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Alfaleh A, Alkattan A, Alzaher A, Alhabib D, Alshatri A, Alnamshan A, Almalki O, Almutairi L, Khairat M, Sagor K, Alabdulkareem K, Ibrahim M. Quality of life among schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the satisfaction of their guardians towards school health care in Saudi Arabia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 204:110901. [PMID: 37699476 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to assess the quality of life of schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and determine their guardians' satisfaction of diabetes health care in Saudi Arabian schools. METHODS A cross-section multicenter study was conducted from February to July 2022 among Schoolchildren with T1DM in Saudi Arabia. The study included T1DM school children aged 6-18 years. The patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data were collected and determined using a modified version of the PedsQL 3.0 Diabetes Module. RESULTS The grand total median PedQL-DM score among the included participants (N = 283) was 64.7, while items related to diabetes symptoms and diabetes management were 61.1 and 68.7, respectively. Schoolchildren who have lower HbA1c levels and take care of regular monitoring of their blood glucose showed significantly better quality of life concerning diabetes symptoms. A significant number of guardians claimed they were not satisfied with the current status of diabetes management at schools. CONCLUSIONS The overall HRQoL among schoolchildren with T1DM was average and acceptable to some extent. The PedsQL-DM median score was higher among those who received health care during school time. The guardians' satisfaction of diabetes health care was low, emphasizing the role of health clinics in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Alfaleh
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkattan
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abrar Alzaher
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Alhabib
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alshatri
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alnamshan
- Research Department, Assistant Agency for Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohood Almalki
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Almutairi
- Research Department, Assistant Agency for Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Khairat
- Department of Telemedicine, General Directorate of Medical Consultations, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Sagor
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alabdulkareem
- Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Ibrahim
- Research and Planning Unit, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Brentari M, Franceschi R, Longhini J, Maines E, Mozzillo E, Marigliano M, Vivori C. Family and Community Nurses as a Resource for the Inclusion of Youths with Type 1 Diabetes at School. J Pers Med 2023; 13:981. [PMID: 37373970 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
School nurses can facilitate the inclusion of students with type 1 diabetes (T1D) at school; this model has been widespread in some countries but not in Italy, which is due to the insufficient number of school nurses that are able to provide medical attention at all times. The National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) devised a series of aids and support for the reorganization of the Italian National Health System (NHS) through the creation of community houses in addition to family and community nurses (FCNs), who will operate in these structures to promote the integration of the various professional figures and community services. In this study, starting with the needs and suggestions of teachers (No. 79) and parents (No. 48) collected using a survey, we developed a new model for the inclusion of students at school where FCNs who have experience in pediatric T1D have the role of an educator, coordinator, and facilitator' they cannot be on site and available all the time during school hours, so they must make many efforts to improve the school staff's knowledge, intervene to offer training when requested, and solve new emerging problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brentari
- Community Nurse, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, APSS, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Franceschi
- Pediatric Diabetology Unit, Pediatric Department, S.Chiara General Hospital of Trento, APSS, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Jessica Longhini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Evelina Maines
- Pediatric Diabetology Unit, Pediatric Department, S.Chiara General Hospital of Trento, APSS, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Enza Mozzillo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Regional Center of Pediatric Diabetes, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Marigliano
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Cinzia Vivori
- Hygiene and Public Prevention Department, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, APSS, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Stefanowicz-Bielska A, Słomion M, Rąpała M. Knowledge of School Nurses on the Basic Principles of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Self-Control and Treatment in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16576. [PMID: 36554455 PMCID: PMC9778737 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
School nurses should participate in the care of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge of school nurses about the basic principles of self-control and the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus and to attempt to determine the factors that influence this level of knowledge. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among school nurses from October 2018 to November 2019 in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. The study was conducted using a self-constructed questionnaire. The survey included questions about the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents, and a test of the knowledge and skills regarding the principles of self-control and the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (16 test questions). This study included 168 Polish school nurses (mean age ± SD = 55.1 ± 8.9 years). Most of the nurses had a secondary education (81%), worked in a municipal educational institution (78.6%), and provided care to more than one student with type 1 diabetes mellitus at school (70.2%). The average level of knowledge of school nurses was 12.5 ± 2.0 points (maximum 16). The nurses working in a village school and those who worked only in one school had lower levels of knowledge. Only 85.7% of nurses reported that they could independently perform a blood glucose measurement with a glucometer, and as many as 56.5% were unable to determine the level of ketone bodies in the urine with Keto-Diastix test strips. Only 62.5% of nurses had a glucometer and glucometer strips in their nursing office. A total of 19.6% of nurses did not have glucagon (1 mg GlucaGen HypoKit®, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark) or an ampoule with 20% glucose for an intravenous administration. The knowledge of school nurses about the principles of self-control and the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus is insufficient. Due to the strong increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents, it is important to organize permanent, continuous, and mandatory training on the principles of self-control and the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus for school nurses. The equipment in Polish school nurses' offices should be supplemented with a working glucometer and blood glucose test strips, and the set of obligatory medications in the school nurse's office should be supplemented with glucagon for students with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stefanowicz-Bielska
- Division of Internal and Pediatric Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences with the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Słomion
- Division of Internal and Pediatric Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences with the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rąpała
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Marciniak Hospital, 50-041 Wroclaw, Poland
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French R, Kneale D, Warner JT, Robinson H, Rafferty J, Sayers A, Taylor P, Gregory JW, Dayan CM. Educational Attainment and Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:2852-2861. [PMID: 36455114 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify associations of educational outcomes with type 1 diabetes status and glycemic management (HbA1c). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a record linkage study of schools and higher (college) education data sets linked to national diabetes audits. The population includes all Welsh children attending school between 2009 and 2016, yielding eight academic cohorts with attainment data, including 263,426 children without diabetes and 1,212 children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Outcomes include standardized educational attainment for those aged 16 years, higher education participation for those aged ≥18 years, and school absences among those aged 6-16 years. RESULTS Comparison between children with type 1 diabetes and children without diabetes showed no strong evidence of associations for student attainment (0.001 SD, 95% CI -0.047 to 0.049, P < 0.96, n = 1,212 vs. 263,426) or higher education entry rates (odds ratio 1.067, 95% CI 0.919-1.239, P < 0.39, n = 965 vs. 217,191), despite nine more sessions of absence from school annually (P < 0.0001). However, attainment in children in the most optimal HbA1c quintile was substantially better than for children without diabetes (0.267 SD, 95% CI 0.160-0.374, P < 0.001) while being worse than for children without diabetes in the least optimal quintile (-0.395 SD, 95% CI -0.504 to -0.287, P < 0.001). Attainment did not differ by duration of "exposure" to diabetes based on age at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Despite more school absences, diabetes diagnosis is not associated with educational attainment or entry into higher education, although attainment does vary by HbA1c level, which may be explained in part (or wholly) by unobserved shared personal, family, or socioeconomic characteristics associated with both success in education and effective glycemic self-management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert French
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Dylan Kneale
- Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre), Social Research Institute, University College London, London, U.K
| | - Justin T Warner
- Noah's Ark Children's Hospital for Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Heath Park, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Holly Robinson
- Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, London, U.K
| | | | | | - Peter Taylor
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, U.K
| | - John W Gregory
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Colin M Dayan
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, U.K
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Drakopoulou M, Begni P, Mantoudi A, Mantzorou M, Gerogianni G, Adamakidou T, Alikari V, Kalemikerakis I, Kavga A, Plakas S, Fasoi G, Apostolara P. Care and Safety of Schoolchildren with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Parental Perceptions of the School Nurse Role. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071228. [PMID: 35885755 PMCID: PMC9320713 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) need supervision in the management of their disorder by the school nurse, securing proper care and safety in the school environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the parents’ perceptions regarding the care and safety of their children with T1DM at school. In this cross-sectional study, 356 parents of children with T1DM attending primary and secondary school (convenience sample) completed the “Parents’ Opinions about School-based Care for Children with Diabetes” and the “Safety of children with T1DM at school”. The majority (58.8%) noted that their children received some care from a school nurse, less than half (44.6%) declared feeling very safe concerning diabetes care, and 42.5% reported high levels of diabetes management satisfaction. Younger age of the child (p < 0.001), school nurses’ advanced diabetic care skills (p < 0.001), existence of school nurse’s office (p < 0.05) and higher educational level of the father were positively correlated with higher parental feelings of safety and satisfaction. The presence of a school nurse was associated with higher academic performance (p < 0.001), significantly fewer absences due to the disorder (p < 0.001) and better diabetes management (p < 0.043). The daily presence of a school nurse in school decreases absenteeism, greatly improves school performance and enhances diabetic management of schoolchildren with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Drakopoulou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Alexandra Mantoudi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Marianna Mantzorou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Georgia Gerogianni
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Theodoula Adamakidou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Victoria Alikari
