1
|
Dittmar EL, Schemske DW. Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation. Am Nat 2023; 202:471-485. [PMID: 37792918 DOI: 10.1086/725865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEcological heterogeneity can lead to local adaptation when populations exhibit fitness trade-offs among habitats. However, the degree to which local adaptation is affected by the spatial and temporal scale of environmental variation is poorly understood. A multiyear reciprocal transplant experiment was performed with populations of the annual plant Leptosiphon parviflorus living on adjacent serpentine and nonserpentine soil. Local adaptation over this small geographic scale was observed, but there were differences in the temporal variability of selection across habitats. On serpentine soil, the local population had a consistently large survival advantage, presumably as a result of the temporal stability in selection imposed by soil cation content. In contrast, a fecundity advantage was observed for the sandstone population on its native soil type but only in the two study years with the highest rainfall. A manipulative greenhouse experiment demonstrated that the fitness advantage of the sandstone population in its native soil type depends critically on water availability. The temporal variability in local adaptation driven by variation in precipitation suggests that continued drought conditions have the potential to erode local adaptation in these populations. These results show how different selective factors can influence spatial and temporal patterns of variation in fitness trade-offs.
Collapse
|
2
|
Boulila S, Peters SE, Müller RD, Haq BU, Hara N. Earth's interior dynamics drive marine fossil diversity cycles of tens of millions of years. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221149120. [PMID: 37428908 PMCID: PMC10629558 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221149120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The fossil record reveals that biotic diversity has fluctuated quasi-cyclically through geological time. However, the causal mechanisms of biotic diversity cycles remain unexplained. Here, we highlight a common, correlatable 36 ± 1 Myr (million years) cycle in the diversity of marine genera as well as in tectonic, sea-level, and macrostratigraphic data over the past 250 Myr of Earth history. The prominence of the 36 ± 1 Myr cycle in tectonic data favors a common-cause mechanism, wherein geological forcing mechanisms drive patterns in both biological diversity and the preserved rock record. In particular, our results suggest that a 36 ± 1 Myr tectono-eustatically driven sea-level cycle may originate from the interaction between the convecting mantle and subducting slabs, thereby pacing mantle-lithospheric deep-water recycling. The 36 ± 1 Myr tectono-eustatic driver of biodiversity is likely related to cyclic continental inundations, with expanding and contracting ecological niches on shelves and in epeiric seas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slah Boulila
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris, ParisF-75005, France
- Astronomie et Systèmes Dynamiques/Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides, CNRS-UMR8028, Observatoire de Paris, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, Sorbonne Université, Paris75014, France
| | - Shanan E. Peters
- Department of Geoscience, University of Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - R. Dietmar Müller
- EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Bilal U. Haq
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris, ParisF-75005, France
- Smithsonian Institution, Washington,DC20024
| | - Nathan Hara
- Département d’astronomie, Université de Genève, Genève1290, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brooks GC, Wendt A, Haas CA, Roberts JH. Comparing estimates of census and effective population size in an endangered amphibian. Anim Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
|
4
|
De Lisle SP, Bolnick DI, Brodie ED, Moore AJ, McGlothlin JW. Interacting phenotypes and the coevolutionary process: Interspecific indirect genetic effects alter coevolutionary dynamics. Evolution 2022; 76:429-444. [PMID: 34997942 PMCID: PMC9385155 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution occurs when species interact to influence one another's fitness, resulting in reciprocal evolutionary change. In many coevolving lineages, trait expression in one species is modified by the genotypes and phenotypes of the other, forming feedback loops reminiscent of models of intraspecific social evolution. Here, we adapt the theory of within-species social evolution, characterized by indirect genetic effects and social selection imposed by interacting individuals, to the case of interspecific interactions. In a trait-based model, we derive general expressions for multivariate evolutionary change in two species and the expected between-species covariance in evolutionary change when selection varies across space. We show that reciprocal interspecific indirect genetic effects can dominate the coevolutionary process and drive patterns of correlated evolution beyond what is expected from direct selection alone. In extreme cases, interspecific indirect genetic effects can lead to coevolution when selection does not covary between species or even when one species lacks genetic variance. Moreover, our model indicates that interspecific indirect genetic effects may interact in complex ways with cross-species selection to determine the course of coevolution. Importantly, our model makes empirically testable predictions for how different forms of reciprocal interactions contribute to the coevolutionary process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. De Lisle
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut, USA 06269
- Present address: Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Solvegatan 37, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut, USA 06269
| | - Edmund D. Brodie
- Department of Biology and Mountain Lake Biological Station, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| | - Allen J. Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Joel W. McGlothlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 2125 Derring Hall, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA 24060
