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Garr Barry V, Martin SL, Schneider-Worthington C, Zhao P, Woolfolk CL, Foraker R, Davis KL, Kelly JC, Raghuraman N, England SK, Carter EB. Individual-Level and Community-Level Predictors of Healthy Pregnancy Outcomes in Multigravid Black Women. Obstet Gynecol 2024:00006250-990000000-01092. [PMID: 38848245 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000005634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify individual- and community-level factors that predict the odds of multigravid Black women having consecutive pregnancies without adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of 515 multigravid Black women from a longitudinal observational study (2017-2019). We assessed the presence of adverse pregnancy outcomes (hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, and pregnancy loss) for the index and prior pregnancies. We examined U.S. Census data, medical records, and surveys across multiple socioecologic domains: personal, behavioral, socioeconomic, and policy. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% CIs for the association between individual- and community-level factors and consecutive healthy pregnancies using hierarchical logistic regression models adjusted for maternal age, body mass index (BMI), gravidity, interpregnancy interval, and median household income. RESULTS Among 515 multigravid Black women (age 27±5 years, BMI 31.4±8.9, gravidity 4±2), 38.4% had consecutive healthy pregnancies without adverse pregnancy outcomes. Individual-level factors associated with consecutive healthy pregnancies included normal glucose tolerance (aOR 3.9, 95% CI, 1.2-12.1); employment (aOR 1.9, 95% CI, 1.2-2.9); living in communities with favorable health indicators for diabetes, hypertension, and physical activity; and household income of $50,000 per year or more (aOR 3.5, 95% CI, 1.4-8.7). When individual and community factors were modeled together, only income and employment at the individual and community levels remained significant. CONCLUSION Individual and community income and employment are associated with consecutive healthy pregnancies in a cohort of Black patients, emphasizing the need for comprehensive, multilevel systems interventions to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes for Black women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valene Garr Barry
- Division of Clinical Research, the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, and the Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the Division of General Medical Sciences, and the Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Jeyaparam S, Agha-Jaffar R, Mullins E, Pinho-Gomes AC, Khunti K, Robinson S. Retrospective cohort study of the association between socioeconomic deprivation and incidence of gestational diabetes and perinatal outcomes. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:184. [PMID: 38225599 PMCID: PMC10790393 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Socioeconomic disparities have been shown to correlate with perinatal mortality and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Few studies have explored the relationship between deprivation and the incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM). We aimed to identify the relationship between deprivation and incidence of GDM, after adjusting for age, BMI, and ethnicity. We also examined for relationships between deprivation and perinatal outcomes. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis of 23,490 pregnancies from a major National Health Service Trust in Northwest London was conducted. The 2019 English Indices of Multiple Deprivation was used to identify the deprivation rank and decile for each postcode. Birthweight centile was calculated from absolute birthweight after adjusting for ethnicity, maternal height, maternal weight, parity, sex and outcome (live birth/stillbirth). Logistic regression and Kendall's Tau were used to identify relationships between variables. RESULTS After controlling for age, BMI & ethnicity, Index of Multiple Deprivation postcode decile was not associated with an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes. Each increase in decile of deprivation was associated with an increase in birthweight centile by 0.471 (p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, age was associated with a 7.1% increased GDM risk (OR: 1.076, p < 0.001); BMI increased risk by 5.81% (OR: 1.059, p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between Index of Multiple Deprivation rank and perinatal outcomes. DISCUSSION Our analysis demonstrates that socioeconomic deprivation was not associated with incidence of GDM or adverse perinatal outcomes. Factors such as genetic predisposition and lifestyle habits may likely play a larger role in the development of GDM compared to socioeconomic deprivation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srirangan Jeyaparam
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Rochan Agha-Jaffar
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Edward Mullins
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- The George Institute for Global Health, London, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen Robinson
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Avorgbedor F, McCoy TP, Wideman L, Shriver LH, Buehler C, Leerkes EM. Racial Disparities in Neighborhood and Household Socioeconomic Disadvantage Predict Postpartum Weight Retention. AJPM FOCUS 2022; 1:100029. [PMID: 37791241 PMCID: PMC10546605 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2022.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Structural racism leads to neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage, which determines adverse birth outcomes. Individual socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with compromised healthy pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the pathways by which race, neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, and household socioeconomic disadvantage predict subsequent maternal postpartum weight retention. Method A total of 176 (N=176) racially diverse women were studied from the third trimester to 6 months after delivery. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage was defined by information from the American Community Survey based on women's census tract and self-reports of neighborhood healthy food availability, safety, violence, and walking environment. Household socioeconomic disadvantage included food insecurity, income-to-needs ratio, and maternal education. Pregnancy health risk was operationalized using a summative index that included prepregnancy overweight/obesity, excessive gestational weight gain, and diagnosed hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. Postpartum weight retention was operationalized as a 6-month postpartum weight minus prepregnancy weight. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with bootstrapped CIs to estimate indirect effects. Results One third of participants retained more than 22 lbs. of pregnancy weight gain 6 months after delivery. Increased household socioeconomic disadvantage (β=0.64, p=0.039) and pregnancy health risk (β=0.34, p=0.002) were directly associated with higher postpartum weight retention. Maternal race/ethnicity had an indirect impact on postpartum weight retention through neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and household socioeconomic disadvantage. Non-Hispanic Black women had greater neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage than non-Hispanic White women (White vs Black β= -0.62; p<0.001) and all other women (other vs Black β= -0.22; p=0.013). In addition, Black women had greater household socioeconomic disadvantage than White women (White vs Black β= -0.35; p=0.004), both of which in turn predicted higher postpartum weight retention. Conclusions To prevent postpartum weight retention, education on behavior change to lose weight is essential, but it must be offered in the context of basic resources, at both the neighborhood and household levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forgive Avorgbedor
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Thomas P. McCoy
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Laurie Wideman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Lenka H. Shriver
