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López-Caballero F, Curtis M, Coffman BA, Salisbury DF. Is source-resolved magnetoencephalographic mismatch negativity a viable biomarker for early psychosis? Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1889-1906. [PMID: 37537883 PMCID: PMC10837325 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an auditory event-related response reflecting the pre-attentive detection of novel stimuli and is a biomarker of cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ). MMN to pitch (pMMN) and to duration (dMMN) deviant stimuli are impaired in chronic SZ, but it is less clear if MMN is reduced in first-episode SZ, with inconsistent findings in scalp-level EEG studies. Here, we investigated the neural generators of pMMN and dMMN with MEG recordings in 26 first-episode schizophrenia spectrum (FEsz) and 26 matched healthy controls (C). We projected MEG inverse solutions into precise functionally meaningful auditory cortex areas. MEG-derived MMN sources were in bilateral primary auditory cortex (A1) and belt areas. In A1, pMMN FEsz reduction showed a trend towards statistical significance (F(1,50) = 3.31; p = .07), and dMMN was reduced in FEsz (F(1,50) = 4.11; p = .04). Hypothesis-driven comparisons at each hemisphere revealed dMMN reduction in FEsz occurred in the left (t(56) = 2.23; p = .03; d = .61) but not right (t(56) = 1.02; p = .31; d = .28) hemisphere, with a moderate effect size. The added precision of MEG source solution with high-resolution MRI and parcellation of A1 may be requisite to detect the emerging pathophysiology and indicates a critical role for left hemisphere pathology at psychosis onset. However, the moderate effect size in left A1, albeit larger than reported in scalp MMN meta-analyses, casts doubt on the clinical utility of MMN for differential diagnosis, as a majority of patients will overlap with the healthy individual's distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran López-Caballero
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Western Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Curtis
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Western Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian A Coffman
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Western Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dean F Salisbury
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Western Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (Sz) is a chronic mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought (such as delusions and confused thinking), perception (hearing voices), and behavior (lack of motivation). The lifetime prevalence of Sz is between 0.3% and 0.7%, with late adolescence and early adulthood, the peak period for the onset of psychotic symptoms. Causal factors in Sz include environmental and genetic factors and especially their interaction. About 50% of individuals with a diagnosis of Sz have lifelong impairment.
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3
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Chen YH, Howell B, Edgar JC, Huang M, Kochunov P, Hunter MA, Wootton C, Lu BY, Bustillo J, Sadek JR, Miller GA, Cañive JM. Associations and Heritability of Auditory Encoding, Gray Matter, and Attention in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:859-870. [PMID: 30099543 PMCID: PMC6581123 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auditory encoding abnormalities, gray-matter loss, and cognitive deficits are all candidate schizophrenia (SZ) endophenotypes. This study evaluated associations between and heritability of auditory network attributes (function and structure) and attention in healthy controls (HC), SZ patients, and unaffected relatives (UR). METHODS Whole-brain maps of M100 auditory activity from magnetoencephalography recordings, cortical thickness (CT), and a measure of attention were obtained from 70 HC, 69 SZ patients, and 35 UR. Heritability estimates (h2r) were obtained for M100, CT at each group-difference region, and the attention measure. RESULTS SZ patients had weaker bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) M100 responses than HC and a weaker right frontal M100 response than UR. Abnormally large M100 responses in left superior frontal gyrus were observed in UR and SZ patients. SZ patients showed smaller CT in bilateral STG and right frontal regions. Interrelatedness between 3 putative SZ endophenotypes was demonstrated, although in the left STG the M100 and CT function-structure associations observed in HC and UR were absent in SZ patients. Heritability analyses also showed that right frontal M100 and bilateral STG CT measures are significantly heritable. CONCLUSIONS Present findings indicated that the 3 SZ endophenotypes examined are not isolated markers of pathology but instead are connected. The pattern of auditory encoding group differences and the pattern of brain function-structure associations differ as a function of brain region, indicating the need for regional specificity when studying these endophenotypes, and with the presence of left STG function-structure associations in HC and UR but not in SZ perhaps reflecting disease-associated damage to gray matter that disrupts function-structure relationships in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Chen
