1
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Glassmire AE, Hauri KC, Turner DB, Zehr LN, Sugimoto K, Howe GA, Wetzel WC. The frequency and chemical phenotype of neighboring plants determine the effects of intraspecific plant diversity. Ecology 2024; 105:e4392. [PMID: 39113178 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Associational effects, whereby plants influence the biotic interactions of their neighbors, are an important component of plant-insect interactions. Plant chemistry has been hypothesized to mediate these interactions. The role of chemistry in associational effects, however, has been unclear in part because the diversity of plant chemistry makes it difficult to tease apart the importance and roles of particular classes of compounds. We examined the chemical ecology of associational effects using backcross-bred plants of the Solanum pennellii introgression lines. We used eight genotypes from the introgression line system to establish 14 unique neighborhood treatments that maximized differences in acyl sugars, proteinase inhibitor, and terpene chemical diversity. We found that the chemical traits of the neighboring plant, rather than simply the number of introgression lines within a neighborhood, influenced insect abundance on focal plants. Furthermore, within-chemical class diversity had contrasting effects on herbivore and predator abundances, and depended on the frequency of neighboring plant chemotypes. Notably, we found insect mobility-flying versus crawling-played a key role in insect response to phytochemistry. We highlight that the frequency and chemical phenotype of plant neighbors underlie associational effects and suggest this may be an important mechanism in maintaining intraspecific phytochemical variation within plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Glassmire
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan, USA
| | - Kayleigh C Hauri
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel B Turner
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Luke N Zehr
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregg A Howe
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - William C Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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2
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Benard MF, Burke DJ, Carrino-Kyker SR, Krynak K, Relyea RA. Effects of amphibian genetic diversity on ecological communities. Oecologia 2024; 205:655-667. [PMID: 39078484 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The amount of genetic diversity within a population can affect ecological processes at population, community, and ecosystem levels. However, the magnitude, consistency, and scope of these effects are largely unknown. To investigate these issues, we conducted two experiments manipulating the amount of genetic diversity and environmental factors in larval amphibians. The first experiment manipulated wood frog genetic diversity, the presence or absence of caged predators, and competition from leopard frogs to test whether these factors affected survival, growth, and morphology of wood frogs and leopard frogs. The second experiment manipulated wood frog genetic diversity, the presence or absence of uncaged predators, and resource abundance to test whether these factors affected wood frog traits (survival, morphology, growth, development, and behavior) and other components of the ecological community (zooplankton abundance, phytoplankton, periphyton, and bacterial community structure). Genetic diversity did not affect wood frog survival, growth, and development in either experiment. However, genetic diversity did affect the mean morphology of wood frog tadpoles in the first experiment and the abundance and distribution of zooplankton in the second experiment. It did not affect phytoplankton abundance, periphyton abundance, or bacterial community structure. While effect sizes (Cohen's d) of genetic diversity were approximately half those of environment treatments, the greatest effect sizes were for interaction effects between genetic diversity and environment. Our results indicate that genetic diversity can have a large effect on ecological processes, but the direction of those effects is highly dependent upon environmental conditions, and not easily predicted from simple measures of traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Benard
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - David J Burke
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- The Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Road, Kirtland, OH, 44094, USA
| | | | - Katherine Krynak
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH, USA
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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3
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Lu N, Yang H, Zhou X, Tan Y, Cai W, Jiang Q, Lu Y, Chen Y, He H, Wang S. The loss of plant functional groups increased arthropod diversity in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1305768. [PMID: 38434435 PMCID: PMC10904612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1305768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant species loss, driven by global changes and human activities, can have cascading effects on other trophic levels, such as arthropods, and alter the multitrophic structure of ecosystems. While the relationship between plant diversity and arthropod communities has been well-documented, few studies have explored the effects of species composition variation or plant functional groups. In this study, we conducted a long-term plant removal experiment to investigate the impact of plant functional group loss (specifically targeting tall grasses and sedges, as well as tall or short forbs) on arthropod diversity and their functional groups. Our findings revealed that the removal of plant functional groups resulted in increased arthropod richness, abundance and the exponential of Shannon entropy, contrary to the commonly observed positive correlation between plant diversity and consumer diversity. Furthermore, the removal of different plant groups had varying impacts on arthropod trophic levels. The removal of forbs had a more pronounced impact on herbivores compared to graminoids, but this impact did not consistently cascade to higher-trophic arthropods. Notably, the removal of short forbs had a more significant impact on predators, as evidenced by the increased richness, abundance, the exponential of Shannon entropy, inverse Simpson index and inverse Berger-Parker index of carnivores and abundance of omnivores, likely attributable to distinct underlying mechanisms. Our results highlight the importance of plant species identity in shaping arthropod communities in alpine grasslands. This study emphasizes the crucial role of high plant species diversity in controlling arthropods in natural grasslands, particularly in the context of plant diversity loss caused by global changes and human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningna Lu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hainian Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yun Tan
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Cai
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haocheng He
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Govaert L, Hendry AP, Fattahi F, Möst M. Quantifying interspecific and intraspecific diversity effects on ecosystem functioning. Ecology 2024; 105:e4199. [PMID: 37901985 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid environmental changes result in massive biodiversity loss, with detrimental consequences for the functioning of ecosystems. Recent studies suggest that intraspecific diversity can contribute to ecosystem functioning to an extent comparable to contributions of interspecific diversity. Knowledge on the relative importance of these two sources of biodiversity is essential for predicting ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss and will aid in the prioritization of conservation targets and implementation of management measures. However, our quantitative insights into how interspecific and intraspecific biodiversity loss affects ecosystem functioning and how the effects of these two sources of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning can be compared are still very limited. To facilitate such quantitative insights, we extend the interspecific Price partitioning method originally introduced by J. Fox in 2006, previously used to quantify species loss and gain effects on ecosystem functioning, to also account for the effects of intraspecific diversity loss and gain on ecosystem function. Using this extended version can yield the quantitative information required for answering research questions addressing correlations between interspecific and intraspecific diversity effects on ecosystem functioning, identifying interspecific and intraspecific groups with large effects, and assessing whether intraspecific diversity can compensate for losses in interspecific diversity. Applying this method to carefully designed experiments will provide additional insights into how biodiversity loss at different ecological levels contributes to and changes ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Govaert
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Markus Möst
- Department of Ecology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Department of Limnology, Universität Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
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5