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Cheryl Buehler
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Esther M. Leerkes
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
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Trends and associated maternal characteristics of antidiabetic medication use among pregnant women in South Korea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4159. [PMID: 33603191 PMCID: PMC7892865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes during pregnancy and the need for the treatment are increasing. We aimed to investigate antidiabetic medications (ADM) use among pregnant women and their characteristics. Using Korea’s nationwide healthcare database, we included women aged 15–49 years with births during 2004–2013. The prevalence and secular trend of ADM use were assessed in 3 periods: pre-conception period, first trimester, and second/third trimesters. To compare maternal characteristics between pregnancies with and without ADM prescription, we used the χ2 or Fisher’s exact test and Cochran-Armitage trend test. The prescription patterns analyzed by calendar year, age, insurance type, income, area, and medical institution. Of 81,559 pregnancies, 222 (0.27%) and 305 (0.37%) were exposed ADM during pre-conception and pregnancy periods, respectively. ADM prescriptions increased significantly by an 11.3-fold in second/third trimesters, while a 2.9-fold in first trimester. ADM use is more prevalent in women aged older and living in urban areas. Metformin was most used in the pre-conception period, while insulins were most during pregnancy. About 0.4% of women received ADM during pregnancy; a rate was lower than that in western countries. Non-recommended medications were more common in first trimester, which warrants pregnancy screening for women taking ADM.
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Rönö K, Masalin S, Kautiainen H, Gissler M, Eriksson JG, Laine MK. The impact of educational attainment on the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus in two successive pregnancies of Finnish primiparous women: a population-based cohort study. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:1035-1042. [PMID: 32240385 PMCID: PMC7413917 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the impact of educational attainment on the occurrence and recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in two successive pregnancies in primiparous women. METHODS This is a population-based observational cohort study including all 2347 Finnish women without previously diagnosed diabetes, aged ≥ 20 years from the city of Vantaa, Finland, who gave birth to their first and second child between 2009 and 2015. National registries provided data on study participants. We divided the population into four groups according to the presence of GDM in the two pregnancies (GDM-/-, n = 1820; GDM-/+, n = 223; GDM+/-, n = 113; GDM+/+, n = 191). RESULTS The occurrence of GDM in the first pregnancy was 13.0% (n = 304) and 17.6% (n = 414) in the second. The recurrence rate of GDM was 62.8%. The four groups did not differ in relation to educational attainment (p = 0.11). In multinomial regression analysis, educational attainment protected from GDM in the second pregnancy [relative risk ratio 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86-0.99) per year of schooling for being GDM-/+ compared with GDM-/-]. In multivariate logistics models, prepregnancy body mass index at the first pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) 1.53 per 1-standard deviation (SD) (95% CI 1.22-1.91)], first-born birth weight z-score [OR 1.30 per 1-SD (95% CI 1.00-1.67)], and inter-pregnancy weight change [OR 1.66 per 1-SD (95% CI 1.27-2.16)], but not educational attainment, predicted recurrence of GDM. CONCLUSIONS The recurrence rate of GDM was high. Education protected from novel GDM in the second pregnancy, but was not associated with GDM recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Rönö
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Senja Masalin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Gissler
- Information Services Department, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johan Gunnar Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Merja Kristiina Laine
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vantaa Health Centre, Vantaa, Finland
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Peyvandi S, Baer RJ, Chambers CD, Norton ME, Rajagopal S, Ryckman KK, Moon-Grady A, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Steurer MA. Environmental and Socioeconomic Factors Influence the Live-Born Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease: A Population-Based Study in California. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015255. [PMID: 32306820 PMCID: PMC7428546 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of congenital heart disease (CHD) is multifactorial with genetic and environmental influences. We sought to determine the relationship between socioeconomic and environmental factors with the incidence of CHD among live‐born infants in California and to determine whether maternal comorbidities are in the causal pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a population‐based cohort study in California (2007–2012). The primary outcome was having significant CHD. Predictors included socioeconomic status and environmental exposure to pollutants determined by U.S. Census data. A social deprivation index and environmental exposure index was assigned based on neighborhood socioeconomic variables, categorized into 4 quartiles. Quartile 1 was the best with the least exposure to pollutants and social deprivation, and quartile 4 was the worst. Multivariate logistic regression and mediation analyses were performed. Among 2 419 651 live‐born infants, the incidence of CHD was 3.2 per 1000 live births. The incidence of CHD was significantly higher among those in quartile 4 compared with quartile 1 (social deprivation index: 0.35% versus 0.29%; odds ratio [OR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.21–1.41; environmental exposure index: 0.35% versus 0.29%; OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.15–1.31) after adjusting for maternal race/ethnicity and age and accounting for the relationship between the 2 primary predictors. Maternal comorbidities explained 13% (95% CI, 10%–20%) of the relationship between social deprivation index and environmental exposure index with the incidence of CHD. CONCLUSIONS Increased social deprivation and exposure to environmental pollutants are associated with the incidence of live‐born CHD in California. Maternal comorbidities explain some, but not all, of this relationship. These findings identify targets for social policy initiatives to minimize health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Peyvandi
- Division of Cardiology Department of Pediatrics University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA
| | - Rebecca J Baer
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA.,California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA.,Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | | | - Mary E Norton
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA
| | - Satish Rajagopal
- Division of Critical Care University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Anita Moon-Grady
- Division of Cardiology Department of Pediatrics University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA
| | - Laura L Jelliffe-Pawlowski
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA.,California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA
| | - Martina A Steurer
- Division of Critical Care University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA.,California Preterm Birth Initiative University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco CA
