1
|
Goldberg JK, Godfrey RK, Barrett M. A long-read draft assembly of the Chinese mantis (Mantodea: Mantidae: Tenodera sinensis) genome reveals patterns of ion channel gain and loss across Arthropoda. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae062. [PMID: 38517310 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Praying mantids (Mantodea: Mantidae) are iconic insects that have captivated biologists for decades, especially the species with cannibalistic copulatory behavior. This behavior has been cited as evidence that insects lack nociceptive capacities and cannot feel pain; however, this behaviorally driven hypothesis has never been rigorously tested at the genetic or functional level. To enable future studies of nociceptive capabilities in mantids, we sequenced and assembled a draft genome of the Chinese praying mantis (Tenodera sinensis) and identified multiple classes of nociceptive ion channels by comparison to orthologous gene families in Arthropoda. Our assembly-produced using PacBio HiFi reads-is fragmented (total size = 3.03 Gb; N50 = 1.8 Mb; 4,966 contigs), but is highly complete with respect to gene content (BUSCO complete = 98.7% [odb10_insecta]). The size of our assembly is substantially larger than that of most other insects, but is consistent with the size of other mantid genomes. We found that most families of nociceptive ion channels are present in the T. sinensis genome; that they are most closely related to those found in the damp-wood termite (Zootermopsis nevadensis); and that some families have expanded in T. sinensis while others have contracted relative to nearby lineages. Our findings suggest that mantids are likely to possess nociceptive capabilities and provide a foundation for future experimentation regarding ion channel functions and their consequences for insect behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay K Goldberg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ 85741, USA
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Ln, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK
| | - R Keating Godfrey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Meghan Barrett
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liénard MA, Baez-Nieto D, Tsai CC, Valencia-Montoya WA, Werin B, Johanson U, Lassance JM, Pan JQ, Yu N, Pierce NE. TRPA5 encodes a thermosensitive ankyrin ion channel receptor in a triatomine insect. iScience 2024; 27:109541. [PMID: 38577108 PMCID: PMC10993193 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
As ectotherms, insects need heat-sensitive receptors to monitor environmental temperatures and facilitate thermoregulation. We show that TRPA5, a class of ankyrin transient receptor potential (TRP) channels absent in dipteran genomes, may function as insect heat receptors. In the triatomine bug Rhodnius prolixus (order: Hemiptera), a vector of Chagas disease, the channel RpTRPA5B displays a uniquely high thermosensitivity, with biophysical determinants including a large channel activation enthalpy change (72 kcal/mol), a high temperature coefficient (Q10 = 25), and in vitro temperature-induced currents from 53°C to 68°C (T0.5 = 58.6°C), similar to noxious TRPV receptors in mammals. Monomeric and tetrameric ion channel structure predictions show reliable parallels with fruit fly dTRPA1, with structural uniqueness in ankyrin repeat domains, the channel selectivity filter, and potential TRP functional modulator regions. Overall, the finding of a member of TRPA5 as a temperature-activated receptor illustrates the diversity of insect molecular heat detectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie A. Liénard
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Baez-Nieto
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Cheng-Chia Tsai
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Wendy A. Valencia-Montoya
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Balder Werin
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Urban Johanson
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jean-Marc Lassance
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Neuroethology, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jen Q. Pan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nanfang Yu
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Naomi E. Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Henriques-Santos BM, Xiong C, Pietrantonio PV. Automated analysis of feeding behaviors of females of the mosquito Aedes aegypti using a modified flyPAD system. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20188. [PMID: 37980438 PMCID: PMC10657447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes present a global health challenge due to their ability to transmit human and animal pathogens upon biting and blood feeding. The investigation of tastants detected by mosquitoes and their associated feeding behaviors is needed to answer physiological and ecological questions that could lead to novel control methods. A high-throughput system originally developed for research in fruit flies feeding behavior, the flyPAD, was adapted and tested for behaviors associated with the interaction or consumption of liquid diets offered to females of the mosquito Aedes aegypti Liverpool strain. Females were given water, sucrose solution and sheep blood in choice and non-choice assays. The volume ingested was evaluated with fluorescein. The placement of the system on a heated surface allowed blood consumption, and without females puncturing a membrane. The flyPAD system recorded nine feeding behavioral variables, of which the number of sips and number of activity bouts correlated with meal volume ingested for both sucrose solution and blood. The adaptation to mosquitoes of the flyPAD system differentiated feeding behavior variables between two feeding deterrents, capsaicin, and caffeine. The flyPAD has potential to quickly assess diverse tastants in both sucrose and blood and may contribute to characterizing more precisely their mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caixing Xiong
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Y, Guo W, Wang M, Zhang D. Genome-Wide Characterization and Gene Expression Analysis of TRP Channel Superfamily Genes in the Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1427. [PMID: 37510331 PMCID: PMC10379062 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The TRP channel superfamily was widely found in multiple species. They were involved in many extrasensory perceptions and were important for adapting to the environment. The migratory locust was one of the worldwide agricultural pests due to huge damage. In this study, we identified 13 TRP superfamily genes in the locust genome. The number of LmTRP superfamily genes was consistent with most insects. The phylogenetic tree showed that LmTRP superfamily genes could be divided into seven subfamilies. The conserved motifs and domains analysis documented that LmTRP superfamily genes contained unique characteristics of the TRP superfamily. The expression profiles in different organs identified LmTRP superfamily genes in the head and antennae, which were involved in sensory function. The expression pattern of different life phases also demonstrated that LmTRP superfamily genes were mainly expressed in third-instar nymphs and male adults. Our findings could contribute to a better understanding of the TRP channel superfamily gene and provide potential targets for insect control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- The International Centre for Precision Environmental Health and Governance, The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wenhui Guo
- The International Centre for Precision Environmental Health and Governance, The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- The International Centre for Precision Environmental Health and Governance, The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Daochuan Zhang
- The International Centre for Precision Environmental Health and Governance, The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Laursen WJ, Tang R, Garrity PA. Hunting with heat: thermosensory-driven foraging in mosquitoes, snakes and beetles. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb229658. [PMID: 37382467 PMCID: PMC10323236 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.229658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Animals commonly use thermosensation, the detection of temperature and its variation, for defensive purposes: to maintain appropriate body temperature and to avoid tissue damage. However, some animals also use thermosensation to go on the offensive: to hunt for food. The emergence of heat-dependent foraging behavior has been accompanied by the evolution of diverse thermosensory organs of often exquisite thermosensitivity. These organs detect the heat energy emitted from food sources that range from nearby humans to trees burning in a forest kilometers away. Here, we examine the biophysical considerations, anatomical specializations and molecular mechanisms that underlie heat-driven foraging. We focus on three groups of animals that each meet the challenge of detecting heat from potential food sources in different ways: (1) disease-spreading vector mosquitoes, which seek blood meals from warm-bodied hosts at close range, using warming-inhibited thermosensory neurons responsive to conductive and convective heat flow; (2) snakes (vipers, pythons and boas), which seek warm-blooded prey from ten or more centimeters away, using warmth-activated thermosensory neurons housed in an organ specialized to harvest infrared radiation; and (3) fire beetles, which maximize their offspring's feeding opportunities by seeking forest fires from kilometers away, using mechanosensory neurons housed in an organ specialized to convert infrared radiation into mechanosensory stimuli. These examples highlight the diverse ways in which animals exploit the heat emanating from potential food sources, whether this heat reflects ongoing metabolic activity or a recent lightning strike, to secure a nutritious meal for themselves or for their offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem J. Laursen
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Ruocong Tang
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Paul A. Garrity
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular characterization of TRPA1 and its function in temperature preference in Eriocheir sinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 278:111357. [PMID: 36572141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an economically important aquaculture species, and its growth and development are regulated by temperature, but the molecular mechanisms of the responses to temperature remain unclear. Herein, we identified TRPA1 from E. sinensis, a member of the TRP family of heat receptor potential channels, performed RACE cloning and bioinformatics analysis, and investigated the effect of TRPA1 on temperature responses and molting by real-time PCR and RNA interference (RNAi). The open reading frame of Es-TRPA1 is 3660 bp, and the encoded protein has a molecular weight of 136.91 kDa, and is expressed in embryos and juveniles. RNAi-mediated silencing decreased Es-TRPA1 expression in juvenile crabs, molting rate was decreased, mortality was increased, and crabs avoided cold areas (4 °C) much less than control juvenile crabs. The results suggest that Es-TRPA1 is involved in regulating temperature adaptation and molting processes in E. sinensis. The findings lay a foundation for further exploration of temperature regulation mechanisms in E. sinensis and other crustaceans.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hull JJ, Brent CS, Fu T, Wang G, Christie AE. Mining Lygus hesperus (western tarnished plant bug) transcriptomic data for transient receptor potential channels: Expression profiling and functional characterization of a Painless homolog. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 44:101027. [PMID: 36242802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation channels are evolutionarily conserved proteins with critical roles in sensory physiology. Despite extensive studies in model species, knowledge of TRP channel functional diversity and physiological impact remains limited in many non-model insect species. To assess the TRP channel repertoire in a non-model agriculture pest species (Lygus hesperus), publicly available transcriptomic datasets were mined for potential homologs. Among the transcripts identified, 30 are predicted to encompass complete open reading frames that encode proteins representing each of the seven TRP channel subfamilies. Although no homologs were identified for the Pyrexia and Brivido channels, the TRP complement in L. hesperus exceeded the 13-16 channels reported in most insects. This diversity appears to be driven by a combination of alternative splicing, which impacted members of six subfamilies, and gene expansion of the TRPP subfamily. To validate the in silico data and provide more detailed analyses of L. hesperus TRP functionality, the putative Painless homolog was selected for more in depth analysis and its functional role in thermosensation examined in vitro. RT-PCR expression profiling revealed near ubiquitous expression of the Painless transcript throughout nymphal and adult development. Electrophysiological data generated using a Xenopus oocyte recombinant expression system indicated activation parameters for L. hesperus Painless homolog that are consistent with a role in noxious heat (40°-45 °C) thermosensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Joe Hull
- Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA.