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Weerathunga WAM, Athapaththu AMG, Amarasinghe LD. A Preliminary Study on the Relationship between Arthropod Diversity and Vegetation Diversity in Four Contrasting Ecosystems in Hanthana Mountain Range of Sri Lanka, during the Post-Monsoon Dry Season. SCIENTIFICA 2023; 2023:7608236. [PMID: 38028319 PMCID: PMC10667053 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7608236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the relationship between arthropod and vegetation diversity in four ecosystems with different types of vegetation, during a post-monsoonal season. We determined the arthropod diversity in vegetation surrounding an aquatic environment (AQ), a broad-leaved wet, evergreen forest ecosystem (BL), a Pinus caribaea monoculture plantation (PN), and a Pinus plantation artificially enriched with indigenous broad-leaved tree species (PNEN) located in the Hanthana mountain range, Sri Lanka. Arthropods randomly sampled from three randomly selected sites (5 m × 5 m) of each ecosystem were identified up to the highest possible taxa using standard identification keys. Woody and herbal vegetation was identified via a plant census. Arthropod and vegetation diversities were computed separately for each site using the Shannon-Wiener Index (H). Arthropods of 68 species and 43 families were found. AQ had the greatest arthropod diversity (H = 2.642), dominated by Olios spp., followed by BL (H = 2.444), dominated by a tettigonid species, Oxytate spp. and Psechrus spp. PN was third (H = 1.411), dominated by Dicaldispa spp. PNEN had the lowest (H = 1.3500), dominated by an ant species. Contrastingly, PNEN had the highest plant diversity (H = 2.614) and PN, the lowest (H = 0.879). In AQ, BL, and PN, the arthropod diversity was linearly dependent on plant diversity (R2 = 0.423, p ≤ 0.001), whereas it was not so when PNEN was also included (R2 = 0.008, p ≤ 0.001). This shows that higher plant diversity contributes to greater arthropod diversity in ecosystems where human intervention is minimal. But this pattern was not visible in PNEN, which is an artificially created ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. A. Manasee Weerathunga
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Dalugama 11600, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - A. M. Gihan Athapaththu
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Dalugama 11600, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - L. D. Amarasinghe
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Dalugama 11600, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
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6
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Mayfield MM, Lau JA, Tobias JA, Ives AR, Strauss SY. What Can Evolutionary History Tell Us about the Functioning of Ecological Communities? The ASN Presidential Debate. Am Nat 2023; 202:587-603. [PMID: 37963115 DOI: 10.1086/726336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn January 2018, Sharon Strauss, then president of the American Society of Naturalists, organized a debate on the following topic: does evolutionary history inform the current functioning of ecological communities? The debaters-Ives, Lau, Mayfield, and Tobias-presented pro and con arguments, caricatured in standard debating format. Numerous examples show that both recent microevolutionary and longer-term macroevolutionary history are important to the ecological functioning of communities. On the other hand, many other examples illustrate that the evolutionary history of communities or community members does not influence ecological function, or at least not very much. This article aims to provide a provocative discussion of the consistent and conflicting patterns that emerge in the study of contemporary and historical evolutionary influences on community function, as well as to identify questions for further study. It is intended as a thought-provoking exercise to explore this complex field, specifically addressing (1) key assumptions and how they can lead us astray and (2) issues that need additional study. The debaters all agree that evolutionary history can inform us about at least some aspects of community function. The underlying question at the root of the debate, however, is how the fields of ecology and evolution can most profitably collaborate to provide a deeper and broader understanding of ecological communities.
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7
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Sanderson S, Bolnick DI, Kinnison MT, O'Dea RE, Gorné LD, Hendry AP, Gotanda KM. Contemporary changes in phenotypic variation, and the potential consequences for eco-evolutionary dynamics. Ecol Lett 2023; 26 Suppl 1:S127-S139. [PMID: 37840026 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Most studies assessing rates of phenotypic change focus on population mean trait values, whereas a largely overlooked additional component is changes in population trait variation. Theoretically, eco-evolutionary dynamics mediated by such changes in trait variation could be as important as those mediated by changes in trait means. To date, however, no study has comprehensively summarised how phenotypic variation is changing in contemporary populations. Here, we explore four questions using a large database: How do changes in trait variances compare to changes in trait means? Do different human disturbances have different effects on trait variance? Do different trait types have different effects on changes in trait variance? Do studies that established a genetic basis for trait change show different patterns from those that did not? We find that changes in variation are typically small; yet we also see some very large changes associated with particular disturbances or trait types. We close by interpreting and discussing the implications of our findings in the context of eco-evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sanderson
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology and Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | | | - Lucas D Gorné
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharine's, Ontario, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kiyoko M Gotanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharine's, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Seeley MM, Stacy EA, Martin RE, Asner GP. Foliar functional and genetic variation in a keystone Hawaiian tree species estimated through spectroscopy. Oecologia 2023; 202:15-28. [PMID: 37171625 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Imaging spectroscopy has the potential to map closely related plant taxa at landscape scales. Although spectral investigations at the leaf and canopy levels have revealed relationships between phylogeny and reflectance, understanding how spectra differ across, and are inherited from, genotypes of a single species has received less attention. We used a common-garden population of four varieties of the keystone canopy tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, from Hawaii Island and four F1-hybrid genotypes derived from controlled crosses to determine if reflectance spectra discriminate sympatric, conspecific varieties of this species and their hybrids. With a single exception, pairwise comparisons of leaf reflectance patterns successfully distinguished varieties of M. polymorpha on Hawaii Island as well as populations of the same variety from different islands. Further, spectral variability within a single variety from Hawaii Island and the older island of Oahu was greater than that observed among the four varieties on Hawaii Island. F1 hybrids most frequently displayed leaf spectral patterns intermediate to those of their parent taxa. Spectral reflectance patterns distinguished each of two of the hybrid genotypes from one of their parent varieties, indicating that classifying hybrids may be possible, particularly if sample sizes are increased. This work quantifies a baseline in spectral variability for an endemic Hawaiian tree species and advances the use of imaging spectroscopy in biodiversity studies at the genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Seeley
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA.
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| | - E A Stacy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - R E Martin
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - G P Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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9
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Transcriptome Analysis and Intraspecific Variation in Spanish Fir ( Abies pinsapo Boiss.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169351. [PMID: 36012612 PMCID: PMC9409315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spanish fir (Abies pinsapo Boiss.) is an endemic, endangered tree that has been scarcely investigated at the molecular level. In this work, the transcriptome of Spanish fir was assembled, providing a large catalog of expressed genes (22,769), within which a high proportion were full-length transcripts (12,545). This resource is valuable for functional genomics studies and genome annotation in this relict conifer species. Two intraspecific variations of A. pinsapo can be found within its largest population at the Sierra de las Nieves National Park: one with standard green needles and another with bluish-green needles. To elucidate the causes of both phenotypes, we studied different physiological and molecular markers and transcriptome profiles in the needles. "Green" trees showed higher electron transport efficiency and enhanced levels of chlorophyll, protein, and total nitrogen in the needles. In contrast, needles from "bluish" trees exhibited higher contents of carotenoids and cellulose. These results agreed with the differential transcriptomic profiles, suggesting an imbalance in the nitrogen status of "bluish" trees. Additionally, gene expression analyses suggested that these differences could be associated with different epigenomic profiles. Taken together, the reported data provide new transcriptome resources and a better understanding of the natural variation in this tree species, which can help improve guidelines for its conservation and the implementation of adaptive management strategies under climatic change.