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Ioannis Kalemikerakis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Anna Kavga
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Sotirios Plakas
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Georgia Fasoi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Paraskevi Apostolara
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (M.M.); (G.G.); (T.A.); (V.A.); (I.K.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
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Kılıçöz M, Kutlutürk Yıkılmaz S, Yüksel A, Kaya Kara Ö. Comparison of Visual Motor Integration, Participation and Hand Skills in Children with and Without Type 1 Diabetes. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1226-1244. [PMID: 35605608 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our aim in this study was to compare hand skills, visual-motor integration ability, and participation in daily living activities of children with and without Type 1 diabetes (T1DM). In this prospective cross-sectional study, we included 44 children withT1DM (17 males, 27 females; aged 8-12 years) and a control group of 45 healthy age-matched children without T1DM (22 males, 23 females). We compared group scores on the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Visual Motor Integration Test (Beery VMI), and on the Participation and Environment Measure - Children and Youth (PEM-CY). The JTHFT and Beery VMI scores of children with T1DM were significantly lower than those of the control group (p ≤ 0.005); on the PEM-CY, children with T1DM were found to have more barriers in the community than controls. Relative deficits in hand skills and visual motor integration of children with T1DM should be managed with greater attention and assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Kılıçöz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Healthy Sciences, 218502Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seval Kutlutürk Yıkılmaz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Healthy Sciences, 218502Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Yüksel
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Healthy Sciences, 218502Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özgün Kaya Kara
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Healthy Sciences, 218502Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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An R, Li D, Cole M, Park K, Lyon AR, White NH. Implementation of School Diabetes Care in the United States: A Scoping Review. J Sch Nurs 2022; 38:61-73. [PMID: 34184953 PMCID: PMC9924139 DOI: 10.1177/10598405211026328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes management at school demands close collaboration of multiple stakeholders, including students with diabetes and parents, school nurses, teachers/staff, and local health care providers. This scoping review identified and synthesized evidence concerning factors that contributed to the quality and effectiveness of diabetes care implementation in U.S. K-12 schools. Forty-six studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. Five common factors emerged surrounding training and experiences, communications, parent engagement, resource allocations, and school environment. Complex interactions between multiple stakeholders jointly determined the quality of school diabetes care. A conceptual model was established to elucidate the complex interactions between multiple stakeholders and the relevant facilitators and barriers. Future research should improve sample representativeness, contrast school diabetes care practices to the national guidelines, and assess the impact of the social, economic, and political environment at federal, state, local/district levels on school diabetes care implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruopeng An
- Brown School, 7548Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Danyi Li
- Brown School, 7548Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marjorie Cole
- Missouri Department of Health & Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO, USA
| | | | - Aaron R Lyon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neil H White
- School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Armas Junco L, Fernández-Hawrylak M. Teachers and Parents' Perceptions of Care for Students with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Their Needs in the School Setting. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:143. [PMID: 35204864 PMCID: PMC8870444 DOI: 10.3390/children9020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) increases the likelihood of teachers having students with this illness in their classrooms. The objective of this study is to investigate the needs of students with DM1 during the school day from the perspective of both teachers and parents. A mixed methods study was designed and a questionnaire was administered to practicing teachers in Pre-primary Education, Primary Education, Compulsory Secondary Education, and Further Education, as well as Vocational Education within both the province and the city of Burgos (Castile and Leon, Spain) who may have students with DM1. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with mothers and fathers, members of the Burgos Diabetics Association (ASDIBUR). In the questionnaires administered to the teaching staff, 54.8% affirmed that they knew of students with DM1 at their centers. Of those questioned, 51.2% affirmed that they knew of the existence of action protocols on DM, and 45.2% declared that they had received specialized information on the illness; 92.8% believed that there was no discrimination at their center towards students with DM, and 82.8% thought that the educational center raised no objections to students with DM departing on trips during the school year. In their interviews, both family and teachers assessed the material and human resources as insufficient and called for the presence of school nurses at the educational centers. It is important to raise the awareness of the educational community about the needs of students with DM1 and to provide guidelines on emergency situations to teachers and staff at the centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Armas Junco
- Department of Educational Sciences, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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Palmer T, Waliaula C, Shannon G, Salustri F, Grewal G, Chelagat W, Jennings HM, Skordis J. Understanding the Lived Experience of Children With Type 1 Diabetes in Kenya: Daily Routines and Adaptation Over Time. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:145-158. [PMID: 34841984 PMCID: PMC8721679 DOI: 10.1177/10497323211049775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Focusing only on biomedical targets neglects the important role that psychosocial factors play in effective diabetes self-management. This study aims to understand the lived experiences of children with Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) in Kenya. Children (n = 15) participated in focus group discussions and photo diary data collection. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were also conducted with caregivers (n = 14). We describe an adaptation to diabetes over time, identifying four overarching themes: knowledge and awareness, economic exclusion, the importance of social support, and striving for normality. Photo diaries are then categorized to explore daily realities of diabetes management. Children with T1DM in Kenya face varied barriers to care but can lead a "normal" and fulfilling life, provided adequate support is in place. To improve the lives of children with diabetes in this context and others like it, stakeholders must take note of children's experiences and recognize their multidimensional needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Palmer
- Institute for Global Health, 4919University College London, London, UK
| | - Cynthia Waliaula
- Institute for Global Health, 4919University College London, London, UK
| | - Geordan Shannon
- Institute for Global Health, 4919University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jolene Skordis
- Institute for Global Health, 4919University College London, London, UK
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Ding Y, Zhang W, Wu X, Wei T, Wang X, Zheng X, Luo S. Deterioration in glycemic control on schooldays among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A continuous glucose monitoring-based study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1037261. [PMID: 36568429 PMCID: PMC9768037 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1037261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of school life by comparing the glycemic control between holidays and schooldays in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS This observational study enrolled school-aged students with T1D (aged 6-19) from September 2019 to July 2021. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) records were processed and divided into holidays and schooldays. Other information was collected via questionnaires. We compared the results using paired T-test, Wilcoxon paired test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS 78 paticipants were included (40 boys, mean age 9.95 years). A total of 142,945 h of CGM data were analyzed. Overall, TIR (3.9-7.8 mmol/L) during holidays was better than schooldays [56.97 (SD 15.03) vs. 55.87 (15.06), %, p = 0.039]. On nocturnal (0-6 am) glycemic fluctuation, TIR was longer in children aged 6-10 [60.54 (17.40) vs. 56.98 (SD 16.32), %, p = 0.012] during holiday and TAR (7.8 mmol/L) was shorter [31.54 (17.54) vs. 35.54 (16.95), %, p = 0.013], compared with schooldays. In adolescents aged 10-19 years, TAR was also significantly shorter during holidays. Stratified analysis showed that girls, patients with longer duration, and insulin pump users had more pronounced worsening of nighttime glycemia on schooldays. Logistic regression analysis showed that girls had higher risk of worse nocturnal glycemic control [3.26, 95% CI: (1.17, 9.72), p = 0.027] and nocturnal hyperglycemia [OR = 2.95, 95% CI: (1.08, 8.56), p = 0.039], compared to boys. CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents with T1D were found to have worse glycemic control in nighttime during schooldays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiumei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Wei
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xulin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xueying Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sihui Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Luque-Vara T, Fernández-Gómez E, Linares-Manrique M, Navarro-Prado S, Sánchez-Ojeda MA, Enrique-Mirón C. Attitudes and Perceptions of School Teachers in Melilla Regarding the Care Provided to Students with Type 1 Diabetes. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8121137. [PMID: 34943333 PMCID: PMC8699907 DOI: 10.3390/children8121137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the study was to assess the perception of non-university teachers in the city of Melilla to help students with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), as well as their attitudes towards helping these students in diabetic emergencies. This observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study analyzed the answers given by 441 teachers from 25 public institutions in the city of Melilla to a survey on the attitude and perception regarding the capacity of educational institutions (16 questions) to help and manage students with T1DM. Out of 47.6% of teachers who represent having had students with TIDM, only 4.8% acknowledged having been trained in diabetes. The percentage that has experienced a hypoglycaemia episode at the institution was 29.9%. More than half of participants acknowledged that their educational institution is not prepared to manage diabetic emergencies. Only 5.7% stated their institutions have glucagon in their first-aid kit and less than half of participants (44.7%) would be willing to administer it if necessary. Teachers of educational institutions believe they have not been particularly trained in the care of students living with T1DM and point out that their educational institutions are not prepared to help in diabetic emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Luque-Vara
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla Campus, University of Granada, Calle Santander s/n, 52001 Melilla, Spain; (T.L.-V.); (E.F.-G.); (S.N.-P.); (M.A.S.-O.)
| | - Elisabet Fernández-Gómez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla Campus, University of Granada, Calle Santander s/n, 52001 Melilla, Spain; (T.L.-V.); (E.F.-G.); (S.N.-P.); (M.A.S.-O.)
| | - Marta Linares-Manrique
- SEJ-658 Laboratory for Cognition, Department of Nursing, Health, Training and Interaction among Humans, Animals and Machines, Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla Campus, University of Granada, Calle Santander s/n, 52001 Melilla, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-952698839
| | - Silvia Navarro-Prado
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla Campus, University of Granada, Calle Santander s/n, 52001 Melilla, Spain; (T.L.-V.); (E.F.-G.); (S.N.-P.); (M.A.S.-O.)
| | - María Angustias Sánchez-Ojeda
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla Campus, University of Granada, Calle Santander s/n, 52001 Melilla, Spain; (T.L.-V.); (E.F.-G.); (S.N.-P.); (M.A.S.-O.)