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alberti M, Wang T. Detecting patterns of vertebrate biodiversity across the multidimensional urban landscape. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1027-1045. [PMID: 35113498 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Explicit characterisation of the complexity of urban landscapes is critical for understanding patterns of biodiversity and for detecting the underlying social and ecological processes that shape them. Urban environments exhibit variable heterogeneity and connectivity, influenced by different historical contingencies, that affect community assembly across scales. The multidimensional nature of urban disturbance and co-occurrence of multiple stressors can cause synergistic effects leading to nonlinear responses in populations and communities. Yet, current research design of urban ecology and evolutionary studies typically relies on simple representation of the parameter space that can be observed. Sampling approaches apply simple urban gradients such as linear transects in space or comparisons of urban sites across the urban mosaic accounting for a few variables. This rarely considers multiple dimensions and scales of biodiversity, and proves to be inadequate to explain observed patterns. We apply a multidimensional approach that integrates distinctive social, ecological and built characteristics of urban landscapes, representing variations along dimensions of heterogeneity, connectivity and historical contingency. Measuring species richness and beta diversity across 100 US metropolitan areas at the city and 1-km scales, we show that distinctive signatures of urban biodiversity can result from interactions between socioecological heterogeneity and connectivity, mediated by historical contingency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alberti
- Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Urban Ecology Research Lab, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tianzhe Wang
- Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Urban Ecology Research Lab, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hays CG, Hanley TC, Hughes AR, Truskey SB, Zerebecki RA, Sotka EE. Local Adaptation in Marine Foundation Species at Microgeographic Scales. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 241:16-29. [PMID: 34436968 DOI: 10.1086/714821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNearshore foundation species in coastal and estuarine systems (e.g., salt marsh grasses, mangroves, seagrasses, corals) drive the ecological functions of ecosystems and entire biomes by creating physical structure that alters local abiotic conditions and influences species interactions and composition. The resilience of foundation species and the ecosystem functions they provide depends on their phenotypic and genetic responses to spatial and temporal shifts in environmental conditions. In this review, we explore what is known about the causes and consequences of adaptive genetic differentiation in marine foundation species over spatial scales shorter than dispersal capabilities (i.e., microgeographic scales). We describe the strength of coupling field and laboratory experiments with population genetic techniques to illuminate patterns of local adaptation, and we illustrate this approach by using several foundation species. Among the major themes that emerge from our review include (1) adaptive differentiation of marine foundation species repeatedly evolves along vertical (i.e., elevation or depth) gradients, and (2) mating system and phenology may facilitate this differentiation. Microgeographic adaptation is an understudied mechanism potentially underpinning the resilience of many sessile marine species, and this evolutionary mechanism likely has particularly important consequences for the ecosystem functions provided by foundation species.
Collapse
|
7
|
Govaert L, Altermatt F, De Meester L, Leibold MA, McPeek MA, Pantel JH, Urban MC. Integrating fundamental processes to understand eco‐evolutionary community dynamics and patterns. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Govaert
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and BiodiversityUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and BiodiversityUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Luc De Meester
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) Berlin Germany
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Mark A. McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Jelena H. Pantel
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Science The American University of Paris Paris France
| | - Mark C. Urban
- Center of Biological Risk and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hagen O, Flück B, Fopp F, Cabral JS, Hartig F, Pontarp M, Rangel TF, Pellissier L. gen3sis: A general engine for eco-evolutionary simulations of the processes that shape Earth's biodiversity. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001340. [PMID: 34252071 PMCID: PMC8384074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origins of biodiversity has been an aspiration since the days of early naturalists. The immense complexity of ecological, evolutionary, and spatial processes, however, has made this goal elusive to this day. Computer models serve progress in many scientific fields, but in the fields of macroecology and macroevolution, eco-evolutionary models are comparatively less developed. We present a general, spatially explicit, eco-evolutionary engine with a modular implementation that enables the modeling of multiple macroecological and macroevolutionary processes and feedbacks across representative spatiotemporally dynamic landscapes. Modeled processes can include species' abiotic tolerances, biotic interactions, dispersal, speciation, and evolution of ecological traits. Commonly observed biodiversity patterns, such as α, β, and γ diversity, species ranges, ecological traits, and phylogenies, emerge as simulations proceed. As an illustration, we examine alternative hypotheses expected to have shaped the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) during the Earth's Cenozoic era. Our exploratory simulations simultaneously produce multiple realistic biodiversity patterns, such as the LDG, current species richness, and range size frequencies, as well as phylogenetic metrics. The model engine is open source and available as an R package, enabling future exploration of various landscapes and biological processes, while outputs can be linked with a variety of empirical biodiversity patterns. This work represents a key toward a numeric, interdisciplinary, and mechanistic understanding of the physical and biological processes that shape Earth's biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Hagen
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Flück
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Fopp
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliano S. Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg,
Germany
| | | | - Thiago F. Rangel
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal
University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rossa R, Goczał J. Global diversity and distribution of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2021.1883129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Rossa
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - J. Goczał