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10
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Ohta T, Hiura T. The effects of functional differences in cultivar of
Cryptomeria japonica
on nutrient dynamics and soil invertebrates in a common garden. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamihisa Ohta
- Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly University of Toyama Toyama Japan
| | - Tsutom Hiura
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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11
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McClinton JD, Shriver RK, Leger EA. Ecology of
Eriogonum tiehmii
, a rare soil specialist: Arthropod diversity, soil preferences, and demography. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jamey D. McClinton
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Reno Nevada USA
- Nevada Division of Natural Heritage Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Carson City Nevada USA
| | - Robert K. Shriver
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada Reno Reno Nevada USA
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Reno Nevada USA
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
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12
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Cultivar blends: A strategy for creating more resilient warm season turfgrass lawns. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-021-01195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Yamawo A, Suzuki N, Tagawa J. Species diversity and biological trait function: Effectiveness of ant–plant mutualism decreases as ant species diversity increases. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamawo
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Saga University Saga Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Saga University Saga Japan
| | - Jun Tagawa
- Department of Biosphere–Geosphere System Science Faculty of Informatics Okayama University of Science Okayama Japan
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14
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Kennedy JP, Antwis RE, Preziosi RF, Rowntree JK. Evidence for the genetic similarity rule at an expanding mangrove range limit. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1331-1342. [PMID: 34458987 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Host-plant genetic variation can shape associated communities of organisms. These community-genetic effects include (1) genetically similar hosts harboring similar associated communities (i.e., the genetic similarity rule) and (2) host-plant heterozygosity increasing associated community diversity. Community-genetic effects are predicted to be less prominent in plant systems with limited genetic variation, such as those at distributional range limits. Yet, empirical evidence from such systems is limited. METHODS We sampled a natural population of a mangrove foundation species (Avicennia germinans) at an expanding range limit in Florida, USA. We measured genetic variation within and among 40 host trees with 24 nuclear microsatellite loci and characterized their foliar endophytic fungal communities with internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) gene amplicon sequencing. We evaluated relationships among host-tree genetic variation, host-tree spatial location, and the associated fungal communities. RESULTS Genetic diversity was low across all host trees (mean: 2.6 alleles per locus) and associated fungal communities were relatively homogeneous (five sequence variants represented 78% of all reads). We found (1) genetically similar host trees harbored similar fungal communities, with no detectable effect of interhost geographic distance. (2) Host-tree heterozygosity had no detectable effect, while host-tree absolute spatial location affected community alpha diversity. CONCLUSIONS This research supports the genetic similarity rule within a range limit population and helps broaden the current scope of community genetics theory by demonstrating that community-genetic effects can occur even at expanding distributional limits where host-plant genetic variation may be limited. Our findings also provide the first documentation of community-genetic effects in a natural mangrove system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Kennedy
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachael E Antwis
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Richard F Preziosi
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jennifer K Rowntree
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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15
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Bensch HM, O'Connor EA, Cornwallis CK. Living with relatives offsets the harm caused by pathogens in natural populations. eLife 2021; 10:e66649. [PMID: 34309511 PMCID: PMC8313236 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Living with relatives can be highly beneficial, enhancing reproduction and survival. High relatedness can, however, increase susceptibility to pathogens. Here, we examine whether the benefits of living with relatives offset the harm caused by pathogens, and if this depends on whether species typically live with kin. Using comparative meta-analysis of plants, animals, and a bacterium (nspecies = 56), we show that high within-group relatedness increases mortality when pathogens are present. In contrast, mortality decreased with relatedness when pathogens were rare, particularly in species that live with kin. Furthermore, across groups variation in mortality was lower when relatedness was high, but abundances of pathogens were more variable. The effects of within-group relatedness were only evident when pathogens were experimentally manipulated, suggesting that the harm caused by pathogens is masked by the benefits of living with relatives in nature. These results highlight the importance of kin selection for understanding disease spread in natural populations.
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16
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Hauri KC, Glassmire AE, Wetzel WC. Chemical diversity rather than cultivar diversity predicts natural enemy control of herbivore pests. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02289. [PMID: 33423331 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cultivar mixtures have been studied for decades as a means for pest suppression. The literature, however, shows a large variability in outcomes, suggesting that we are unable to create mixtures that consistently suppress insect pests and attract natural enemies. A key gap in our understanding of how cultivar mixtures influence pest control is that few studies have examined the plant traits or mechanisms by which cultivar diversity affects pests and their interactions with natural enemies. The diversity of plant chemistry in a cultivar mixture is one trait dimension that is likely influential for insect ecology because chemical traits alter how predators and herbivores forage and interact. To understand how plant chemical diversity influences herbivores and their interactions with predators, we fully crossed predator presence or absence with monocultures, bicultures, and tricultures of three chemotypes of tomato that differed in odor diversity (terpenes) or surface chemistry (acyl sugars) in a caged field experiment. We found that the direct effects of plant chemotype diversity on herbivore performance were strongest in bicultures and depended on herbivore sex, and these effects typically acted through growth rather than survival. The effects of chemotype diversity on top-down pest suppression by natural enemies differed between classes of chemical diversity. Odor diversity (terpenes) interfered with the ability of predators to hunt effectively, whereas diversity in surface chemistry (acyl sugars) did not. Our results suggest that phytochemical diversity can contribute to pest suppression in agroecosystems, but that implementing it will require engineering cultivar mixtures using trait-based approaches that account for the biology of the pests and natural enemies in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh C Hauri
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Andrea E Glassmire
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - William C Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan, 49060, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- AgBioResearch, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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17
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Raffard A, Cucherousset J, Montoya JM, Richard M, Acoca-Pidolle S, Poésy C, Garreau A, Santoul F, Blanchet S. Intraspecific diversity loss in a predator species alters prey community structure and ecosystem functions. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001145. [PMID: 33705375 PMCID: PMC7987174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss in intraspecific diversity can alter ecosystem functions, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive, and intraspecific biodiversity-ecosystem function (iBEF) relationships have been restrained to primary producers. Here, we manipulated genetic and functional richness of a fish consumer (Phoxinus phoxinus) to test whether iBEF relationships exist in consumer species and whether they are more likely sustained by genetic or functional richness. We found that both genotypic and functional richness affected ecosystem functioning, either independently or interactively. Loss in genotypic richness reduced benthic invertebrate diversity consistently across functional richness treatments, whereas it reduced zooplankton diversity only when functional richness was high. Finally, losses in genotypic and functional richness altered functions (decomposition) through trophic cascades. We concluded that iBEF relationships lead to substantial top-down effects on entire food chains. The loss of genotypic richness impacted ecological properties as much as the loss of functional richness, probably because it sustains "cryptic" functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Raffard
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Cucherousset
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, UMR-5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique), Toulouse, France
| | - José M. Montoya
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Murielle Richard
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Samson Acoca-Pidolle
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Camille Poésy
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Alexandre Garreau
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Frédéric Santoul
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UMR-5321, Moulis, France
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18
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Millar MA, Coates DJ, Byrne M, Krauss SL, Jonson J, Hopper SD. Evaluating restoration outcomes through assessment of pollen dispersal, mating system, and genetic diversity. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Millar
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre Bentley WA 6983 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - David J. Coates
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre Bentley WA 6983 Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre Bentley WA 6983 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Siegfried L. Krauss
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA 6005 Australia
| | - Justin Jonson
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, School of Agriculture and the Environment, The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Terrace, Albany WA 6330 Australia
| | - Stephen D. Hopper
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, School of Agriculture and the Environment, The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Terrace, Albany WA 6330 Australia
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19
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Yan J, Zhang Y, Crawford KM, Chen X, Yu S, Wu J. Plant genotypic diversity effects on soil nematodes vary with trophic level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:575-584. [PMID: 32813893 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
At local spatial scales, loss of genetic diversity within species can lead to species loss. Few studies, however, have examined plant genotypic diversity effects across trophic levels. We investigated genotypic diversity effects of Phragmites australis on belowground biomass and soil nematode communities. Our results revealed that belowground plant biomass and nematode abundance responses to plant genotypic diversity were uncoupled. Decreasing plant genotypic diversity decreased the abundance of lower, but not higher trophic level nematodes. Low plant genotypic diversity also decreased the structural footprint and functional indices of nematodes, indicating lowered metabolic functioning of higher trophic level nematodes and decreased soil food web stability. Our study suggests that plant genotypic diversity effects differ across trophic levels, taxonomic groups and ecosystem functions and that decreasing plant genotypic diversity could destabilise belowground food webs. This highlights the importance of conserving intraspecific plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Youzheng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kerri M Crawford
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Jihua Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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20
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Exploring Traits of Engineered Coral Entities to be Employed in Reef Restoration. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8121038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggregated settlement of coral larvae results in a complex array of compatible (chimerism) and incompatible (rejection) allogenic responses. Each chimeric assemblage is considered as a distinct biological entity, subjected to selection, however, the literature lacks the evolutionary and ecological functions assigned to these units of selection. Here, we examined the effects of creating chimera/rejecting partners in terms of growth and survival under prolonged field conditions. Bi/multichimeras, bi/multi-rejecting entities, and genetically homogenous colonies (GHC) of the coral Stylophora pistillata were monitored under prolonged field conditions in a mid-water floating nursery in the northern Red Sea. Results revealed an increased aerial size and aeroxial ecological volume for rejected and chimeric entities compared to GHCs. At age 18 months, there were no significant differences in these parameters among the entities and traits, and rejecting partners did not differ from GHC. However, survival probabilities were significantly higher for chimeras that further revealed disparate initiation of up-growing branches and high diversity of chimeric phenotypes. These results suggest enhanced fitness for chimerism, augmenting earlier alluded chimeric benefits that trail the increased size at crucial early life-stages. Adding chimerism to the tool-box of reef restoration may enhance coral fitness in mitigating anthropogenic/climate change impacts.