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Petry CJ, Fisher BG, Ong KK, Hughes IA, Acerini CL, Dunger DB. Temporal trends without seasonal effects on gestational diabetes incidence relate to reductions in indices of insulin secretion: the Cambridge Baby Growth Study. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:1133-1140. [PMID: 31087162 PMCID: PMC6746879 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The incidence of gestational diabetes has been reported to have risen over the first decade of this century. Some studies have also found it to vary with seasons of the year. We investigated temporal and seasonal trends on gestational diabetes incidence in a single-centre cohort study from Cambridge, UK, and attempted to explain trends using associated risk factors. METHODS Using a cosinor model, we tested both temporal and seasonal trends in gestational diabetes incidence in 1074 women recruited to the Cambridge Baby Growth Study in 2001-2009 who underwent oral glucose tolerance tests around week 28 of pregnancy. RESULTS There was a temporal increase in gestational diabetes incidence over the course of recruitment to this study [0.014 (0.005, 0.022) proportional increase per year, p = 2.1 × 10-3], but no seasonal effect (p = 0.7). HOMA B [- 0.015 (- 0.025, - 0.005) per year, p = 3.0 × 10-3] and the insulin disposition index [- 0.036 (- 0.060, - 0.013) per year, p = 3.0 × 10-3], unlike HOMA S, showed negative temporal trends. Risk factor analyses showed a concomitant temporal slight increase in the index of multiple deprivation [0.191 (0.138, 0.257) units per year, p = 4.6 × 10-10]. This index was positively associated with HOMA B (p = 6.1 × 10-5) but not directly with gestational diabetes (p = 0.6), HOMA S (p = 0.2) or the insulin disposition index (p = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, there were temporal, but not seasonal, increases in gestational diabetes incidence between the years 2001 and 2009, which appeared to be related more to reductions in insulin secretion than sensitivity. Possible mediators of this link include confounding factors related to deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive J Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Benjamin G Fisher
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carlo L Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Box 116, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Wang JW, Wang Q, Wang XQ, Wang M, Cao SS, Wang JN. Association between maternal education level and gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:580-587. [PMID: 31018728 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1611773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The association between maternal education and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been discussed in considerable studies, yet the inconsistent findings still exist. The aim of this study is to investigate whether maternal education level is associated with GDM risk.Material and methods: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to October 2018. Observational studies on the association between maternal education level and GDM risk were included. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for highest versus lowest level of maternal education were estimated using a random-effects model.Results: As compared to lowest education level, the pooled OR for women with highest education level was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.53-1.05). After adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and family history of diabetes, the estimated effect of maternal education on GDM were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.57-0.80) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.60-0.92), respectively.Conclusions: Our results indicate that there is no significant association between maternal education level and risk of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Wang
- Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Qingzhou, China
| | | | - Meng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Jin-Na Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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Rönö K, Masalin S, Kautiainen H, Gissler M, Raina M, Eriksson JG, Laine MK. Impact of maternal income on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in primiparous women. Diabet Med 2019; 36:214-220. [PMID: 30307050 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Findings concerning the impact of socio-economic status on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are inconclusive and little is known about the simultaneous impact of income and educational attainment on the risk of GDM. This study aims to assess the impact of maternal prepregnancy income in combination with traditional GDM risk factors on the incidence of GDM in primiparous women. METHODS This is an observational cohort study including 5962 Finnish women aged ≥ 20 years from the city of Vantaa, Finland, who delivered for the first time between 2009 and 2015, excluding women with pre-existing diabetes mellitus. The Finnish Medical Birth Register, Finnish Tax Administration, Statistics Finland, Social Insurance Institution of Finland and patient healthcare records provided data for the study. We divided the study population according to five maternal income levels and four educational attainment levels. RESULTS Incidence of GDM decreased with increasing income level in primiparous women (P < 0.001 for linearity, adjusted for smoking, age, BMI and cohabiting status). In an adjusted two-way model, the relationship was significant for both income (P = 0.007) and education (P = 0.039), but there was no interaction between income and education (P = 0.52). CONCLUSIONS There was an inverse relationship between both maternal prepregnancy taxable income and educational attainment, and the risk of GDM in primiparous Finnish women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rönö
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Masalin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Kautiainen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Gissler
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M Raina
- Vantaa Health Centre, Vantaa, Finland
- Apotti, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M K Laine
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vantaa Health Centre, Vantaa, Finland
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Headen I, Laraia B, Coleman-Phox K, Vieten C, Adler N, Epel E. Neighborhood Typology and Cardiometabolic Pregnancy Outcomes in the Maternal Adiposity Metabolism and Stress Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:166-173. [PMID: 30516025 PMCID: PMC6309242 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess associations between neighborhood typologies classified across multiple neighborhood domains and cardiometabolic pregnancy outcomes and determine variation in effectiveness of a mindfulness-based stress-reduction intervention on outcomes across neighborhood types. METHODS Neighborhoods of participants in the Maternal Adiposity Metabolism and Stress (MAMAS) intervention (n = 208) were classified across dimensions of socioeconomic, food, safety, and service/resource environments using latent class analysis. The study estimated associations between neighborhood type and three cardiometabolic pregnancy outcomes-glucose tolerance (GT) during pregnancy, excessive gestational weight gain, and 6-month postpartum weight retention (PPWR)-using marginal regression models. Interaction between neighborhood type and intervention was assessed. RESULTS Five neighborhood types differing across socioeconomic, food, and resource environments were identified. Compared with poor, well-resourced neighborhoods, middle-income neighborhoods with low resources had higher risk of impaired GT (relative risk [RR]: 4.1; 95% confidence Interval [CI]: 1.1, 15.5), and wealthy, well-resourced neighborhoods had higher PPWR (beta: 3.9 kg; 95% CI: 0.3, 7.5). Intervention effectiveness varied across neighborhood type with wealthy, well-resourced and poor, moderately resourced neighborhoods showing improvements in GT scores. PPWR was higher in intervention compared with control groups within wealthy, well-resourced neighborhoods. CONCLUSIONS Consideration of multidimensional neighborhood typologies revealed important nuances in intervention effectiveness on cardiometabolic pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Headen
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barbara Laraia
- Community Health Sciences, Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kimberly Coleman-Phox