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Urban MC, Freidenfelds NA, Richardson JL. Microgeographic divergence of functional responses among salamanders under antagonistic selection from apex predators. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201665. [PMID: 33171095 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A predator's functional response determines predator-prey interactions by describing the relationship between the number of prey available and the number eaten. Its shape and parameters fundamentally govern the dynamic equilibrium of predator-prey interactions and their joint abundances. Yet, estimates of these key parameters generally assume stasis in space and time and ignore the potential for local adaptation to alter feeding responses and the stability of trophic dynamics. Here, we evaluate if functional responses diverge among populations of spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) larvae that face antagonistic selection on feeding strategies based on their own risk of predation. Common garden experiments revealed that spotted salamander from ponds with varying predation risks differed in their functional responses, suggesting an evolutionary response. Applying mechanistic equations, we discovered that the combined changes in attack rates, handling times and shape of the functional response enhanced feeding rate in environments with high densities of gape-limited predators. We suggest how these parameter changes could alter community equilibria and other emergent properties of food webs. Community ecologists might often need to consider how local evolution at fine scales alters key relationships in ways that alter local diversity patterns, food web dynamics, resource gradients and community responses to disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 75 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Center of Biological Risk, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Nicole A Freidenfelds
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 75 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Road, Unit 4087, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jonathan L Richardson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 75 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Gottwald Science Center, 138 UR Drive, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Murphy KJ, Ciuti S, Kane A. An introduction to agent-based models as an accessible surrogate to field-based research and teaching. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12482-12498. [PMID: 33250988 PMCID: PMC7679541 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many barriers to fieldwork including cost, time, and physical ability. Unfortunately, these barriers disproportionately affect minority communities and create a disparity in access to fieldwork in the natural sciences. Travel restrictions, concerns about our carbon footprint, and the global lockdown have extended this barrier to fieldwork across the community and led to increased anxiety about gaps in productivity, especially among graduate students and early-career researchers. In this paper, we discuss agent-based modeling as an open-source, accessible, and inclusive resource to substitute for lost fieldwork during COVID-19 and for future scenarios of travel restrictions such as climate change and economic downturn. We describe the benefits of Agent-Based models as a teaching and training resource for students across education levels. We discuss how and why educators and research scientists can implement them with examples from the literature on how agent-based models can be applied broadly across life science research. We aim to amplify awareness and adoption of this technique to broaden the diversity and size of the agent-based modeling community in ecology and evolutionary research. Finally, we discuss the challenges facing agent-based modeling and discuss how quantitative ecology can work in tandem with traditional field ecology to improve both methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian J. Murphy
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and the Earth InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Simone Ciuti
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and the Earth InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Adam Kane
- School of Biology and Environmental Science and the Earth InstituteUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Siepielski AM, Hasik AZ, Ping T, Serrano M, Strayhorn K, Tye SP. Predators weaken prey intraspecific competition through phenotypic selection. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:951-961. [PMID: 32227439 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Predators have a key role shaping competitor dynamics in food webs. Perhaps the most obvious way this occurs is when predators reduce competitor densities. However, consumption could also generate phenotypic selection on prey that determines the strength of competition, thus coupling consumptive and trait-based effects of predators. In a mesocosm experiment simulating fish predation on damselflies, we found that selection against high damselfly activity rates - a phenotype mediating predation and competition - weakened the strength of density dependence in damselfly growth rates. A field experiment corroborated this finding and showed that increasing damselfly densities in lakes with high fish densities had limited effects on damselfly growth rates but generated a precipitous growth rate decline where fish densities were lower - a pattern expected because of spatial variation in selection imposed by predation. These results suggest that accounting for both consumption and selection is necessary to determine how predators regulate prey competitive interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Adam Z Hasik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Taylor Ping
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Mabel Serrano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Koby Strayhorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Simon P Tye
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Garamszegi LZ, Temrin H, Kubinyi E, Miklósi Á, Kolm N. The role of common ancestry and gene flow in the evolution of human-directed play behaviour in dogs. J Evol Biol 2019; 33:318-328. [PMID: 31705702 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among-population variance of phenotypic traits is of high relevance for understanding evolutionary mechanisms that operate in relatively short timescales, but various sources of nonindependence, such as common ancestry and gene flow, can hamper the interpretations. In this comparative analysis of 138 dog breeds, we demonstrate how such confounders can independently shape the evolution of a behavioural trait (human-directed play behaviour from the Dog Mentality Assessment project). We combined information on genetic relatedness and haplotype sharing to reflect common ancestry and gene flow, respectively, and entered these into a phylogenetic mixed model to partition the among-breed variance of human-directed play behaviour while also accounting for within-breed variance. We found that 75% of the among-breed variance was explained by overall genetic relatedness among breeds, whereas 15% could be attributed to haplotype sharing that arises from gene