatment in the occurrence of irreversible cognitive impairment: a pre-clinical approach. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:612. [PMID: 34857741 PMCID: PMC8640018 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several observational studies have found a link between the long-term use of benzodiazepines and dementia, which remains controversial. Our study was designed to assess (i) whether the long-term use of benzodiazepines, at two different doses, has an irreversible effect on cognition, (ii) and whether there is an age-dependent effect. One hundred and five C57Bl/6 male mice were randomly assigned to the 15 mg/kg/day, the 30 mg/kg/day diazepam-supplemented pellets, or the control group. Each group comprised mice aged 6 or 12 months at the beginning of the experiments and treated for 16 weeks. Two sessions of behavioral assessment were conducted: after 8 weeks of treatment and after treatment completion following a 1-week wash-out period. The mid-treatment test battery included the elevated plus maze test, the Y maze spontaneous alternation test, and the open field test. The post-treatment battery was upgraded with three additional tests: the novel object recognition task, the Barnes maze test, and the touchscreen-based paired-associated learning task. At mid-treatment, working memory was impaired in the 15 mg/kg diazepam group compared to the control group (p = 0.005). No age effect was evidenced. The post-treatment assessment of cognitive functions (working memory, visual recognition memory, spatial reference learning and memory, and visuospatial memory) did not significantly differ between groups. Despite a cognitive impact during treatment, the lack of cognitive impairment after long-term treatment discontinuation suggests that benzodiazepines alone do not cause irreversible deleterious effects on cognitive functions and supports the interest of discontinuation in chronically treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carton
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Candice Niot
- Pharmacy Service, Arras Hospital Center, 62000 Arras, France
| | - Maéva Kyheng
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694 - METRICS: Évaluation des Technologies de Santé et des Pratiques Médicales, 59000 Lille, France ,grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Département de Biostatistiques, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Maud Petrault
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Laloux
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, Lille In vivo Imaging and Functional Exploration, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Camille Potey
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie Lenski
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS – Impact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Régis Bordet
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Deguil
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Degenerative and Vascular Cognitive Disorders, UMR-S1172, 59000 Lille, France
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Nash A, Aumann TD, Pigoni M, Lichtenthaler SF, Takeshima H, Munro KM, Gunnersen JM. Lack of Sez6 Family Proteins Impairs Motor Functions, Short-Term Memory, and Cognitive Flexibility and Alters Dendritic Spine Properties. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:2167-2184. [PMID: 31711114 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizure-related gene 6 (Sez6), Sez6-Like (Sez6L), and Sez6-Like 2 (Sez6L2) comprise a family of homologous proteins widely expressed throughout the brain that have been linked to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Here, we use Sez6 triple knockout (TKO) mice, which lack all three Sez6 family proteins, to demonstrate that Sez6 family proteins regulate dendritic spine structure and cognitive functions, motor learning, and maintenance of motor functions across the lifespan. Compared to WT controls, we found that Sez6 TKO mice had impaired motor learning and their motor coordination was negatively affected from 6 weeks old and declined more rapidly as they aged. Sez6 TKO mice had reduced spine density in the hippocampus and dendritic spines were shifted to more immature morphologies in the somatosensory cortex. Cognitive testing revealed that they had enhanced stress responsiveness, impaired working, and spatial short-term memory but intact spatial long-term memory in the Morris water maze albeit accompanied by a reversal deficit. Our study demonstrates that the lack of Sez6 family proteins results in phenotypes commonly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders making it likely that Sez6 family proteins contribute to the complex etiologies of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Nash
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Timothy D Aumann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Martina Pigoni
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich 81377, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Takeshima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kathryn M Munro
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jenny M Gunnersen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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11
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Kajiwara R, Tominaga T. Perirhinal cortex area 35 controls the functional link between the perirhinal and entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry: D-type potassium channel-mediated gating of neural propagation from the perirhinal cortex to the entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000084. [PMID: 33236360 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In several experimental conditions, neuronal excitation at the perirhinal cortex (PC) does not propagate to the entorhinal cortex (EC) due to a "wall" of inhibition, which may help to create functional coupling and un-coupling of the PC and EC in the medial temporal lobe. However, little is known regarding the coupling control process. Herein, we propose that the deep layer of area 35 in the PC plays a pivotal role in opening the gate for coupling, thus allowing the activity in the PC to propagate to the EC. Using voltage-sensitive dye imaging for the brain slices of rodents, we show that a slowly inactivating potassium conductance in this area is essential to induce excitation overtaking the inhibitory control. This coupling between the distinct neural circuits persists for at least 1 h. We elucidate further implications of this network-level plastic behavior and its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riichi Kajiwara
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Systems, Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
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12
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Ettcheto M, Olloquequi J, Sánchez-López E, Busquets O, Cano A, Manzine PR, Beas-Zarate C, Castro-Torres RD, García ML, Bulló M, Auladell C, Folch J, Camins A. Benzodiazepines and Related Drugs as a Risk Factor in Alzheimer's Disease Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:344. [PMID: 31969812 PMCID: PMC6960222 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z-drugs are compounds widely prescribed in medical practice due to their anxiolytic, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. Yet, their chronic use is associated with cases of abuse, dependence, and relapse in many patients. Furthermore, elderly people are susceptible to alterations in pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics as well as to drug interaction due to polypharmacy. These situations increase the risk for the appearance of cognitive affectations and the development of pathologies like Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present work, there is a summary of some clinical studies that have evaluated the effect of BZDs and Z-drugs in the adult population with and without AD, focusing on the relationship between their use and the loss of cognitive function. Additionally, there is an assessment of preclinical studies focused on finding molecular proof on the pathways by which these drugs could be involved in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, available data (1990-2019) on BZD and Z-drug use among elderly patients, with and without AD, was compiled in this work. Finally, the relationship between the use of BZD and Z-drugs for the treatment of insomnia and the appearance of AD biomarkers was analyzed. Results pointed to a vicious circle that would worsen the condition of patients over time. Likewise, it put into relevance the need for close monitoring of those patients using BZDs that also suffer from AD. Consequently, future studies should focus on optimizing strategies for insomnia treatment in the elderly by using other substances like melatonin agonists, which is described to have a much more significant safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Ettcheto
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Busquets
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Laboratorio de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, CUCBA, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Rubén D. Castro-Torres
- Laboratorio de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, CUCBA, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Maria Luisa García
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Unitat de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisico-química, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Bulló
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institut de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Camins
- Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
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13