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Nancy Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elissa Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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El Sagheer GM, Hamdi L. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus according to the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India in comparison to
Internationa Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups in El-Minya, Egypt. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/ejim.ejim_11_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Laine MK, Kautiainen H, Gissler M, Raina M, Aahos I, Järvinen K, Pennanen P, Eriksson JG. Gestational diabetes in primiparous women-impact of age and adiposity: a register-based cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2017; 97:187-194. [PMID: 29194561 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Data on risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in primiparous women is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of GDM and simultaneously evaluate the impact of age and adiposity in primiparous women at risk of GDM risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS This observational register-based cohort study from the city of Vantaa, Finland, included all 7750 primiparous women giving birth between 2009 and 2015 without previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus. RESULTS In primiparous women the prevalence of GDM was 16.5% and mean age was 28.2 years (5.2 SD). Primiparous women aged ≥35 years had a significantly higher risk for GDM than women aged <25 years [odds ratio (OR) 2.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.13-3.34]. Primiparous women with a pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥30.0 kg/m2 had a significantly higher risk for GDM than women with a pre-pregnancy BMI <25 kg/m2 (OR 5.36, 95% CI 4.53-6.36). The risk of developing GDM showed an increasing trend with increasing age in all BMI categories except the category BMI ≥35 kg/m2 . Normal weight women (BMI 20.0-24.9 kg/m2 ) aged 40 years had a significantly higher risk for GDM than normal weight women aged 28 years (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01-2.19). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of GDM is high in primiparous women. Both age and degree of adiposity influenced the risk for GDM. To reduce GDM risk, adiposity should be prevented already in childhood and primiparity should be encouraged at a younger age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja K Laine
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Vantaa Health Center, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Gissler
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marko Raina
- Vantaa Health Center, Vantaa, Finland.,Apotti, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Abstract
In the United States, African-American infants have significantly higher mortality than white infants. Previous work has identified associations between individual socioeconomic factors and select community-level factors. In this review, the authors look beyond traditional risk factors for infant mortality and examine the social context of race in this country, in an effort to understand African-American women's long-standing birth outcome disadvantage. In the process, recent insights are highlighted concerning neighborhood-level factors such as crime, segregation, built environment, and institutional racism, other likely causes for the poor outcomes of African-American infants in this country compared with infants in most other industrialized nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Matoba
- Division of Neonatology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - James W Collins
- Division of Neonatology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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14
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Song L, Shen L, Li H, Liu B, Zheng X, Zhang L, Xu S, Wang Y. Socio-economic status and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among Chinese women. Diabet Med 2017. [PMID: 28636764 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The relationship between socio-economic status and gestational diabetes mellitus has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between socio-economic status and risk of gestational diabetes. METHODS Data were obtained from the ongoing Healthy Baby Cohort study in Hubei Province, China, in 2012-2014. Information on educational level and household income was collected using standard questionnaires during face-to-face interviews. Gestational diabetes was defined based on the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group's criteria. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for gestational diabetes in relation to socio-economic status. RESULTS Among 6886 participants, 1005 (14.6%) pregnant women were diagnosed with gestational diabetes. Higher educational level was inversely associated with risk of gestational diabetes (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.58, 0.95 for high school and OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.50, 0.76 for college or above). After adjustment for potential confounders, the ORs for gestational diabetes were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.59, 1.00) and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.51, 0.83) for women with high school and college or above education, respectively, compared with women with less than high school education. No significant association between household income and gestational diabetes was observed after adjustment for potential confounders. Subgroup analysis showed that the reduced risk of gestational diabetes with higher educational level was more evident among women with a pre-pregnancy BMI < 24 kg/m2 (P for interaction = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that educational level was a more robust predictor of gestational diabetes than household income among Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - L Shen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - H Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - B Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Zheng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - S Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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15
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Eades CE, Cameron DM, Evans JMM. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Europe: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 129:173-181. [PMID: 28531829 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Estimates of the prevalence of gestational diabetes vary widely. It is important to have a clear understanding of the prevalence of this condition to be able to plan interventions and health care provision. This paper describes a meta-analysis of primary research data reporting the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in the general pregnant population of developed countries in Europe. METHODS Four electronic databases were systematically searched in May 2016. English language articles reporting gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence using universal screening in general pregnant population samples from developed countries in Europe were included. All papers identified by the search were screened by one author, and then half screened independently by a second author and half by a third author. Data were extracted by one author. Values for the measures of interest were combined using a random effects model and analysis of the effects of moderator variables was carried out. RESULTS A total of 3258 abstracts were screened, with 40 studies included in the review. Overall prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was 5.4% (3.8-7.8). Maternal age, year of data collection, country, area of Europe, week of gestation at testing, and diagnostic criteria were found to have a significant univariate effect on GDM prevalence, and area, week of gestation at testing and year of data collection remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Quality category was significant in multivariate but not univariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis shows prevalence of GDM that is at the upper end of previous estimates in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Eades
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, United Kingdom.