| | - Colin S Brent
- Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Ting Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong 276200, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Andrew E Christie
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang H, Wang C, Zhang K, Kamau PM, Luo A, Tian L, Lai R. The role of TRPA1 channels in thermosensation. CELL INSIGHT 2022; 1:100059. [PMID: 37193355 PMCID: PMC10120293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a polymodal nonselective cation channel sensitive to different physical and chemical stimuli. TRPA1 is associated with many important physiological functions in different species and thus is involved in different degrees of evolution. TRPA1 acts as a polymodal receptor for the perceiving of irritating chemicals, cold, heat, and mechanical sensations in various animal species. Numerous studies have supported many functions of TRPA1, but its temperature-sensing function remains controversial. Although TRPA1 is widely distributed in both invertebrates and vertebrates, and plays a crucial role in tempreture sensing, the role of TRPA1 thermosensation and molecular temperature sensitivity are species-specific. In this review, we summarize the temperature-sensing role of TRPA1 orthologues in terms of molecular, cellular, and behavioural levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Engineering Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides, National & Local Joint Engineering Center of Natural Bioactive Peptides, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengsan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Engineering Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides, National & Local Joint Engineering Center of Natural Bioactive Peptides, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Keyi Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Peter Muiruri Kamau
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Engineering Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides, National & Local Joint Engineering Center of Natural Bioactive Peptides, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Anna Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Engineering Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides, National & Local Joint Engineering Center of Natural Bioactive Peptides, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lifeng Tian
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Engineering Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides, National & Local Joint Engineering Center of Natural Bioactive Peptides, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, Yunnan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Coutinho-Abreu IV, Riffell JA, Akbari OS. Human attractive cues and mosquito host-seeking behavior. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:246-264. [PMID: 34674963 PMCID: PMC10789295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Female mosquitoes use chemical and physical cues, including vision, smell, heat, and humidity, to orient toward hosts. Body odors are produced by skin resident bacteria that convert metabolites secreted in sweat into odorants that confer the characteristic body scent. Mosquitoes detect these compounds using olfactory receptors in their antennal olfactory receptor neurons. Such information is further integrated with the senses of temperature and humidity, as well as vision, processed in the brain into a behavioral output, leading to host finding. Knowledge of human scent components unveils a variety of odorants that are attractive to mosquitoes, but also odor-triggering repellency. Finding ways to divert human-seeking behavior by female mosquitoes using odorants can possibly mitigate mosquito-borne pathogen transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iliano V Coutinho-Abreu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Omar S Akbari
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reinhold JM, Chandrasegaran K, Oker H, Crespo JE, Vinauger C, Lahondère C. Species-Specificity in Thermopreference and CO 2-Gated Heat-Seeking in Culex Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2022; 13:92. [PMID: 35055936 PMCID: PMC8779787 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combining thermopreference (Tp) and CO2-gated heat-seeking assays, we studied the thermal preferendum and response to thermal cues in three Culex mosquito species exhibiting differences in native habitat and host preference (e.g., biting cold and/or warm-blooded animals). Results show that these species differ in both Tp and heat-seeking behavior. In particular, we found that Culex territans, which feed primarily on cold-blood hosts, did not respond to heat during heat-seeking assays, regardless of the CO2 concentration, but exhibited an intermediate Tp during resting. In contrast, Cx. quinquefasciatus, which feeds on warm blooded hosts, sought the coolest locations on a thermal gradient and responded only moderately to thermal stimuli when paired with CO2 at higher concentrations. The third species, Cx. tarsalis, which has been shown to feed on a wide range of hosts, responded to heat when paired with high CO2 levels and exhibited a high Tp. This study provides the first insights into the role of heat and CO2 in the host seeking behavior of three disease vectors in the Culex genus and highlights differences in preferred resting temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Reinhold
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.M.R.); (K.C.); (H.O.); (C.V.)
| | - Karthikeyan Chandrasegaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.M.R.); (K.C.); (H.O.); (C.V.)
| | - Helen Oker
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.M.R.); (K.C.); (H.O.); (C.V.)
| | - José E. Crespo
- Laboratorio de Entomología Experimental—Grupo de Ecología Térmica en Insectos (GETI), Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina;
| | - Clément Vinauger
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.M.R.); (K.C.); (H.O.); (C.V.)
- The Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center of Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chloé Lahondère
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.M.R.); (K.C.); (H.O.); (C.V.)
- The Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center of Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- The Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thermodynamic and structural basis of temperature-dependent gating in TRP channels. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2211-2219. [PMID: 34623379 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms require detecting the environmental thermal clues for survival, allowing them to avoid noxious stimuli or find prey moving in the dark. In mammals, the Transient Receptor Potential ion channels superfamily is constituted by 27 polymodal receptors whose activity is controlled by small ligands, peptide toxins, protons and voltage. The thermoTRP channels subgroup exhibits unparalleled temperature dependence -behaving as heat and cold sensors. Functional studies have dissected their biophysical features in detail, and the advances of single-particle Cryogenic Electron microscopy provided the structural framework required to propose detailed channel gating mechanisms. However, merging structural and functional evidence for temperature-driven gating of thermoTRP channels has been a hard nut to crack, remaining an open question nowadays. Here we revisit the highlights on the study of heat and cold sensing in thermoTRP channels in the light of the structural data that has emerged during recent years.