| | - Carmen Enrique-Mirón
- HUM-613 Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Melilla Campus, University of Granada, Calle Santander s/n, 52001 Melilla, Spain;
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12
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Gurunathan U, Prasad HK, White S, Prasanna B, Sangaralingam T. Care of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in school - An interventional study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:195-200. [PMID: 33544545 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Paucity of data from India on care of children with Type 1 diabetes in schools. Aims: To study assess the knowledge, attitude, practices and fear of Type 1 diabetes in school teachers and to assess the impact of an educational model on the fear of teachers and care of children in Type 1 DM at school hours. METHODS A community based study, involving school teachers and the intervention being educating them about diabetes conducted. Data pertaining to basic demography, attitude of teachers towards diabetic children, Hypoglycemia fear factor survey- parent version with worries domain and preparedness of school was collected. An education program was conducted on diabetes care in children. Immediately and after three months, the proforma details and HFSP-W scores reassessed. RESULTS Forty two teachers (mean age: 38.7±5.4; M:F ratio 2:40) participated in the study. Post intervention, a higher willingness to have the diabetic child in class (100 vs. 57.1%; p>0.05), better support in daily care (100 vs. 92%; p>0.05), participation in sports activities (100 vs. 7.1%; p<0.05) observed. HFSP-W scores were 38.8±4.5 (pre-intervention), 22.5±4.3 (immediate post intervention) and 29.5±3.2 (at 3months) (p<0.05). To study the determinants of improvement in HFSP-W a regression analysis was performed: presence of glucometer the most likely determining factor (T=1.999, p=0.05). CONCLUSION There is a significant element of fear in the minds of teachers towards hypoglycemia which improves with a structured education program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hemchand Krishna Prasad
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India
| | - Sherline White
- Smehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India
| | - Bala Prasanna
- Mehta Multispeciality Hospitals India Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India
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13
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Kabasakal E, Özcebe H, Arslan U. Are the health needs of children with disabilities being met at primary schools? JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2020; 24:448-458. [PMID: 30621499 DOI: 10.1177/1744629518818657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide current information about the health profile and needs of mainstreamed primary school children with disabilities and special educational needs during their school hours. The Study population is composed of students with special educational needs and disabilities attending mainstream primary schools located in three selected Turkish districts with low, moderate, and high socioeconomic status and literacy rates separately. Parents of 404 students from 72 primary schools constituted the research sample. The study showed that 13.4% of the students with disabilities had chronic illnesses and 8.9% had health problems requiring access to emergency medical care when the condition recurs (such as epileptic seizures, fainting, or falling). Of the students with disabilities, 39.9% usually or sometimes needed medical care during school hours in the previous week. Health needs of nearly half of the students with disabilities were met at school. Special health needs and risks of children with disabilities also continue at school along with other possible health concerns.
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Nieto-Eugenio I, Ventura-Puertos PE, Rich-Ruiz M. S.O.S! My Child is at School: A Hermeneutic of the Experience of Living a Chronic Disease in the School Environment. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 53:e171-e178. [PMID: 32334897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study is to understand the experience of living a chronic disease in the school, from the perspective of the parents. DESIGN AND METHODS A Grounded Theory study was proposed with a sample of 14 affected families with children between three and eleven years old, all of them from the west and south of Spain. Information was collected using semi-structured surveys and the constant comparative method was used for the analysis. RESULTS Results are divided into three main themes: SOS! My child is at school, The Systems (don't) Answer and Families Answer. Parents live school enrolment in a state of constant alertness, characterized by distrust, worry, fear, anguish, and indignation. The responses to the problem given by the education and health systems are insufficient, uncoordinated and inefficient. Therefore, parents end up not expecting anything, they transmit the information, organize training sessions, and solve any occurring incident by themselves, often at the expense of quitting their jobs. CONCLUSION The presence of a school nurse would mean for these parents the integration between the education and health systems. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS As findings highlight, more collaboration and sensitivity between the healthcare and educational system is needed, and the school nurse has been indicated as a crucial figure in this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Nieto-Eugenio
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS). Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pedro E Ventura-Puertos
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS). Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, Córdoba, Spain..
| | - Manuel Rich-Ruiz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS). Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, Córdoba, Spain
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Evans-Atkinson T, Fung A, Antunes Silvestre A, Crozier T, Hursh B. Evaluation of a Province-Wide Type 1 Diabetes Care Plan for Children in the School Setting. Can J Diabetes 2020; 45:15-21. [PMID: 32800762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify perceptions of safety and effectiveness of a provincial type 1 diabetes school care plan, and to best inform future improvements in school care to accommodate the shifting needs of families, best clinical practices and new medical technologies. METHODS A cross-sectional satisfaction and feedback questionnaire to inform quality improvement was offered to both families of children with type 1 diabetes who receive care at school through a Delegated Diabetes Care Plan and to their program coordinators during the 2017‒2018 school year. RESULTS The response rate was 29.8% (160 of 537) for families and 68.2% (45 of 66) for coordinators. The majority of parents and coordinators reported that the care plan is meeting both safety and diabetes management needs. On a 7-point Likert scale, the safety score, expressed as mean (standard deviation), was 6.0 (1.2) by families and 5.7 (1.3) by coordinators, with higher scores reflecting greater satisfaction. Diabetes management was rated 5.6 (1.2) out of 7 by families, and 5.4 (0.8) out of 7 by coordinators. Families and coordinators expressed the need for individualization of care, and suggested modifications to how information is presented. There was near-unanimous support for future integration of continuous glucose-monitoring devices into the school setting. CONCLUSIONS British Columbia's provision of diabetes care in the school setting is overall perceived to be safe and is generally well received by families and coordinators. In this study, we provide valuable information to improve the care of children with type 1 diabetes in schools, including support for further individualization of care and future integration of diabetes technology into the school setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Evans-Atkinson
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alex Fung
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Tamara Crozier
- Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brenden Hursh
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Gutzweiler RF, Neese M, In-Albon T. Teachers' Perspectives on Children With Type 1 Diabetes in German Kindergartens and Schools. Diabetes Spectr 2020; 33:201-209. [PMID: 32425458 PMCID: PMC7228824 DOI: 10.2337/ds19-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of children with type 1 diabetes is rising, and these children must manage their diabetes during the day while in kindergarten or school. A total of 678 German kindergarten and school teachers (89% female) attended a structured training program for supporting children with type 1 diabetes in their diabetes management. The teachers completed questionnaires on their overall self-perception of their ability to handle diabetes and institutional factors supporting children with type 1 diabetes. Of these teachers, 251 who were currently working with a child with type 1 diabetes provided further insight into the experiences of children with diabetes in school and kindergarten. Teachers reported deficits in three areas: knowledge about diabetes and diabetes management, institutional support, and communication with parents and health professionals. On average, they gave themselves only fair ratings on both their knowledge about diabetes (3.60 ± 1.10 on a 5-point scale) and their ability to assist children with their diabetes management (3.67 ± 1.09). Whereas general information about supporting children with type 1 diabetes seemed to have been provided by almost half of the institutions (43%), specific school policies for sports (30%), extracurricular activities such as field trips (20%), or activities including sleepovers (16%) were rare. Poor communication between teachers, parents, and health professionals was reported. These deficits indicated by kindergarten and school teachers underline the importance of structured trainings and written policies on type 1 diabetes to improve the status of children with type 1 diabetes in school and kindergarten.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlies Neese
- Hilfe für Kinder und Jugendliche bei Diabetes mellitus e.V. [Support for Children With Type 1 Diabetes Nonprofit Association], Ingelheim, Germany
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McCollum DC, O'Grady MJ. Diminished school-based support for the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents compared to younger children. Diabet Med 2020; 37:779-784. [PMID: 31654586 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate diabetes management at school in a large cohort of adolescents with type 1 diabetes and to compare the level of support provided to adolescents with that provided to younger children. METHODS Questionnaires were distributed to adolescents with type 1 diabetes attending nine regional and tertiary paediatric diabetes services in the Republic of Ireland. The data collected included patient demographics, treatment regimen and support provided for self-care management. Results were compared with a similar cohort of primary school children with type 1 diabetes, studied using similar methodology. RESULTS The study cohort comprised 405 adolescents with a median age of 15 years, of whom 215 (54%) were on multiple daily injections and 128 (32%) were on pump therapy. Eighty-five percent of pump users administered their bolus insulin in classrooms, whereas 76% of those on a multiple daily injection regimen injected outside the classroom. Girls were less likely to administer bolus insulin in an office (10% vs 19%) and more likely to administer it in the bathroom (50% vs 34%; P=0.01). Twenty-five adolescents (12%) on multiple daily injection regimens did not administer bolus insulin at school. Compared to primary school children with type 1 diabetes, adolescents were less likely to use pump therapy, have an emergency treatment plan and have a designated staff member responsible for care needs. CONCLUSIONS Support provided to adolescents with type 1 diabetes is diminished compared with that provided to younger schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C McCollum
- Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M J O'Grady
- Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Dublin, Ireland
- Women's and Children's Health, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Wilt L. The Role of School Nurse Presence in Parent and Student Perceptions of Helpfulness, Safety, and Satisfaction With Type 1 Diabetes Care. J Sch Nurs 2020; 38:161-172. [PMID: 32292117 DOI: 10.1177/1059840520918310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (TID) and their parents depend on school nurses to keep students safe in school. Parent satisfaction with T1D care is impacted by school factors including school nurse presence. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among parental satisfaction with diabetes care in school, parental report of diabetes-related safety, adolescent report of school nurse helpfulness, and school nurse presence represented by school nurse to student ratios. The sample consisted of 89 parent-adolescent dyads. Adolescents 10-16 years old with T1D completed a questionnaire that included perceptions of school nurse helpfulness. Parents completed a questionnaire that included perceptions of T1D safety and satisfaction. Diabetes-related safety was positively correlated with parental satisfaction and school nurse helpfulness and inversely correlated with age and school nurse to student ratios. Findings validate the importance of school nurse presence to adolescents with T1D and their parents with implications for school nursing policy, practice, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Wilt
- Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
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19
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Dixe MDACR, Gordo CMGDO, Catarino HBP, Kraus T, Menino EPDSG. Effects of an education program on knowledge and self-perception of school personnel in preparing to care for type 1 diabetes students. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2020; 18:eAO5101. [PMID: 32130327 PMCID: PMC7032886 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao5101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the academic and professional background of school personnel; to assess the impact of the Diabetes + Support given by School Personnel to Children with Type 1 Diabetes Program on the school personnel’s knowledge and confidence to support students with type 1 diabetes; to compare their level of knowledge with the academic and professional variables of the school personnel. Methods A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test study design without a Control Group. Study with a sample of 129 (before intervention – T0) and 113 (after intervention – T1) pre-school to secondary school personnel from participating schools, with at least one student with type 1 diabetes. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Portuguese Ministry of Education. Results Most school personnel included in the study were teachers (51.2%). After training, they were more confident than before to support children with type 1 diabetes (p<0.05). Regarding knowledge levels, the differences between T0 (10.8±2.8; P 50 =11) and T1 (13.7±2.1; P 50 =11) were statistically significant (p<0.001). Of the 113 school personnel who participated in the final assessment, 89 (78.85%) increased their level of knowledge. Conclusion The program was effective to enhance knowledge and boost confidence to support students with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helena Borges Pereira Catarino