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21
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Sun R, Gols R, Harvey JA, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Pandit SS, Vassão DG. Detoxification of plant defensive glucosinolates by an herbivorous caterpillar is beneficial to its endoparasitic wasp. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4014-4031. [PMID: 32853463 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant chemical defences impact not only herbivores, but also organisms in higher trophic levels that prey on or parasitize herbivores. While herbivorous insects can often detoxify plant chemicals ingested from suitable host plants, how such detoxification affects endoparasitoids that use these herbivores as hosts is largely unknown. Here, we used transformed plants to experimentally manipulate the major detoxification reaction used by Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) to deactivate the glucosinolate defences of its Brassicaceae host plants. We then assessed the developmental, metabolic, immune, and reproductive consequences of this genetic manipulation on the herbivore as well as its hymenopteran endoparasitoid Diadegma semiclausum. Inhibition of P. xylostella glucosinolate metabolism by plant-mediated RNA interference increased the accumulation of the principal glucosinolate activation products, the toxic isothiocyanates, in the herbivore, with negative effects on its growth. Although the endoparasitoid manipulated the excretion of toxins by its insect host to its own advantage, the inhibition of herbivore glucosinolate detoxification slowed endoparasitoid development, impaired its reproduction, and suppressed the expression of genes of a parasitoid-symbiotic polydnavirus that aids parasitism. Therefore, the detoxification of plant glucosinolates by an herbivore lowers its toxicity as a host and benefits the parasitoid D. semiclausum at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Multitrophic Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sagar S Pandit
- Molecular and Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Daniel G Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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22
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Bongers FJ, Schmid B, Durka W, Li S, Bruelheide H, Hahn CZ, Yan H, Ma K, Liu X. Genetic richness affects trait variation but not community productivity in a tree diversity experiment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:744-756. [PMID: 32242938 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments found that productivity generally increases with species richness, but less is known about effects of within-species genetic richness and potential interactions between the two. While functional differences between species can explain species richness effects, empirical evidence regarding functional differences between genotypes within species and potential consequences for productivity is largely lacking. We therefore measured within- and among-species variation in functional traits and growth and determined stand-level tree biomass in a large forest experiment factorially manipulating species and genetic richness in subtropical China. Within-species variation across genetic seed families, in addition to variation across species, explained a substantial amount of trait variation. Furthermore, trait responses to species and genetic richness varied significantly within and between species. Multivariate trait variation was larger among individuals from species mixtures than those from species monocultures, but similar among individuals from genetically diverse vs genetically uniform monocultures. Correspondingly, species but not genetic richness had a positive effect on stand-level tree biomass. We argue that identifying functional diversity within and among species in forest communities is necessary to separate effects of species and genetic diversity on tree growth and community productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca J Bongers
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06108, Halle, Germany
| | - Christoph Z Hahn
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Haoru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
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23
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Eisen KE, Wruck AC, Geber MA. Floral density and co‐occurring congeners alter patterns of selection in annual plant communities*. Evolution 2020; 74:1682-1698. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Eisen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853
| | - Amy C. Wruck
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853
| | - Monica A. Geber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853
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24
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Noto AE, Hughes AR. Intraspecific diversity at two trophic levels influences plant–herbivore interactions. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akana E. Noto
- Northeastern University Marine Science Center 430 Nahant Road Nahant Massachusetts 01908 USA
| | - A. Randall Hughes
- Northeastern University Marine Science Center 430 Nahant Road Nahant Massachusetts 01908 USA
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25
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Millar MA, Coates DJ, Byrne M, Krauss SL, Jonson J, Hopper SD. Assessment of genetic diversity and mating system of
Acacia cyclops
restoration and remnant populations. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Millar
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation Science, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre Bentley WA 6983 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - David J. Coates
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation Science, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre Bentley WA 6983 Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation Science, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre Bentley WA 6983 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Siegfried L. Krauss
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKings Park Science, Kattidj Close Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - Justin Jonson
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentThe University of Western Australia, 1 Foreshore House Albany WA 6330 Australia
| | - Stephen D. Hopper
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource ManagementThe University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Terrace Albany WA 6330 Australia
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26
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Pretorius JD, Lichtenstein JLL, Eliason EJ, Stier AC, Pruitt JN. Predator‐induced selection on urchin activity level depends on urchin body size. Ethology 2019; 125:716-723. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Pretorius
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - James L. L. Lichtenstein
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Erika J. Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Adrian C. Stier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Jonathan N. Pruitt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, & Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
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27
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Drury C, Greer JB, Baums I, Gintert B, Lirman D. Clonal diversity impacts coral cover in Acropora cervicornisthickets: Potential relationships between density, growth, and polymorphisms. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4518-4531. [PMID: 31031924 PMCID: PMC6476746 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As coral reefs decline, cryptic sources of resistance and resilience to stress may be increasingly important for the persistence of these communities. Among these sources, inter- and intraspecific diversity remain understudied on coral reefs but extensively impact a variety of traits in other ecosystems. We use a combination of field and sequencing data at two sites in Florida and two in the Dominican Republic to examine clonal diversity and genetic differentiation of high- and low-density aggregations of the threatened coral Acropora cervicornisin the Caribbean. We find that high-density aggregations called thickets are composed of up to 30 genotypes at a single site, but 47% of genotypes are also found as isolated, discrete colonies outside these aggregations. Genet-ramet ratios are comparable for thickets (0.636) and isolated colonies after rarefaction (0.569), suggesting the composition of each aggregation is not substantially different and highlighting interactions between colonies as a potential influence on structure. There are no differences in growth rate, but a significant positive correlation between genotypic diversity and coral cover, which may be due to the influence of interactions between colonies on survivorship or fragment retention during asexual reproduction. Many polymorphisms distinguish isolated colonies from thickets despite the shared genotypes found here, including putative nonsynonymous mutations that change amino acid sequence in 25 loci. These results highlight intraspecific diversity as a density-dependent factor that may impact traits important for the structure and function of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Drury
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
| | - Justin B. Greer
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
| | - Iliana Baums
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania
| | - Brooke Gintert
- Department of Marine Geoscience, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
| | - Diego Lirman
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida
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28
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Barantal S, Castagneyrol B, Durka W, Iason G, Morath S, Koricheva J. Contrasting effects of tree species and genetic diversity on the leaf-miner communities associated with silver birch. Oecologia 2019; 189:687-697. [PMID: 30799514 PMCID: PMC6418074 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both species and genetic diversity of plant communities can affect insect herbivores, but a few studies have compared the effects of both diversity levels within the same experimental context. We compared the effects of tree species and genetic diversity on abundance, species richness, and β-diversity of leaf-miner communities associated with silver birch using two long-term forest diversity experiments in Finland where birch trees were planted in monocultures and mixtures of birch genotypes or other trees species. Although both abundance and species richness of leaf miners differed among birch genotypes at the tree level, birch genetic diversity had no significant effect on miner abundance and species richness at the plot level. Instead, birch genetic diversity affected leaf-miner β-diversity with species turnover being higher among trees within genotypic mixtures than among trees within monoclonal plots. In contrast, tree species diversity had a significant negative effect on both leaf-miner abundance and species richness at plot level, but no effect on miner β-diversity. Significant tree species diversity effects on leaf-miner abundance and species richness were found only in plots with high tree density. We have demonstrated that plant species and genetic diversity play important but contrasting roles in structuring associated herbivore communities. Tree species diversity largely affects miner abundance and species richness, whereas tree genetic diversity affects miner β-diversity. These results have important implications for conservation and management of woodlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barantal
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK. .,Ecotron-CNRS, 1 Chemin du Rioux, 34980, Monferrier, France.