flow. Therefore, most of the differences in human-directed play behaviour among breeds have likely been caused by constraints of common ancestry as a likely consequence of past selection regimes. On the other hand, gene flow caused by crosses among breeds has played a minor, but not negligible role. Our study serves as an example of an analytical approach that can be applied to comparative situations where the effects of shared origin and gene flow require quantification and appropriate statistical control in a within-species/among-population framework. Altogether, our results suggest that the evolutionary history of dog breeds has left remarkable signatures on the among-breed variation of a behavioural phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Hans Temrin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smith CC, Weber JN, Mikheyev AS, Roces F, Bollazzi M, Kellner K, Seal JN, Mueller UG. Landscape genomics of an obligate mutualism: Concordant and discordant population structures between the leafcutter ant Atta texana and its two main fungal symbiont types. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2831-2845. [PMID: 31141257 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To explore landscape genomics at the range limit of an obligate mutualism, we use genotyping-by-sequencing (ddRADseq) to quantify population structure and the effect of host-symbiont interactions between the northernmost fungus-farming leafcutter ant Atta texana and its two main types of cultivated fungus. Genome-wide differentiation between ants associated with either of the two fungal types is of the same order of magnitude as differentiation associated with temperature and precipitation across the ant's entire range, suggesting that specific ant-fungus genome-genome combinations may have been favoured by selection. For the ant hosts, we found a broad cline of genetic structure across the range, and a reduction of genetic diversity along the axis of range expansion towards the range margin. This population-genetic structure was concordant between the ants and one cultivar type (M-fungi, concordant clines) but discordant for the other cultivar type (T-fungi). Discordance in population-genetic structures between ant hosts and a fungal symbiont is surprising because the ant farmers codisperse with their vertically transmitted fungal symbionts. Discordance implies that (a) the fungi disperse also through between-nest horizontal transfer or other unknown mechanisms, and (b) genetic drift and gene flow can differ in magnitude between each partner and between different ant-fungus combinations. Together, these findings imply that variation in the strength of drift and gene flow experienced by each mutualistic partner affects adaptation to environmental stress at the range margin, and genome-genome interactions between host and symbiont influence adaptive genetic differentiation of the host during range evolution in this obligate mutualism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad C Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jesse N Weber
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska
| | | | - Flavio Roces
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Bollazzi
- Section of Entomology, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Katrin Kellner
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Jon N Seal
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Ulrich G Mueller
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pontarp M, Bunnefeld L, Cabral JS, Etienne RS, Fritz SA, Gillespie R, Graham CH, Hagen O, Hartig F, Huang S, Jansson R, Maliet O, Münkemüller T, Pellissier L, Rangel TF, Storch D, Wiegand T, Hurlbert AH. The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient: Novel Understanding through Mechanistic Eco-evolutionary Models. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 34:211-223. [PMID: 30591209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most widely studied patterns in ecology, yet no consensus has been reached about its underlying causes. We argue that the reasons for this are the verbal nature of existing hypotheses, the failure to mechanistically link interacting ecological and evolutionary processes to the LDG, and the fact that empirical patterns are often consistent with multiple explanations. To address this issue, we synthesize current LDG hypotheses, uncovering their eco-evolutionary mechanisms, hidden assumptions, and commonalities. Furthermore, we propose mechanistic eco-evolutionary modeling and an inferential approach that makes use of geographic, phylogenetic, and trait-based patterns to assess the relative importance of different processes for generating the LDG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Pontarp
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lynsey Bunnefeld
- Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Juliano Sarmento Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology (CCTB), University of Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 32, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne A Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rosemary Gillespie
- Environmental Science, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Oskar Hagen
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60327, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roland Jansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Odile Maliet
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tamara Münkemüller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d'ÉcologieAlpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thiago F Rangel
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - David Storch
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and Czech Academy of Sciences, Jilská 1, 110 00 Praha 1, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modeling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Allen H Hurlbert
- Department of Biology and Curriculum in Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mullon C, Lehmann L. Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics in Metacommunities: Ecological Inheritance, Helping within Species, and Harming between Species. Am Nat 2018; 192:664-686. [DOI: 10.1086/700094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
17
|