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology , Escola Superior de Saúde , Instituto Politécnico de Leiria , Leiria , PT , Portugal
| | - Teresa Kraus
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology , Escola Superior de Saúde , Instituto Politécnico de Leiria , Leiria , PT , Portugal
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Oakley NJ, Kneale D, Mann M, Hilliar M, Dayan C, Gregory JW, French R. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and educational attainment in childhood: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033215. [PMID: 31988228 PMCID: PMC7045136 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this systematic review was to evaluate available literature on whether type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has an impact on educational attainment in individuals undertaking high stakes standardised testing at the end of compulsory schooling. DESIGN A systematic review was undertaken comparing educational attainment for individuals with and without T1DM who have undertaken high stakes testing at the end of compulsory schooling. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, MEDLINE (epub ahead of print, in-process and other non-indexed citations), EMBASE, Web of Science, British Education Index, Education Resources Information Center and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature was undertaken on 15 January 2018 and updated on 17 January 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Included studies fulfilled the following criteria: observational study or randomised controlled trial; included individuals who have undertaken high stakes testing at the end of compulsory schooling; compared the grades obtained by individuals with T1DM with a representative population control. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers performed study selection and data extraction independently. Quality and risk of bias in the observational studies included were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A detailed narrative synthesis of the included studies was completed. RESULTS 3103 articles were identified from the database search, with two Swedish cohort studies (using the same linked administrative data) meeting final inclusion criteria. A small but statistically significant difference was reported in mean final grades, with children with T1DM found to have lower mean grades than their non-diabetic counterparts (adjusted mean difference 0.07-0.08). CONCLUSIONS More contemporary research is required to evaluate the impact of T1DM in childhood on educational attainment in individuals undertaking high stakes standardised testing at the end of compulsory schooling, taking into consideration the substantial advances in management of T1DM in the last decade. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017084078.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jayne Oakley
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dylan Kneale
- Social Science Research Unit (SSRU), University College London, London, UK
| | - Mala Mann
- Specialist Unit for Review Evidence, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Colin Dayan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - John W Gregory
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robert French
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Multilevel Modelling, Graduate School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Aldubayee M, Mohamud S, Almadani KA, Alabbad AA, Alotaibi AG, Alkhodair AA, Babiker A. Parental levels of stress managing a child diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in Riyadh: a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:5. [PMID: 31900132 PMCID: PMC6942352 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for a child with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) pose a significant burden on parents especially when they struggle with their child's T1D management. The experience of not coping or struggling to cope increases the level of stress in parents, which may adversely affect their child's diabetic control (Al Dubayee et al, Horm Res Paediatr 88:2019). In this study, we assessed the level of stress parents experience in caring for a child diagnosed with T1D in four different domains. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted in two specialized diabetic centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from February to May 2015 (Al Dubayee et al, Horm Res Paediatr 88:2019). We used an Arabic translation of the validated Pediatric Inventory for Parents (PIP) questionnaire. The frequency and perceived difficulty of stressful events were rated by interviewing parents caring for children with T1D using two 5-point Likert scales. RESULTS The sample realized as 390 parents. The level of stress increased in separated and unemployed parents. The frequency (mean 64.9/210, SD 7.529) and difficulty (mean 65.3/210, SD 9.448) indices of the parental level of stress were compared with variables possibly associated with stress. Both of the frequency difficulty indices correlated with the marital status, the father's level of education and occupation as well as HbA1c level (P-value < 0.05). In addition, the frequency index correlated with the frequency of hypoglycemia and the difficulty index correlated with the number of children in the family (P-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION Parents of children with T1D in Riyadh experience a significant level of stress that may affect the child's glycemic control (Al Dubayee et al, Horm Res Paediatr 88:2019). Assessing the level of stress and providing support for these families has the potential to improve the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aldubayee
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) , Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAUHS), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Salaad Mohamud
- 0000 0004 0608 0662grid.412149.bKing Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAUHS), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Ayman Almadani
- 0000 0004 1790 7311grid.415254.3Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) , Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ,0000 0004 0608 0662grid.412149.bKing Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAUHS), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Abdulrahman Alabbad
- 0000 0004 1790 7311grid.415254.3Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) , Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ,0000 0004 0608 0662grid.412149.bKing Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAUHS), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Ghazi Alotaibi
- 0000 0004 1790 7311grid.415254.3Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) , Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ,0000 0004 0608 0662grid.412149.bKing Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAUHS), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakim Ali Alkhodair
- 0000 0004 1790 7311grid.415254.3Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) , Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ,0000 0004 0608 0662grid.412149.bKing Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAUHS), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Babiker
- 0000 0004 1790 7311grid.415254.3Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) , Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ,0000 0004 0608 0662grid.412149.bKing Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAUHS), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ,0000 0004 0580 0891grid.452607.2King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Objective To determine the challenges, coping strategies and needs of urban and rural Jamaican caregivers of adolescents with diabetes, and suggest ways to assist coping. Methods This qualitative study comprised four focus groups (two urban and two rural) with a total of nineteen caregivers of adolescents with diabetes. Thematic analysis was conducted on the data. Results The main challenges caregivers faced were keeping their children healthy, managing conflict with their children, and financial concerns. They met these challenges with problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. Caregivers used the problem-focused strategies of vigilance, advocacy, minimising their children’s negative emotions, coercion, education, and seeking support, and the emotion-focused strategies of relying on their identity as parents and turning to their faith. Caregivers wanted assistance acquiring medication and equipment, increased diabetes education, and support groups. Discussion More resources should be channelled toward provision of diabetes supplies. Diabetes education is necessary in schools and for the general public. Healthcare practitioners should explore issues beyond diabetes management, such as caregivers’ coping and the caregiver-child relationship. Support groups are needed to facilitate learning. Special attention must be paid to rural areas: rural residents appeared to be in greater need than their urban counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anderson
- 1 Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Work, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - M K Tulloch-Reid
- 2 Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
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Chinnici D, Middlehurst A, Tandon N, Arora M, Belton A, Reis Franco D, Margonari Bechara G, Castelo Branco F, Rawal T, Shrivastav R, Sung E, Germe M, Chaney D, Cavan D. Improving the school experience of children with diabetes: Evaluation of the KiDS project. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2019; 15:70-75. [PMID: 30792956 PMCID: PMC6370558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) launched the Kids and Diabetes in School (KiDS) project in collaboration with the International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) and Sanofi Diabetes to inform and teach school staff, children and parents on the management of diabetes in school. Brazil and India were chosen as pilot countries. METHODS The evaluation was conducted using a qualitative methodology using semi-structured face to face in-depth interviews. Five out of fifteen schools were selected, where teachers and parents of children with and without diabetes were interviewed. Interviews took place one and three months after the implementation of KiDS. FINDINGS Diabetes knowledge among the school staff and parents of children without diabetes was very limited prior to the KiDS Project in both countries. After introducing the KiDS information pack both groups mentioned increased knowledge on the management of diabetes. This was reflected through healthier food choices at school and the encouragement of physical activities. Increased awareness and understanding in the school staff were observed by parents of children with diabetes. INTERPRETATION The KiDS project received positive feedback on the educational materials. The pack was deemed informative, interesting and engaging, creating increased awareness and understanding among school staff, parents and children. The project has created a demand for diabetes intervention in schools. The pack has been translated into fourteen languages and was downloaded over 17,000 times by November 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tina Rawal
- Public Health Foundation of India, India
| | | | - Els Sung
- International Diabetes Federation, Belgium
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Tomé Pérez Y, Barroso Martínez V, Félix-Redondo FJ, Tobajas Belvis L, Cordón Arroyo AM. Needs of schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes in Extremadura: Family perceptions. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Tomé Pérez Y, Barroso Martínez V, Félix-Redondo FJ, Tobajas Belvis L, Cordón Arroyo AM. [Needs of schoolchildren with type 1 diabetes in Extremadura: Family perceptions]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2018; 90:173-179. [PMID: 30193798 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION School-aged children with type 1 diabetes (DM1) require access to appropriate and safe care for their disease during their stay in the educational centre. OBJECTIVE To identify the needs perceived by families of schoolchildren with DM1 that affect their educational integration, safety, and well-being during the school day. METHODOLOGY A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire based on information and opinions provided by families of 362 schoolchildren between 3 and 16 years old with DM1 registered in their health history in the Public Health System of Extremadura. RESULTS The response rate was 56.9% (206). It was shown that 35% of schoolchildren with DM1 were treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. Almost all of them (95.1%) required glucose monitoring, and 57.8% required insulin administration during the school day. Most (88%) children had adjusted well to school and did not describe any type of discriminatory treatment (87.4%). Glucagon is available in 82% of educational centres, in which 43.7% had a trained adult person to administer it. That teachers could recognise a hypoglycaemia was expressed by 21.4% of the families, and 29.1% were unaware of the existence of coordination protocols in the school. More than half (58.7%) claimed that the information available in schools about diabetes was low, and 77.2% stated that the control of the disease would improve if more training was provided to teachers. CONCLUSIONS There are aspects optimally covered in the care of schoolchildren with DM1 in the schools of Extremadura. Among situations identified with potential room for improvement were adherence to the coordination protocol, information about diabetes, and training of adults to deal with emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Tomé Pérez
- Dirección General de Planificación, Formación y Calidad Sanitarias y Sociosanitarias, Consejería de Sanidad y Políticas Sociales, Junta de Extremadura, Mérida, Badajoz, España.