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Radiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Seashore House 1F Room 116B, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; tel: +1(267)426-0959, fax: +1(267)425-2465, e-mail:
| | - Breannan Howell
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - J Christopher Edgar
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mingxiong Huang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA,Department of Radiology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, San Diego, CA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael A Hunter
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Cassandra Wootton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Brett Y Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Joseph R Sadek
- Psychiatry Research, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Gregory A Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - José M Cañive
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,Psychiatry Research, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Albuquerque, NM
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4
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Effects of neonatal ethanol on cerebral cortex development through adolescence. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1871-1884. [PMID: 31049690 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal brain lesions cause deficits in structure and function of the cerebral cortex that sometimes are not fully expressed until adolescence. To better understand the onset and persistence of changes caused by postnatal day 7 (P7) ethanol treatment, we examined neocortical cell numbers, volume, surface area and thickness from neonatal to post-adolescent ages. In control mice, total neuron number decreased from P8 to reach approximately stable levels at about P30, as expected from normal programmed cell death. Cortical thickness reached adult levels by P14, but cortical volume and surface area continued to increase from juvenile (P20-30) to post-adolescent (P54-93) ages. P7 ethanol caused a reduction of total neurons by P14, but this deficit was transient, with later ages having only small and non-significant reductions. Previous studies also reported transient neuron loss after neonatal lesions that might be partially explained by an acute acceleration of normally occurring programmed cell death. GABAergic neurons expressing parvalbumin, calretinin, or somatostatin were reduced by P14, but unlike total neurons the reductions persisted or increased in later ages. Cortical volume, surface area and thickness were also reduced by P7 ethanol. Cortical volume showed evidence of a transient reduction at P14, and then was reduced again in post-adolescent ages. The results show a developmental sequence of neonatal ethanol effects. By juvenile ages the cortex overcomes the P14 deficit of total neurons, whereas P14 GABA cell deficits persist. Cortical volume reductions were present at P14, and again in post-adolescent ages.
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5
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Smiley JF, Hackett TA, Bleiwas C, Petkova E, Stankov A, Mann JJ, Rosoklija G, Dwork AJ. Reduced GABA neuron density in auditory cerebral cortex of subjects with major depressive disorder. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 76:108-121. [PMID: 26686292 PMCID: PMC4903945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are closely associated with disrupted functions in frontal and limbic areas of cerebral cortex, cellular pathology has also been found in other brain areas, including primary sensory cortex. Auditory cortex is of particular interest, given the prominence of auditory hallucinations in SZ, and sensory deficits in MDD. We used stereological sampling methods in auditory cortex to look for cellular differences between MDD, SZ and non-psychiatric subjects. Additionally, as all of our MDD subjects died of suicide, we evaluated the association of suicide with our measurements by selecting a SZ sample that was divided between suicide and non-suicide subjects. Measurements were done in primary auditory cortex (area A1) and auditory association cortex (area Tpt), two areas with distinct roles in sensory processing and obvious differences in neuron density and size. In MDD, densities of GABAergic interneurons immunolabeled for calretinin (CR) and calbindin (CB) were 23-29% lower than non-psychiatric controls in both areas. Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons (counted only in area Tpt) showed a nominally smaller (16%) reduction that was not statistically significant. Total neuron and glia densities measured in Nissl stained sections did not show corresponding reductions. Analysis of suicide in the SZ sample indicated that reduced CR cell density was associated with suicide, whereas the densities of CB and other cells were not. Our results are consistent with previous studies in MDD that found altered GABA-associated markers throughout the cerebral cortex including primary sensory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Smiley