| | | | - Walter Durka
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Glenn Iason
- James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Simon Morath
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
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29
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Ida TY, Takanashi K, Tamura M, Ozawa R, Nakashima Y, Ohgushi T. Defensive chemicals of neighboring plants limit visits of herbivorous insects: Associational resistance within a plant population. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12981-12990. [PMID: 30619598 PMCID: PMC6309010 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite our understanding of chemical defenses and their consequences for plant performance and herbivores, we know little about whether defensive chemicals in plant tissues, such as alkaloids, and their spatial variation within a population play unappreciated and critical roles in plant-herbivore interactions. Neighboring plants can decrease or increase attractiveness of a plant to herbivores, an example of a neighborhood effect. Chemical defensive traits may contribute to neighborhood effects in plant-herbivore interactions. We examined the effects of nicotine in leaves (a non-emitted defense chemical) on plant-herbivore interactions in a spatial context, using two varieties of Nicotiana tabacum with different nicotine levels. A common garden experiment demonstrated that visits by grasshoppers decreased with increasing density of neighboring plants with a greater nicotine level. In contrast, visits of leaf caterpillars were not affected by neighbors, irrespective of nicotine levels. Thus, our results clearly highlighted that the neighborhood effect caused by the nicotine in leaves depended on the insect identity, and it was mediated by plant-herbivore interactions, rather than plant-plant interactions. This study demonstrates that understanding of effects of plant defensive traits on plant-herbivore interactions requires careful consideration of the spatial distribution of plant defenses, and provides support for the importance of spatial context to accurately capture the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Y. Ida
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityOtsuJapan
- Present address:
Faculty of ScienceNara Women's UniversityNaraJapan
| | - Kojiro Takanashi
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityUjiJapan
- Present address:
Institute of Mountain ScienceShinshu UniversityMatsumotoJapan
| | | | - Rika Ozawa
- Center for Ecological ResearchKyoto UniversityOtsuJapan
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30
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Dahlin I, Rubene D, Glinwood R, Ninkovic V. Pest suppression in cultivar mixtures is influenced by neighbor-specific plant-plant communication. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:2187-2196. [PMID: 30222912 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Increased plant genotypic diversity in crop fields can promote ecosystem services including pest control, but understanding of mechanisms behind herbivore population responses to cultivar mixtures is limited. We studied aphid settling on barley plants exposed to volatiles from different cultivars, aphid population development in monocultures and two-cultivar mixtures, and differences in volatile composition between studied cultivars. Aphid responses to one cultivar in a mixture were neighbor-specific and this was more important for pest suppression than the overall mixture effect, aphid colonization patterns, or natural enemy abundance. Aphid populations decreased most in a mixture where both cultivars showed a reduced aphid-plant acceptance after reciprocal volatile exposure in the laboratory, and reduced population growth compared to monocultures in the field. Our findings suggest that herbivore population responses to crop genotypic diversity can depend on plant-plant volatile interactions, which can lead to changes in herbivore response to individual cultivars in a mixture, resulting in slower population growth. The impact of plant-plant interaction through volatiles on associated herbivore species is rarely considered, but improved understanding of these mechanisms would advance our understanding of the ecological consequences of biodiversity and guide development of sustainable agricultural practices. Combining cultivars in mixtures based on how they interact with each other is a promising strategy for sustainable pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dahlin
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7043, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Rubene
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Glinwood
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7043, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Velemir Ninkovic
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Koricheva J, Hayes D. The relative importance of plant intraspecific diversity in structuring arthropod communities: A meta‐analysis. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey UK
| | - Dexter Hayes
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey UK
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32
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Abbott JM, Grosberg RK, Williams SL, Stachowicz JJ. Multiple dimensions of intraspecific diversity affect biomass of eelgrass and its associated community. Ecology 2017; 98:3152-3164. [PMID: 28983913 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity within key species can play an important role in the functioning of entire communities. However, the extent to which different dimensions of diversity (e.g., the number of genotypes vs. the extent of genetic differentiation among those genotypes) best predicts functioning is unknown and may yield clues into the different mechanisms underlying diversity effects. We explicitly test the relative influence of genotypic richness and genetic relatedness on eelgrass productivity, biomass, and the diversity of associated invertebrate grazers in a factorial field experiment using the seagrass species, Zostera marina (eelgrass). Genotypic richness had the strongest effect on eelgrass biomass accumulation, such that plots with more genotypes at the end of the experiment attained a higher biomass. Genotypic diversity (richness + evenness) was a stronger predictor of biomass than richness alone, and both genotype richness and diversity were positively correlated with trait diversity. The relatedness of genotypes in a plot reduced eelgrass biomass independently of richness. Plots containing eelgrass with greater trait diversity also had a higher abundance of invertebrate grazers, while the diversity and relatedness of eelgrass genotypes had little effect on invertebrate abundance or richness. Our work extends previous findings by explicitly relating genotypic diversity to trait diversity, thus mechanistically connecting genotypic diversity to plot-level yields. We also show that other dimensions of diversity, namely relatedness, influence eelgrass performance independent of trait differentiation. Ultimately, richness and relatedness captured fundamentally different components of intraspecific variation and should be treated as complementary rather than competing dimensions of biodiversity affecting ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Abbott
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Susan L Williams
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, California, 94923, USA
| | - John J Stachowicz
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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33
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Trogisch S, Schuldt A, Bauhus J, Blum JA, Both S, Buscot F, Castro-Izaguirre N, Chesters D, Durka W, Eichenberg D, Erfmeier A, Fischer M, Geißler C, Germany MS, Goebes P, Gutknecht J, Hahn CZ, Haider S, Härdtle W, He JS, Hector A, Hönig L, Huang Y, Klein AM, Kühn P, Kunz M, Leppert KN, Li Y, Liu X, Niklaus PA, Pei Z, Pietsch KA, Prinz R, Proß T, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmidt K, Scholten T, Seitz S, Song Z, Staab M, von Oheimb G, Weißbecker C, Welk E, Wirth C, Wubet T, Yang B, Yang X, Zhu CD, Schmid B, Ma K, Bruelheide H. Toward a methodical framework for comprehensively assessing forest multifunctionality. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10652-10674. [PMID: 29299246 PMCID: PMC5743643 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has extended its scope from communities that are short-lived or reshape their structure annually to structurally complex forest ecosystems. The establishment of tree diversity experiments poses specific methodological challenges for assessing the multiple functions provided by forest ecosystems. In particular, methodological inconsistencies and nonstandardized protocols impede the analysis of multifunctionality within, and comparability across the increasing number of tree diversity experiments. By providing an overview on key methods currently applied in one of the largest forest biodiversity experiments, we show how methods differing in scale and simplicity can be combined to retrieve consistent data allowing novel insights into forest ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, we discuss and develop recommendations for the integration and transferability of diverse methodical approaches to present and future forest biodiversity experiments. We identified four principles that should guide basic decisions concerning method selection for tree diversity experiments and forest BEF research: (1) method selection should be directed toward maximizing data density to increase the number of measured variables in each plot. (2) Methods should cover all relevant scales of the experiment to consider scale dependencies of biodiversity effects. (3) The same variable should be evaluated with the same method across space and time for adequate larger-scale and longer-time data analysis and to reduce errors due to changing measurement protocols. (4) Standardized, practical and rapid methods for assessing biodiversity and ecosystem functions should be promoted to increase comparability among forest BEF experiments. We demonstrate that currently available methods provide us with a sophisticated toolbox to improve a synergistic understanding of forest multifunctionality. However, these methods require further adjustment to the specific requirements of structurally complex and long-lived forest ecosystems. By applying methods connecting relevant scales, trophic levels, and above- and belowground ecosystem compartments, knowledge gain from large tree diversity experiments can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trogisch
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Juliet A Blum