| | - Victoria Barroso Martínez
- Dirección General de Planificación, Formación y Calidad Sanitarias y Sociosanitarias, Consejería de Sanidad y Políticas Sociales, Junta de Extremadura, Mérida, Badajoz, España
| | - F Javier Félix-Redondo
- Dirección General de Asistencia Sanitaria, Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Mérida, Badajoz, España
| | - Luis Tobajas Belvis
- Dirección General de Planificación, Formación y Calidad Sanitarias y Sociosanitarias, Consejería de Sanidad y Políticas Sociales, Junta de Extremadura, Mérida, Badajoz, España
| | - Ana María Cordón Arroyo
- Dirección General de Planificación, Formación y Calidad Sanitarias y Sociosanitarias, Consejería de Sanidad y Políticas Sociales, Junta de Extremadura, Mérida, Badajoz, España
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Gutiérrez-Manzanedo JV, Carral-San Laureano F, Moreno-Vides P, de Castro-Maqueda G, Fernández-Santos JR, Ponce-González JG. Teachers' knowledge about type 1 diabetes in south of Spain public schools. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 143:140-145. [PMID: 30006308 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the knowledge of teachers in educative public centres (pre-, primary, and secondary schools) about type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the Puerto Real University Hospital area (Cadiz, Spain). METHODS Descriptive observational study in which 756 teachers' answers on the Test of Diabetes Knowledge for Teachers (TDKT) were analysed. Teachers from 44 educative public centres in the Puerto Real University Hospital area (Cadiz, Spain) were selected by randomized sampling (mean age, 44.3 ± 8 years; 61.7% women). RESULTS Although 43.2% survey respondents recognised having had or currently having children or adolescent students with T1D, most demonstrated they did not have enough knowledge about T1D (mean score, 6.0 ± 4.3 points from a maximum of 16), and only 5.1% had sufficient knowledge (13-16 points) to be an effective support person to students with diabetes in school. However, the vast majority of survey respondents correctly answered questions about symptoms (74.2%) and hypoglycaemia treatment (85.9%). Univariate analysis of factors associated with teachers' knowledge about diabetes revealed that teachers with ≤ 15 years of teaching experience and physical education teachers had better knowledge than their co-workers. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to improve teachers' knowledge about diabetes in our health area with the aim of improving the security of children and adolescent students with T1D in school centres.
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Stefanowicz A, Stefanowicz J. The Role of a School Nurse in the Care of a Child with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - The Perspectives of Patients and their Parents: Literature Review. Zdr Varst 2018; 57:166-174. [PMID: 29983783 PMCID: PMC6032180 DOI: 10.2478/sjph-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this literature review was to explore the views of parents and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus regarding having a school nurse. METHODS Six databases were selected for the analysis. The research strategy was based on the PICO model. The research participants were children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and/or their parents. RESULTS The present review of research papers includes 12 publications. The majority of works deal with the perspectives of children with type 1 diabetes and their parents on various aspects related to the role of a school nurse in the care of a child with type 1 diabetes:the presence of a school nurse;the role of a school nurse in the prevention and treatment of hypoglycaemia, in performing the measurements of blood glucose, and in insulin therapy;the role of a nurse in improving metabolic control of children with type 1 diabetes;a nurse as an educator for children with type 1 diabetes, classmates, teachers, teacher's assistants, principals, administrators, cafeteria workers, coaches, gym teachers, bus drivers, and school office staff;a nurse as an organiser of the care for children with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS According to parents and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, various forms of school nurse support (i.e., checking blood glucose, giving insulin, giving glucagon, treating low and high blood glucose levels, carbohydrate counting) are consistently effective and should have an impact on the condition, improvement of metabolic control, school activity and safety at school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stefanowicz
- Medical University of Gdansk, Faculty of Health Sciences with Subfaculty of Nursing and Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Subfaculty of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Department of General Nursing, Pediatric Nursing Workshop, Debinki 7, 80-211Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Stefanowicz
- Medical University of Gdansk, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Haemathology & Oncology, Debinki 7, 80-211Gdansk, Poland
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Marks A, Wilson NJ, Blythe S, Johnston C. Facilitation of Intensive Insulin Therapy in the Early Primary School Setting: Narratives of Australian Diabetes Educators. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs 2018; 41:213-227. [PMID: 29771162 DOI: 10.1080/24694193.2018.1470703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The number of early primary school (EPS) children (aged 4-8 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rises each year. Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) can be challenging for these children, as adult support may not be available in the school setting. Diabetes educators (DEs) working in the health system facilitate school diabetes care, which can be time-consuming given the large numbers of children with diabetes. These factors are potential barriers for IIT use in the EPS setting. To explore the experiences of Australian DEs who facilitate IIT use in the EPS setting, a qualitative, narrative inquiry method was used to conduct semi-structured telephone interviews with Australian DEs (n = 13) between December 2014 and June 2016. The interview transcript data were analyzed using a narrative analytical approach. Approaches to facilitate IIT use in the EPS setting were normalizing IIT at diagnosis, simple care plans and insulin pump therapy, prioritizing school support, DEs in private practice, and working with school nurses and parents. Despite numerous barriers, Australian DEs implemented varied methods to facilitate IIT use in the EPS setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marks
- a School of Nursing and Midwifery , Western Sydney University , Penrith , NSW , Australia
| | - Nathan J Wilson
- a School of Nursing and Midwifery , Western Sydney University , Penrith , NSW , Australia
| | - Stacy Blythe
- a School of Nursing and Midwifery , Western Sydney University , Penrith , NSW , Australia
| | - Christine Johnston
- b School of Education , Western Sydney University , Penrith , NSW , Australia
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Carral San Laureano F, Gutiérrez Manzanedo JV, Moreno Vides P, de Castro Maqueda G, Fernández Santos JR, Ponce González JG, Ayala Ortega MDC. Teachers' attitudes and perceptions about preparation of public schools to assist students with type 1 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 65:213-219. [PMID: 29358047 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess teachers' attitudes and perceptions about preparation of public primary and secondary education schools in the Puerto Real University Hospital (Cádiz, Spain) area to care for students with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) METHODS: A descriptive observational study where answers to an attitude and perception questionnaire on the preparation of schools to care for pupils with T1DM were analyzed. A total of 765 teachers (mean age, 44.3±8.8 years; 61.7% women) from 44 public schools in the area of the Puerto Real University Hospital were selected by random sampling. RESULTS Overall, 43.2% of teachers surveyed had or had previously had students with T1DM, but only 0.8% had received specific training on diabetes. 18.9% of teachers reported that one of their students with T1DM had experienced at least one episode of hypoglycemia at school, and half of them felt that their school was not prepared to deal with diabetic emergencies. 6.4% stated that their school had glucagon in its first aid kit, and 46.9% would be willing to administer it personally. Women, physical education teachers, and headmasters had a more positive perception of the school than their colleagues. Teachers with a positive perception of school preparation and with a positive attitude to administer glucagon were significantly younger than those with no positive perception and attitude. CONCLUSIONS The study results suggest that teachers of public schools in our health area have not been specifically trained in the care of patients with T1DM and perceive that their educational centers are not qualified to address diabetic emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Moreno Vides
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, España
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Malik FS, Yi-Frazier JP, Taplin CE, Roth CL, Whitlock KB, Howard W, Pihoker C. Improving the Care of Youth With Type 1 Diabetes With a Novel Medical-Legal Community Intervention: The Diabetes Community Care Ambassador Program. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2018; 44:168-177. [PMID: 29320934 DOI: 10.1177/0145721717750346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and efficacy of the Diabetes Community Care Ambassador (DCCA) Program, a novel medical-legal community intervention designed to support high-risk youth with type 1 diabetes. Methods Study eligibility criteria: ages 3-19 years, A1C ≥8.5% (≥69 mmol/mol) and/or recent diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalization, type 1 diabetes duration ≥1 year, and English- or Spanish-speaking. Eighty-nine youth and their caregivers participated in the 9- to 12-month intervention, which included diabetes education and support through 3 home visits, 1 to 2 school visits, and phone support from a lay health worker, as well as legal support from a medical-legal partnership attorney. Feasibility was assessed; change in A1C was compared in a linear mixed model. Results Of the 89 DCCA Program participants, 80% completed the program, with the majority of participants rating their DCCA favorably. Sixty-two percent reported ≥1 unmet legal need, of whom 29% accepted legal counsel. Youth enrolled in the DCCA Program demonstrated an improvement in glycemic control as their mean A1C decreased from 9.71% (83 mmol/mol) at the start of the program to 9.40% (79 mmol/mol) at the end of the intervention period ( P = .03). Participants with public health insurance experienced the greatest differential A1C reduction (9.79% to 9.11%, 83 mmol/mol to 76 mmol/mol). Conclusions The DCCA Program represents a promising intervention for improving care of high-risk youth with type 1 diabetes. A significant proportion of caregivers of youth reported having an unmet legal need. Participants remained highly engaged and demonstrated improved glycemic control, particularly youth with public health insurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal S Malik
- Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Craig E Taplin
- Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christian L Roth
- Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Waylon Howard
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine Pihoker
- Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Anderson M, Tulloch-Reid MK. "You Cannot Cure It, Just Control It": Jamaican Adolescents Living With Diabetes. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs 2017; 42:109-123. [PMID: 29265943 DOI: 10.1080/24694193.2017.1411406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although adolescence is considered a difficult time for diabetes management, there is little published qualitative research on adolescent Jamaicans with diabetes. This study investigates the experiences of Jamaican adolescents living with diabetes to determine how their needs can be addressed. Nineteen adolescents participated in two urban and two rural focus groups and were asked to draw pictures representing their experiences. Thematic analysis was used to analyze their narratives, while their drawings were analyzed using a variation of Lauritsen and Mathiasen's (2003) method. Results show that control was the central theme: children felt controlled by diabetes and the people in their lives. Diabetes restricted their activities and imposed a sense of difference. Support from those around them could be both helpful and constricting. Children tried to resist control through disregarding the rules, being secretive, defiant, and manipulating others into allowing nonadherence. They also tried to adhere to the rules, find a balance between following them and engaging in desired activities, and to be positive. Those most positive about living with diabetes did not feel controlled by diabetes or others' understandings of it and, with loved ones' support, had rejected diabetes' negative meanings. Extreme distress was felt by rural children. All children had been noncompliant. Healthcare practitioners and policymakers should provide education in schools to facilitate fair and effective treatment. Mental health specialists should assist children to negotiate stigma and distress. Group sessions with significant others are important for collaborative decisions on enabling support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moji Anderson