| | - Dawn M Cameron
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Josie M M Evans
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
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16
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Beyerlein A, Koller D, Ziegler AG, Lack N, Maier W. Does charge-free screening improve detection of gestational diabetes in women from deprived areas: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:266. [PMID: 27613387 PMCID: PMC5016952 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs in 2–6 % of all pregnancies. We investigated whether area level deprivation is associated with a higher risk for GDM and whether GDM detection rates in deprived regions changed after the introduction of charge-free GDM screening in Germany in 2012. Methods We analyzed population-based data from Bavaria, Germany, comprising n = 587,621 deliveries in obstetric units between 2008 and 2014. Area level deprivation was assessed municipality-based using the Bavarian Index of Multiple Deprivation (BIMD), divided into quintiles and assigned to each mother based on her residential address. We estimated annual odds ratios (ORs) for GDM diagnosis by BIMD quintile with adjustment for maternal obesity, maternal age, migration background and single mother status. Results Women from the most deprived regions were less likely to be diagnosed with GDM before introduction of charge-free GDM screening (OR = 0.76 [95 % confidence interval: 0.66, 0.86] compared to least deprived areas), in 2008. In contrast, high area level deprivation was associated with significantly increased risk of GDM diagnosis in 2013 (OR [95 % confidence interval] = 1.15 [1.02, 1.29]). The OR was also elevated, although not significantly, in 2014 (OR [95 % confidence interval] = 1.05 [0.93, 1.18]). Conclusions The prevalence of GDM seems to have been underreported in women from highly deprived areas before introduction of the charge-free GDM screening in Germany. In fact, women living in deprived regions seem to have an increased risk for GDM and may profit from access to charge-free GDM screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Beyerlein
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Forschergruppe Diabetes der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniela Koller
- Department of Health Services Management, Munich School of Management, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anette-Gabriele Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Forschergruppe Diabetes der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. am Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Lack
- German Bavarian Quality Assurance Institute for Medical Care, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Maier
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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17
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Collier A, Abraham EC, Armstrong J, Godwin J, Monteath K, Lindsay R. Reported prevalence of gestational diabetes in Scotland: The relationship with obesity, age, socioeconomic status, smoking and macrosomia, and how many are we missing? J Diabetes Investig 2016; 8:161-167. [PMID: 27397133 PMCID: PMC5334332 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as ‘carbohydrate intolerance of varying degrees of severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy,’ and is associated with increased fetal and maternal risks. The aims of the present study were to investigate the prevalence of GDM in Scotland over 32 years (1981–2012), and using the data from 2012, to assess how GDM related to maternal body mass index, maternal age, parity, smoking, Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, infant gender and macrosomia status. Materials and Methods GDM prevalence along with anthropometric, obstetric and demographic data were collected on a total of 1,891,097 women with a delivery episode between 1 January 1981 and 31 December 2012 using data extracted from the Scottish Morbidity Record 02. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was undertaken to investigate their association with GDM. Results A ninefold increase in GDM prevalence was observed from 1981 to 2012 (P < 0.001). GDM prevalence in 2012 was 1.9%. Maternal body mass index, age, parity status, Scottish index of multiple deprivation and fetal macrosomia were positively associated with GDM. Reported smoking status at booking was inversely associated with GDM. Multivariable analysis showed that fetal macrosomia was not associated with GDM status. Conclusions The present study confirmed that the reporting of GDM is low in Scotland, and that GDM is associated with maternal body mass index, maternal age, multiparity and social deprivation. GDM was negatively associated with smoking and requires further investigation. The lack of association between GDM and macrosomia (following multivariate analysis) might reflect the screening processes undertaken in Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Christie Abraham
- Institute for Applied Health Research, Institute for Society and Social Justice Research, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Julie Armstrong
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jon Godwin
- Institute for Applied Health Research, Institute for Society and Social Justice Research, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Robert Lindsay
- Institute of C&MS, BHF GCRC, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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18
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Haghighat N, Hu M, Laurent O, Chung J, Nguyen P, Wu J. Comparison of birth certificates and hospital-based birth data on pregnancy complications in Los Angeles and Orange County, California. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:93. [PMID: 27121857 PMCID: PMC4848813 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-0885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of both gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia is on the rise; however, these pregnancy complications may not be systematically reported. This study aimed to examine differences in reporting of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes between hospital records and birth certificate data, and to determine if such differences vary by maternal socioeconomic status indicators. Methods We obtained over 70,000 birth records from 2001 to 2006 from the perinatal research database of the Memorial Care system, a network of four hospitals in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California. Memorial birth records were matched to corresponding state birth certificate records and analyzed to determine differential rates of reporting of preeclampsia and diabetes. Additionally, the influence of maternal socioeconomic factors on the reported incidence of such adverse pregnancy outcomes was analyzed. Socioeconomic factors of interest included maternal education levels, race, and type of health insurance (private or public). Results It was found that the birth certificate data significantly underreported the incidence of both preeclampsia (1.38 % vs. 3.13 %) and diabetes (1.97 % vs. 5.56 %) when compared to Memorial data. For both outcomes of interest, the degree of underreporting was significantly higher among women with lower education levels, among Hispanic women compared to Non-Hispanic White women, and among women with public health insurance. Conclusion The Memorial Care database is a more reliable source of information than birth certificate data for analyzing the incidence of preeclampsia and diabetes among women in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, especially for subpopulations of lower socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nekisa Haghighat