Collapse
|
12
|
Stromsky VE, Hajkazemian M, Vaisbourd E, Mozūraitis R, Noushin Emami S. Plasmodium metabolite HMBPP stimulates feeding of main mosquito vectors on blood and artificial toxic sources. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1161. [PMID: 34620990 PMCID: PMC8497504 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data show that parasites manipulate the physiology of mosquitoes and human hosts to increase the probability of transmission. Here, we investigate phagostimulant activity of Plasmodium-metabolite, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), in the primary vectors of multiple human diseases, Anopheles coluzzii, An. arabiensis, An. gambiae s.s., Aedes aegypti, and Culex pipiens/Culex torrentium complex species. The addition of 10 µM HMBPP to blood meals significantly increased feeding in all the species investigated. Moreover, HMBPP also exhibited a phagostimulant property in plant-based-artificial-feeding-solution made of beetroot juice adjusted to neutral pH similar to that of blood. The addition of AlbuMAXTM as a lipid/protein source significantly improved the feeding rate of An. gambiae s.l. females providing optimised plant-based-artificial-feeding-solution for delivery toxins to control vector populations. Among natural and synthetic toxins tested, only fipronil sulfone did not reduce feeding. Overall, the toxic-plant-based-artificial-feeding-solution showed potential as an effector in environmentally friendly vector-control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria E Stromsky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melika Hajkazemian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth Vaisbourd
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raimondas Mozūraitis
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Noushin Emami
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Molecular Attraction AB, Elektravägen 10, 126 30 Hägersten, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Natural Resources Institute, FES, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cao E. Structural mechanisms of transient receptor potential ion channels. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:133640. [PMID: 31972006 PMCID: PMC7054860 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201811998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are evolutionarily ancient sensory proteins that detect and integrate a wide range of physical and chemical stimuli. TRP channels are fundamental for numerous biological processes and are therefore associated with a multitude of inherited and acquired human disorders. In contrast to many other major ion channel families, high-resolution structures of TRP channels were not available before 2013. Remarkably, however, the subsequent “resolution revolution” in cryo-EM has led to an explosion of TRP structures in the last few years. These structures have confirmed that TRP channels assemble as tetramers and resemble voltage-gated ion channels in their overall architecture. But beyond the relatively conserved transmembrane core embedded within the lipid bilayer, each TRP subtype appears to be endowed with a unique set of soluble domains that may confer diverse regulatory mechanisms. Importantly, TRP channel structures have revealed sites and mechanisms of action of numerous synthetic and natural compounds, as well as those for endogenous ligands such as lipids, Ca2+, and calmodulin. Here, I discuss these recent findings with a particular focus on the conserved transmembrane region and how these structures may help to rationally target this important class of ion channels for the treatment of numerous human conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erhu Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bestea L, Réjaud A, Sandoz JC, Carcaud J, Giurfa M, de Brito Sanchez MG. Peripheral taste detection in honey bees: What do taste receptors respond to? Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4417-4444. [PMID: 33934411 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neural principles governing taste perception in species that bear economic importance or serve as research models for other sensory modalities constitutes a strategic goal. Such is the case of the honey bee (Apis mellifera), which is environmentally and socioeconomically important, given its crucial role as pollinator agent in agricultural landscapes and which has served as a traditional model for visual and olfactory neurosciences and for research on communication, navigation, and learning and memory. Here we review the current knowledge on honey bee gustatory receptors to provide an integrative view of peripheral taste detection in this insect, highlighting specificities and commonalities with other insect species. We describe behavioral and electrophysiological responses to several tastant categories and relate these responses, whenever possible, to known molecular receptor mechanisms. Overall, we adopted an evolutionary and comparative perspective to understand the neural principles of honey bee taste and define key questions that should be answered in future gustatory research centered on this insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bestea
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS (UMR 5169), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Réjaud
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS, IRD (UMR 5174), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sandoz
- Evolution, Genomes, Behavior and Ecology, CNRS, IRD (UMR 9191, University Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julie Carcaud
- Evolution, Genomes, Behavior and Ecology, CNRS, IRD (UMR 9191, University Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS (UMR 5169), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Maria Gabriela de Brito Sanchez
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS (UMR 5169), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carnaghi M, Belmain SR, Hopkins RJ, Hawkes FM. Multimodal synergisms in host stimuli drive landing response in malaria mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7379. [PMID: 33795798 PMCID: PMC8016827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria, which affects one-fifth of the world population. A comprehensive understanding of mosquito behaviour is essential for the development of novel tools for vector control and surveillance. Despite abundant research on mosquito behaviour, little is known on the stimuli that drive malaria vectors during the landing phase of host-seeking. Using behavioural assays with a multimodal step approach we quantified both the individual and the combined effect of three host-associated stimuli in eliciting landing in Anopheles coluzzii females. We demonstrated that visual, olfactory and thermal sensory stimuli interact synergistically to increase the landing response. Furthermore, if considering only the final outcome (i.e. landing response), our insect model can bypass the absence of either a thermal or a visual stimulus, provided that at least one of these is presented simultaneously with the olfactory stimuli, suggesting that landing is the result of a flexible but accurate stimuli integration. These results have important implications for the development of mosquito control and surveillance tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Carnaghi
- grid.55594.38Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, ME7 4TB UK
| | - Steven R. Belmain
- grid.55594.38Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, ME7 4TB UK
| | - Richard J. Hopkins
- grid.55594.38Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, ME7 4TB UK
| | - Frances M. Hawkes
- grid.55594.38Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Kent, ME7 4TB UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Melo N, Capek M, Arenas OM, Afify A, Yilmaz A, Potter CJ, Laminette PJ, Para A, Gallio M, Stensmyr MC. The irritant receptor TRPA1 mediates the mosquito repellent effect of catnip. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1988-1994.e5. [PMID: 33667373 PMCID: PMC8764911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a common garden herb well known for its euphoric and hallucinogenic effects on domestic cats,1–3 for its medicinal properties,4,5 as well as for its powerful repellent action on insects.6,7 Catnip extracts have been proposed as a natural alternative to synthetic insect repellents, such as N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET),8,9 but how catnip triggers aversion in insects is not known. Here, we show that, both in Drosophila melanogaster flies and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the major mediator of catnip repellency is the widely conserved chemical irritant receptor TRPA1. In vitro, both catnip extract and its active ingredient nepetalactone can directly activate fly and mosquito TRPA1. In vivo, D. melanogaster and Ae. aegypti TRPA1 mutants are no longer repelled by catnip and nepetalactone. Interestingly, our data show that some, but not all, fly and mosquito TRPA1 variants are catnip targets. Moreover, unlike the broad TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) (an active ingredient of tear gas and wasabi), catnip does not activate human TRPA1. Our results support the use of catnip and nepetalactone as insect-selective irritants and suggest that, despite TRPA1’s broad conservation, insect TRPA1 can be targeted for the development of safe repellents. Catnip has been used for millennia as an insect repellent. Melo et al. find that catnip and its major iridoid component nepetalactone activate insect isoforms of the irritant receptor TRPA1. Mosquitoes lacking TRPA1 are no longer repelled by catnip. Catnip does not activate human TRPA1, and this supports its use as a safe natural mosquito repellent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Melo
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthew Capek
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Oscar M Arenas
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ali Afify
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ayse Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher J Potter
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Peter J Laminette
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Alessia Para
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Marco Gallio
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang LX, Niu CD, Wu SF, Gao CF. Molecular characterizations and expression profiles of transient receptor potential channels in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104780. [PMID: 33771259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) is a superfamily of important cation channels located on the cell membrane. It can regulate almost all sensory modality and control a series of behaviors, including hearing, locomotion, gentle touch, temperature sensation, dry air and food texture detection. The expression profiles of TRP channels have been well documented in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster. However, little is known about the TRP channels of agricultural pests. In this study, we cloned 9 TRP ion channel genes from brown planthopper. Their amino acid sequences are highly conserved with homologues of other insects and have typical TRP channel characteristics: six transmembrane domains (TM1 - TM6) and a pore region between TM5 and TM6. These TRP channels of N. lugens were expressed in all developmental stages and various body parts. The expression levels of almost all TRP channels were relatively higher in adults than nymph stages, and lowest in the eggs. Antenna and abdomen were the main body parts with high expression of these genes. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of these TRP genes were significantly decreased in the third-instar nymphs injected with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The survival rate of different TRP dsRNA injected nymphs all exceeded 81%, which was no significant difference compared with the control group. These results suggested that these 9 TRP channels are expressed throughout the body and all ages of the brown planthopper, and are involved in regulating multiple physiological and behavioral processes. The identification of TRP channel genes in this study not only provides a foundation for further exploring the potential roles of TRP channels, but also serves as targets to develop new insecticides for the control of agricultural pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xiang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Dong Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shun-Fan Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong-Fen Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gaire S, Schal C, Mick R, DeVries Z. The Role of Antennae in Heat Detection and Feeding Behavior in the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2858-2863. [PMID: 33128451 PMCID: PMC7724749 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) is an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite that has significant impacts on human health and well-being. All life stages of bed bugs (except eggs) feed solely on blood, which is required to molt and reproduce. Bed bugs use multiple cues to locate their hosts, including heat, CO2, and body odors. Of these cues, detection of heat appears limited to a short distance of <3 cm. However, it remains unclear if bed bugs can detect radiant heat, what structure(s) are responsible for heat detection, and if heat detection via the antennae is required for feeding. In this study, bed bug response to radiant heat was evaluated using the two-choice T-maze assay with the heat source either in contact with the surface (i.e., conduction) or not in contact (i.e., radiation) in nonantennectomized bed bugs. Further, we systematically ablated the bed bug's antennal segments (distal tip, first segment, and all four segments) and assessed their responses to heat and feeding in a unique two-choice T-maze assay and individual feeding assays, respectively. Our two-choice assays with contact to or no contact with the surface indicated that bed bugs cannot detect radiant heat. Later, we found that the distal tip of the terminal antennal segment is responsible for orientation toward a heat source. However, >50% of the bed bugs fed even when the entire antenna was removed, suggesting redundancy in sensory cues that drive feeding. These results will be used to better understand the role heat plays in bed bug host attraction and design of traps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Gaire