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Troy A Hackett
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cynthia Bleiwas
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Eva Petkova
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gorazd Rosoklija
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Andrew J Dwork
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
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6
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Yabut OR, Fernandez G, Huynh T, Yoon K, Pleasure SJ. Suppressor of Fused Is Critical for Maintenance of Neuronal Progenitor Identity during Corticogenesis. Cell Rep 2015; 12:2021-34. [PMID: 26387942 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper lineage progression and diversification of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) ensures the generation of projection neuron (PN) subtypes in the mammalian neocortex. Here, we show that Suppressor of Fused (Sufu) controls PN specification by maintaining the identity of NPCs in the embryonic neocortex. Deletion of Sufu in NPCs of the E10.5 mouse neocortex led to improper specification of progenitors and a reduction in intermediate progenitors (IPs) during corticogenesis. We found that Sufu deletion resulted in unstable Gli2 and Gli3 activity, leading to the ectopic activation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. The role of Sufu in maintaining progenitor identity is critical at early stages of corticogenesis, since deletion of Sufu at E13.5 did not cause similar abnormalities. Our studies revealed that Sufu critically modulates Shh signaling at early stages of neurogenesis for proper specification and maintenance of cortical NPCs to ensure the appropriate generation of cortical PN lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odessa R Yabut
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gloria Fernandez
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Trung Huynh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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7
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Bakhshi K, Chance S. The neuropathology of schizophrenia: A selective review of past studies and emerging themes in brain structure and cytoarchitecture. Neuroscience 2015; 303:82-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Selective reduction of cerebral cortex GABA neurons in a late gestation model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcohol 2015; 49:571-80. [PMID: 26252988 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits, and decreased volume of the whole brain and cerebral cortex. Rodent models have shown that early postnatal treatments, which mimic ethanol toxicity in the third trimester of human pregnancy, acutely induce widespread apoptotic neuronal degeneration and permanent behavioral deficits. However, the lasting cellular and anatomical effects of early ethanol treatments are still incompletely understood. This study examined changes in neocortex volume, thickness, and cellular organization that persist in adult mice after postnatal day 7 (P7) ethanol treatment. Post mortem brain volumes, measured by both MRI within the skull and by fluid displacement of isolated brains, were reduced 10-13% by ethanol treatment. The cerebral cortex showed a similar reduction (12%) caused mainly by lower surface area (9%). In spite of these large changes, several features of cortical organization showed little evidence of change, including cortical thickness, overall neuron size, and laminar organization. Estimates of total neuron number showed a trend level reduction of about 8%, due mainly to reduced cortical volume but unchanged neuron density. However, counts of calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) subtypes of GABAergic neurons showed a striking >30% reduction of neuron number. Similar ethanol effects were found in male and female mice, and in C57BL/6By and BALB/cJ mouse strains. Our findings indicate that the cortex has substantial capacity to develop normal cytoarchitectonic organization after early postnatal ethanol toxicity, but there is a selective and persistent reduction of GABA cells that may contribute to the lasting cognitive and behavioral deficits in FASD.