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Jee HJ, Shin W, Jung HJ, Kim B, Lee BK, Jung YS. Impact of Sleep Disorder as a Risk Factor for Dementia in Men and Women. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:58-73. [PMID: 31838834 PMCID: PMC6939686 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an essential physiological process, especially for proper brain function through the formation of new pathways and processing information and cognition. Therefore, when sleep is insufficient, this can result in pathophysiologic conditions. Sleep deficiency is a risk factor for various conditions, including dementia, diabetes, and obesity. Recent studies have shown that there are differences in the prevalence of sleep disorders between genders. Insomnia, the most common type of sleep disorder, has been reported to have a higher incidence in females than in males. However, sex/gender differences in other sleep disorder subtypes are not thoroughly understood. Currently, increasing evidence suggests that gender issues should be considered important when prescribing medicine. Therefore, an investigation of the gender-dependent differences in sleep disorders is required. In this review, we first describe sex/gender differences not only in the prevalence of sleep disorders by category but in the efficacy of sleep medications. In addition, we summarize sex/gender differences in the impact of sleep disorders on incident dementia. This may help understand gender-dependent pathogenesis of sleep disorders and develop therapeutic strategies in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Joong Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Baekgyu Kim
- Graduate School of Global Pharmaceutical Industry and Clinical Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Global Pharmaceutical Industry and Clinical Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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14
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Nafti M, Sirois C, Kröger E, Carmichael PH, Laurin D. Is Benzodiazepine Use Associated With the Risk of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment–Not Dementia in Older Persons? The Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Ann Pharmacother 2019; 54:219-225. [DOI: 10.1177/1060028019882037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of benzodiazepines in relation to cognitive decline remains an area of controversy in aging populations. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the risk of cognitive impairment–not dementia (CIND), Alzheimer disease (AD), and all-cause dementia with benzodiazepine use. The effect modification by sex was also investigated. Methods: Data come from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, a 10-year multicentric study involving 10 263 participants randomly selected, 65 years and older, living in the community and in institutions. Current exposure to benzodiazepines was assessed in a face-to-face interview or self-reported in a questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard regression models, using age as time scale, were conducted to estimate hazard ratios, with adjustment for sex, education, smoking, alcohol intake, depression, physical activity, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and vascular comorbidities. Results: Data sets included 5281 participants for dementia as the outcome, 5015 for AD, and 4187 for CIND. Compared with nonusers, current use of benzodiazepines was associated with an increased risk of CIND (hazard ratio = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.08-1.72) in the simplest model. Results remained similar in the fully adjusted model (hazard ratio = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.04-1.68). There was no association between benzodiazepine use and the risk of dementia or AD. All these effects were similar between men and women. Conclusion and Relevance: Benzodiazepine use in older people from the general population is related to subsequent occurrence of cognitive dysfunction but not implicated in the pathogenesis of dementia or AD. Caution should be exercised when prescribing benzodiazepines to preserve global cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nafti
- Centre d’excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne de l’Université Laval and Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Sirois
- Centre d’excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne de l’Université Laval and Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Edeltraut Kröger
- Centre d’excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne de l’Université Laval and Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre-Hugues Carmichael
- Centre d’excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne de l’Université Laval and Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Danielle Laurin
- Centre d’excellence sur le vieillissement de Québec, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne de l’Université Laval and Institut sur le vieillissement et la participation sociale des aînés de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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15
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Bernstein HL, Lu YL, Botterill JJ, Scharfman HE. Novelty and Novel Objects Increase c-Fos Immunoreactivity in Mossy Cells in the Mouse Dentate Gyrus. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:1815371. [PMID: 31534449 PMCID: PMC6732597 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1815371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) and its primary cell type, the granule cell (GC), are thought to be critical to many cognitive functions. A major neuronal subtype of the DG is the hilar mossy cell (MC). MCs have been considered to play an important role in cognition, but in vivo studies to understand the activity of MCs during cognitive tasks are challenging because the experiments usually involve trauma to the overlying hippocampus or DG, which kills hilar neurons. In addition, restraint typically occurs, and MC activity is reduced by brief restraint stress. Social isolation often occurs and is potentially confounding. Therefore, we used c-fos protein expression to understand when MCs are active in vivo in socially housed adult C57BL/6 mice in their home cage. We focused on c-fos protein expression after animals explored novel objects, based on previous work which showed that MCs express c-fos protein readily in response to a novel housing location. Also, MCs are required for the training component of the novel object location task and novelty-encoding during a food-related task. GluR2/3 was used as a marker of MCs. The results showed that MC c-fos protein is greatly increased after exposure to novel objects, especially in ventral DG. We also found that novel objects produced higher c-fos levels than familiar objects. Interestingly, a small subset of neurons that did not express GluR2/3 also increased c-fos protein after novel object exposure. In contrast, GCs appeared relatively insensitive. The results support a growing appreciation of the role of the DG in novelty detection and novel object recognition, where hilar neurons and especially MCs are very sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Bernstein
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi-Ling Lu
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Justin J. Botterill
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Helen E. Scharfman
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry, and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
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16
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Miranda M, Bekinschtein P. Plasticity Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation in the Perirhinal Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 370:46-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Cheng JP, Leary JB, O'Neil DA, Meyer EA, Free KE, Bondi CO, Kline AE. Spontaneous recovery of traumatic brain injury-induced functional deficits is not hindered by daily administration of lorazepam. Behav Brain Res 2017; 339:215-221. [PMID: 29203336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Agitation and aggression are common sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and pose a challenge to physicians and other health providers during acute patient care and subsequent neurorehabilitation. Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are routinely administered to manage TBI patients displaying such maladaptive behaviors despite several clinical and preclinical studies demonstrating that they hinder recovery. A potentially viable alternative to APDs may be the benzodiazepines, which have differing mechanisms of action. Hence, the aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that lorazepam (LOR) would not impede recovery after TBI. Anesthetized adult male rats received a cortical impact or sham injury and then were intraperitoneally administered LOR (0.1mg/kg, 1.0mg/kg, or 2.0mg/kg) or vehicle (VEH; 1mL/kg) commencing 24-h after surgery and once daily for 19days. Motor and cognitive outcomes were assessed on post-operative days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively. No differences were revealed among the four sham control groups and thus they were pooled into one inclusive SHAM group. The SHAMs performed better than all TBI groups on all assessments (p<0.05). Regarding TBI, the 2.0mg/kg LOR group performed better than the VEH and 0.1mg/kg or 1.0mg/kg LOR groups on every task (p<0.05); no differences were observed among the latter three groups on any endpoint (p>0.05). Overall, these preclinical behavioral data support the hypothesis and reveal a therapeutic benefit with the higher dose of LOR. The findings suggest that LOR may be an alternative, to APDs, for controlling agitation without compromising spontaneous recovery and perhaps could afford a dual benefit by also promoting therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Cheng
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Jacob B Leary
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Darik A O'Neil
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Meyer
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Kristin E Free
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States.