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Russell Mick
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Zachary DeVries
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Athrey G, Popkin-Hall Z, Cosme LV, Takken W, Slotman MA. Species and sex-specific chemosensory gene expression in Anopheles coluzzii and An. quadriannulatus antennae. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:212. [PMID: 32321556 PMCID: PMC7178735 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory cues drive mosquito behaviors such as host-seeking, locating sugar sources and oviposition. These behaviors can vary between sexes and closely related species. For example, the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii is highly anthropophilic, whereas An. quadriannulatus is not. These behavioral differences may be reflected in chemosensory gene expression. METHODS The expression of chemosensory genes in the antennae of both sexes of An. coluzzii and An. quadriannulatus was compared using RNA-seq. The sex-biased expression of several genes in An. coluzzii was also compared using qPCR. RESULTS The chemosensory expression is mostly similar in the male antennae of An. coluzzii and An. quadriannulatus, with only a few modest differences in expression. A handful of chemosensory genes are male-biased in both species; the highly expressed gustatory receptor AgGr33, odorant binding proteins AgObp25, AgObp26 and possibly AgObp10. Although the chemosensory gene repertoire is mostly shared between the sexes, several highly female-biased AgOrs, AgIrs, and one AgObp were identified, including several whose expression is biased towards the anthropophilic An. coluzzii. Additionally, the expression of several chemosensory genes is biased towards An. coluzzii in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Chemosensory gene expression is broadly similar between species and sexes, but several sex- biased/specific genes were identified. These may modulate sex- and species-specific behaviors. Although the male behavior of these species remains poorly studied, the identification of sex- and species-specific chemosensory genes may provide fertile ground for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giridhar Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | | | - Luciano Veiga Cosme
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hull JJ, Yang YW, Miyasaki K, Brent CS. TRPA1 modulates noxious odor responses in Lygus hesperus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 122:104038. [PMID: 32113955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lygus hesperus isa key pest of many economically important crops across western North America. Central to many aspects of the lives of these insects is chemical signalling, with identified roles in host plant selection, aggregation and passive mate guarding. The development of novel monitoring and control approaches for this insect will rely on a sound understanding of how these cues are perceived and processed, and their impact on behavior. Towards this end, we investigated allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde and citronellal, compounds that are noxious repellents to other insects. We found that L. hesperus avoided areas containing the three compounds and that exposure induced increases in movement velocity and duration in both nymphs and adults. This suggests these compounds may work as repellents. To better understand the underlying physiology of this response, RNA interference by dsRNA injection was used to inhibit the expression of two chemosensory-associated proteins, the odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) and the transient receptor potential A (TRPA1) channel. While knockdown of Orco did not change the reaction of adult females to citronellal, TRPA1 silencing effectively eliminated the induced increase to movement, suggesting a chemoperceptory role in citronellal detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Joe Hull
- USDA-ARS, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Yang
- USDA-ARS, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Katelyn Miyasaki
- USDA-ARS, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Colin S Brent
- USDA-ARS, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R. Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS–University of Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Greppi C, Laursen WJ, Budelli G, Chang EC, Daniels AM, van Giesen L, Smidler AL, Catteruccia F, Garrity PA. Mosquito heat seeking is driven by an ancestral cooling receptor. Science 2020; 367:681-684. [PMID: 32029627 PMCID: PMC8092076 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit pathogens that kill >700,000 people annually. These insects use body heat to locate and feed on warm-blooded hosts, but the molecular basis of such behavior is unknown. Here, we identify ionotropic receptor IR21a, a receptor conserved throughout insects, as a key mediator of heat seeking in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae Although Ir21a mediates heat avoidance in Drosophila, we find it drives heat seeking and heat-stimulated blood feeding in Anopheles At a cellular level, Ir21a is essential for the detection of cooling, suggesting that during evolution mosquito heat seeking relied on cooling-mediated repulsion. Our data indicate that the evolution of blood feeding in Anopheles involves repurposing an ancestral thermoreceptor from non-blood-feeding Diptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Greppi
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Willem J Laursen
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Gonzalo Budelli
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Elaine C Chang
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Abigail M Daniels
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Lena van Giesen
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Andrea L Smidler
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul A Garrity
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Manwill PK, Kalsi M, Wu S, Martinez Rodriguez EJ, Cheng X, Piermarini PM, Rakotondraibe HL. Semi-synthetic cinnamodial analogues: Structural insights into the insecticidal and antifeedant activities of drimane sesquiterpenes against the mosquito Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008073. [PMID: 32101555 PMCID: PMC7062286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aedes aegypti mosquito serves as a major vector for viral diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, which are spreading across the globe and threatening public health. In addition to increased vector transmission, the prevalence of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes is also on the rise, thus solidifying the need for new, safe and effective insecticides to control mosquito populations. We recently discovered that cinnamodial, a unique drimane sesquiterpene dialdehyde of the Malagasy medicinal plant Cinnamosma fragrans, exhibited significant larval and adult toxicity to Ae. aegypti and was more efficacious than DEET-the gold standard for insect repellents-at repelling adult female Ae. aegypti from blood feeding. In this study several semi-synthetic analogues of cinnamodial were prepared to probe the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for larvicidal, adulticidal and antifeedant activity against Ae. aegypti. Initial efforts were focused on modification of the dialdehyde functionality to produce more stable active analogues and to understand the importance of the 1,4-dialdehyde and the α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl in the observed bioactivity of cinnamodial against mosquitoes. This study represents the first investigation into the SAR of cinnamodial as an insecticide and antifeedant against the medically important Ae. aegypti mosquito.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preston K. Manwill
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Megha Kalsi
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sijin Wu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Erick J. Martinez Rodriguez
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Piermarini
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Harinantenaina L. Rakotondraibe
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li T, Saito CT, Hikitsuchi T, Inoguchi Y, Mitsuishi H, Saito S, Tominaga M. Diverse sensitivities of TRPA1 from different mosquito species to thermal and chemical stimuli. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20200. [PMID: 31882848 PMCID: PMC6934445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature and odors profoundly affect the behavior of animals. Transient receptor potential channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) functions as a polymodal nociceptor for sensing both vital environmental cues in insects. Mosquitoes are recognized as disease vectors, and many efforts have been devoted to investigations of their host-seeking behaviors and repellents. However, the physiological characteristics of mosquito TRPA1 have not been systematically studied. We identified multiple alternative splice variants of the TrpA1 gene from Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes. And we performed comparative analyses of the responses of mosquito TRPA1s to heat or chemical stimuli with calcium-imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp methods. Comparison of TRPA1 among four mosquito species from different thermal niches revealed that TRPA1 of Culex pipiens pallens inhabiting the temperate zone had a lower temperature threshold for heat-evoked activation, which was supported by the in vivo heat-avoidance test. Notably, the chemosensitivity of mosquito TRPA1 channels revealed differences not only between variants but also among species. Moreover, we discovered three novel mosquito TRPA1 agonists. Thermal niches selection and evolutionary trajectories significantly affect the functional properties of mosquito TRPA1, which represents a hallmark of the behaviors that may permit the design of improved mosquito control methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianbang Li
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan.,Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Claire T Saito
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hikitsuchi
- Research & Development Laboratory, Dainihon Jochugiku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inoguchi
- Research & Development Laboratory, Dainihon Jochugiku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Honami Mitsuishi
- Research & Development Laboratory, Dainihon Jochugiku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan. .,Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan. .,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Japan.