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9
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Javitt DC, Sweet RA. Auditory dysfunction in schizophrenia: integrating clinical and basic features. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:535-50. [PMID: 26289573 PMCID: PMC4692466 DOI: 10.1038/nrn4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder that is associated with persistent psychosocial disability in affected individuals. Although studies of schizophrenia have traditionally focused on deficits in higher-order processes such as working memory and executive function, there is an increasing realization that, in this disorder, deficits can be found throughout the cortex and are manifest even at the level of early sensory processing. These deficits are highly amenable to translational investigation and represent potential novel targets for clinical intervention. Deficits, moreover, have been linked to specific structural abnormalities in post-mortem auditory cortex tissue from individuals with schizophrenia, providing unique insights into underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Javitt
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 21, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Research Office Building (151R), University Drive C, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA
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10
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Tseng HH, Bossong MG, Modinos G, Chen KM, McGuire P, Allen P. A systematic review of multisensory cognitive–affective integration in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:444-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Simple method for evaluation of planum temporale pyramidal neurons shrinkage in postmortem tissue of Alzheimer disease patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:607171. [PMID: 24719875 PMCID: PMC3956417 DOI: 10.1155/2014/607171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We measured the length of the pyramidal neurons in the cortical layer III in four subregions of the planum temporale (transitions into superior temporal gyrus, Heschl's gyrus, insular cortex, and Sylvian fissure) in control group and Alzheimer disease patients. Our hypothesis was that overall length of the pyramidal neurons would be smaller in the Alzheimer disease group compared to controls and also there would be right-left asymmetry in both the control and Alzheimer disease groups. We found pyramidal neuron length asymmetry only in controls—in the transition into the Sylvian fissure—and the rest of the subregions in the control group and Alzheimer disease patients did not show size difference. However, control-Alzheimer disease group pyramidal neuron length comparison revealed (a) no length difference in superior temporal gyrus transition area, (b) reversal of asymmetry in the insular transition area with left insular transition significantly shorter in the Alzheimer disease group compared to the control group, (c) both right and left Heschl's gyrus transitions significantly shorter in the Alzheimer disease group compared to the control group, and (d) right Sylvian fissure transition significantly shorter in the Alzheimer disease group compared to the control group. This neuronal length measurement method could supplement already existing neuropathological criteria for postmortem Alzheimer disease diagnostics.
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12
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Ratnanather JT, Cebron S, Ceyhan E, Postell E, Pisano DV, Poynton CB, Crocker B, Honeycutt NA, Mahon PB, Barta PE. Morphometric differences in planum temporale in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder revealed by statistical analysis of labeled cortical depth maps. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:94. [PMID: 25132825 PMCID: PMC4117114 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in cortical thickness in the lateral temporal lobe, including the planum temporale (PT), have been reported in MRI studies of schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) patients. Most of these studies have used a single-valued global or local measure for thickness. However, additional and complementary information can be obtained by generating labeled cortical distance maps (LCDMs), which are distances of labeled gray matter (GM) voxels from the nearest point on the GM/white matter (WM) (inner) cortical surface. Statistical analyses of pooled and censored LCDM distances reveal subtle differences in PT between SCZ and BPD groups from data generated by Ratnanather et al. (Schizophrenia Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.014). These results confirm that the left planum temporale (LPT) is more sensitive than the right PT in distinguishing between SCZ, BPD, and healthy controls. Also confirmed is a strong gender effect, with a thicker PT seen in males than in females. The differences between groups at smaller distances in the LPT revealed by pooled and censored LCDM analysis suggest that SCZ and BPD have different effects on the cortical mantle close to the GM/WM surface. This is consistent with reported subtle changes in the cortical mantle observed in post-mortem studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tilak Ratnanather
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Shannon Cebron
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Elvan Ceyhan
- Department of Mathematics, Koç University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Elizabeth Postell
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Dominic V Pisano
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Clare B Poynton
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Britni Crocker
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Nancy A Honeycutt
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Pamela B Mahon
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Patrick E Barta
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