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18
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Oh MK, Yoon KJ, Lee YT, Chae SW, Choi HY, Shin HS, Park YH, Chun SW, Park YS. Effect of zolpidem on functional recovery in a rat model of ischemic stroke. J Int Med Res 2017; 46:249-257. [PMID: 28831822 PMCID: PMC6011331 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517723799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effects of zolpidem on functional recovery in a rat model of acute ischemic stroke. Methods Following ischemic stroke procedures, 42 rats (six in each group) were randomly assigned to receive zolpidem (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg) or normal saline administer intraperitoneally once daily for two weeks. Motor behavioural index (MBI) scores, radial 8-arm maze (RAM) test times and brain MRI scans were obtained 24 hours (Day 1) and two weeks (Day 14) post-procedure. Immunohistochemistry was performed on Day 14. Results By comparison with the normal saline group, the 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg zolpidem groups showed statistically significant improvements in MBI scores and increased numbers of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) stained cells over the two week dosing period. By contrast, the 4.0 mg/kg zolpidem group had statistically significantly impaired MBI scores compared with the control group. No differences among groups were found in RAM times or infarction volumes. Conclusions This study in a rat model showed that 0.5–1.0 mg/kg of zolpidem had beneficial effects on behavioural recovery by enhancing neural plasticity without causing any memory impairment in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyun Oh
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jae Yoon
- 2 Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Medical Research Institute, Regenerative & Neuroscience laboratory, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Taek Lee
- 2 Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Medical Research Institute, Regenerative & Neuroscience laboratory, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung Wan Chae
- 4 Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Choi
- 5 Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Suk Shin
- 6 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Park
- 7 Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Woong Chun
- 1 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sook Park
- 7 Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
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19
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Samarth P, Ball JM, Unal G, Paré D, Nair SS. Mechanisms of memory storage in a model perirhinal network. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:183-200. [PMID: 26971254 PMCID: PMC5241391 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex supports recognition and associative memory. Prior unit recording studies revealed that recognition memory involves a reduced responsiveness of perirhinal cells to familiar stimuli whereas associative memory formation is linked to increasing perirhinal responses to paired stimuli. Both effects are thought to depend on perirhinal plasticity but it is unclear how the same network could support these opposite forms of plasticity. However, a recent study showed that when neocortical inputs are repeatedly activated, depression or potentiation could develop, depending on the extent to which the stimulated neocortical activity recruited intrinsic longitudinal connections. We developed a biophysically realistic perirhinal model that reproduced these phenomena and used it to investigate perirhinal mechanisms of associative memory. These analyzes revealed that associative plasticity is critically dependent on a specific subset of neurons, termed conjunctive cells (CCs). When the model network was trained with spatially distributed but coincident neocortical inputs, CCs acquired excitatory responses to the paired inputs and conveyed them to distributed perirhinal sites via longitudinal projections. CC ablation during recall abolished expression of the associative memory. However, CC ablation during training did not prevent memory formation because new CCs emerged, revealing that competitive synaptic interactions governs the formation of CC assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranit Samarth
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - John M Ball
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Gunes Unal
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Denis Paré
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Satish S Nair
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Orzelska-Gorka J, Talarek S, Listos J, Kedzierska E, Fidecka S. l-NAME differential effects on diazepam and flunitrazepam responses of rats in the object recognition test. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:728-32. [PMID: 27127911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was undertaken to better understand possible interaction(s) between a non-selective nitric oxide inhibitor: N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and benzodiazepines (BZs) in recognition memory. METHODS The study was carried out on adult male albino Wistar rats. A novel object recognition (NOR) task was used to evaluate memory process. RESULTS Combined administration of l-NAME (50mg/kg, ip) with a threshold dose of DZ (0.25mg/kg) induced amnesic effects in rats, participating in the NOR test. On the other hand, following a combined administration of l-NAME (100mg/kg, ip) with flunitrazepam (FNZ; 0.1mg/kg), it was found out that l-NAME inhibited the amnesic effects of FNZ on rats in the NOR test. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results suggest that suppressed NO synthesis may lead to a facilitation of DZ-induced memory impairment but surprisingly may prevent amnesic effect after FNZ in rats, submitted to NOR task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Orzelska-Gorka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Listos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kedzierska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Fidecka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Kim S, Kim T, Lee HR, Jang EH, Ryu HH, Kang M, Rah SY, Yoo J, Lee B, Kim JI, Lim CS, Kim SJ, Kim UH, Lee YS, Kaang BK. Impaired learning and memory in CD38 null mutant mice. Mol Brain 2016; 9:16. [PMID: 26856703 PMCID: PMC4746819 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic ADP ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, both of which are involved in the mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Recently, CD38 has been shown to regulate oxytocin release from hypothalamic neurons. Importantly, CD38 mutations are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and CD38 knockout (CD38−/−) mice display ASD-like behavioral phenotypes including deficient parental behavior and poor social recognition memory. Although ASD and learning deficits commonly co-occur, the role of CD38 in learning and memory has not been investigated. We report that CD38−/− mice show deficits in various learning and memory tasks such as the Morris water maze, contextual fear conditioning, and the object recognition test. However, either long-term potentiation or long-term depression is not impaired in the hippocampus of CD38−/− mice. Our results provide convincing evidence that CD38−/− mice show deficits in various learning and memory tasks including spatial and non-spatial memory tasks. Our data demonstrate that CD38 is critical for regulating hippocampus-dependent learning and memory without modulating synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somi Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - TaeHyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Hye-Ryeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Hye Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Hyun-Hee Ryu
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea.
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea.
| | - So-Young Rah
- Departments of Biochemistry, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 561-182, South Korea.
| | - Juyoun Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Bolam Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Chae Seok Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
| | - Uh-Hyun Kim
- Departments of Biochemistry, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 561-182, South Korea.
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea.
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Chiu HY, Lin EY, Wei L, Lin JH, Lee HC, Fan YC, Tsai PS. Hypnotics use but not insomnia increased the risk of dementia in traumatic brain injury patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2271-7. [PMID: 26454682 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was intended to determine whether the use of hypnotics is associated with dementia in traumatic-brain-injury (TBI) patients. Data retrieved from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. TBI patients who received a diagnosis of insomnia at 2 or more independent examinations after the index date of TBI were included. The comparison cohort consisted of randomly selected TBI patients who were matched to insomnia cohort patients based on sex and age. The 2 cohorts of TBI patients were subsequently divided into the following 4 study groups: hypnotics users with insomnia (TBI-IH, N=599), insomniacs who did not use hypnotics (TBI-I, N=931), hypnotics users without insomnia (TBI-H, N=199), and people without insomnia who did not use hypnotics (TBI-C, N=4271). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to determine the difference in dementia-free survival among the 4 study groups, after adjusting for the propensity score. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the TBI-IH and TBI-H groups showed that they had a higher risk of dementia (aHRs: 1.86 and 3.98; 95% CIs: 1.15-3.00 and 2.44-6.47, respectively), compared with that of the TBI-C group. However, the risk of dementia in the TBI-I group was not significantly different from that of the TBI-C group (aHR: 1.36; 95% CI: 0.85-2.19). This study suggests that the use of hypnotics is associated with an increased risk of dementia in TBI patients with or without insomnia, whereas insomnia alone is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yean Chiu
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - En-Yuan Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Her Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chien Lee
- Sleep Science Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Tsai
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Science Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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23
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Kotak VC, Mowery TM, Sanes DH. Characterization of auditory synaptic inputs to gerbil perirhinal cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2015; 9:40. [PMID: 26321918 PMCID: PMC4536390 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The representation of acoustic cues involves regions downstream from the auditory cortex (ACx). One such area, the perirhinal cortex (PRh), processes sensory signals containing mnemonic information. Therefore, our goal was to assess whether PRh receives auditory inputs from the auditory thalamus (MG) and ACx in an auditory thalamocortical brain slice preparation and characterize these afferent-driven synaptic properties. When the MG or ACx was electrically stimulated, synaptic responses were recorded from the PRh neurons. Blockade of type A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA-A) receptors dramatically increased the amplitude of evoked excitatory potentials. Stimulation of the MG or ACx also evoked calcium transients in most PRh neurons. Separately, when fluoro ruby was injected in ACx in vivo, anterogradely labeled axons and terminals were observed in the PRh. Collectively, these data show that the PRh integrates auditory information from the MG and ACx and that auditory driven inhibition dominates the postsynaptic responses in a non-sensory cortical region downstream from the ACx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhakar C Kotak