- a Department of Sociology, Psychology, and Social Work, University of the West Indies , Mona , Kingston , Jamaica
| | - Marshall K Tulloch-Reid
- b Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of West Indies , Mona , Kingston , Jamaica
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Särnblad S, Åkesson K, Fernström L, Ilvered R, Forsander G. Improved diabetes management in Swedish schools: results from two national surveys. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:463-469. [PMID: 27470982 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Support in diabetes self-care in school is essential to achieve optimal school performance and metabolic control. Swedish legislation regulating support to children with chronic diseases was strengthened 2009. OBJECTIVE To compare the results of a national survey conducted 2008 and 2015 measuring parents' and diabetes specialist teams' perceptions of support in school. METHOD All pediatric diabetes centers in Sweden were invited to participate in the 2015 study. In each center, families with a child being treated for T1DM and attending preschool class or compulsory school were eligible. The parents' and the diabetes teams' opinions were collected in two separate questionnaires. RESULTS Forty-one out of 42 eligible diabetes centers participated and 568 parents answered the parental questionnaire in 2015. Metabolic control had improved since the 2008 survey (55.2 ± 10.6 mmol/mol, 7.2% ± 1.0%, in 2015 compared with 61.8 ± 12.4 mmol/mol, 7.8% ± 1.1% in 2008). The proportion of children with a designated staff member responsible for supporting the child's self-care increased from 43% to 59%, (P < .01). An action plan to treat hypoglycemia was present for 65% of the children in 2015 compared with 55% in 2008 (P < .01). More parents were satisfied with the support in 2015 (65% compared with 55%, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that staff support has increased and that more parents were satisfied with the support for self-care in school in 2015 compared with 2008. More efforts are needed to implement the national legislation to achieve equal support in all Swedish schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Särnblad
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Örebro, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Karin Åkesson
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.,Futurum-The Academy of Health and Care, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | | | - Rosita Ilvered
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Gun Forsander
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kise SS, Hopkins A, Burke S. Improving School Experiences for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2017; 87:363-375. [PMID: 28382666 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (diabetes) is one of the most common metabolic diseases in children worldwide and the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is growing. T1D is complicated to manage and adolescents with diabetes face unique, age-specific challenges. The purpose of this article is to discuss ways in which schools can create a positive environment and improve the experiences and outcomes for adolescents with T1D. METHODS The Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed databases were searched and yielded a total of 27 articles that were used in this integrative literature review. RESULTS Common concerns identified by students with T1D and their parents included a lack of full-time school nurses, lack of teacher knowledge of diabetes, lack of access to diabetes tools, lack of freedom to perform diabetes self-care, lack of nutritional information in cafeterias, and lack of communication between parents and school personnel. Students who are unable to attend school on a daily basis may not be able to achieve their academic potential. CONCLUSIONS Implications for school health including specifics for school nurses, teachers, students, and school environment were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori S Kise
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 910 West Benton Street, Apartment 304 D, Iowa City, IA
| | - Amanda Hopkins
- School of Nursing, Illinois Wesleyan University, 203 Beecher St., Bloomington, PO Box 2900, IL 61702-2900
| | - Sandra Burke
- Goldfarb School of Nursing at Barnes Jewish College, 4483 Duncan Avenue, St. Louis, Office 512, MO 63110
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Bahkali K, Choudhry AJ. Health-related quality of life among children with type 1 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-015-0348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Pansier B, Schulz PJ. School-based diabetes interventions and their outcomes: a systematic literature review. J Public Health Res 2015; 4:467. [PMID: 25918699 PMCID: PMC4407044 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2015.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases, while type 2 diabetes in children is increasing at alarming rates globally. Against this backdrop, the school is a critical environment for children with diabetes. They continue to face barriers to education that may lead to depression, poor academic performance, and poor quality of life. To address these challenges, diabetes interventions have been implemented in school and the goal was to systematically review these interventions and their outcomes between 2000 and 2013. Fifteen studies were included in the narrative synthesis. Education of school personnel was the main focus before 2006. Studies reported gains in knowledge and perceived confidence of school staff. Since 2006, more comprehensive interventions have been developed to promote better care coordination and create a safe school environment. These studies reported improved diabetes management and quality of life of students. Assessment tools varied and study design included randomized controlled trials, quantitative and qualitative methods. Although many of the studies reported a significant difference in the parameters measured, it was not possible to determine optimal ways to improve the health, quality of life and academic performance of children with diabetes, given the disparity in scope, assessment tools and measured outcomes. Experimental designs, longer follow-up studies, larger sample sizes, and a higher number of participating schools are critical issues to consider in future studies. Most of the research was conducted in North America and further research is needed in other parts of the world. Significance for public health Diabetes is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases; both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are increasing in children globally. Against this backdrop, the school is a critical environment for children with diabetes. This systematic literature review on school-based diabetes interventions and their outcomes demonstrates that increasing efforts are being made to improve diabetes care and create a safe school environment. Studies reported gains in knowledge and confidence of school staff, as well as improved health and quality of life of students. Given the disparity of the assessment tools used, it was not possible to determine optimal ways to improve the health, quality of life and academic performance of children with diabetes. Future evaluations should include experimental designs, longer follow-up studies, and larger sample sizes. School-based diabetes interventions and solid evaluations will contribute to improving diabetes school policies and ensuring children with diabetes have the same educational opportunities as other children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Pansier
- Institute of Communication and Health, Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Lugano , Switzerland
| | - Peter J Schulz
- Institute of Communication and Health, Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Lugano , Switzerland
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Hinton D, Kirk S. Teachers' perspectives of supporting pupils with long-term health conditions in mainstream schools: a narrative review of the literature. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2015; 23:107-120. [PMID: 24666555 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Teachers are supporting an increasing number of pupils with long-term health conditions in mainstream schools. The aim of this literature review was to critically appraise and synthesise research that has examined teachers' perceptions of the key barriers and facilitators to supporting pupils with long-term conditions, teachers' training needs and interventions that aim to improve teachers' knowledge of long-term conditions, and teachers' confidence in supporting children and young people. A narrative literature review was conducted using a systematic search of computerised databases and manual searches of key journals and reference lists to retrieve studies published between 2003 and 2013. Studies were critically appraised and key themes across studies identified. In total, 61 papers from 58 studies were included in the review. The findings suggest that teachers receive little formal training relevant to long-term condition management and are fearful of the risks involved in teaching children and young people with long-term conditions. Communication between families, school and health and social care services appears to be poor. Educational programmes developed in conjunction with and/or delivered by healthcare professionals seem to have the potential to increase teachers' knowledge and confidence. This review suggests that healthcare professionals have an important role to play in supporting teachers in identifying and meeting the needs of pupils with long-term conditions. It is vital that pupils with long-term conditions receive appropriate care and support in schools to ensure their safety and help them to integrate with their peers and achieve their academic potential. Limitations in the current evidence are highlighted and implications for future research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Hinton
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Edwards D, Noyes J, Lowes L, Haf Spencer L, Gregory JW. An ongoing struggle: a mixed-method systematic review of interventions, barriers and facilitators to achieving optimal self-care by children and young people with type 1 diabetes in educational settings. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:228. [PMID: 25213220 PMCID: PMC4263204 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently in younger children who are often pre-school age and enter the education system with diabetes-related support needs that evolve over time. It is important that children are supported to optimally manage their diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring and insulin regime at school. Young people self-manage at college/university. METHOD Theory-informed mixed-method systematic review to determine intervention effectiveness and synthesise child/parent/professional views of barriers and facilitators to achieving optimal diabetes self-care and management for children and young people age 3-25 years in educational settings. RESULTS Eleven intervention and 55 views studies were included. Meta-analysis was not possible. Study foci broadly matched school diabetes guidance. Intervention studies were limited to specific contexts with mostly high risk of bias. Views studies were mostly moderate quality with common transferrable findings.Health plans, and school nurse support (various types) were effective. Telemedicine in school was effective for individual case management. Most educational interventions to increase knowledge and confidence of children or school staff had significant short-term effects but longer follow-up is required. Children, parents and staff said they struggled with many common structural, organisational, educational and attitudinal school barriers. Aspects of school guidance had not been generally implemented (e.g. individual health plans). Children recognized and appreciated school staff who were trained and confident in supporting diabetes management.Research with college/university students was lacking. Campus-based college/university student support significantly improved knowledge, attitudes and diabetes self-care. Self-management was easier for students who juggled diabetes-management with student lifestyle, such as adopting strategies to manage alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION This novel mixed-method systematic review is the first to integrate intervention effectiveness with views of children/parents/professionals mapped against school diabetes guidelines. Diabetes management could be generally improved by fully implementing and auditing guideline impact. Evidence is limited by quality and there are gaps in knowledge of what works. Telemedicine between healthcare providers and schools, and school nurse support for children is effective in specific contexts, but not all education systems employ onsite nurses. More innovative and sustainable solutions and robust evaluations are required. Comprehensive lifestyle approaches for college/university students warrant further development and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Edwards