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13
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Smiley JF, Hackett TA, Preuss TM, Bleiwas C, Figarsky K, Mann JJ, Rosoklija G, Javitt DC, Dwork AJ. Hemispheric asymmetry of primary auditory cortex and Heschl's gyrus in schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric brains. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:435-43. [PMID: 24148910 PMCID: PMC3851973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heschl's gyrus (HG) is reported to have a normal left>right hemispheric volume asymmetry, and reduced asymmetry in schizophrenia. Primary auditory cortex (A1) occupies the caudal-medial surface of HG, but it is unclear if A1 has normal asymmetry, or whether its asymmetry is altered in schizophrenia. To address these issues, we compared bilateral gray matter volumes of HG and A1, and neuron density and number in A1, in autopsy brains from male subjects with or without schizophrenia. Comparison of diagnostic groups did not reveal altered gray matter volumes, neuron density, neuron number or hemispheric asymmetries in schizophrenia. With respect to hemispheric differences, HG displayed a clear left>right asymmetry of gray matter volume. Area A1 occupied nearly half of HG, but had less consistent volume asymmetry, that was clearly present only in a subgroup of archival brains from elderly subjects. Neuron counts, in layers IIIb-c and V-VI, showed that the A1 volume asymmetry reflected differences in neuron number, and was not caused simply by changes in neuron density. Our findings confirm previous reports of striking hemispheric asymmetry of HG, and additionally show evidence that A1 has a corresponding asymmetry, although less consistent than that of HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Smiley
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Corresponding author: John F. Smiley, Ph.D., Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, Phone: 845-398-6601, Fax: 845-398-5531,
| | - Troy A. Hackett
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Todd M. Preuss
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia Bleiwas
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Khadija Figarsky
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gorazd Rosoklija
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Daniel C. Javitt
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J. Dwork
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Edgar JC, Chen YH, Lanza M, Howell B, Chow VY, Heiken K, Liu S, Wootton C, Hunter MA, Huang M, Miller GA, Cañive JM. Cortical thickness as a contributor to abnormal oscillations in schizophrenia? NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 4:122-9. [PMID: 24371794 PMCID: PMC3871288 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Although brain rhythms depend on brain structure (e.g., gray and white matter), to our knowledge associations between brain oscillations and structure have not been investigated in healthy controls (HC) or in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). Observing function–structure relationships, for example establishing an association between brain oscillations (defined in terms of amplitude or phase) and cortical gray matter, might inform models on the origins of psychosis. Given evidence of functional and structural abnormalities in primary/secondary auditory regions in SZ, the present study examined how superior temporal gyrus (STG) structure relates to auditory STG low-frequency and 40 Hz steady-state activity. Given changes in brain activity as a function of age, age-related associations in STG oscillatory activity were also examined. Methods Thirty-nine individuals with SZ and 29 HC were recruited. 40 Hz amplitude-modulated tones of 1 s duration were presented. MEG and T1-weighted sMRI data were obtained. Using the sources localizing 40 Hz evoked steady-state activity (300 to 950 ms), left and right STG total power and inter-trial coherence were computed. Time–frequency group differences and associations with STG structure and age were also examined. Results Decreased total power and inter-trial coherence in SZ were observed in the left STG for initial post-stimulus low-frequency activity (~ 50 to 200 ms, ~ 4 to 16 Hz) as well as 40 Hz steady-state activity (~ 400 to 1000 ms). Left STG 40 Hz total power and inter-trial coherence were positively associated with left STG cortical thickness in HC, not in SZ. Left STG post-stimulus low-frequency and 40 Hz total power were positively associated with age, again only in controls. Discussion Left STG low-frequency and steady-state gamma abnormalities distinguish SZ and HC. Disease-associated damage to STG gray matter in schizophrenia may disrupt the age-related left STG gamma-band function–structure relationships observed in controls. Associations between brain oscillations and structure were investigated in SZ The present study examined how superior temporal gyrus (STG) structure and agerelate to auditory STG low-frequency and 40 Hz steady-state activity Decreased total power and inter-trial coherence in SZ were observed in the left STG for early low-frequency activity (~ 50 to 200 ms, ~ 4 to 16 Hz) as well as 40 Hz steady-state activity (~ 400 to 1000 ms) Left STG 40 Hz total power and inter-trial coherence were positively associated with left STG cortical thickness in HC, not in SZ Disease-associated damage to STG gray matter in schizophrenia may disrupt the age-related left STG function-structure relationships observed in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Edgar
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA ; New Mexico Raymond G. Murphy VA Healthcare System, Psychiatry Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matthew Lanza
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Breannan Howell
- The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA ; New Mexico Raymond G. Murphy VA Healthcare System, Psychiatry Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Vivian Y Chow