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan. .,Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan. .,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Himmel NJ, Letcher JM, Sakurai A, Gray TR, Benson MN, Cox DN. Drosophila menthol sensitivity and the Precambrian origins of transient receptor potential-dependent chemosensation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190369. [PMID: 31544603 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels are highly conserved, polymodal sensors which respond to a wide variety of stimuli. Perhaps most notably, TRP channels serve critical functions in nociception and pain. A growing body of evidence suggests that transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) and transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) thermal and electrophile sensitivities predate the protostome-deuterostome split (greater than 550 Ma). However, TRPM and TRPA channels are also thought to detect modified terpenes (e.g. menthol). Although terpenoids like menthol are thought to be aversive and/or harmful to insects, mechanistic sensitivity studies have been largely restricted to chordates. Furthermore, it is unknown if TRP-menthol sensing is as ancient as thermal and/or electrophile sensitivity. Combining genetic, optical, electrophysiological, behavioural and phylogenetic approaches, we tested the hypothesis that insect TRP channels play a conserved role in menthol sensing. We found that topical application of menthol to Drosophila melanogaster larvae elicits a Trpm- and TrpA1-dependent nocifensive rolling behaviour, which requires activation of Class IV nociceptor neurons. Further, in characterizing the evolution of TRP channels, we put forth the hypotheses that three previously undescribed TRPM channel clades (basal, αTRPM and βTRPM), as well as TRPs with residues critical for menthol sensing, were present in ancestral bilaterians. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Himmel
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Jamin M Letcher
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Akira Sakurai
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Thomas R Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Maggie N Benson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ticks home in on body heat: A new understanding of Haller's organ and repellent action. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221659. [PMID: 31442282 PMCID: PMC6707551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are second only to mosquitoes as vectors of disease to humans and animals. Tick host detection is mainly ascribed to Haller’s organ, a complex sensory structure on the tick foreleg that detects odors, carbon dioxide and heat, but these host detection mechanisms are not well understood. There is anecdotal evidence that ticks and other ectoparasites are attracted to heat, but it has never been demonstrated that they use radiant heat to detect hosts at a distance. In fact, previous attempts to do this have concluded that radiant heat was not used by ticks. Here we use a novel thermotaxis assay to investigate the detection range, temperature dependence and repellent sensitivity of heat perception in ticks and to identify the sensory organ responsible for this sense. We show that Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks can locate a human from several meters away by radiant heat sensed by the part of Haller’s organ known as the capsule, a covered spherical pit organ. An aperture in the capsule cover confers directionality and highly reflective interior surfaces of the capsule concentrate radiation on the sensilla to sharpen directionality and increase sensitivity. Commercial insect repellents provide an effective means of personal protection against potentially infectious tick bites by hindering host-seeking behavior. Low concentrations of the insect repellents DEET, picaridin, 2-undecanone, citronellal and nootkatone eliminate thermotaxis without affecting olfaction-stimulated host-seeking behavior. Our results demonstrate that the tick Haller’s organ capsule is a radiant heat sensor used in host-finding and that repellents disrupt this sense at concentrations that do not disrupt olfaction. We anticipate that this discovery will significantly aid insect repellent research and provide novel targets for the development of innovative integrated pest management programs and personal protection strategies for ectoparasites and vector-borne disease.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lazzari CR. The thermal sense of blood-sucking insects: why physics matters. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 34:112-116. [PMID: 31247411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood-sucking arthropods exploit multimodal information for locating and recognising potential hosts. The heat emitted by the body of endothermic vertebrates constitutes a major cue for orientation. To exploit it in a reliable way, insects must be able to deal with two variants of thermal information, that is heat exchange and temperature fluctuations. Evaluating whether or not an object qualifies as a host by its temperature requires solving thermodynamic ambiguities in a context where temperature increase at the receptor level is just one, yet insufficient, piece of information. To be exploitable, this piece of information needs to be integrated with other variables. Here, I discuss the physical constraints associated to thermal orientation, as well as the way different blood-sucking insects acquire and make use of heat to recognise a host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR7261 CNRS, University of Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abramova A, Alm Rosenblad M, Blomberg A, Larsson TA. Sensory receptor repertoire in cyprid antennules of the barnacle Balanus improvisus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216294. [PMID: 31048879 PMCID: PMC6497305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Barnacle settlement involves sensing of a variety of exogenous cues. A pair of antennules is the main sensory organ that the cyprid larva uses to explore the surface. Antennules are equipped with a number of setae that have both chemo- and mechanosensing function. The current study explores the repertoire of sensory receptors in Balanus improvisus cyprid antennules with the goal to better understand sensory systems involved in the settling behavior of this species. We carried out transcriptome sequencing of dissected B. improvisus cyprid antennules. The generated transcriptome assembly was used to search for sensory receptors using HMM models. Among potential chemosensory genes, we identified the ionotropic receptors IR25a, IR8a and IR93a, and several divergent IR candidates to be expressed in the cyprid antennules. We found one gustatory-like receptor but no odorant receptors, chemosensory or odorant-binding proteins. Apart from chemosensory receptors, we also identified 13 potential mechanosensory genes represented by several transient receptor potential channels (TRP) subfamilies. Furthermore, we analyzed changes in expression profiles of IRs and TRPs during the B. improvisus settling process. Several of the sensory genes were differentially expressed during the course of larval settlement. This study gives expanded knowledge about the sensory systems present in barnacles, a taxonomic group for which only limited information about receptors is currently available. It furthermore serves as a starting point for more in depth studies of how sensory signaling affects settling behavior in barnacles with implications for preventing biofouling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Abramova
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Alm Rosenblad
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Axel Larsson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li J, Chen Q, Man Y, Pei D, Wu W. Variant Ionotropic Receptors are Expressed in the Antennae of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Biochem Genet 2019; 57:571-582. [PMID: 30737589 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-019-09910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit many harmful diseases that seriously threaten public health. The mosquito's olfactory system is of great significance for host selection. Inotropic receptors (IRs) and olfactory receptors (ORs) have been demonstrated to be capable of odorant molecular recognition. Analyzing the molecular principles of mosquito olfaction facilitates the development of prevention and therapy techniques. Advances in the understanding of IRs have been seriously inadequate compared to those of ORs. Here, we provide evidence that 35 Anopheles sinensis IR (AsIR) genes are expressed, 7 of which are in the antennae and 2 have expression levels that are upregulated with a blood meal. A homologous analysis of the sequences showed that AsIRs are a subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGLURs). This is the first that time IRs have been identified in Anopheles sinensis in vitro. The ultrastructure of the antennae supports the theory that diverse sensilla are distributed in the antennae. The results here may facilitate the revelation of the regulation mechanism in AsIRs, which could mitigate the transmission of diseases by mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, National University of Defense Technology, No. 109 Deya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, National University of Defense Technology, No. 109 Deya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yahui Man
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, National University of Defense Technology, No. 109 Deya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Di Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, National University of Defense Technology, No. 109 Deya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, National University of Defense Technology, No. 109 Deya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tallon AK, Hill SR, Ignell R. Sex and age modulate antennal chemosensory-related genes linked to the onset of host seeking in the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Sci Rep 2019; 9:43. [PMID: 30631085 PMCID: PMC6328577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary vector for the fastest growing infectious disease in the world, dengue fever. Disease transmission heavily relies on the ability of female mosquitoes to locate their human hosts. Additionally, males may be found in close proximity to humans, where they can find mates. Host seeking behaviour of both sexes is dependent on adult sexual maturation. Identifying the molecular basis for the onset of host seeking may help to determine targets for future vector control. In this study, we investigate modulation of the host seeking behaviour and the transcript abundance of the main chemoreceptor families between sexes and across ages in newly-emerged mosquitoes. Attraction to human odour was assessed using a Y-tube olfactometer, demonstrating that both males and females display age-dependent regulation of host seeking. The largest increase in transcript abundance was identified for select chemosensory genes in the antennae of young adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and reflects the increase in attraction to human odour observed between 1 and 3 day(s) post-emergence in both males and females. Future functional characterisation of the identified differentially abundant genes may provide targets for the development of novel control strategies against vector borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Karine Tallon