- Center for Neural Science, New York University New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd M Mowery
- Center for Neural Science, New York University New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan H Sanes
- Center for Neural Science, New York University New York, NY, USA
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24
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Mendez M, Arias N, Uceda S, Arias JL. c-Fos expression correlates with performance on novel object and novel place recognition tests. Brain Res Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Kinnavane L, Albasser MM, Aggleton JP. Advances in the behavioural testing and network imaging of rodent recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2015; 285:67-78. [PMID: 25106740 PMCID: PMC4383364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research into object recognition memory has been galvanised by the introduction of spontaneous preference tests for rodents. The standard task, however, contains a number of inherent shortcomings that reduce its power. Particular issues include the problem that individual trials are time consuming, so limiting the total number of trials in any condition. In addition, the spontaneous nature of the behaviour and the variability between test objects add unwanted noise. To combat these issues, the 'bow-tie maze' was introduced. Although still based on the spontaneous preference of novel over familiar stimuli, the ability to give multiple trials within a session without handling the rodents, as well as using the same objects as both novel and familiar samples on different trials, overcomes key limitations in the standard task. Giving multiple trials within a single session also creates new opportunities for functional imaging of object recognition memory. A series of studies are described that examine the expression of the immediate-early gene, c-fos. Object recognition memory is associated with increases in perirhinal cortex and area Te2 c-fos activity. When rats explore novel objects the pathway from the perirhinal cortex to lateral entorhinal cortex, and then to the dentate gyrus and CA3, is engaged. In contrast, when familiar objects are explored the pathway from the perirhinal cortex to lateral entorhinal cortex, and then to CA1, takes precedence. The switch to the perforant pathway (novel stimuli) from the temporoammonic pathway (familiar stimuli) may assist the enhanced associative learning promoted by novel stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kinnavane
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, United Kingdom.
| | - Mathieu M Albasser
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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26
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Moving beyond standard procedures to assess spontaneous recognition memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 53:37-51. [PMID: 25842032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review will consider how spontaneous tasks have been applied alongside neuroscientific techniques to test complex forms of recognition memory for objects and their environmental features, e.g. the spatial location of an object or the context in which it is presented. We discuss studies that investigate the roles of the perirhinal cortex and the hippocampus in recognition memory using standard testing paradigms, and consider how these findings contribute to the ongoing debate about whether recognition memory is a single unitary process or multiple processes that can be dissociated anatomically and functionally. Due to the wide use of spontaneous tasks, the need for improved procedures that reduce animal use is acknowledged, with multiple trial paradigms discussed as a novel way of reducing variability and animal numbers in these tasks. The importance of improving translation of animal models to humans is highlighted, with emphasis on a shift away from relying on the phenomenological experience of human subjects.
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27
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Orzelska J, Talarek S, Listos J, Fidecka S. Divergent effects of L-arginine-NO pathway modulators on diazepam and flunitrazepam responses in NOR task performance. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:179-86. [PMID: 25698597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study was an evaluation of the degree, in which nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the benzodiazepines (BZs)-induced recognition memory impairment in rats. The novel object recognition (NOR) test was used to examine recognition memory. The current research focused on the object memory impairing effects of diazepam (DZ; 0.5 and 1mg/kg, sc) and flunitrazepam (FNZ; 0.1 and 0.2mg/kg; sc) in 1-hour delay periods in rats. It was found that acute ip injection of L-arginine (L-arg; 250 and 500 mg/kg; ip), 5 min before DZ administration (0.5mg/kg, sc) prevented DZ-induced memory deficits. On the other hand, it was also proven that L-arg (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg; ip) did not change the behaviour of rats in the NOR test, following a combined administration with FNZ at a threshold dose (0.05 mg/kg; sc). It was also found that 7-nitroindazole (7-NI; 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg; ip) induced amnesic effects in DZ in rats, submitted to the NOR test, following a combined administration of 7-NI with a threshold dose of DZ (0.25mg/kg; sc). However, following a combined administration of 7-NI (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg; ip) with FNZ (0.1mg/kg; sc), it was observed that 7-NI inhibited the amnesic effects of FNZ on rats in the NOR test. Those findings led us to hypothesize that NO synthesis suppression may induce amnesic effects of DZ, while preventing FNZ memory impairment in rats, submitted to NOR tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Orzelska
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Listos
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Fidecka
- Chair and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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28
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Ivanets NN, Kinkulkina MA, Avdeeva TI, Sysoeva VP. [Remote consequences of the long-term uncontrolled use of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs by elderly patients: cognitive disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015; 115:50-64. [PMID: 26978494 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201511511250-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Frequents cases (10-30% of the elderly population) of regular long-term use of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs, in particular, benzodiazepines, without control of the physician is an urgent problem of medicine worldwide. Severe and irreversible cognitive impairment is a frequent and severe consequence of this use. Authors studied cognitive impairment in these cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients were enrolled in the study from a psychiatric hospital. The study included 56 women, aged over 50 years, admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of a mental disorder. Before admission, the patients regularly used benzodiazepines without a prescription for more than 2 months. Later on, anxiolytics were withdrawn during 1-5 days. The patients were studied during 4 weeks in the hospital. To assess the severity and dynamics of their condition, authors used MADRS, HAM-A, MMSE. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Severe cognitive impairment, achieving the level of dementia, was found in 57.2% of the patients, mild or moderate of cognitive impairment was in 32.1% and only 10.7% had normal level of cognitive functioning. After 4 weeks of benzodiazepine withdrawal, the percentage of patients with dementia reduced to 21.4%, the severity of cognitive impairment was estimated as mild or moderate. A number of patients without cognitive impairment increased to 37.5%. The old age of patients was a significant negative predictor of the dynamics. An impact of the high anxiolytic dose was shown on trend level. The duration of a mental disorder and duration of uncontrollable consumption of anxiolytics and hypnotics did not exert an effect on the development and reversibility of cognitive impairment. A combination of anxiolytics with alcohol increased the risk of dementia and did not reverse the cognitive pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Ivanets
- Kafedra psihiatrii i narkologii GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova' Minzdrava RF, Moskva, Nauchno-issledovatel'skij otdel 'Psihicheskogo zdorov'ja' Nauchno-issledovatel'skogo tsentra GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova' Minzdrava RF, Moskva
| | - M A Kinkulkina
- Kafedra psihiatrii i narkologii GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova' Minzdrava RF, Moskva, Nauchno-issledovatel'skij otdel 'Psihicheskogo zdorov'ja' Nauchno-issledovatel'skogo tsentra GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova' Minzdrava RF, Moskva
| | - T I Avdeeva
- Kafedra psihiatrii i narkologii GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova' Minzdrava RF, Moskva, Nauchno-issledovatel'skij otdel 'Psihicheskogo zdorov'ja' Nauchno-issledovatel'skogo tsentra GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova' Minzdrava RF, Moskva
| | - V P Sysoeva
- Kafedra psihiatrii i narkologii GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova' Minzdrava RF, Moskva, Nauchno-issledovatel'skij otdel 'Psihicheskogo zdorov'ja' Nauchno-issledovatel'skogo tsentra GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova' Minzdrava RF, Moskva
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Abad VC, Guilleminault C. Pharmacological treatment of sleep disorders and its relationship with neuroplasticity. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 25:503-53. [PMID: 25585962 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and wakefulness are regulated by complex brain circuits located in the brain stem, thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and cerebral cortex. Wakefulness and NREM and REM sleep are modulated by the interactions between neurotransmitters that promote arousal and neurotransmitters that promote sleep. Various lines of evidence suggest that sleep disorders may negatively affect neuronal plasticity and cognitive function. Pharmacological treatments may alleviate these effects but may also have adverse side effects by themselves. This chapter discusses the relationship between sleep disorders, pharmacological treatments, and brain plasticity, including the treatment of insomnia, hypersomnias such as narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome (RLS), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and parasomnias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien C Abad
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science-Division of Sleep Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Arias N, Méndez M, Arias J. Differential contribution of the hippocampus in two different demanding tasks at early stages of hepatic encephalopathy. Neuroscience 2015; 284:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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In search of a recognition memory engram. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 50:12-28. [PMID: 25280908 PMCID: PMC4382520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the perirhinal cortex in familiarity discrimination is reviewed. Behavioural, pharmacological and electrophysiological evidence is considered. The cortex is found to be essential for memory acquisition, retrieval and storage. The evidence indicates that perirhinal synaptic weakening is critically involved.