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Sabine Both
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Nadia Castro-Izaguirre
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - David Eichenberg
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany Kiel University Kiel Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Christian Geißler
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Markus S Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany Kiel University Kiel Germany
| | - Philipp Goebes
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Jessica Gutknecht
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany.,Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Christoph Zacharias Hahn
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Sylvia Haider
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology Leuphana University of Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing China
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Lydia Hönig
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Alexandra-Maria Klein
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Peter Kühn
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Matthias Kunz
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Katrin N Leppert
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Geobotany, Freiburg Germany
| | - Ying Li
- Faculty of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Zhiqin Pei
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | | | - Ricarda Prinz
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BIK-F) Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Tobias Proß
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Karsten Schmidt
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Thomas Scholten
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Steffen Seitz
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Zhengshan Song
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Michael Staab
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Christina Weißbecker
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Erik Welk
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,Key Laboratory of Speciality Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province Jingdezhen University Jingdezhen China
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Chao-Dong Zhu
- Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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34
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Welti E, Helzer C, Joern A. Impacts of plant diversity on arthropod communities and plant–herbivore network architecture. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Welti
- Division of Biology Kansas State University 116 Ackert Hall Manhattan Kansas 66506 USA
| | - Chris Helzer
- The Nature Conservancy Nebraska Chapter, P.O. Box 438 Aurora Nebraska 68818 USA
| | - Anthony Joern
- Division of Biology Kansas State University 116 Ackert Hall Manhattan Kansas 66506 USA
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35
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Abdala-Roberts L, Pratt R, Pratt JD, Mooney KA. Traits underlying community consequences of plant intra-specific diversity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183493. [PMID: 28886028 PMCID: PMC5590834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant's performance and interactions with other trophic levels are recorgnized to be contingent upon plant diversity and underlying associational dynamics, but far less is known about the plant traits driving such phenomena. We manipulated diversity in plant traits using pairs of plant and a substitutive design to elucidate the mechanisms underlying diversity effects operating at a fine spatial scale. Specifically, we measured the effects of diversity in sex (sexual monocultures vs. male and female genotypes together) and growth rate (growth rate monocultures vs. fast- and slow-growing genotypes together) on growth of the shrub Baccharis salicifolia and on above- and belowground consumers associated with this plant. We compared effects on associate abundance (# associates per plant) vs. density (# associates per kg plant biomass) to elucidate the mechanisms underlying diversity effects; effects on abundance but not density suggest diversity effects are mediated by resource abundance (i.e. plant biomass) alone, whereas effects on density suggest diversity effects are mediated by plant-based heterogeneity or quality. Sexual diversity increased root growth but reduced the density (but not abundance) of the dietary generalist aphid Aphis gossypii and its associated aphid-tending ants, suggesting sex mixtures were of lower quality to this herbivore (e.g. via reduced plant quality), and that this effect indirectly influenced ants. Sexual diversity had no effect on the abundance or density of parasitoids attacking A. gossypii, the dietary specialist aphid Uroleucon macolai, or mycorrhizae. In contrast, growth rate diversity did not influence plant growth or any associates except for the dietary specialist aphid U. macolai, which increased in both abundance and density at high diversity, suggesting growth rate mixtures were of higher quality to this herbivore. These results highlight that plant associational and diversity effects on consumers are contingent upon the source of plant trait variation, and that the nature of such dynamics may vary both within and among trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Riley Pratt
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Irvine Ranch Conservancy, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Pratt
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kailen A. Mooney
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Segraves KA. The effects of genome duplications in a community context. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:57-69. [PMID: 28418074 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contents 57 I. 57 II. 59 III. 59 IV. 63 V. 64 VI. 64 VII. 66 66 References 66 SUMMARY: Whole-genome duplication (WGD), or polyploidy, has important effects on the genotype and phenotype of plants, potentially altering ecological interactions with other organisms. Even though the connections between polyploidy and species interactions have been recognized for some time, we are only just beginning to test whether WGD affects community context. Here I review the sparse information on polyploidy and community context and then present a set of hypotheses for future work. Thus far, community-level studies of polyploids suggest an array of outcomes, from no changes in community context to shifts in the abundance and composition of interacting species. I propose a number of mechanisms for how WGD could alter community context and how the emergence of polyploids in populations could also alter the community context of parental diploids and other plant species. Resolving how and when these changes are expected to occur will require a deeper understanding of the connections among WGD, phenotypic changes, and the direct and indirect effects of species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- Archbold Biological Station, Venus, FL, 33960, USA
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37
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Balduzzi M, Binder BM, Bucksch A, Chang C, Hong L, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Pradal C, Sparks EE. Reshaping Plant Biology: Qualitative and Quantitative Descriptors for Plant Morphology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:117. [PMID: 28217137 PMCID: PMC5289971 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An emerging challenge in plant biology is to develop qualitative and quantitative measures to describe the appearance of plants through the integration of mathematics and biology. A major hurdle in developing these metrics is finding common terminology across fields. In this review, we define approaches for analyzing plant geometry, topology, and shape, and provide examples for how these terms have been and can be applied to plants. In leaf morphological quantifications both geometry and shape have been used to gain insight into leaf function and evolution. For the analysis of cell growth and expansion, we highlight the utility of geometric descriptors for understanding sepal and hypocotyl development. For branched structures, we describe how topology has been applied to quantify root system architecture to lend insight into root function. Lastly, we discuss the importance of using morphological descriptors in ecology to assess how communities interact, function, and respond within different environments. This review aims to provide a basic description of the mathematical principles underlying morphological quantifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brad M. Binder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee-KnoxvilleKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander Bucksch
- Department of Plant Biology, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Environmental Resources, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia Chang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Washington-BothellBothell, WA, USA
| | - Lilan Hong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Christophe Pradal
- INRIA, Virtual PlantsMontpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAPMontpellier, France
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38
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Reynolds LK, Stachowicz JJ, Hughes AR, Kamel SJ, Ort BS, Grosberg RK. Temporal stability in patterns of genetic diversity and structure of a marine foundation species (Zostera marina). Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 118:404-412. [PMID: 28029151 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity and population structure reflect complex interactions among a diverse set of processes that may vary temporally, limiting their potential to predict ecological and evolutionary outcomes. Yet, the stability of these patterns is rarely tested. We resampled eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows from published studies to determine variability in genetic diversity and structure within and between meadows over 5-12 years. The meadows sampled (San Francisco, Tomales and Bodega Bays in California and the Virginia coastal bays) represent a range of life histories (annual vs perennial), age (well-established vs restored) and environments (rural vs urbanized). In all of these systems, neither diversity nor differentiation (FST) changed over time. Differences among tidal heights within Bodega Bay were also remarkably consistent, with the high intertidal being more diverse than the subtidal, and tidal height differentiation being modest but significant at both time points. Historical studies used only a few microsatellite loci; therefore, our temporal comparisons were based on 4-5 loci. However, analysis of the current data using a set of 12 loci show that 4-5 loci are sufficient to describe diversity and differentiation patterns in this system. This temporal consistency was not because of the resampling of large clones, underscoring the feasibility and relevance of understanding drivers of the differences. Because seagrasses are declining at rapid rates, restoration and conservation are increasingly a coastal management priority. Our results argue that surveys of eelgrass genetic structure and diversity at decadal scales can provide accurate depictions of populations, increasing the utility of published genetic data for restoration and designing networks of reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Reynolds