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Sharon Rose Hill
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Disease Vector Group, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nurme K, Must A, Merivee E. Link between elevated locomotor activity and the spike bursting of antennal thermosensitive neurons in the carabid beetle Pterostichus oblongopunctatus. ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2019. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.65.suppl.21.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
32
|
Sparks JT, Botsko G, Swale DR, Boland LM, Patel SS, Dickens JC. Membrane Proteins Mediating Reception and Transduction in Chemosensory Neurons in Mosquitoes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1309. [PMID: 30294282 PMCID: PMC6158332 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes use chemical cues to modulate important behaviors such as feeding, mating, and egg laying. The primary chemosensory organs comprising the paired antennae, maxillary palps and labial palps are adorned with porous sensilla that house primary sensory neurons. Dendrites of these neurons provide an interface between the chemical environment and higher order neuronal processing. Diverse proteins located on outer membranes interact with chemicals, ions, and soluble proteins outside the cell and within the lumen of sensilla. Here, we review the repertoire of chemosensory receptors and other membrane proteins involved in transduction and discuss the outlook for their functional characterization. We also provide a brief overview of select ion channels, their role in mammalian taste, and potential involvement in mosquito taste. These chemosensory proteins represent targets for the disruption of harmful biting behavior and disease transmission by mosquito vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson T Sparks
- Biology Department, High Point University, High Point, NC, United States
| | - Gina Botsko
- Biology Department, High Point University, High Point, NC, United States
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Linda M Boland
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Shriraj S Patel
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Joseph C Dickens
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Su HA, Bai X, Zeng T, Lu YY, Qi YX. Identification, characterization and expression analysis of transient receptor potential channel genes in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:674. [PMID: 30217143 PMCID: PMC6137742 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily are proteins that are critical for insects to detect changes in environmental stimuli and also play key roles in their sensory physiology. Moreover, this family provides potential targets for the design of insecticides. In contrast to a large number of studies conducted on Drosophila melanogaster, molecular studies to characterize TRP channels in agricultural pests are lacking. RESULTS In this study, we identified 15 TRP channel genes in the genome of a notorious agricultural pest, the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). Comparative analysis of the TRP channels (TRPs) in B. dorsalis with those in D. melanogaster, Glossina morsitans, Musca domestica and the closely related Ceratitis capitata, and TRPs from mosquitoes, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera reveals that members of TRPA and TRPP subfamily are most diverse among insects. The results also suggest that Tephritidae family have two TRP-Polycystin 2 members even though most insects either possess just one or none. The highest expression levels of these two genes are in the testes of B. dorsalis, implying a role in regulating sperm function. We analyzed the expression profiles of the TRP channels identified in this study at different life stages using quantitative real time PCR. The results of this study demonstrate that all TRP channels are mainly expressed in adults, especially at mature stages. The one exception to this trend is BdTRPM, which is more highly expressed in the eggs of B. dorsalis, implying an important role in early development. We also detected the spatial expression of TRP channels in mature adult fruit flies by investigating expression levels within various tissues including those involved in sensory function, such as antennae, compound eyes, mouthparts, legs, and wings, as well as tissues critical for homeostasis and physiology (i.e., Malpighian tubules, the brain and gut as well as fat bodies, ovaries, and testes). CONCLUSION The results of this study establish a solid foundation for future functional characterization of B. dorsalis TRP channels as well as those of other insects and will help future insecticide design targeting these channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-ai Su
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Tian Zeng
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yong-yue Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yi-xiang Qi
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hoffstaetter LJ, Bagriantsev SN, Gracheva EO. TRPs et al.: a molecular toolkit for thermosensory adaptations. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:745-759. [PMID: 29484488 PMCID: PMC5945325 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sense temperature is crucial for the survival of an organism. Temperature influences all biological operations, from rates of metabolic reactions to protein folding, and broad behavioral functions, from feeding to breeding, and other seasonal activities. The evolution of specialized thermosensory adaptations has enabled animals to inhabit extreme temperature niches and to perform specific temperature-dependent behaviors. The function of sensory neurons depends on the participation of various types of ion channels. Each of the channels involved in neuronal excitability, whether through the generation of receptor potential, action potential, or the maintenance of the resting potential have temperature-dependent properties that can tune the neuron's response to temperature stimuli. Since the function of all proteins is affected by temperature, animals need adaptations not only for detecting different temperatures, but also for maintaining sensory ability at different temperatures. A full understanding of the molecular mechanism of thermosensation requires an investigation of all channel types at each step of thermosensory transduction. A fruitful avenue of investigation into how different molecules can contribute to the fine-tuning of temperature sensitivity is to study the specialized adaptations of various species. Given the diversity of molecular participants at each stage of sensory transduction, animals have a toolkit of channels at their disposal to adapt their thermosensitivity to their particular habitats or behavioral circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Hoffstaetter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
| | - Sviatoslav N Bagriantsev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
| | - Elena O Gracheva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dai TM, Wang YS, Liu WX, Lü ZC, Wan FH. Thermal Discrimination and Transgenerational Temperature Response in Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): Putative Involvement of the Thermo-Sensitive Receptor BtTRPA. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:204-209. [PMID: 29304195 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change and global warming are expected to alter the geographic distribution and abundance of many ectothermic species, which will increase the invasion of new areas by exotic species. To survive in variable or fluctuating temperature conditions, insects require sensitive thermal sensory mechanisms to detect external thermal stimuli and induce the appropriate behavioral and physiological responses. TRPA, a thermal-activated transient receptor potential (TRP) family ion channel, is essential for thermotaxis in insects. Here, we investigated the potential role of BtTRPA in short-term and long-term thermal stress in Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (Gennadius; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). We found that BtTRPA was mainly expressed in the head, where the antennae are located. Under short-term thermal stress, the BtTRPA gene was robustly expressed after exposure to acute low or high temperatures, BtTRPA expression reached the highest levels after exposure to 0°C for 3 h and 40°C for 5 h, but was relatively low after exposure to milder stimuli (12 and 35°C). These results demonstrated that BtTRPA could discriminate between innocuous and noxious temperature stimuli. Under long-term thermal stress, the highest expression level of BtTRPA occurred at G1 exposed to mild innocuous temperature of 21 and 31°C, along with BtTRPA sharply increased and peaked in adult females, implying that mild innocuous long-term thermal exposure could cause transgenerational expression effects to enhance the ability of offspring to cope with the same stress. This study demonstrates that the channel BtTRPA is important in temperature sensing and provides a molecular basis for thermosensation regulation in response to varied environmental temperature in B. tabaci Mediterranean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Mei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wan-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhi-Chuang Lü
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Inocente EA, Shaya M, Acosta N, Rakotondraibe LH, Piermarini PM. A natural agonist of mosquito TRPA1 from the medicinal plant Cinnamosma fragrans that is toxic, antifeedant, and repellent to the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006265. [PMID: 29425195 PMCID: PMC5823474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce various secondary metabolites that offer a potential source of novel insecticides and repellents for the control of mosquito vectors. Plants of the genus Cinnamosma are endemic to, and widely-distributed throughout, the island of Madagascar. The barks of these species are commonly used in traditional medicines for treating a wide range of maladies. The therapeutic nature of the bark is thought to be associated with its enrichment of pungent drimane sesquiterpenes, which elicit antifeedant and toxic effects in some insects. Here we test the hypothesis that a bark extract of Cinnamosma fragrans (CINEX) and its major drimane sesquiterpenes are insecticidal, antifeedant, and repellent to Aedes aegypti, the principal mosquito vector of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. We demonstrate that CINEX is 1) toxic to larval and adult female mosquitoes, and 2) antifeedant and repellent to adult female mosquitoes. Moreover, we show that cinnamodial (CDIAL), a sesquiterpene dialdehyde isolated from CINEX, duplicates these bioactivities and exhibits similar toxic potency against pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant strains of Ae. aegypti. Importantly, we show that CDIAL is an agonist of heterologously-expressed mosquito Transient Receptor Potential A1 (TRPA1) channels, and the antifeedant activity of CDIAL is dampened in a TRPA1-deficient strain of Ae. aegypti (TRPA1-/-). Intriguingly, TRPA1-/- mosquitoes do not exhibit toxic resistance to CDIAL. The data indicate that modulation of TRPA1 is required for the sensory detection and avoidance of CDIAL by mosquitoes, but not for inducing the molecule's toxicity. Our study suggests that CDIAL may serve as a novel chemical platform for the development of natural product-based insecticides and repellents for controlling mosquito vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edna Alfaro Inocente