A large body of data from human and animal studies using psychological, recording, imaging, and lesion techniques indicates that recognition memory involves at least two separable processes: familiarity discrimination and recollection. Familiarity discrimination for individual visual stimuli seems to be effected by a system centred on the perirhinal cortex of the temporal lobe. The fundamental change that encodes prior occurrence within the perirhinal cortex is a reduction in the responses of neurones when a stimulus is repeated. Neuronal network modelling indicates that a system based on such a change in responsiveness is potentially highly efficient in information theoretic terms. A review is given of findings indicating that perirhinal cortex acts as a storage site for recognition memory of objects and that such storage depends upon processes producing synaptic weakening.
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32
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Kinnavane L, Amin E, Horne M, Aggleton JP. Mapping parahippocampal systems for recognition and recency memory in the absence of the rat hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3720-34. [PMID: 25264133 PMCID: PMC4309468 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined immediate-early gene expression in the perirhinal cortex of rats with hippocampal lesions. The goal was to test those models of recognition memory which assume that the perirhinal cortex can function independently of the hippocampus. The c-fos gene was targeted, as its expression in the perirhinal cortex is strongly associated with recognition memory. Four groups of rats were examined. Rats with hippocampal lesions and their surgical controls were given either a recognition memory task (novel vs. familiar objects) or a relative recency task (objects with differing degrees of familiarity). Perirhinal Fos expression in the hippocampal-lesioned groups correlated with both recognition and recency performance. The hippocampal lesions, however, had no apparent effect on overall levels of perirhinal or entorhinal cortex c-fos expression in response to novel objects, with only restricted effects being seen in the recency condition. Network analyses showed that whereas the patterns of parahippocampal interactions were differentially affected by novel or familiar objects, these correlated networks were not altered by hippocampal lesions. Additional analyses in control rats revealed two modes of correlated medial temporal activation. Novel stimuli recruited the pathway from the lateral entorhinal cortex (cortical layer II or III) to hippocampal field CA3, and thence to CA1. Familiar stimuli recruited the direct pathway from the lateral entorhinal cortex (principally layer III) to CA1. The present findings not only reveal the independence from the hippocampus of some perirhinal systems associated with recognition memory, but also show how novel stimuli engage hippocampal subfields in qualitatively different ways from familiar stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kinnavane
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK; Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Olarte-Sánchez CM, Kinnavane L, Amin E, Aggleton JP. Contrasting networks for recognition memory and recency memory revealed by immediate-early gene imaging in the rat. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:504-22. [PMID: 24933661 PMCID: PMC4105319 DOI: 10.1037/a0037055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used to compare networks of activity associated with recency memory (temporal order memory) and recognition memory. In Experiment 1, rats were first familiarized with sets of objects and then given pairs of different, familiar objects to explore. For the recency test group, each object in a pair was separated by 110 min in the time between their previous presentations. For the recency control test, each object in a pair was separated by less than a 1 min between their prior presentations. Temporal discrimination of the objects correlated with c-fos activity in the recency test group in several sites, including area Te2, the perirhinal cortex, lateral entorhinal cortex, as well as the dentate gyrus, hippocampal fields CA3 and CA1. For both the test and control conditions, network models were derived using structural equation modeling. The recency test model emphasized serial connections from the perirhinal cortex to lateral entorhinal cortex and then to the CA1 subfield. The recency control condition involved more parallel pathways, but again highlighted CA1 within the hippocampus. Both models contrasted with those derived from tests of object recognition (Experiment 2), because stimulus novelty was associated with pathways from the perirhinal cortex to lateral entorhinal cortex that then involved both the dentate gyrus (and CA3) and CA1 in parallel. The present findings implicate CA1 for the processing of familiar stimuli, including recency discriminations, while the dentate gyrus and CA3 pathways are recruited when the perirhinal cortex signals novel stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Kinnavane
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University
| | - Eman Amin
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University
| | - John P Aggleton
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University
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Robinson AM, Bucci DJ. Physical exercise during pregnancy improves object recognition memory in adult offspring. Neuroscience 2013; 256:53-60. [PMID: 24157927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exercising during pregnancy has been shown to improve spatial learning and short-term memory, as well as increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels and hippocampal cell survival in juvenile offspring. However, it remains unknown if these effects endure into adulthood. In addition, few studies have considered how maternal exercise can impact cognitive functions that do not rely on the hippocampus. To address these issues, the present study tested the effects of maternal exercise during pregnancy on object recognition memory, which relies on the perirhinal cortex (PER), in adult offspring. Pregnant rats were given access to a running wheel throughout gestation and the adult male offspring were subsequently tested in an object recognition memory task at three different time points, each spaced 2-weeks apart, beginning at 60 days of age. At each time point, offspring from exercising mothers were able to successfully discriminate between novel and familiar objects in that they spent more time exploring the novel object than the familiar object. The offspring of non-exercising mothers were not able to successfully discriminate between objects and spent an equal amount of time with both objects. A subset of rats was euthanized 1h after the final object recognition test to assess c-FOS expression in the PER. The offspring of exercising mothers had more c-FOS expression in the PER than the offspring of non-exercising mothers. By comparison, c-FOS levels in the adjacent auditory cortex did not differ between groups. These results indicate that maternal exercise during pregnancy can improve object recognition memory in adult male offspring and increase c-FOS expression in the PER; suggesting that exercise during the gestational period may enhance brain function of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Robinson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - D J Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Depletion of perineuronal nets enhances recognition memory and long-term depression in the perirhinal cortex. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7057-65. [PMID: 23595763 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6267-11.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures surrounding cortical neuronal cell bodies and proximal dendrites and are involved in the control of brain plasticity and the closure of critical periods. Expression of the link protein Crtl1/Hapln1 in neurons has recently been identified as the key event triggering the formation of PNNs. Here we show that the genetic attenuation of PNNs in adult brain Crtl1 knock-out mice enhances long-term object recognition memory and facilitates long-term depression in the perirhinal cortex, a neural correlate of object recognition memory. Identical prolongation of memory follows localized digestion of PNNs with chondroitinase ABC, an enzyme that degrades the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan components of PNNs. The memory-enhancing effect of chondroitinase ABC treatment attenuated over time, suggesting that the regeneration of PNNs gradually restored control plasticity levels. Our findings indicate that PNNs regulate both memory and experience-driven synaptic plasticity in adulthood.