Whitaker BK, Reynolds HL, Clay K. Foliar fungal endophyte communities are structured by environment but not host ecotype in Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Ecology 2018; 99:2703-2711. [PMID: 30367461 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Experimental tests of community assembly mechanisms for host-associated microbiomes in nature are lacking. Asymptomatic foliar fungal endophytes are a major component of the plant microbiome and are increasingly recognized for their impacts on plant performance, including pathogen defense, hormonal manipulation, and drought tolerance. However, it remains unclear whether fungal endophytes preferentially colonize certain host ecotypes or genotypes, reflecting some degree of biotic adaptation in the symbioses, or whether colonization is simply a function of spore type and abundance within the local environment. Whether host ecotype, local environment, or some combination of both controls the pattern of microbiome formation across hosts represents a new dimension to the age-old debate of nature versus nurture. Here, we used a reciprocal transplant design to explore the extent of host specificity and biotic adaptation in the plant microbiome, as evidenced by differential colonization of host genetic types by endophytes. Specifically, replicate plants from three locally-adapted ecotypes of the native grass Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) were transplanted at three geographically distinct field sites (one home and two away) in the Midwestern US. At the end of the growing season, plant leaves were harvested and the fungal microbiome characterized using culture-dependent sequencing techniques. Our results demonstrated that fungal endophyte community structure was determined by local environment (i.e., site), but not by host ecotype. Fungal richness and diversity also strongly differed by site, with lower fungal diversity at a riparian field site, whereas host ecotype had no effect. By contrast, there were significant differences in plant phenotypes across all ecotypes and sites, indicating ecotypic differentiation of host phenotype. Overall, our results indicate that environmental factors are the primary drivers of community structure in the switchgrass fungal microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briana K Whitaker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47401, USA.,Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Box 7612, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-7612, USA
| | - Heather L Reynolds
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47401, USA
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd St., Bloomington, Indiana, 47401, USA.,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 6823 St,. Charles Ave., New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wos G, Willi Y. Genetic differentiation in life history traits and thermal stress performance across a heterogeneous dune landscape in Arabidopsis lyrata. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:473-484. [PMID: 29846507 PMCID: PMC6110339 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Over very short spatial scales, the habitat of a species can differ in multiple abiotic and biotic factors. These factors may impose natural selection on several traits and can cause genetic differentiation within a population. We studied multivariate genetic differentiation in a plant species of a sand dune landscape by linking environmental variation with differences in genotypic trait values and gene expression levels to find traits and candidate genes of microgeographical adaptation. Methods Maternal seed families of Arabidopsis lyrata were collected in Saugatuck Dunes State Park, Michigan, USA, and environmental parameters were recorded at each collection site. Offspring plants were raised in climate chambers and exposed to one of three temperature treatments: regular occurrence of frost, heat, or constant control conditions. Several traits were assessed: plant growth, time to flowering, and frost and heat resistance. Key Results The strongest trait-environment association was between a fast switch to sexual reproduction and weaker growth under frost, and growing in the open, away from trees. The second strongest association was between the trait combination of small plant size and early flowering under control conditions combined with large size under frost, and the combination of environmental conditions of growing close to trees, at low vegetation cover, on dune bottoms. Gene expression analysis by RNA-seq revealed candidate genes involved in multivariate trait differentiation. Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that in natural populations, many environmental factors impose selection, and that they affect multiple traits, with the relative direction of trait change being complex. The results highlight that heterogeneity in the selection environment over small spatial scales is a main driver of the maintenance of adaptive genetic variation within populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wos
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yvonne Willi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Spiller DA, Schoener TW, Piovia-Scott J. Recovery of food webs following natural physical disturbances. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1429:100-117. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Spiller
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California Davis; Davis California
| | - Thomas W. Schoener
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California Davis; Davis California
| | - Jonah Piovia-Scott
- Department of Biological Sciences; Washington State University Vancouver; Vancouver Washington
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
terHorst CP, Zee PC, Heath KD, Miller TE, Pastore AI, Patel S, Schreiber SJ, Wade MJ, Walsh MR. Evolution in a Community Context: Trait Responses to Multiple Species Interactions. Am Nat 2018. [DOI: 10.1086/695835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
21
|
Piano E, De Wolf K, Bona F, Bonte D, Bowler DE, Isaia M, Lens L, Merckx T, Mertens D, van Kerckvoorde M, De Meester L, Hendrickx F. Urbanization drives community shifts towards thermophilic and dispersive species at local and landscape scales. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2554-2564. [PMID: 27997069 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing conversion of agricultural and natural areas to human-dominated urban landscapes is predicted to lead to a major decline in biodiversity worldwide. Two conditions that typically differ between urban environments and the surrounding landscape are increased temperature, and high patch isolation and habitat turnover rates. However, the extent and spatial scale at which these altered conditions shape biotic communities through selection and/or filtering on species traits are currently poorly understood. We sampled carabid beetles at 81 sites in Belgium using a hierarchically nested sampling design wherein three local-scale (200 × 200 m) urbanization levels were repeatedly sampled across three landscape-scale (3 × 3 km) urbanization levels. First, we showed that communities sampled in the most urbanized locations and landscapes displayed a distinct species composition at both local and landscape scale. Second, we related community means of species-specific thermal preferences and dispersal capacity (based on European distribution and wing morphology, respectively) to the urbanization gradients. We showed that urban communities consisted on average of species with a preference for higher temperatures and with better dispersal capacities compared to rural communities. These shifts were caused by an increased number of species tolerating higher temperatures, a decreased richness of species with low thermal preference, and an almost complete depletion of species with very low-dispersal capacity in the most urbanized localities. Effects of urbanization were most clearly detected at the local scale, although more subtle effects could also be found at the scale of entire landscapes. Our results demonstrate that urbanization may fundamentally and consistently alter species composition by exerting a strong filtering effect on species dispersal characteristics and favouring replacement by warm-dwelling species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