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Anteater Instruction & Research Bldg (AIRB) # 2034, 653 East Peltason Drive, Irvine, CA, 92697-3957, USA
| | - Maogui Hu
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Anteater Instruction & Research Bldg (AIRB) # 2034, 653 East Peltason Drive, Irvine, CA, 92697-3957, USA
| | - Olivier Laurent
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Anteater Instruction & Research Bldg (AIRB) # 2034, 653 East Peltason Drive, Irvine, CA, 92697-3957, USA
| | - Judith Chung
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Peter Nguyen
- VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Anteater Instruction & Research Bldg (AIRB) # 2034, 653 East Peltason Drive, Irvine, CA, 92697-3957, USA.
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19
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Bouthoorn SH, Silva LM, Murray SE, Steegers EAP, Jaddoe VWV, Moll H, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Raat H. Low-educated women have an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: the Generation R Study. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:445-52. [PMID: 25344768 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether maternal educational level is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to what extent risk factors for GDM mediate the effect of educational level. METHODS We examined data of 7,511 pregnant women participating in a population-based cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The highest achieved education was categorized into four levels. Diagnosis of GDM was retrieved from delivery records. Odds ratios (OR) of GDM were calculated for levels of education, adjusting for confounders and potential mediators. Mediators were selected according to Baron and Kenny's causal step approach. RESULTS Adjusted for ethnicity, age, family history of diabetes and parity, women in the lowest educational level were three times more likely to develop GDM than women in the highest level (OR 3.07; 95 % CI 1.37, 6.89). Selected mediators were alcohol use and body mass index (BMI). Additional adjustment for alcohol use attenuated the OR to 2.54 (95 % CI 1.11, 5.78). The individual addition of BMI attenuated the OR to 2.35 (95 % CI 1.03, 5.35). All mediators together explained 51 % (95 % CI -122, -25) of the association between low education and GDM. CONCLUSIONS Low maternal educational level is associated with GDM, which is mainly due to higher rates of overweight and obesity. In order to reduce the higher rates of GDM, and consequently type 2 diabetes among women in low socioeconomic subgroups, prevention and intervention strategies need to be focused on reducing the rates of overweight and obesity before pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma H Bouthoorn
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
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20
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Earnest A, Ong MEH, Shahidah N, Chan A, Wah W, Thumboo J. Derivation of indices of socioeconomic status for health services research in Asia. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:326-32. [PMID: 26844087 PMCID: PMC4721458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental contexts have been shown to predict health behaviours and outcomes either directly or via interaction with individual risk factors. In this paper, we created indexes of socioeconomic disadvantage (SEDI) and socioeconomic advantage (SAI) in Singapore to test the applicability of these concepts in an Asian context. These indices can be used for health service resource allocation, research and advocacy. Methods We used principal component analysis (PCA) to create SEDI and SAI using a structured and iterative process to identify and include influential variables in the final index. Data at the master plan geographical level was obtained from the most recent Singapore census 2010. Results The 3 areas with highest SEDI scores were Outram (120.1), followed by Rochor (111.0) and Downtown Core (110.4). The areas with highest SAI scores were Tanglin, River Valley and Newton. The SAI had 89.6% of variation explained by the final model, as compared to 67.1% for SEDI, and we recommend using both indices in any analysis. Conclusion These indices may prove useful for policy-makers to identify spatially varying risk factors, and in turn help identify geographically targeted intervention programs, which can be more cost effective to conduct. Areal measures of socioeconomic status can help in resource allocation. Our study creates such indices in an Asian context. These indices can be used for health service research in Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Earnest
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 2004, Australia
| | - Marcus E H Ong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, 169608, Singapore; Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Nur Shahidah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, 169608, Singapore
| | - Angelique Chan
- Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Win Wah
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Julian Thumboo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, 169608, Singapore
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21