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Sommer M, Rummel M, Norden C, Rothkegel H, Lang N, Paulus W. Mechanisms of human motor cortex facilitation induced by subthreshold 5-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:3060-6. [PMID: 23536708 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01089.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge about the mechanisms of human motor cortex facilitation induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is still incomplete. Here we used pharmacological conditioning with carbamazepine, dextrometorphan, lorazepam, and placebo to elucidate the type of plasticity underlying this facilitation, and to probe if mechanisms reminiscent of long-term potentiation are involved. Over the primary motor cortex of 10 healthy subjects, we applied biphasic rTMS pulses of effective posterior current direction in the brain. We used six blocks of 200 pulses at 5-Hz frequency and 90% active motor threshold intensity and controlled for corticospinal excitability changes using motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes and latencies elicited by suprathreshold pulses before, in between, and after rTMS. Target muscle was the dominant abductor digiti minimi muscle; we coregistered the dominant extensor carpi radialis muscle. We found a lasting facilitation induced by this type of rTMS. The GABAergic medication lorazepam and to a lesser extent the ion channel blocker carbamazepine reduced the MEP facilitation after biphasic effective posteriorly oriented rTMS, whereas the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-antagonist dextrometorphan had no effect. Our main conclusion is that the mechanism of the facilitation induced by biphasic effective posterior rTMS is more likely posttetanic potentiation than long-term potentiation. Additional findings were prolonged MEP latency under carbamazepine, consistent with sodium channel blockade, and larger MEP amplitudes from extensor carpi radialis under lorazepam, suggesting GABAergic involvement in the center-surround balance of excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sommer
- Dept. of Clinical Neurophysiology, Univ. of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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Orzelska J, Talarek S, Listos J, Fidecka S. Effects of NOS inhibitors on the benzodiazepines-induced memory impairment of mice in the modified elevated plus-maze task. Behav Brain Res 2013; 244:100-6. [PMID: 23396146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors on responses, elicited by benzodiazepines (BZs) in a modified elevated plus-maze task in mice. It was shown that acute doses of diazepam (DZ; 1 and 2 mg/kg) and flunitrazepam (FNZ; 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) significantly increased the time of transfer latency (TL2) in a retention trial, thus confirming memory impairing effects of BZs. l-NAME (N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester; 200 mg/kg), a non-selective inhibitor of NOS, and 7-NI (7-nitroindazole; 40 mg/kg), a selective inhibitor of NOS, further intensified DZ-induced memory impairment. On the other hand, L-NAME (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and 7-NI (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) prevented FNZ-induced memory compromising process. The results of this study indicated that suppressed NO synthesis enhanced DZ-induced but prevented FNZ-induced memory impairment. Taken together, these findings could suggest NO involvement in BZs-induced impairment of memory processes. The precise mechanism of these controversial effects, however, remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Orzelska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
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Albasser MM, Olarte-Sánchez CM, Amin E, Horne MR, Newton MJ, Warburton EC, Aggleton JP. The neural basis of nonvisual object recognition memory in the rat. Behav Neurosci 2013; 127:70-85. [PMID: 23244291 PMCID: PMC3569044 DOI: 10.1037/a0031216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research into the neural basis of recognition memory has traditionally focused on the remembrance of visual stimuli. The present study examined the neural basis of object recognition memory in the dark, with a view to determining the extent to which it shares common pathways with visual-based object recognition. Experiment 1 assessed the expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos in rats that discriminated novel from familiar objects in the dark (Group Novel). Comparisons made with a control group that explored only familiar objects (Group Familiar) showed that Group Novel had higher c-fos activity in the rostral perirhinal cortex and the lateral entorhinal cortex. Outside the temporal region, Group Novel showed relatively increased c-fos activity in the anterior medial thalamic nucleus and the anterior cingulate cortex. Both the hippocampal CA fields and the granular retrosplenial cortex showed borderline increases in c-fos activity with object novelty. The hippocampal findings prompted Experiment 2. Here, rats with hippocampal lesions were tested in the dark for object recognition memory at different retention delays. Across two replications, no evidence was found that hippocampal lesions impair nonvisual object recognition. The results indicate that in the dark, as in the light, interrelated parahippocampal sites are activated when rats explore novel stimuli. These findings reveal a network of linked c-fos activations that share superficial features with those associated with visual recognition but differ in the fine details; for example, in the locus of the perirhinal cortex activation. While there may also be a relative increase in c-fos activation in the extended-hippocampal system to object recognition in the dark, there was no evidence that this recognition memory problem required an intact hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eman Amin
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University
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PWZ-029, an inverse agonist selective for α₅ GABAA receptors, improves object recognition, but not water-maze memory in normal and scopolamine-treated rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 241:206-13. [PMID: 23261875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inverse agonism at the benzodiazepine site of α(5) subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors is an attractive approach for the development of putative cognition-enhancing compounds, which are still far from clinical application. Several ligands with binding and/or functional selectivity for α(5) GABA(A) receptors have been synthesized and tested in a few animal models. PWZ-029 is an α(5) GABA(A) selective inverse agonist whose memory enhancing effects were demonstrated in the passive avoidance task in rats and in Pavlovian fear conditioning in mice. In the present study we investigated the effects of PWZ-029 administration in novel object recognition test and Morris water maze, in normal and scopolamine-treated rats. All the three doses of PWZ-029 (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg) improved object recognition after the 24-h delay period, as shown by significant differences between the exploration times of the novel and old object, and the respective discrimination indices. PWZ-029 (2 mg/kg) also successfully reversed the 0.3 mg/kg scopolamine-induced deficit in recognition memory after the 1-h delay. In the Morris water maze test, PWZ-029 (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) did not significantly influence swim patterns, either during five acquisition days or during the treatment-free probe trial. PWZ-029 (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg) also proved to be ineffective in the reversal of the 1mg/kg scopolamine-induced memory impairment in the water maze. The present mixed results encourage use of a variety of tests and experimental conditions in order to increase the predictability of preclinical testing of selective α(5) GABA(A) inverse agonists.