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J J Stachowicz
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A R Hughes
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, USA
| | - S J Kamel
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - B S Ort
- Olofson Environmental, Inc., Oakland, CA, USA
| | - R K Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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39
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Souza L, Stuble KL, Genung MA, Classen AT. Plant genotypic variation and intraspecific diversity trump soil nutrient availability to shape old‐field structure and function. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Souza
- Oklahoma Biological Survey and Microbiology and Plant Biology Department University of Oklahoma 111 E. Chesapeake Street Norman OK73019 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN37996 USA
| | - Katharine L. Stuble
- Oklahoma Biological Survey and Microbiology and Plant Biology Department University of Oklahoma 111 E. Chesapeake Street Norman OK73019 USA
- The Holden Arboretum Kirtland OH44094 USA
| | - Mark A. Genung
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University 14 College Farm Road New Brunswick NJ08901 USA
| | - Aimee T. Classen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN37996 USA
- Center for Macroecology Evolution and Climate & the Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15 Copenhagen Ø2100 Denmark
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40
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Glassmire AE, Jeffrey CS, Forister ML, Parchman TL, Nice CC, Jahner JP, Wilson JS, Walla TR, Richards LA, Smilanich AM, Leonard MD, Morrison CR, Simbaña W, Salagaje LA, Dodson CD, Miller JS, Tepe EJ, Villamarin-Cortez S, Dyer LA. Intraspecific phytochemical variation shapes community and population structure for specialist caterpillars. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:208-19. [PMID: 27279551 PMCID: PMC5089596 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemically mediated plant-herbivore interactions contribute to the diversity of terrestrial communities and the diversification of plants and insects. While our understanding of the processes affecting community structure and evolutionary diversification has grown, few studies have investigated how trait variation shapes genetic and species diversity simultaneously in a tropical ecosystem. We investigated secondary metabolite variation among subpopulations of a single plant species, Piper kelleyi (Piperaceae), using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), to understand associations between plant phytochemistry and host-specialized caterpillars in the genus Eois (Geometridae: Larentiinae) and associated parasitoid wasps and flies. In addition, we used a genotyping-by-sequencing approach to examine the genetic structure of one abundant caterpillar species, Eois encina, in relation to host phytochemical variation. We found substantive concentration differences among three major secondary metabolites, and these differences in chemistry predicted caterpillar and parasitoid community structure among host plant populations. Furthermore, E. encina populations located at high elevations were genetically different from other populations. They fed on plants containing high concentrations of prenylated benzoic acid. Thus, phytochemistry potentially shapes caterpillar and wasp community composition and geographic variation in species interactions, both of which can contribute to diversification of plants and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Glassmire
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Christopher S Jeffrey
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Matthew L Forister
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Thomas L Parchman
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Chris C Nice
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Joshua P Jahner
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Joseph S Wilson
- Department of Biology, Utah State University Tooele, 1021 W Vine St, Toole, UT, 84074, USA
| | - Thomas R Walla
- Department of Biology, Colorado Mesa University, 1100 N. Ave, Grand Junction, CO, 81501, USA
- Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales del Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad Ecuador, Rumipamba 341 y Av. Shyris., Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lora A Richards
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Angela M Smilanich
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Michael D Leonard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Colin R Morrison
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Wilmer Simbaña
- Yanayacu Biological Station, Cosanga, Napo Province, Ecuador
| | - Luis A Salagaje
- Yanayacu Biological Station, Cosanga, Napo Province, Ecuador
| | - Craig D Dodson
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Jim S Miller
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Eric J Tepe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 318 College Dr, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Santiago Villamarin-Cortez
- Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales del Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad Ecuador, Rumipamba 341 y Av. Shyris., Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lee A Dyer
- Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales del Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad Ecuador, Rumipamba 341 y Av. Shyris., Quito, Ecuador
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41
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Hanley TC, Hughes AR, Williams B, Garland H, Kimbro DL. Effects of intraspecific diversity on survivorship, growth, and recruitment of the eastern oyster across sites. Ecology 2016; 97:1518-29. [DOI: 10.1890/15-1710.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torrance C. Hanley
- Marine Science Center Northeastern University Nahant Massachusetts 01908 USA
| | - A. Randall Hughes
- Marine Science Center Northeastern University Nahant Massachusetts 01908 USA
| | - Bethany Williams
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32304 USA
| | - Hanna Garland
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32304 USA
| | - David L. Kimbro
- Marine Science Center Northeastern University Nahant Massachusetts 01908 USA
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42
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Plant genotype influences aquatic‐terrestrial ecosystem linkages through timing and composition of insect emergence. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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43
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Grettenberger IM, Tooker JF. Inter-varietal interactions among plants in genotypically diverse mixtures tend to decrease herbivore performance. Oecologia 2016; 182:189-202. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Crutsinger GM. A community genetics perspective: opportunities for the coming decade. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:65-70. [PMID: 26171846 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Community genetics was originally proposed as a novel approach to identifying links between genes and ecosystems, and merging ecological and evolutional perspectives. The dozen years since the birth of community genetics have seen many empirical studies and common garden experiments, as well as the rise of eco-evolutionary dynamics research and a general shift in ecology to incorporate intraspecific variation. So what have we learned from community genetics? Can individual genes affect entire ecosystems? Are there interesting questions left to be answered, or has community genetics run its course? This perspective makes a series of key points about the general patterns that have emerged and calls attention to gaps in our understanding to be addressed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Crutsinger
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
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45
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Genetic specificity of a plant-insect food web: Implications for linking genetic variation to network complexity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2128-33. [PMID: 26858398 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513633113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that intraspecific genetic variation can increase the complexity of an ecological network. To date, however, we are lacking empirical knowledge of the extent to which genetic variation determines the assembly of ecological networks, as well as how the gain or loss of genetic variation will affect network structure. To address this knowledge gap, we used a common garden experiment to quantify the extent to which heritable trait variation in a host plant determines the assembly of its associated insect food web (network of trophic interactions). We then used a resampling procedure to simulate the additive effects of genetic variation on overall food-web complexity. We found that trait variation among host-plant genotypes was associated with resistance to insect herbivores, which indirectly affected interactions between herbivores and their insect parasitoids. Direct and indirect genetic effects resulted in distinct compositions of trophic interactions associated with each host-plant genotype. Moreover, our simulations suggest that food-web complexity would increase by 20% over the range of genetic variation in the experimental population of host plants. Taken together, our results indicate that intraspecific genetic variation can play a key role in structuring ecological networks, which may in turn affect network persistence.