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Marguerite Shaya
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nuris Acosta
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Peter M. Piermarini
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hall BE, Prochazkova M, Sapio MR, Minetos P, Kurochkina N, Binukumar BK, Amin ND, Terse A, Joseph J, Raithel SJ, Mannes AJ, Pant HC, Chung MK, Iadarola MJ, Kulkarni AB. Phosphorylation of the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 by Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5 affects Chemo-nociception. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1177. [PMID: 29352128 PMCID: PMC5775258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a key neuronal kinase that is upregulated during inflammation, and can subsequently modulate sensitivity to nociceptive stimuli. We conducted an in silico screen for Cdk5 phosphorylation sites within proteins whose expression was enriched in nociceptors and identified the chemo-responsive ion channel Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) as a possible Cdk5 substrate. Immunoprecipitated full length TRPA1 was shown to be phosphorylated by Cdk5 and this interaction was blocked by TFP5, an inhibitor that prevents activation of Cdk5. In vitro peptide-based kinase assay revealed that four of six TRPA1 Cdk5 consensus sites acted as substrates for Cdk5, and modeling of the ankyrin repeats disclosed that phosphorylation would occur at characteristic pockets within the (T/S)PLH motifs. Calcium imaging of trigeminal ganglion neurons from genetically engineered mice overexpressing or lacking the Cdk5 activator p35 displayed increased or decreased responsiveness, respectively, to stimulation with the TRPA1 agonist allylisothiocyanate (AITC). AITC-induced chemo-nociceptive behavior was also heightened in vivo in mice overexpressing p35 while being reduced in p35 knockout mice. Our findings demonstrate that TRPA1 is a substrate of Cdk5 and that Cdk5 activity is also able to modulate TRPA1 agonist-induced calcium influx and chemo-nociceptive behavioral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradford E Hall
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew R Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Minetos
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - B K Binukumar
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Niranjana D Amin
- Neuronal Cytoskeletal Protein Regulation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anita Terse
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Joseph
- University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Raithel
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Mannes
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harish C Pant
- Neuronal Cytoskeletal Protein Regulation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Arenas OM, Zaharieva EE, Para A, Vásquez-Doorman C, Petersen CP, Gallio M. Activation of planarian TRPA1 by reactive oxygen species reveals a conserved mechanism for animal nociception. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1686-1693. [PMID: 29184198 PMCID: PMC5856474 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
All animals must detect noxious stimuli to initiate protective behavior, but the evolutionary origin of nociceptive systems is not well understood. Here we show that noxious heat and irritant chemicals elicit robust escape behaviors in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea and that the conserved ion channel TRPA1 is required for these responses. TRPA1-mutant Drosophila flies are also defective in noxious-heat responses. We find that either planarian or human TRPA1 can restore noxious-heat avoidance to TRPA1-mutant Drosophila, although neither is directly activated by heat. Instead, our data suggest that TRPA1 activation is mediated by H2O2 and reactive oxygen species, early markers of tissue damage rapidly produced as a result of heat exposure. Together, our data reveal a core function for TRPA1 in noxious heat transduction, demonstrate its conservation from planarians to humans, and imply that animal nociceptive systems may share a common ancestry, tracing back to a progenitor that lived more than 500 million years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M Arenas
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Alessia Para
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Marco Gallio
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lombardo F, Salvemini M, Fiorillo C, Nolan T, Zwiebel LJ, Ribeiro JM, Arcà B. Deciphering the olfactory repertoire of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:770. [PMID: 29020917 PMCID: PMC5637092 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a highly invasive species and competent vector of several arboviruses (e.g. dengue, chikungunya, Zika) and parasites (e.g. dirofilaria) of public health importance. Compared to other mosquito species, Ae. albopictus females exhibit a generalist host seeking as well as a very aggressive biting behaviour that are responsible for its high degree of nuisance. Several complex mosquito behaviours such as host seeking, feeding, mating or oviposition rely on olfactory stimuli that target a range of sensory neurons localized mainly on specialized head appendages such as antennae, maxillary palps and the mouthparts. RESULTS With the aim to describe the Ae. albopictus olfactory repertoire we have used RNA-seq to reveal the transcriptome profiles of female antennae and maxillary palps. Male heads and whole female bodies were employed as reference for differential expression analysis. The relative transcript abundance within each tissue (TPM, transcripts per kilobase per million) and the pairwise differential abundance in the different tissues (fold change values and false discovery rates) were evaluated. Contigs upregulated in the antennae (620) and maxillary palps (268) were identified and relative GO and PFAM enrichment profiles analysed. Chemosensory genes were described: overall, 77 odorant binding proteins (OBP), 82 odorant receptors (OR), 60 ionotropic receptors (IR) and 30 gustatory receptors (GR) were identified by comparative genomics and transcriptomics. In addition, orthologs of genes expressed in the female/male maxillary palps and/or antennae and involved in thermosensation (e.g. pyrexia and arrestin1), mechanosensation (e.g. piezo and painless) and neuromodulation were classified. CONCLUSIONS We provide here the first detailed transcriptome of the main Ae. albopictus sensory appendages, i.e. antennae and maxillary palps. A deeper knowledge of the olfactory repertoire of the tiger mosquito will help to better understand its biology and may pave the way to design new attractants/repellents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Fiorillo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tony Nolan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - José M. Ribeiro
- NIAID, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIH, Rockville, 20852 MD USA
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zermoglio PF, Robuchon E, Leonardi MS, Chandre F, Lazzari CR. What does heat tell a mosquito? Characterization of the orientation behaviour of Aedes aegypti towards heat sources. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 100:9-14. [PMID: 28479122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of heat as a cue for the orientation of haematophagous insects towards hot-blooded hosts has been acknowledged for many decades. In mosquitoes, thermoreception has been studied at the molecular, physiological and behavioural levels, and the response to heat has been evaluated in multimodal contexts. However, a direct characterization of how these insects evaluate thermal sources is still lacking. In this study we characterize Aedes aegypti thermal orientation using a simple dual choice paradigm, providing direct evidence on how different attributes of heat sources affect their choice. We found that female mosquitoes, but not males, are able to discriminate among heat sources that are at ambient, host-range and deleterious temperatures when no other stimuli are present, eliciting a positive response towards host-range and an avoidance response towards deleterious temperatures. We also tested the preference of females according to the size and position of the sources. We found that females do not discriminate between heat sources of different sizes, but actively orientate towards closer sources at host temperature. Furthermore, we show that females cannot use IR radiation as an orientation cue. Orientation towards a host involves the integration of cues of different nature in distinct phases of the orientation. Although such integration might be decisive for successful encounter of the host, we show that heat alone is sufficient to elicit orientation behaviour. We discuss the performance of mosquitoes' thermal behaviour compared to other blood-sucking insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula F Zermoglio
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Eddy Robuchon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - María Soledad Leonardi
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos, Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- MIVEGEC, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Laboratoire de lutte contre les Insectes Nuisibles (LIN), Montpellier, France
| | - Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Salgado VL. Insect TRP channels as targets for insecticides and repellents. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2017; 42:1-6. [PMID: 30363111 PMCID: PMC6140660 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d16-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a brief overview of ion channels, then focuses on TRP channels, describing the properties and functions of the seven TRP channel classes found in insects. Finally, recent work showing that a heteromeric channel composed of Nanchung and Inactive vanilloid TRP (TRPV) channel subunits is the target of the selective feeding blockers pymetrozine and pyrifluquinazon is described. The possible utility of other TRP channels as targets of insecticides and repellents is also considered.