- />School of Healthcare Sciences College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jane Noyes
- />School of Social Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2EF UK
| | - Lesley Lowes
- />School of Healthcare Sciences College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Llinos Haf Spencer
- />School of Healthcare Sciences, College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - John W Gregory
- />Department of Child Health, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Herbert LJ, Clary L, Owen V, Monaghan M, Alvarez V, Streisand R. Relations among school/daycare functioning, fear of hypoglycaemia and quality of life in parents of young children with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Nurs 2014; 24:1199-209. [PMID: 25047499 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To investigate the type 1 diabetes-related school/daycare experiences of parents of young children and to examine the relationship among child school/daycare functioning, parent fear of hypoglycaemia and parent type 1 diabetes-related quality of life. BACKGROUND Parents of young children who attend school/daycare must rely on others for daily type 1 diabetes management. Worry about school/daycare type 1 diabetes management may cause parental distress and contribute to diminished parent quality of life. Parental concerns about type 1 diabetes management in young children in the school/daycare setting have not been well described in the literature. DESIGN Descriptive correlational and cross-sectional parent report of questionnaires design. METHODS As part of a randomised controlled trial for parents of young children with type 1 diabetes, 134 parents completed self-report measures at baseline. Data included demographic, school/daycare, and medical information, parent reports of child school/daycare functioning, parent fear of hypoglycaemia and parent type 1 diabetes-related quality of life. RESULTS Parents of younger children, children on a more intensive medical regimen and children who had experienced type 1 diabetes-related unconsciousness or seizures had more school/daycare concerns. Parents who perceived their children had higher school/daycare functioning had less fear about hypoglycaemia and reported better type 1 diabetes-related quality of life. School/daycare functioning and fear of hypoglycaemia were significantly associated with parent type 1 diabetes-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Parents' concerns about school/daycare functioning and fear of hypoglycaemia play an important role in parents' type 1 diabetes-related quality of life. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Members of the healthcare team should be aware of concerns related to children attending school/daycare and provide additional support as warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Herbert
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
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Marks A, Wilson V, Crisp J. The management of type 1 diabetes in Australian primary schools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 37:168-82. [PMID: 25007139 DOI: 10.3109/01460862.2014.932860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to explore the management of type 1 diabetes in Australian primary schools: kindergarten-Year 2, from the parent's perspective. The study questions were: What diabetes treatment is being delivered? Who is providing the treatment? Where is the treatment given? METHODS A cross sectional, descriptive approach was used to collect data from parents (66) of children with type 1 diabetes attending an Australian primary school (kindergarten-Year 2). An online self-administered questionnaire was designed in Survey Monkey and was available via a dedicated Facebook page. Data were analysed using statistical analysis (SPSSv21). RESULTS Blood glucose testing was occurring for all children, with 49% of children self testing. 77% of children were receiving an insulin bolus or injection at school. 34% was provided by the child and 53% of insulin was given via pump. Teachers, parents and teacher's aides also provided insulin at school. There was a statistically significant association between the number of children receiving insulin at school and the insulin delivery device, χ(2 )= 16.75, df = 1, p ≤ 0.000). Children using insulin pump therapy were more likely (97%) to receive insulin at school than children who used injections (55%). Children who were able to self-administer insulin were more likely to receive insulin (93%) at school than children who were unable to self-administer insulin (65%) (χ(2 )= 7.38, df = 1, p = 0.007) 81% of children received diabetes treatment in the classroom, with the remainder in the school administration office. CONCLUSION Insulin administration across Australian primary schools was inconsistent. Not all children were receiving the recommended insulin treatment. Insulin pump therapy appears to increase access to this treatment at school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marks
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney , Australia
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Noyes JP, Lowes L, Whitaker R, Allen D, Carter C, Edwards RT, Rycroft-Malone J, Sharp J, Edwards D, Spencer LH, Sylvestre Y, Yeo ST, Gregory JW. Developing and evaluating a child-centred intervention for diabetes medicine management using mixed methods and a multicentre randomised controlled trial. HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AimTo develop and evaluate an individually tailored age-appropriate diabetes diary and information pack for children and young people aged 6–18 years with type 1 diabetes to support decision-making and self-care with a specific focus on insulin management and blood glucose monitoring, compared with available resources in routine clinical practice.DesignFour-stage study following the Medical Research Council framework for designing and evaluating complex interventions. Stage 1: context – brief review of reviews and mixed-method systematic review; updating of database of children’s diabetes information; children’s diabetes information quality assessment and diabetes guideline analysis; and critical discourse analysis. Stage 2: intervention development – working with expert clinical advisory group; contextual qualitative interviews and focus groups with children and young people to ascertain their information preferences and self-care practices; ongoing consultation with children; development of intervention programme theory. Stage 3: randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the diabetes diaries and information packs in routine practice. Stage 4: process evaluation.FindingsThe RCT achieved 100% recruitment, was adequately powered and showed that the Evidence into Practice Information Counts (EPIC) packs and diabetes diaries were no more effective than receiving diabetes information in an ad hoc way. The cost per unit of producing the EPIC packs and diabetes diaries was low. Compared with treatment as usual information, the EPIC packs fulfilled all NHS policy imperatives that children and young people should receive high-quality, accurate and age-appropriate information about their condition, self-management and wider lifestyle and well-being issues. Diabetes guidelines recommend the use of a daily diabetes diary and EPIC diaries fill a gap in current provision. Irrespective of allocation, children and young people had a range of recorded glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which showed that as a group their diabetes self-management would generally need to improve to achieve the HbA1clevels recommended in National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance. The process evaluation showed that promotion of the EPIC packs and diaries by diabetes professionals at randomisation did not happen as intended; the dominant ‘normalisation’ theory underpinning children’s diabetes information may be counterproductive; risk and long-term complications did not feature highly in children’s diabetes information; and children and young people engaged in risky behaviour and appeared not to care, and most did not use a diabetes diary or did not use the information to titrate their insulin as intended.LimitationsRecruitment of ‘hard to reach’ children and young people living away from their families was not successful. The findings are therefore more relevant to diabetes management within a family context.ConclusionsThe findings indicate a need to rethink context and the hierarchical relationships between children, young people, parents and diabetes professionals with regard to ‘partnership and participation’ in diabetes decision-making, self-care and self-management. Additional research, implementation strategies and service redesign are needed to translate available information into optimal self-management knowledge and subsequent optimal diabetes self-management action, including to better understand the disconnection between children’s diabetes texts and context; develop age-appropriate Apps/e-records for recording blood glucose measurements and insulin management; develop interventions to reduce risk-taking behaviour by children and young people in relation to their diabetes management; reconsider what could work to optimise children’s self-management of diabetes; understand how best to reorganise current diabetes services for children to optimise child-centred delivery of children’s diabetes information.Study registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN17551624.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane P Noyes
- Centre for Health-Related Research, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Lesley Lowes
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rhiannon Whitaker
- North Wales Organisation for Randomised Trials in Health (NWORTH), Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Davina Allen
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cynthia Carter
- Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rhiannon T Edwards
- Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Janice Sharp
- Media Resources Centre, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Deborah Edwards
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Yvonne Sylvestre
- North Wales Organisation for Randomised Trials in Health (NWORTH), Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Seow Tien Yeo
- Centre for Health Economics and Medicines Evaluation, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - John W Gregory
- Department of Child Health, Wales School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
Children and families often have difficulty following prescribed medical treatment for chronic pediatric conditions. Such nonadherence has a significant impact on children's health care outcomes and the costs of their care. This review describes a comprehensive approach to increase treatment adherence in chronic pediatric illnesses and lessen its impact. Key elements of this proposed model of adherence promotion include the following: (1) a core approach to adherence promotion to be implemented by pediatric health care providers; (2) follow-up and ongoing management; and (3) tailoring and targeting specific more intensive family-centered interventions to children and adolescents who demonstrate clinically significant treatment nonadherence or risk for nonadherence. Behavioral specialists have important roles in conducting research on adherence promotion, training health care providers, and delivering services to children and adolescents with clinically significant adherence problems.