- Entomology Department, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Wolf
- Entomology Department, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Francesca Bona
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Dries Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Diana E Bowler
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Luc Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Merckx
- Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 2, 1348, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Daan Mertens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Marc van Kerckvoorde
- Entomology Department, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Ch. De Bériotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik Hendrickx
- Entomology Department, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Population Genetics and Demography Unite Ecology and Evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:141-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
23
|
Nadeau CP, Urban MC, Bridle JR. Coarse climate change projections for species living in a fine-scaled world. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:12-24. [PMID: 27550861 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurately predicting biological impacts of climate change is necessary to guide policy. However, the resolution of climate data could be affecting the accuracy of climate change impact assessments. Here, we review the spatial and temporal resolution of climate data used in impact assessments and demonstrate that these resolutions are often too coarse relative to biologically relevant scales. We then develop a framework that partitions climate into three important components: trend, variance, and autocorrelation. We apply this framework to map different global climate regimes and identify where coarse climate data is most and least likely to reduce the accuracy of impact assessments. We show that impact assessments for many large mammals and birds use climate data with a spatial resolution similar to the biologically relevant area encompassing population dynamics. Conversely, impact assessments for many small mammals, herpetofauna, and plants use climate data with a spatial resolution that is orders of magnitude larger than the area encompassing population dynamics. Most impact assessments also use climate data with a coarse temporal resolution. We suggest that climate data with a coarse spatial resolution is likely to reduce the accuracy of impact assessments the most in climates with high spatial trend and variance (e.g., much of western North and South America) and the least in climates with low spatial trend and variance (e.g., the Great Plains of the USA). Climate data with a coarse temporal resolution is likely to reduce the accuracy of impact assessments the most in the northern half of the northern hemisphere where temporal climatic variance is high. Our framework provides one way to identify where improving the resolution of climate data will have the largest impact on the accuracy of biological predictions under climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Nadeau
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Mark C Urban
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Institute of Biological Risk, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jon R Bridle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stotz GC, Gianoli E, Cahill JF. Spatial pattern of invasion and the evolutionary responses of native plant species. Evol Appl 2016; 9:939-51. [PMID: 27606003 PMCID: PMC4999525 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive plant species can have a strong negative impact on the resident native species, likely imposing new selective pressures on them. Altered selective pressures may result in evolutionary changes in some native species, reducing competitive exclusion and allowing for coexistence with the invader. Native genotypes that are able to coexist with strong invaders may represent a valuable resource for management efforts. A better understanding of the conditions under which native species are more, or less, likely to adapt to an invader is necessary to incorporate these eco-evolutionary dynamics into management strategies. We propose that the spatial structure of invasion, in particular the size and isolation of invaded patches, is one factor which can influence the evolutionary responses of native species through modifying gene flow and the strength of selection. We present a conceptual model in which large, dense, and well-connected patches result in a greater likelihood of native species adaptation. We also identify characteristics of the interacting species that may influence the evolutionary response of native species to invasion and outline potential management implications. Identifying areas of rapid evolutionary change may offer one additional tool to managers in their effort to conserve biodiversity in the face of invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela C Stotz
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Ernesto Gianoli
- Departamento de Biología Universidad de la Serena La Serena Chile; Departmento de Botánica Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - James F Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Siepielski AM, Nemirov A, Cattivera M, Nickerson A. Experimental Evidence for an Eco-Evolutionary Coupling between Local Adaptation and Intraspecific Competition. Am Nat 2016; 187:447-56. [DOI: 10.1086/685295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
26
|
Keogh CL, Sanderson ME, Byers JE. Local adaptation to parasite selective pressure: comparing three congeneric co-occurring hosts. Oecologia 2015; 180:137-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
27
|
Hand BK, Lowe WH, Kovach RP, Muhlfeld CC, Luikart G. Landscape community genomics: understanding eco-evolutionary processes in complex environments. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
28
|