Collapse
|
42
|
Encoding noxious heat by spike bursts of antennal bimodal hygroreceptor (dry) neurons in the carabid Pterostichus oblongopunctatus. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 368:29-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
43
|
Survery S, Moparthi L, Kjellbom P, Högestätt ED, Zygmunt PM, Johanson U. The N-terminal Ankyrin Repeat Domain Is Not Required for Electrophile and Heat Activation of the Purified Mosquito TRPA1 Receptor. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26899-26912. [PMID: 27875296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature sensors are crucial for animals to optimize living conditions. The temperature response of the ion channel transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) is intriguing; some orthologs have been reported to be activated by cold and others by heat, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for its activation remain elusive. Single-channel electrophysiological recordings of heterologously expressed and purified Anopheles gambiae TRPA1 (AgTRPA1), with and without the N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain, demonstrate that both proteins are functional because they responded to the electrophilic compounds allyl isothiocyanate and cinnamaldehyde as well as heat. The proteins' similar intrinsic fluorescence properties and corresponding quenching when activated by allyl isothiocyanate or heat suggest lipid bilayer-independent conformational changes outside the N-terminal domain. The results show that AgTRPA1 is an inherent thermo- and chemoreceptor, and analogous to what has been reported for the human TRPA1 ortholog, the N-terminal domain may tune the response but is not required for the activation by these stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabeen Survery
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Lavanya Moparthi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Per Kjellbom
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| | - Edward D Högestätt
- the Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter M Zygmunt
- the Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Urban Johanson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden and
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Scanning electron microscopy of antennal sensilla of the eight Anopheles species of the Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:143-153. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
45
|
Cattaneo AM, Bengtsson JM, Montagné N, Jacquin-Joly E, Rota-Stabelli O, Salvagnin U, Bassoli A, Witzgall P, Anfora G. TRPA5, an Ankyrin Subfamily Insect TRP Channel, is Expressed in Antennae of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Multiple Splice Variants. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:83. [PMID: 27638948 PMCID: PMC5026476 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are an ancient family of cation channels, working as metabotropic triggers, which respond to physical and chemical environmental cues. Perception of chemical signals mediate reproductive behaviors and is therefore an important target for sustainable management tactics against the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). However, olfactory behavior strongly depends on diel periodicity and correlation of chemical with physical cues, like temperature, and physical cues thus essentially contribute to the generation of behavioral response. From an antennal transcriptome generated by next generation sequencing, we characterized five candidate TRPs in the codling moth. The coding DNA sequence of one of these was extended to full length, and phylogenetic investigation revealed it to be orthologous of the TRPA5 genes, reported in several insect genomes as members of the insect TRPA group with unknown function but closely related to the thermal sensor pyrexia Reverse transcription PCR revealed the existence of five alternate splice forms of CpTRPA5. Identification of a novel TRPA and its splice forms in codling moth antennae open for investigation of their possible sensory roles and implications in behavioral responses related to olfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Maria Cattaneo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Entomology - Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Jonas Martin Bengtsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18 B, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- Sorbonne Universités - UPMC, Institute of Ecology & Environmental Sciences of Paris, 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Saint Cyr Road, Versailles 78026, France
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Entomology - Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Umberto Salvagnin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Entomology - Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Angela Bassoli
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Nutritional and Environmental Sciences - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Chemical Ecology Unit, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102 SE-23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Entomology - Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach, 1 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fu T, Hull JJ, Yang T, Wang G. Identification and functional characterization of four transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 variants in Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:370-384. [PMID: 27038267 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As signal integrators that respond to various physical and chemical stimuli, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels fulfil critical functional roles in the sensory systems of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Here, four variants of TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) were identified and cloned from the green plant bug, Apolygus lucorum. Spatiotemporal expression profiling across development and in different adult tissues revealed that the highest relative-transcript levels occurred in first-instar nymphs and antennae, respectively. In Xenopus laevis-based functional assays, Apo. lucorum TRPA1-A (AlucTRPA1-A), AlucTRPA1-B and AlucTRPA1-C were activated by increasing the temperature from 20 to 40 °C with no significant desensitization observed after repeated temperature stimuli. The activation temperature of AlucTRPA1-A and AlucTRPA1-B was < 25 °C, whereas the activation temperature of AlucTRPA1-C was between 25 and 30 °C. Amongst the variants, only AlucTRPA1-A and AlucTRPA1-C were directly activated by high concentrations of allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde and citronellal. Taken together, these results suggest that AlucTRPA1 variants may function in vivo as both thermal and chemical sensors, with the four variants potentially mediating different physiological functions. This study not only enriches our understanding of TRPA1 function in Hemiptera (Miridae), but also offers a foundation for developing new pest control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J J Hull
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - T Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - G Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Suggs JM, Jones TH, Murphree CS, Hillyer JF. CCAP and FMRFamide-like peptides accelerate the contraction rate of the antennal accessory pulsatile organs (auxiliary hearts) of mosquitoes. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2388-95. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.141655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Insects rely on specialized accessory pulsatile organs (APOs), also known as auxiliary hearts, to propel hemolymph into their antennae. In most insects, this is accomplished via the pulsations of a pair of ampulla located in the head, each of which propels hemolymph across an antenna via an antennal vessel. Once at the distal end of the appendage, hemolymph returns to the head via the antennal hemocoel. Although the structure of the antennal hearts has been elucidated in various insect orders, their hormonal modulation has only been studied in cockroaches and other hemimetabolous insects within the superorder Polyneoptera, where proctolin and FMRFamide-like peptides accelerate the contraction rate of these auxiliary hearts. Here, we assessed the hormonal modulation of the antennal APOs of mosquitoes, a group of holometabolous (Endopterygota) insects within the order Diptera. We show that crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), FMRFamide and SALDKNFMRFamide increase the contraction rate of the antennal APOs and the heart of Anopheles gambiae. Both antennal hearts are synchronously responsive to these neuropeptides, but their contractions are asynchronous with the contraction of the heart. Furthermore, we show that these neuropeptides increase the velocity and maximum acceleration of hemolymph within the antennal space, suggesting that each contraction is also more forceful. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that hormones of a holometabolous insect modulate the contraction dynamics of an auxiliary heart, and the first report that shows that the hormones of any insect accelerate the velocity of hemolymph in the antennal space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Suggs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Talitha H. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biology, Belmont University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Julián F. Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Greppi C, Budelli G, Garrity PA. Some like it hot, but not too hot. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26670880 PMCID: PMC4744196 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A temperature-sensitive receptor prevents mosquitoes from being attracted to targets that are hotter than a potential host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Greppi
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Gonzalo Budelli
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Paul A Garrity
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Corfas RA, Vosshall LB. The cation channel TRPA1 tunes mosquito thermotaxis to host temperatures. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26670734 PMCID: PMC4718722 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While most animals thermotax only to regulate their temperature, female mosquitoes are attracted to human body heat during pursuit of a blood meal. Here we elucidate the basic rules of Aedes aegypti thermotaxis and test the function of candidate thermoreceptors in this important behavior. We show that host-seeking mosquitoes are maximally attracted to thermal stimuli approximating host body temperatures, seeking relative warmth while avoiding both relative cool and stimuli exceeding host body temperature. We found that the cation channel TRPA1, in addition to playing a conserved role in thermoregulation and chemosensation, is required for this specialized host-selective thermotaxis in mosquitoes. During host-seeking, AaegTRPA1-/-mutants failed to avoid stimuli exceeding host temperature, and were unable to discriminate between host-temperature and high-temperature stimuli. TRPA1-dependent tuning of thermotaxis is likely critical for mosquitoes host-seeking in a complex thermal environment in which humans are warmer than ambient air, but cooler than surrounding sun-warmed surfaces. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11750.001 Temperature can vary considerably in an environment. Living organisms have evolved sensory systems to detect and avoid excessive heat or cold: a behavior that is termed ‘thermotaxis’. In rare cases, animals use this ability to locate food sources in their environment. One example of such an adaptation is the female mosquito of the species Aedes aegypti. When a mosquito needs blood to produce her eggs, she becomes attracted to the body heat of warm-blooded hosts. But the range of temperatures that these mosquitoes prefer and the genes required for this behavior had not been been defined. Now, Corfas and Vosshall have found that female Aedes aegypti are highly sensitive to differences in temperature, and are capable of heat-seeking in a range of environmental temperatures. Furthermore, by seeking out things that are warmer than their surroundings, while avoiding those that are cooler or much hotter than their host’s body temperatures, these mosquitoes tune their thermotaxis toward targets that resemble a human to feed upon. Corfas and Vosshall also discovered that a protein called TRPA1 is required for this tuning of Aedes aegypti’s heat-seeking behavior. This protein is known to allow insects to detect chemical signals and regulate their own temperature, but it was not previously known that this protein was involved in mosquito thermotaxis. Mutant mosquitoes without the gene for TRPA1 failed to avoid high temperatures, which meant that they could no longer tell the difference between an overly hot target and a warm one that resembled their hosts. Following on from this work, the next challenge will be to characterize all the genes, sensory organs, and neural circuits that drive mosquito heat-seeking behavior. These findings may in the future inform the design of the next generation of repellents and traps for the control of mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue and yellow fever. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11750.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Román A Corfas
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Leslie B Vosshall
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wei JJ, Fu T, Yang T, Liu Y, Wang GR. A TRPA1 channel that senses thermal stimulus and irritating chemicals in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:412-421. [PMID: 25827167 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sensing and responding to changes in the external environment is important for insect survival. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are crucial for various sensory modalities including olfaction, vision, hearing, thermosensation and mechanosensation. Here, we identified and characterized a transient receptor potential gene named as HarmTRPA1 in Helicoverpa armigera antennae. HarmTRPA1 was abundantly expressed in the antennae and labial palps. Transcripts of HarmTRPA1 could also be detected in the head and proboscis. Furthermore, functional analyses of HarmTRPA1 were conducted in the Xenopus Oocyte system. The results showed that the HarmTRPA1 channel could be activated by increasing the temperature from 20 to 45 °C. No significant adaptation was observed when the stimulus was repeated. In addition to thermal stimuli, pungent natural compounds including allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde and citronellal also activated HarmTRPA1. Taken together, we infer that HarmTRPA1 may function as both a thermal sensor involved in peripheral temperature detection and as a chemical sensor detecting irritating chemicals in vivo. Our data provide valuable insight into the TRPA1 channel in this moth and lay the foundation for developing novel strategies for pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - G R Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|