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Abouzeid M, Versace VL, Janus ED, Davey MA, Philpot B, Oats J, Dunbar JA. Socio-cultural disparities in GDM burden differ by maternal age at first delivery. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117085. [PMID: 25679221 PMCID: PMC4334534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Several socio-cultural and biomedical risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are modifiable. However, few studies globally have examined socio-cultural associations. To eliminate confounding of increased risk of diabetes in subsequent pregnancies, elucidating socio-cultural associations requires examination only of first pregnancies. METHODS Data for all women who delivered their first child in Victoria, Australia between 1999 and 2008 were extracted from the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection. Crude and adjusted GDM rates were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine odds of GDM within and between socio-cultural groups. RESULTS From 1999 to 2008, 269,682 women delivered their first child in Victoria. GDM complicated 11,763 (4.4%) pregnancies and burden increased with maternal age, from 2.1% among women aged below 25 years at delivery to 7.0% among those aged 35 years or more. Among younger women, GDM rates were relatively stable across socioeconomic levels. Amongst older women GDM rates were highest in those living in most deprived areas, with a strong social gradient. Asian-born mothers had highest GDM rates. All migrant groups except women born in North-West Europe had higher odds of GDM than Australian-born non-Indigenous women. In all ethnic groups, these differences were not pronounced among younger mothers, but became increasingly apparent amongst older women. CONCLUSIONS Socio-cultural disparities in GDM burden differ by maternal age at first delivery. Socio-cultural gradients were not evident among younger women. Health and social programs should seek to reduce the risk amongst all older women to that of the least deprived older mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Abouzeid
- Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, Flinders and Deakin Universities, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent L. Versace
- Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, Flinders and Deakin Universities, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward D. Janus
- Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, Flinders and Deakin Universities, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Northwest Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary-Ann Davey
- Consultative Council on Obstetric and Paediatric Mortality and Morbidity, Clinical Councils Unit, Department of Health, Victoria, Australia
- Mother and Child Health Research, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Philpot
- Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, Flinders and Deakin Universities, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy Oats
- Consultative Council on Obstetric and Paediatric Mortality and Morbidity, Clinical Councils Unit, Department of Health, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A. Dunbar
- Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, Flinders and Deakin Universities, Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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22
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Wentz AE, Messer LC, Nguyen T, Boone-Heinonen J. Small and large size for gestational age and neighborhood deprivation measured within increasing proximity to homes. Health Place 2014; 30:98-106. [PMID: 25240489 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neighborhood deprivation is consistently associated with greater risk of low birthweight. However, large birth size is increasingly relevant but overlooked in neighborhood health research, and proximity within which neighborhood deprivation may affect birth outcomes is unknown. We estimated race/ethnic-specific effects of neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) within 1, 3, 5, and 8km buffers around Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n=3716; 2004-2007) respondents׳ homes on small and large for gestational age (SGA, LGA). NDI was positively associated with LGA and SGA in most race/ethnic groups. The results varied little across the four buffer sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Wentz
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code CB 669, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; Population Studies Center, University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA.
| | - Lynne C Messer
- Portland State University, Community Health - Urban & Public Affairs (SCH), PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA.
| | - Thuan Nguyen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code CB 669, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
| | - Janne Boone-Heinonen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code CB 669, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
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Su-Que L, Ya-Ning M, Xing-Pu L, Ye-Lun Z, Guang-Yao S, Hui-Juan M. Effect of consumption of micronutrient enriched wheat steamed bread on postprandial plasma glucose in healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects. Nutr J 2013; 12:64. [PMID: 23680007 PMCID: PMC3679746 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steamed wheat bread have previously been shown to induce comparatively high postprandial plasma glucose responses, on the contrary, buckwheat products induced lower postprandial plasma glucose. The present study was to assess the effects of micronutrient enriched bread wheat variety Jizi439 and buckwheat on postprandial plasma glucose in healthy and diabetic subjects comparing with buckwheat and other bread wheat varieties. METHODS Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of bread wheat variety Jizi439 on the postprandial plasma glucose levels of the randomly selected subjects. The first experiment involved three types of steamed bread with equivalent of 50 g available carbohydrate fed to 10 normal weight young healthy subjects. Two types of steamed bread were made from two purple-grain bread wheat varieties, Jizi439 and Chu20, respectively, and the third type was made from the mixture of different white grain wheat varieties. Plasma glucose levels of each subject were measured at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 min after eating. Glucose was used as a reference, the total area under curve (AUC) and glycemic index (GI) was calculated for test meal. The second experiment was performed among ten type 2 diabetics who were served equivalent of 50 g available carbohydrate of steamed bread made from Jizi 439, the mixture of white grain bread wheat and buckwheat, respectively. The plasma glucose increment was determined two hours thereafter. RESULTS In the first experiment, consumption of the steamed bread made from Jizi439 resulted in the least increase in plasma glucose and the GI was significantly lower than that of Chu20 and the mixture. In the second experiment, the average of postprandial 2 h plasma glucose increment of Jizi439 was 2.46 mmol/L which was significantly lower than that of the mixture of white wheat but was not significantly different from buckwheat. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that consumption of Jizi439 steamed bread resulted in significantly lower plasma glucose in both healthy and diabetic subjects, compared with other types of test foods, except buckwheat bread. The steam bread made from Jizi439 would be an ideal food for preventing and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Su-Que
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, no. 162 Hengshan Street, Gaoxinqu, Shijiazhuang 050035, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Meng Ya-Ning