Wellborn GA, Langerhans RB. Ecological opportunity and the adaptive diversification of lineages. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:176-95. [PMID: 25628875 PMCID: PMC4298445 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tenet that ecological opportunity drives adaptive diversification has been central to theories of speciation since Darwin, yet no widely accepted definition or mechanistic framework for the concept currently exists. We propose a definition for ecological opportunity that provides an explicit mechanism for its action. In our formulation, ecological opportunity refers to environmental conditions that both permit the persistence of a lineage within a community, as well as generate divergent natural selection within that lineage. Thus, ecological opportunity arises from two fundamental elements: (1) niche availability, the ability of a population with a phenotype previously absent from a community to persist within that community and (2) niche discordance, the diversifying selection generated by the adaptive mismatch between a population's niche-related traits and the newly encountered ecological conditions. Evolutionary response to ecological opportunity is primarily governed by (1) spatiotemporal structure of ecological opportunity, which influences dynamics of selection and development of reproductive isolation and (2) diversification potential, the biological properties of a lineage that determine its capacity to diversify. Diversification under ecological opportunity proceeds as an increase in niche breadth, development of intraspecific ecotypes, speciation, and additional cycles of diversification that may themselves be triggered by speciation. Extensive ecological opportunity may exist in depauperate communities, but it is unclear whether ecological opportunity abates in species-rich communities. Because ecological opportunity should generally increase during times of rapid and multifarious environmental change, human activities may currently be generating elevated ecological opportunity - but so far little work has directly addressed this topic. Our framework highlights the need for greater synthesis of community ecology and evolutionary biology, unifying the four major components of the concept of ecological opportunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Wellborn
- Department of Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, Oklahoma, 73019
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State UniversityCampus Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Is dispersal neutral? Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:444-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
30
|
Maher S, Timm R. Patterns of host and flea communities along an elevational gradient in Colorado. CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2013-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patterns in community composition across a landscape are the result of mechanistic responses and species interactions. Interactions between hosts and parasites have additional complexity because of the contingency of host presence and interactions among parasites. To assess the role of environmental changes within host and parasite communities, we surveyed small mammals and their fleas over a dynamic elevational gradient in the Front Range in Colorado, USA. Communities were characterized using several richness and diversity metrics and these were compared using a suite of frequentist and randomization approaches. We found that flea species richness was related to the number of host species based upon rarefaction, but no patterns in richness with elevation were evident. Values of diversity measures increased with elevation, representing that small-mammal and flea communities were more even upslope, yet turnover in composition was not related to examined variables. The results suggest there are strong local effects that drive these small-mammal and flea communities, although the breadth of flea species is tied to host availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.P. Maher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - R.M. Timm
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Richardson JL, Urban MC, Bolnick DI, Skelly DK. Microgeographic adaptation and the spatial scale of evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:165-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
32
|
Scheiner SM. The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. XII. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4596-609. [PMID: 24340198 PMCID: PMC3856757 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand empirical patterns of phenotypic plasticity, we need to explore the complexities of environmental heterogeneity and how it interacts with cue reliability. I consider both temporal and spatial variation separately and in combination, the timing of temporal variation relative to development, the timing of movement relative to selection, and two different patterns of movement: stepping-stone and island. Among-generation temporal heterogeneity favors plasticity, while within-generation heterogeneity can result in cue unreliability. In general, spatial variation more strongly favors plasticity than temporal variation, and island migration more strongly favors plasticity than stepping-stone migration. Negative correlations among environments between the time of development and selection can result in seemingly maladaptive reaction norms. The effects of higher dispersal rates depend on the life history stage when dispersal occurs and the pattern of environmental heterogeneity. Thus, patterns of environmental heterogeneity can be complex and can interact in unforeseen ways to affect cue reliability. Proper interpretation of patterns of trait plasticity requires consideration of the ecology and biology of the organism. More information on actual cue reliability and the ecological and developmental context of trait plasticity is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Scheiner
- Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22230
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Siepielski AM, Gotanda KM, Morrissey MB, Diamond SE, DiBattista JD, Carlson SM. The spatial patterns of directional phenotypic selection. Ecol Lett 2013; 16:1382-92. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Siepielski
- Department of Biology; University of San Diego; 5998 Alcala Park San Diego CA 92110 USA
| | - Kiyoko M. Gotanda
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology; McGill University; 859 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal QC Canada H3A 0C4
| | - Michael B. Morrissey
- Dyers Brae House; School of Biology; University of St Andrews; St Andrews Fife KY16 9 TH UK
| | - Sarah E. Diamond
- Department of Biology; North Carolina State University; Campus Box 7617 Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Joseph D. DiBattista