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Chen PL, Lee WJ, Sun WZ, Oyang YJ, Fuh JL. Risk of dementia in patients with insomnia and long-term use of hypnotics: a population-based retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49113. [PMID: 23145088 PMCID: PMC3492301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypnotics have been reported to be associated with dementia. However, the relationship between insomnia, hypnotics and dementia is still controversial. We sought to examine the risk of dementia in patients with long-term insomnia and the contribution of hypnotics. METHODS Data was collected from Taiwan's Longitudinal Health Insurance Database. The study cohort comprised all patients aged 50 years or older with a first diagnosis of insomnia from 2002 to 2007. The comparison cohort consisted of randomly selected patients matched by age and gender. Each patient was individually tracked for 3 years from their insomnia index date to identify whether the patient had a first diagnosis of dementia. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS We identified 5693 subjects with long-term insomnia and 28,465 individuals without. After adjusting for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and stroke, those with long-term insomnia had significantly higher risks of dementia (HR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.92-2.85). Patients with long-term insomnia and aged 50 to 65 years had a higher increased risk of dementia (HR, 5.22; 95% CI, 2.62-10.41) than those older than 65 years (HR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.90-2.88). The use of hypnotics with a longer half-life and at a higher prescribed dose predicted a greater increased risk of dementia. CONCLUSIONS Patients with long-term use of hypnotics have more than a 2-fold increased risk of dementia, especially those aged 50 to 65 years. In addition, the dosage and half-lives of the hypnotics used should be considered, because greater exposure to these medications leads to a higher risk of developing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zen Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jen Oyang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institutes of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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What pharmacological interventions indicate concerning the role of the perirhinal cortex in recognition memory. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:3122-40. [PMID: 22841990 PMCID: PMC3500694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Findings of pharmacological studies that have investigated the involvement of specific regions of the brain in recognition memory are reviewed. The particular emphasis of the review concerns what such studies indicate concerning the role of the perirhinal cortex in recognition memory. Most of the studies involve rats and most have investigated recognition memory for objects. Pharmacological studies provide a large body of evidence supporting the essential role of the perirhinal cortex in the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of object recognition memory. Such studies provide increasingly detailed evidence concerning both the neurotransmitter systems and the underlying intracellular mechanisms involved in recognition memory processes. They have provided evidence in support of synaptic weakening as a major synaptic plastic process within perirhinal cortex underlying object recognition memory. They have also supplied confirmatory evidence that that there is more than one synaptic plastic process involved. The demonstrated necessity to long-term recognition memory of intracellular signalling mechanisms related to synaptic modification within perirhinal cortex establishes a central role for the region in the information storage underlying such memory. Perirhinal cortex is thereby established as an information storage site rather than solely a processing station. Pharmacological studies have also supplied new evidence concerning the detailed roles of other regions, including the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex in different types of recognition memory tasks that include a spatial or temporal component. In so doing, they have also further defined the contribution of perirhinal cortex to such tasks. To date it appears that the contribution of perirhinal cortex to associative and temporal order memory reflects that in simple object recognition memory, namely that perirhinal cortex provides information concerning objects and their prior occurrence (novelty/familiarity).
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Yamada Y, Kashimori Y. Neural mechanism of dynamic responses of neurons in inferior temporal cortex in face perception. Cogn Neurodyn 2012; 7:23-38. [PMID: 24427188 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-012-9212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neural mechanisms of object and face recognition is one of the fundamental challenges of visual neuroscience. The neurons in inferior temporal (IT) cortex have been reported to exhibit dynamic responses to face stimuli. However, little is known about how the dynamic properties of IT neurons emerge in the face information processing. To address this issue, we made a model of IT cortex, which performs face perception via an interaction between different IT networks. The model was based on the face information processed by three resolution maps in early visual areas. The network model of IT cortex consists of four kinds of networks, in which the information about a whole face is combined with the information about its face parts and their arrangements. We show here that the learning of face stimuli makes the functional connections between these IT networks, causing a high spike correlation of IT neuron pairs. A dynamic property of subthreshold membrane potential of IT neuron, produced by Hodgkin-Huxley model, enables the coordination of temporal information without changing the firing rate, providing the basis of the mechanism underlying face perception. We show also that the hierarchical processing of face information allows IT cortex to perform a "coarse-to-fine" processing of face information. The results presented here seem to be compatible with experimental data about dynamic properties of IT neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yamada
- Graduate School of Information Systems, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kashimori
- Graduate School of Information Systems, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585 Japan ; Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokoyo, 182-8585 Japan
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43
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Vandesquille M, Carrié I, Louis C, Beracochea D, Lestage P. Effects of positive modulators of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors in a benzodiazepine-induced deficit of spatial discrimination in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:845-56. [PMID: 21890586 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111416692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance between GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission has been recently hypothesized to trigger memory decline related either to ageing or to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thereby, benzodiazepine-induced anterograde amnesia has been construed as a model of hippocampal-related cognitive dysfunctions. Since spatial memory is altered both by ageing and by benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, we investigated the pharmacological sensitivity of alprazolam-induced deficit in a delayed spatial discrimination (SD) task, notably with positive allosteric modulators of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors. We showed that alprazolam (0.1 mg/kg intraperitoneally) induced memory impairments as compared with vehicle-treated mice. The oral administration of modulators of AMPA receptors (IDRA-21: 10 mg/kg; S18986: 3 and 10 mg/kg) reversed the alprazolam-induced deficits. This study is first to show evidence that reference treatments of AD, such as memantine (a NMDA receptor antagonist) at 3 mg/kg per os (po) and donepezil (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) at 1 mg/kg po, also reversed the alprazolam-induced amnesia. Given such results, the SD task emerges as a valuable novel task to screen pro-cognitive compounds. Thus, we highlight the efficacy of modulators of AMPA-type glutamate receptors to counteract alprazolam-induced spatial deficits. These results could be viewed alongside the imbalance between excitation and inhibition observed during normal and pathological ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vandesquille
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France.
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Aggleton JP, Brown MW, Albasser MM. Contrasting brain activity patterns for item recognition memory and associative recognition memory: insights from immediate-early gene functional imaging. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:3141-55. [PMID: 22634248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory, the discrimination of a novel from a familiar event, can be classified into item recognition and associative recognition. Item recognition concerns the identification of novel individual stimuli, while associative recognition concerns the detection of novelty that arises when familiar items are reconfigured in a novel manner. Experiments in rodents that have mapped the expression of immediate-early genes, e.g., c-fos, highlight key differences between these two forms of recognition memory. Visual item novelty is consistently linked to increased c-fos activity in just two brain sites, the perirhinal cortex and the adjacent visual association area Te2. Typically there are no hippocampal c-fos changes. In contrast, visual associative recognition is consistently linked to c-fos activity changes in the hippocampus, but not the perirhinal cortex. The lack of a c-fos perirhinal change with associative recognition presumably reflects the fact that the individual items in an array remain familiar, even though their combinations are unique. Those exceptions, when item recognition is associated with hippocampal c-fos changes, occur when rats actively explore novel objects. The increased engagement with objects will involve multisensory stimulus processing and potentially create conditions in which rats can readily learn stimulus attributes such as object location or object order, i.e., attributes involved in associative recognition. Correlations based on levels of immediate-early gene expression in the temporal lobe indicate that actively exploring novel stimuli switches patterns of entorhinal-hippocampal functional connectivity to emphasise direct entorhinal-dentate gyrus processing. These gene activity findings help to distinguish models of medial temporal lobe function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, UK.