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Marks A, Wilson V, Crisp J. The Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Primary School: Review of the Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 36:98-119. [DOI: 10.3109/01460862.2013.782079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Freeborn D, Dyches T, Roper SO, Mandleco B. Identifying challenges of living with type 1 diabetes: child and youth perspectives. J Clin Nurs 2013; 22:1890-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Freeborn
- College of Nursing; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Tina Dyches
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Susanne O Roper
- College of Family, Home, and Social Sciences; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
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Addressing School Challenges for Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: The Nurse Practitioner's Role. J Nurse Pract 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Boden S, Lloyd CE, Gosden C, Macdougall C, Brown N, Matyka K. The concerns of school staff in caring for children with diabetes in primary school. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13:e6-13. [PMID: 21595805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary school children spend 25% of their waking hours in school. Education authorities have a duty of care to support children with chronic illnesses within schools, but this is very variable. This study has examined the concerns of primary school staff working with children with Type 1 diabetes and their parents, and related these concerns to the views of health-care professionals (HCP) working with school personnel. METHODS We undertook in-depth, semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 22 primary school staff and 5 multidisciplinary HCP from the local healthcare team. Interview transcripts were analysed using a structured, iterative approach grouping together key themes and issues to create a coding scheme. RESULTS Primary school staff expressed a range of concerns about injecting and blood glucose testing, the ability of children to mishandle their condition, and corresponding reactions of parents to school decisions on health-based matters. These fears had some convergence with the perspectives of HCP who also highlighted the institutional nature of primary schools and dynamics of home/family life as factors impacting upon care of children with diabetes at school. CONCLUSIONS Increased training for teachers having direct and current responsibility for children with diabetes was thought to lessen anxiety. Greater and more accessible knowledge about diabetes for all staff was requested. A range of practical management strategies were highlighted, including fostering good communication and teamwork between child, parent, school, and HCP. Professionals felt that support services would improve by using community-based dieticians and including psychological input into the diabetes team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Boden
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Modi AC, Pai AL, Hommel KA, Hood KK, Cortina S, Hilliard ME, Guilfoyle SM, Gray WN, Drotar D. Pediatric self-management: a framework for research, practice, and policy. Pediatrics 2012; 129:e473-85. [PMID: 22218838 PMCID: PMC9923567 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-management of chronic pediatric conditions is a formidable challenge for patients, families, and clinicians, with research demonstrating a high prevalence of poor self-management and nonadherence across pediatric conditions. Nevertheless, effective self-management is necessary to maximize treatment efficacy and clinical outcomes and to reduce unnecessary health care utilization and costs. However, this complex behavior is poorly understood as a result of insufficient definitions, reliance on condition-specific and/or adult models of self-management, failure to consider the multitude of factors that influence patient self-management behavior, and lack of synthesis of research, clinical practice, and policy implications. To address this need, we present a comprehensive conceptual model of pediatric self-management that articulates the individual, family, community, and health care system level influences that impact self-management behavior through cognitive, emotional, and social processes. This model further describes the relationship among self-management, adherence, and outcomes at both the patient and system level. Implications for research, clinical practice, and health care policy concerning pediatric chronic care are emphasized with a particular focus on modifiable influences, evidence-based targets for intervention, and the role of clinicians in the provision of self-management support. We anticipate that this unified conceptual approach will equip stakeholders in pediatric health care to (1) develop evidence-based interventions to improve self-management, (2) design programs aimed at preventing the development of poor self-management behaviors, and (3) inform health care policy that will ultimately improve the health and psychosocial outcomes of children with chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani C. Modi
- Address correspondence to Avani C. Modi, PhD, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for the Promotion of Adherence and Self-Management, MLC-7039, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229. E-mail:
| | - Ahna L. Pai
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for the Promotion of Treatment Adherence and Self-Management, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kevin A. Hommel
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for the Promotion of Treatment Adherence and Self-Management, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Korey K. Hood
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for the Promotion of Treatment Adherence and Self-Management, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sandra Cortina
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for the Promotion of Treatment Adherence and Self-Management, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marisa E. Hilliard
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for the Promotion of Treatment Adherence and Self-Management, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shanna M. Guilfoyle
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for the Promotion of Treatment Adherence and Self-Management, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Wendy N. Gray
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for the Promotion of Treatment Adherence and Self-Management, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dennis Drotar
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Center for the Promotion of Treatment Adherence and Self-Management, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Pinelli L, Zaffani S, Cappa M, Carboniero V, Cerutti F, Cherubini V, Chiarelli F, Colombini MI, La Loggia A, Pisanti P, Vanelli M, Lorini R. The ALBA project: an evaluation of needs, management, fears of Italian young patients with type 1 diabetes in a school setting and an evaluation of parents' and teachers' perceptions. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12:485-93. [PMID: 21457424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine how Italian parents and school personnel of 6-13-year-old children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) manage during school hours, including insulin administration, management of hypoglycemia, and glucagon use. A further aim was an investigation into the responsibilities and training of school personnel regarding diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS After an initial qualitative phase, semi-structured questionnaires were completed by a sample of parents and teachers. RESULTS 220 parent and 52 teacher questionnaires were completed. 43.6% of parents said diabetes had negatively influenced school activities. Children either self-administer insulin, or have help from a parent, since there is very rarely a nurse present (3.6%) or a teacher who will take responsibility for the treatment (2.9%). Most parents (55.9%) stated either that the school had no refrigerator to store glucagon or that they did not know if the school was so equipped. A small percentage of teachers considered their schools to be equipped to manage an emergency (23%) and said they would use glucagon directly in an emergency (14.9%). Only 40.4% of teachers said that they had received any specific training. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that people who are not directly involved have superficial knowledge of the different aspects of diabetes, even though no parents reported episodes of neglect/incorrect management. There is no legislation which clearly defines the role of the school in the care of children with T1D, and teachers are not trained to help them. Training sessions for school personnel and greater legislative clarity about the 'insulin and glucagon question' are key factors that may improve the full integration of the child with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pinelli
- Regional Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Department Life and Reproduction, Section of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Kelo M, Martikainen M, Eriksson E. Self-care of school-age children with diabetes: an integrative review. J Adv Nurs 2011; 67:2096-108. [PMID: 21635284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM This paper is a report of an integrative review of findings from empirical studies on self-care in school-age children with type 1 diabetes. The purpose is to generate insight into opportunities to develop empowering patient education. BACKGROUND Managing diabetes is demanding and requires parental involvement in care. Good self-care forms the basis for diabetes management and self-care patterns are established at school age, but how and to what extent school-age children increase their self-care capabilities is unclear. DATA SOURCES A search for studies from 1998 to 2010 focusing on self-care in school-age children with diabetes was conducted through electronic databases. REVIEW METHODS Using integrative methods, quantitative and qualitative papers surveyed were analysed separately, but the themes that arose were combined at the end of the analysis. FINDINGS Self-care is formed in a learning process involving the objectives of normality, being able to cope and independence. The content of self-care is a combination of knowledge and skills. Children have the technical skill, but they need their parents to participate in the care and share responsibility for it. The factors related to self-care comprised the characteristics of the child; the nature of the illness and care; and support from the parents, school environment, peers and healthcare team. CONCLUSION A balance between diabetes care requirements and a child's maturity should be found. Nurses must adopt an empowering manner of education and recognize and assess a child's readiness to learn diabetes care and bear responsibility for it. Nurses must also help parents and other adults to gradually shift the responsibility to the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjatta Kelo
- Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Finland.
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School-based lived experiences of adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a preliminary study. J Nurs Res 2011; 18:258-65. [PMID: 21139445 DOI: 10.1097/jnr.0b013e3181fbe107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes self-management is challenging for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). School plays a crucial role in the adolescents' lives. However, evidence of inadequate quality of school-based diabetes care has been reported in the literature. PURPOSE The purpose of this preliminary study was to obtain an initial understanding of school-based lived experiences of adolescents with T1DM to serve as a foundation of future research. METHODS The Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological approach served as the philosophical underpinning for this study. Two Taiwanese adolescents with T1DM were purposively recruited. Individual, audio-recorded, semistructured interviews were conducted. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed through hermeneutic circle. RESULTS Participants described their school-based lived experiences as a dynamic learning process. Four interwoven themes were discovered: (a) learning to be master of their disease, (b) learning to find ways to feel comfortable, (c) learning to not be different, and (d) learning to not let others (especially parents) worry about them. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Diabetes care professionals, school nurses, school personnel, and parents should help strengthen resilience of the adolescents to overcome common social obstacles in schools. Creating a supportive learning environment is warranted to help incorporate diabetes management into their daily lives. Future studies should consider specific situational obstacles that the adolescents face to design effective interventions to improve school-based diabetes care.
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