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46
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Axelsson EP, Iason GR, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Whitham TG. Host Genetics and Environment Drive Divergent Responses of Two Resource Sharing Gall-Formers on Norway Spruce: A Common Garden Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142257. [PMID: 26554587 PMCID: PMC4640599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A central issue in the field of community genetics is the expectation that trait variation among genotypes play a defining role in structuring associated species and in forming community phenotypes. Quantifying the existence of such community phenotypes in two common garden environments also has important consequences for our understanding of gene-by-environment interactions at the community level. The existence of community phenotypes has not been evaluated in the crowns of boreal forest trees. In this study we address the influence of tree genetics on needle chemistry and genetic x environment interactions on two gall-inducing adelgid aphids (Adelges spp. and Sacchiphantes spp.) that share the same elongating bud/shoot niche. We examine the hypothesis that the canopies of different genotypes of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) support different community phenotypes. Three patterns emerged. First, the two gallers show clear differences in their response to host genetics and environment. Whereas genetics significantly affected the abundance of Adelges spp. galls, Sacchiphantes spp. was predominately affected by the environment suggesting that the genetic influence is stronger in Adelges spp. Second, the among family variation in genetically controlled resistance was large, i.e. fullsib families differed as much as 10 fold in susceptibility towards Adelges spp. (0.57 to 6.2 galls/branch). Also, the distribution of chemical profiles was continuous, showing both overlap as well as examples of significant differences among fullsib families. Third, despite the predicted effects of host chemistry on galls, principal component analyses using 31 different phenolic substances showed only limited association with galls and a similarity test showed that trees with similar phenolic chemical characteristics, did not host more similar communities of gallers. Nonetheless, the large genetic variation in trait expression and clear differences in how community members respond to host genetics supports our hypothesis that the canopies of Norway spruce differ in their community phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Petter Axelsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Glenn R. Iason
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research & Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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47
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Brooker RW, Karley AJ, Newton AC, Pakeman RJ, Schöb C. Facilitation and sustainable agriculture: a mechanistic approach to reconciling crop production and conservation. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob W. Brooker
- The James Hutton Institute Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH UK
| | | | | | | | - Christian Schöb
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
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48
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Schuman MC, Allmann S, Baldwin IT. Plant defense phenotypes determine the consequences of volatile emission for individuals and neighbors. eLife 2015; 4:e04490. [PMID: 25873033 PMCID: PMC4397498 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are at the trophic base of terrestrial ecosystems, and the diversity of plant species in an ecosystem is a principle determinant of community structure. This may arise from diverse functional traits among species. In fact, genetic diversity within species can have similarly large effects. However, studies of intraspecific genetic diversity have used genotypes varying in several complex traits, obscuring the specific phenotypic variation responsible for community-level effects. Using lines of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata genetically altered in specific well-characterized defense traits and planted into experimental populations in their native habitat, we investigated community-level effects of trait diversity in populations of otherwise isogenic plants. We conclude that the frequency of defense traits in a population can determine the outcomes of these traits for individuals. Furthermore, our results suggest that some ecosystem-level services afforded by genetically diverse plant populations could be recaptured in intensive monocultures engineered to be functionally diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Allmann
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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49
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Where is the extended phenotype in the wild? The community composition of arthropods on mature oak trees does not depend on the oak genotype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115733. [PMID: 25635387 PMCID: PMC4321774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a series of common garden experiments, it has been shown that heritable
phenotypic differences between individual trees can affect arthropod communities.
However, field studies under heterogeneous environmental conditions remain rare. In
the present study, we investigated the genetic constitution of 121 mature oak host
trees at different trophic levels from 10 sites across Bavaria, southern Germany and
their associated insect communities. A total of 23,576 individuals representing 395
species of beetles and true bugs were evaluated. In particular, we determined whether
the composition of arthropod communities is related to the oak genotype and whether
the strength of the relationships decreases from lower to higher trophic levels, such
as for phytophagous, xylophagous, zoophagous, and mycetophagous species. The genetic
differentiation of oaks was assessed using eight microsatellite markers. We found no
significant influence of the oak genotype on neither the full beetle and true bug
community nor on any of the analyzed trophic guilds. In contrast, the community
composition of the insects was highly related to the space and climate, such that the
community similarity decreased with increases in spatial distance and climatic
differences. The relationship with space and climate was much stronger in beetles
than in true bugs, particularly in mycetophagous species. Our results suggest that
spatial processes override the genetic effects of the host plant in structuring
arthropod communities on oak trees. Because we used neutral markers, we cannot
exclude the possibility that trait-specific markers may reveal a genetic imprint of
the foundation tree species on the composition of the arthropod community. However,
based on the strength of the spatial patterns in our data set, we assume that genetic
differences among oaks are less important in the structuring of arthropod
communities. Future whole-genome studies are required to draw a final conclusion.
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50
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Colonization of Solidago altissima by the specialist aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum: effects of genetic identity and leaf chemistry. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:129-38. [PMID: 25616613 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In dominant old-field plant species, genotypic variation in traits important for herbivorous insects may explain variation in insect species abundance. While the importance of plant genetic identity on arthropod abundance has been demonstrated, specific factors that drive genotype choice by insects remain largely unknown. Sixteen genotypes of the widely distributed plant species Solidago altissima were used to investigate the possible role of nutrients and terpene secondary metabolites in shaping the abundance of a common specialist aphid, Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum. Ramets were propagated in a greenhouse and then transferred to a natural field setting. After 76 days, aphid abundance was quantified and leaf tissue assayed for nutrients and terpenes. Aphids/g plant biomass significantly differed among genotypes, with a 30-fold difference observed among plant genotypes. Leaf nitrogen, C:N ratio and water did not vary among genotypes. Of eight terpenes quantified, five were influenced by plant genotype. Aphid abundance increased marginally with the concentration of the monoterpene β-pinene in leaf tissue (P = 0.056). A partial least squares analysis determined that nutritional chemicals did not explain aphid responses, while 49% of the variation in aphid colonization among genotypes was explained by terpenes. This study is one of the first to demonstrate that variation in allelochemicals may be related to differences in the abundance of a key herbivore among genotypes of a plant species that exhibits large intraspecific genetic variation.
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