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Seoane A, Tinsley CJ, Brown MW. Interfering with Fos expression in rat perirhinal cortex impairs recognition memory. Hippocampus 2012; 22:2101-13. [PMID: 22532480 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that immunohistochemical imaging of Fos protein is a reliable marker for changes in activity related to recognition memory in the perirhinal (PRH) cortex of the medial temporal lobe; however, whether PRH Fos expression is necessary for recognition memory had not been established. To investigate this potential requirement, antisense Fos oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) was infused locally into PRH cortex to interfere with Fos production. As in previous studies, differential Fos expression produced by viewing novel or familiar visual stimuli was measured by immunohistochemistry: antisense Fos ODN infusion into PRH cortex disrupted the normal pattern of differential Fos expression in PRH cortex. The effect of antisense Fos ODN infusion into PRH cortex was therefore sought on recognition memory. Infusion before or immediately after acquisition impaired recognition memory for objects when the memory delay was 3 or 24 h, but not when the delay was 20 min, or when the ODN was infused before retrieval after a 24-h delay. The findings indicate a role for Fos in consolidation processes underlying long-term recognition memory for objects and establish that interfering with its expression impairs recognition memory. Antisense Fos ODN infusion also impaired object-in-place recognition memory. The results demonstrate that Fos is necessary for neuronal mechanisms in PRH cortex essential to recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Seoane
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Research Council Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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Unal G, Apergis-Schoute J, Paré D. Associative properties of the perirhinal network. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:1318-32. [PMID: 21841156 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The perirhinal area is a rostrocaudally oriented cortical region involved in recognition and associative memory. It receives topographically organized transverse projections from high-order neocortical areas and is endowed with intrinsic longitudinal connections that distribute neocortical inputs rostrocaudally. Earlier work has revealed that neocortical inputs strongly recruit perirhinal interneurons located at the same transverse level, limiting the depolarization of principal cells. In contrast, at a distance, neocortical stimuli only evoke excitation because longitudinal perirhinal pathways do not engage interneurons. This raises the possibility that the perirhinal network allows for Hebbian-like associative interactions between coincident and spatially distributed inputs. To test this, we analyzed the effects of theta-frequency neocortical stimulation using simultaneous field potential recordings and optical imaging in the whole guinea pig brain in vitro. Theta-frequency stimulation (TFS) at one neocortical site resulted in a prolonged input-specific response depression at all perirhinal levels. In contrast, paired TFS of 2 distant neocortical sites resulted in a prolonged response potentiation to the paired inputs, suggesting that longitudinal perirhinal connections can support associative interactions between coincident but spatially distributed inputs. Moreover, we found that induction of these 2 forms of plasticity depended on the competing influence of glutamate group I metabotropic and NMDA receptors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Unal
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Kealy J, Commins S. The rat perirhinal cortex: A review of anatomy, physiology, plasticity, and function. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 93:522-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The proposal that a system centering on the perirhinal cortex is responsible for familiarity discrimination, particularly for single items, whereas a system centering on the hippocampus is responsible for recollective and more complex associational aspects of recognition memory is reviewed in the light of recent findings. In particular, the proposal is reviewed in relation to recent animal work with rats and results from human clinical studies. Notably, progress has been made in determining potential neural memory substrate mechanisms within the perirhinal cortex in rats. Recent findings have emphasized the importance of specifying the type of material, the type of test, and the strategy used by subjects to solve recognition memory tests if substrates are to be accurately inferred. It is to be expected that the default condition is that both the hippocampal and perirhinal systems will contribute to recognition memory performance. Indeed, rat lesion experiments provide examples of where cooperation between both systems is essential. Nevertheless, there remain examples of the independent operation of the hippocampal and perirhinal systems. Overall, it is concluded that most, though not all, of the recent findings are in support of the proposal. However, there is also evidence that the systems involved in recognition memory need to include structures outside the medial temporal lobe: there are significant but as yet only partially defined roles for the prefrontal cortex and sensory association cortices in recognition memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm W Brown
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Bristol BS81TD, United Kingdom.
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49
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the literature on the available pharmacotherapy for insomnia and the adverse cognitive effects of those options in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN Ovid/MEDLINE databases were searched by using the following key words: "brain injury," "sleep initiation and maintenance disorders," "hypnotics and sedatives," "benzodiazepines," "trazodone," and "neuronal plasticity." RESULTS The reviewed literature consistently reported that benzodiazepines and atypical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists result in cognitive impairment when plasma levels are at their peak. Evidence of residual effects on cognition was reported for benzodiazepines but was seen less often in atypical GABA agonists. However, evidence has also been presented that GABA agonists have adverse effects on neuroplasticity, raising concerns about their use in patients recovering from TBI. CONCLUSIONS Use of benzodiazepines in TBI has been discouraged and some authors also advocate caution in prescribing atypical GABA agonists. Alternate treatments including trazodone and a newer class of agents, melatonin agonists, are highlighted, along with the limited data available addressing the use of these medications in TBI. Finally, suggestions are offered for further research, especially on topic related to neural plasticity and functional recovery.
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Albasser MM, Poirier GL, Aggleton JP. Qualitatively different modes of perirhinal-hippocampal engagement when rats explore novel vs. familiar objects as revealed by c-Fos imaging. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 31:134-47. [PMID: 20092559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used to test for different patterns of temporal lobe interactions when rats explore either novel or familiar objects. A new behavioural test of recognition memory was first devised to generate robust levels of novelty discrimination and to provide a matched control condition using familiar objects. Increased c-Fos activity was found in caudal but not rostral portions of the perirhinal cortex (areas 35/36) and in area Te2 in rats showing object recognition, i.e. preferential exploration of novel vs. familiar objects. The findings are presented at a higher anatomical resolution than previous studies of immediate-early gene expression and object novelty and, crucially, provide the first analyses when animals are actively discriminating the novel objects. Novel vs. familiar object comparisons also revealed altered c-Fos patterns in hippocampal subfields, with relative increases in CA3 and CA1 and decreases in the dentate gyrus. These hippocampal changes match those previously reported for the automatic coding of object-spatial associations. Additional analyses of the c-Fos data using structural equation modelling indicated the presence of pathways starting in the caudal perirhinal cortex that display a direction of effects from the entorhinal cortex to the CA1 field (temporo-ammonic) when presented with familiar objects, but switch to the engagement of the direct entorhinal cortex pathway to the dentate gyrus (perforant) with novel object discrimination. This entorhinal switch provides a potential route by which the rhinal cortex can moderate hippocampal processing, with a dynamic change from temporo-ammonic (familiar stimuli) to perforant pathway (novel stimuli) influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu M Albasser
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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