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kory Heiken
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Song Liu
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cassandra Wootton
- The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA ; New Mexico Raymond G. Murphy VA Healthcare System, Psychiatry Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael A Hunter
- The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA ; New Mexico Raymond G. Murphy VA Healthcare System, Psychiatry Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mingxiong Huang
- The University of California San Diego, Department of Radiology, San Diego, CA, USA ; San Diego VA Healthcare System, Department of Radiology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A Miller
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - José M Cañive
- The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA ; New Mexico Raymond G. Murphy VA Healthcare System, Psychiatry Research, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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15
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Ratnanather JT, Poynton CB, Pisano DV, Crocker B, Postell E, Cebron S, Ceyhan E, Honeycutt NA, Mahon PB, Barta PE. Morphometry of superior temporal gyrus and planum temporale in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2013; 150:476-83. [PMID: 24012458 PMCID: PMC3825771 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structural abnormalities in temporal lobe, including the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and planum temporale (PT), have been reported in schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) patients. While most MRI studies have suggested gray matter volume and surface area reduction in temporal lobe regions, few have explored changes in laminar thickness in PT and STG in SCZ and BPD. ROI subvolumes of the STG from 94 subjects were used to yield gray matter volume, gray/white surface area and laminar thickness for STG and PT cortical regions. Morphometric analysis suggests that there may be gender and laterality effects on the size and shape of the PT in BPD (n=36) and SCZ (n=31) with reduced laterality in PT in subjects with SCZ but not in BPD. In addition, PT surface area was seen to be larger in males, and asymmetry in PT surface area was larger in BPD. Subjects with SCZ had reduced thickness and smaller asymmetry in PT volume. Thus, the PT probably plays a more sensitive role than the STG in structural abnormalities seen in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Tilak Ratnanather
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218,Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
| | - Clare B. Poynton
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
| | - Dominic V. Pisano
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
| | - Britni Crocker
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
| | - Elizabeth Postell
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
| | - Shannon Cebron
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
| | - Elvan Ceyhan
- Dept of Mathematics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nancy A. Honeycutt
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205
| | - Pamela B. Mahon
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205
| | - Patrick E. Barta
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218,Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218
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Boissart C, Poulet A, Georges P, Darville H, Julita E, Delorme R, Bourgeron T, Peschanski M, Benchoua A. Differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells of cortical neurons of the superficial layers amenable to psychiatric disease modeling and high-throughput drug screening. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e294. [PMID: 23962924 PMCID: PMC3756296 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons of the superficial layers (II-IV) represent a pivotal neuronal population involved in the higher cognitive functions of the human and are particularly affected by psychiatric diseases with developmental manifestations such as schizophrenia and autism. Differentiation protocols of human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) into cortical neurons have been achieved, opening the way to in vitro modeling of neuropsychiatric diseases. However, these protocols commonly result in the asynchronous production of neurons typical for the different layers of the cortex within an extended period of culture, thus precluding the analysis of specific subtypes of neurons in a standardized manner. Addressing this issue, we have successfully captured a stable population of self-renewing late cortical progenitors (LCPs) that synchronously and massively differentiate into glutamatergic cortical neurons of the upper layers. The short time course of differentiation into neurons of these progenitors has made them amenable to high-throughput assays. This has allowed us to analyze the capability of LCPs at differentiating into post mitotic neurons as well as extending and branching neurites in response to a collection of selected bioactive molecules. LCPs and cortical neurons of the upper layers were successfully produced from patient-derived-induced PSC, indicating that this system enables functional studies of individual-specific cortical neurons ex vivo for disease modeling and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boissart
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - A Poulet
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - P Georges
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - H Darville
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - E Julita
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - R Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - T Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,CNRS URA 2182 ‘Genes, synapses and cognition', Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,University Denis Diderot Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - M Peschanski