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, no. 162 Hengshan Street, Gaoxinqu, Shijiazhuang 050035, P. R. China
| | - Li Xing-Pu
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, no. 162 Hengshan Street, Gaoxinqu, Shijiazhuang 050035, P. R. China
- Hebei Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Ye-Lun
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, no. 162 Hengshan Street, Gaoxinqu, Shijiazhuang 050035, P. R. China
- Hebei Research Station of Crop Gene Resource & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | | | - Ma Hui-Juan
- Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
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Sella T, Shalev V, Elchalal U, Chovel-Sella A, Chodick G. Screening for gestational diabetes in the 21st century: a population-based cohort study in Israel. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:412-6. [PMID: 23035769 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.733761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies indicate that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence is increasing worldwide. We aimed to examine secular trends in GDM prevalence and screening practices over the last decade in Israel, and to identify changes in GDM risk factors. METHODS We collected data on all 367,247 pregnant women who were screened for GDM between 2000 and 2010 in Israel's second largest healthcare organization. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for GDM. RESULTS GDM prevalence increased by 12%, from 3.8% in 2000 to 4.3% in 2010 and was accompanied by a 37% rise in the proportion screened directly by 100-gram oral glucose tolerance test without a prior 50-gram glucose challenge test (from 6.5% to 8.9%). During the study period there was an on-going increment in the proportion of pregnant women with one or more GDM risk factor, such as older age, low socioeconomic level, history of polycystic ovary syndrome or in vitro fertilization, which was all significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the risk of GDM. CONCLUSIONS The increasing risk of GDM in Israel can be explained by both rising prevalence of women with established risk factors, as well as shifting screening practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Sella
- Medical Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, 27 Ha’Mered Street, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Wilson K, Eyles J, Elliott S, Keller-Olaman S. Health in Hamilton neighbourhoods: Exploring the determinants of health at the local level. Health Place 2009; 15:374-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu B, Qin ZK, Lin XM, Mei L, Liu WS, Han BQ. Antidiabetic effects of chitooligosaccharides with different molecular weights on pancreatic islet cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:36-42. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To estimate effects of varying molecular chitooligosaccharides prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis on the proliferation of pancreatic islet cells, and to investigate the release of insulin and 2 h plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
METHODS: Chitooligosaccharides were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis. The effects of varying molecular chitooligosaccharides on proliferation of pancreatic islet cells and the release of insulin in vitro were detected using optical microscopy, MTT colorimetric assay and radioimmunoassay methods respectively; the general clinical symptoms, 2 h plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance were examined to determine the effects of chitooligosaccharides on diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin.
RESULTS: The results indicated that chitooligosaccharides markedly accelerated the proliferation of the pancreastic β cells. Chitooligosaccharides had prominent effects on insulin release. Lower molecular chitooligosaccharides improved general clinical symptoms of DM rats, decreased the 2 h plasma glucose levels (22.13 ± 3.23, 21.78 ± 3.09, 21.32 ± 3.02, 19.73 ± 4.12, 17.88 ± 3.14, 16.14 ± 3.55 vs 39.38 ± 3.08, all P < 0.01) and improved glucose tolerance (101.19 ± 12.44, 99.61 ± 13.11, 96.79 ± 9.22, 94.79 ± 13.20, 89.41 ± 11.10, 84.08 ± 5.93 vs 122.40 ± 12.05, P < 0.05 or 0.01). 2-14 d culture of each group of islet cell biology activity was active with good response to glucose stimulation. In MⅥ group, significant difference was observed in insulin stimulation index compared with the control group (2.94 vs 2.01, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Chitooligosaccharides possess various biological activities and can be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The lower molecular chitooligosaccharide has better effect.
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Anna V, van der Ploeg HP, Cheung NW, Huxley RR, Bauman AE. Sociodemographic correlates of the increasing trend in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in a large population of women between 1995 and 2005. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:2288-93. [PMID: 18809630 PMCID: PMC2584183 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an increasingly prevalent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes in the mother and is responsible for morbidity in the child. To better identify women at risk of developing GDM we examined sociodemographic correlates and changes in the prevalence of GDM among all births between 1995 and 2005 in Australia's largest state. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A computerized database of all births (n = 956,738) between 1995 and 2005 in New South Wales, Australia, was used in a multivariate logistic regression that examined the association between sociodemographic characteristics and the occurrence of GDM. RESULTS Between 1995 and 2005, the prevalence of GDM increased by 45%, from 3.0 to 4.4%. Women born in South Asia had the highest adjusted odds ratio (OR) of any region (4.33 [95% CI 4.12-4.55]) relative to women born in Australia. Women living in the three lowest socioeconomic quartiles had higher adjusted ORs for GDM relative to women in the highest quartile (1.54 [1.50-1.59], 1.74 [1.69-1.8], and 1.65 [1.60-1.70] for decreasing socioeconomic status quartiles). Increasing age was strongly associated with GDM, with women aged >40 years having an adjusted OR of 6.13 (95% CI 5.79-6.49) relative to women in their early 20s. Parity was associated with a small reduced risk. There was no association between smoking and GDM. CONCLUSIONS Maternal age, socioeconomic position, and ethnicity are important correlates of GDM. Future culturally specific interventions should target prevention of GDM in these high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Anna
- The George Institute for International Health and School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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