- Red Sea Research Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Bldg 2, Office 3216 Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephanie M. Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California; 130 Mulford Hall #3114 Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gibert JP, Pires MM, Thompson JN, Guimarães PR. The spatial structure of antagonistic species affects coevolution in predictable ways. Am Nat 2013; 182:578-91. [PMID: 24107366 DOI: 10.1086/673257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A current challenge in evolutionary ecology is to assess how the spatial structure of interacting species shapes coevolution. Previous work on the geographic mosaic of coevolution has shown that coevolution depends on the spatial structure, the strength of selection, and gene flow across populations. We used spatial subgraphs and coevolutionary models to evaluate how spatial structure and the location of coevolutionary hotspots (sites in which reciprocal selection occurs) and coldspots (sites in which unidirectional selection occurs) contribute to the dynamics of coevolution and the maintenance of polymorphisms. Specifically, we developed a new approach based on the Laplacian matrices of spatial subgraphs to explore the tendency of interacting species to evolve toward stable polymorphisms. Despite the complex interplay between gene flow and the strength of reciprocal selection, simple rules drive coevolution in small groups of spatially structured interacting populations. Hotspot location and the spatial organization of coldspots are crucial for understanding patterns in the maintenance of polymorphisms. Moreover, the degree of spatial variation in the outcomes of the coevolutionary process can be predicted from the network pattern of gene flow among sites. Our work provides us with novel tools that can be used in the field or the laboratory to predict the effects of spatial structure on coevolutionary trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean P Gibert
- Laboratorio de Paleobiología, Sección Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Ecological and evolutionary mechanisms are increasingly thought to shape local community dynamics. Here, I evaluate if the local adaptation of a meso-predator to an apex predator alters local food webs. The marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum) is an apex predator that consumes both the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) and shared zooplankton prey. Common garden experiments reveal that spotted salamander populations which co-occur with marbled salamanders forage more intensely than those that face other predator species. These foraging differences, in turn, alter the diversity, abundance and composition of zooplankton communities in common garden experiments and natural ponds. Locally adapted spotted salamanders exacerbate prey biomass declines associated with apex predation, but dampen the top-down effects of apex predation on prey diversity. Countergradient selection on foraging explains why locally adapted spotted salamanders exacerbate prey biomass declines. The two salamander species prefer different prey species, which explains why adapted spotted salamanders buffer changes in prey composition owing to apex predation. Results suggest that local adaptation can strongly mediate effects from apex predation on local food webs. Community ecologists might often need to consider the evolutionary history of populations to understand local diversity patterns, food web dynamics, resource gradients and their responses to disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Variation among Four Populations of Erysimum Capitatum in Phenotype, Pollination and Herbivory over an Elevational Gradient. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-169.2.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
37
|
Richardson JL, Urban MC. STRONG SELECTION BARRIERS EXPLAIN MICROGEOGRAPHIC ADAPTATION IN WILD SALAMANDER POPULATIONS. Evolution 2013; 67:1729-40. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Richardson
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University; 370 Prospect Street New Haven Connecticut 06511
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs Connecticut 06269-3043
| | - Mark C. Urban
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; 75 N. Eagleville Road Unit 3043 Storrs Connecticut 06269
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lasky JR, Des Marais DL, McKay JK, Richards JH, Juenger TE, Keitt TH. Characterizing genomic variation of Arabidopsis thaliana: the roles of geography and climate. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5512-29. [PMID: 22857709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana inhabits diverse climates and exhibits varied phenology across its range. Although A. thaliana is an extremely well-studied model species, the relationship between geography, growing season climate and its genetic variation is poorly characterized. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) to quantify the association of genomic variation [214 051 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] with geography and climate among 1003 accessions collected from 447 locations in Eurasia. We identified climate variables most correlated with genomic variation, which may be important selective gradients related to local adaptation across the species range. Climate variation among sites of origin explained slightly more genomic variation than geographical distance. Large-scale spatial gradients and early spring temperatures explained the most genomic variation, while growing season and summer conditions explained the most after controlling for spatial structure. SNP variation in Scandinavia showed the greatest climate structure among regions, possibly because of relatively consistent phenology and life history of populations in this region. Climate variation explained more variation among nonsynonymous SNPs than expected by chance, suggesting that much of the climatic structure of SNP correlations is due to changes in coding sequence that may underlie local adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Lasky
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0253, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Synthetic analyses of phenotypic selection in natural populations: lessons, limitations and future directions. Evol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-012-9563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
40
|
Linking metacommunity theory and symbiont evolutionary ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 27:323-9. [PMID: 22341499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Processes that occur both within and between hosts can influence the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of symbionts, a broad term that includes parasitic and disease-causing organisms. Metacommunity theory can integrate these local- and regional-scale dynamics to explore symbiont community composition patterns across space. In this article I emphasize that symbionts should be incorporated into the metacommunity concept. I highlight the utility of metacommunity theory by discussing practical and general benefits that emerge from considering symbionts in a metacommunity framework. Specifically, investigating the local and regional drivers of symbiont community and metacommunity structure will lead to a more holistic understanding of symbiont ecology and evolution and could reveal novel insights into the roles of symbiont communities in mediating host health.
Collapse
|