- INSERM/UEVE UMR 861 I-STEM AFM, Evry Cedex, France
| | - A Benchoua
- Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, France,Neuroplasticity and Therapeutics, CECS, I-STEM, AFM, 5 rue Henri Desbrueres, Genopole campus 1, Evry Cedex 91030, France. E-mail:
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17
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Bohner G, Milakara D, Witthaus H, Gallinat J, Scheel M, Juckel G, Klingebiel R. MTR abnormalities in subjects at ultra-high risk for schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controls. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:85-90. [PMID: 22377101 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies have suggested gray (GM) and white matter (WM) abnormalities in early stages of schizophrenia. We aimed at evaluating subtle parenchymal alterations in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for transition into psychosis and first-episode schizophrenic (FES) patients by measuring the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR). METHODS AND MATERIAL In a cross-sectional study magnetization transfer images and high-resolution volumetric T1-weighted images were acquired in 70 age- and gender-matched subjects (25 UHR subjects, 16 FES patients and 29 controls) in a 1.5Tesla scanner. Following normalization of MTR-maps the intensity histograms were analyzed by performing a Kruskal-Wallis-test. RESULTS Gray matter MTR decreases were depicted in UHR subjects solely, involving the cingulate gyrus and precentral cortex. WM MTR alterations were more pronounced in FES than in UHR patients and exclusively affected the frontal lobe bilaterally. In addition, UHR subjects showed bilateral MTR decreases at the stria terminalis though statistically significant only on the left side (p=0.018.) CONCLUSION Our results indicate GM affection earlier on during disease progression as well as cumulative WM affection within frontal lobes during transition from UHR to FES. MTR reductions at the stria terminalis of UHR patients points to the involvement of the extended amygdala in the prodromal disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Bohner
- Department of Neuroradiology, Charité Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Smiley JF, Konnova K, Bleiwas C. Cortical thickness, neuron density and size in the inferior parietal lobe in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012; 136:43-50. [PMID: 22304984 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The inferior parietal lobe (IPL) is a center of multisensory integration, and both functional and structural MRI studies have found evidence that pathology in this region may contribute to disrupted sensory perception in schizophrenia. To further define this pathology, we used postmortem samples from the left and right IPL, to compare the thickness and volume of the upper (I-III) and lower (IV-VI) cortical layers. The samples were divided into supramarginal and angular gyri, and neuron density and size were measured in the supramarginal gyrus. The laminar thickness and volume measurements did not demonstrate significant changes in schizophrenia, but did show that the angular gyrus was thinner than the supramarginal gyrus, due to a difference mainly in the lower layers. Measurements of cortical thickness, neuron size and neuron density all showed some evidence of previously reported normal hemispheric differences. These asymmetries were reduced in schizophrenia, but the small changes were at the threshold of detection, and are discussed in the context of the sensitivity of the methods applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Smiley
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.
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Differential relationships of mismatch negativity and visual p1 deficits to premorbid characteristics and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:521-9. [PMID: 22192361 PMCID: PMC4469217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mismatch negativity (MMN) and visual P1 are established event-related potential (ERP) markers of impaired auditory and visual sensory function in schizophrenia. Differential relationships of these measures with premorbid and present function and with clinical course have been noted previously in independent cohorts, but measures have not yet been compared within the same patient group. METHODS Twenty-six schizophrenia patients and 19 control subjects participated in a simultaneous visual and auditory ERPs experiment. Attended visual ERPs were obtained to low- and high-spatial frequency stimuli. Simultaneously, MMN was obtained to unattended pitch, duration, and intensity deviant stimuli. Premorbid function, symptom, and global outcome measures were obtained as correlational measures. RESULTS Patients showed substantial P1 reductions to low- but not high-spatial frequency stimuli, unrelated to visual acuity. Patients also exhibited reduced MMN to all deviant types. No significant correlations were observed between visual ERPs and premorbid or global outcome measures or illness duration. In contrast, MMN amplitude correlated significantly and independently with premorbid educational achievement, cognitive symptoms, global function, and illness duration. The MMN to duration versus other deviants was differentially reduced in individuals with poor premorbid function. CONCLUSIONS Visual and auditory ERP measures are differentially related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Visual deficits correlate poorly with functional measures and illness duration and serve primarily as trait vulnerability markers. The MMN deficits are independently related to premorbid function and illness duration, suggesting independent neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative contributions. The lack of correlation between auditory and visual ERPs in schizophrenia suggests contributions from divergent underlying neurophysiological processes.
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20
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Redefining the Functional Organization of the Planum Temporale Region: Space, Objects, and Sensory–Motor Integration. THE HUMAN AUDITORY CORTEX 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2314-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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21
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Smiley JF, Rosoklija G, Mancevski B, Pergolizzi D, Figarsky K, Bleiwas C, Duma A, Mann JJ, Javitt DC, Dwork AJ. Hemispheric comparisons of neuron density in the planum temporale of schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric brains. Psychiatry Res 2011; 192:1-11. [PMID: 21377842 PMCID: PMC3071586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem and in vivo studies of schizophrenia frequently reveal reduced cortical volume, but the underlying cellular abnormalities are incompletely defined. One influential hypothesis, especially investigated in Brodmann's area 9 of prefrontal cortex, is that the number of neurons is normal, and the volume change is caused by reduction of the surrounding neuropil. However, studies have differed on whether the cortex has the increased neuron density that is predicted by this hypothesis. In a recent study of bilateral planum temporale (PT), we reported smaller volume and width of the outer cortex (layers I-III), especially in the left hemisphere, among subjects with schizophrenia. In the present study, we measured neuron density and size in the same PT samples, and also in prefrontal area 9 of the same brains. In the PT, separate stereological measurements were made in layers II, IIIc, and VI, whereas area 9 was sampled in layer IIIb-c. In both cortical regions, there was no significant effect of schizophrenia on neuronal density or size. There was, nevertheless, a trend-level right>left hemispheric asymmetry of neuron density in the PT, which may partially explain the previously reported left>right asymmetry of cortical width. In schizophrenia, our findings suggest that closer packing of neurons may not always explain reduced cortical volume, and subtly decreased neuron number may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Smiley
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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Hickok G, Houde J, Rong F. Sensorimotor integration in speech processing: computational basis and neural organization. Neuron 2011; 69:407-22. [PMID: 21315253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor integration is an active domain of speech research and is characterized by two main ideas, that the auditory system is critically involved in speech production and that the motor system is critically involved in speech perception. Despite the complementarity of these ideas, there is little crosstalk between these literatures. We propose an integrative model of the speech-related "dorsal stream" in which sensorimotor interaction primarily supports speech production, in the form of a state feedback control architecture. A critical component of this control system is forward sensory prediction, which affords a natural mechanism for limited motor influence on perception, as recent perceptual research has suggested. Evidence shows that this influence is modulatory but not necessary for speech perception. The neuroanatomy of the proposed circuit is discussed as well as some probable clinical correlates including conduction aphasia, stuttering, and aspects of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hickok
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Hearing Research, Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Stereological approaches to identifying neuropathology in psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:113-26. [PMID: 20678756 PMCID: PMC2974031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The challenges involved in identifying the neuropathological substrates of the clinical syndrome recognized as schizophrenia are well known. Stereological sampling provides a means to obtain accurate and precise quantitative estimates of components of neural circuits and thus offers promise of an enhanced capacity to detect subtle alterations in brain structure associated with schizophrenia. In this review, we 1) consider the importance and rationale for robust quantitative measures of brain abnormalities in postmortem studies of schizophrenia; 2) provide a brief overview of stereological methods for obtaining such measures; 3) discuss the methodological details that should be reported to document the robustness of a stereological study; 4) given the constraints of postmortem human studies, suggest how to approach the limitations of less robust designs; and 5) present an overview of methodologically sound stereological estimates from postmortem studies of schizophrenia.
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