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Straticò P, Guerri G, Bandera L, Celani G, Di Nunzio L, Petrizzi L, Varasano V. Comparison of Xylazine and Lidocaine Infusion versus Medetomidine Continuous Rate Infusion during General Anesthesia with Isoflurane in Horses Undergoing Emergency Laparotomy. Vet Sci 2024; 11:196. [PMID: 38787168 PMCID: PMC11125707 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) The main goals of general anesthesia include pain management and a safe anesthetic protocol for smooth recovery. In this retrospective study, we compared two anesthetic protocols for general anesthesia with isoflurane during emergency laparotomy: sedation with xylazine and the intraoperative infusion of lidocaine (X group) versus medetomidine as a preoperative sedation and intraoperative infusion (M group). (2) The medical records of horses who underwent emergency laparotomies between 2016 and 2023 were reviewed. According to the anesthetic protocol, patients were allocated to the X or M groups. Data about the horse, signalment, history, and anesthetic variables were analyzed. (3) Group X had a significantly higher heart rate (HR), lower respiratory rate (RR) and mean and diastolic arterial pressure (MAP/DAP). A progressive increase in HR and RR was observed in both groups. Group X underwent a decrease in RR and an increase in DAP. In Group M, a decrease in MAP and DAP was observed. Group M exhibited a longer recovery time with similar recovery scores. Both protocols provided safe anesthesia for emergency laparotomy, with minor cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Minor respiratory depression was detected when xylazine was used, while recovery was longer with medetomidine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenza Bandera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (G.G.); (G.C.); (L.D.N.); (L.P.); (V.V.)
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Lambertini C, Spaccini F, Mazzanti A, Spadari A, Lanci A, Romagnoli N. Lidocaine constant rate infusion in isoflurane anesthetized neonatal foals. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1304868. [PMID: 38298459 PMCID: PMC10828045 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1304868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In horses, lidocaine infusion is administered intraoperatively for analgesia and for a reduction of inhalant anaesthetic requirement. The objective of the study was to describe the anaesthetic effects of lidocaine infusion in isoflurane anaesthetised foals. Methods Twelve foals (<3 weeks old) undergoing surgery were included in the study (LIDO group). Foals were premedicated with midazolam and butorphanol IV, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and propofol IV and maintained with isoflurane. Lidocaine was administered intraoperatively at 0.05 mg/kg/min. Also, the anaesthetic records of 11 foals in which lidocaine was not administered intraoperatively were retrospectively evaluated and they were considered as a historical control group (HC). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and fraction of expired isoflurane were monitored continuously. Time of extubation, time to reach sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. The quality of recovery was assessed. Results HR decreased in both groups compared with baseline values and intraoperatively the differences were statistically significant (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03 respectively in the LIDO and HC groups). Intraoperatively the HR was significantly lower in the LIDO group (71.2 ± 13.4 bpm) compared with the HC group (87.1 ± 17.7 bpm) (p = 0.0236). The number of foals requiring inotropic support (LIDO n = 7 and HC n = 9) was not statistically associated with the treatment group (p = 0.371). The extubation time, the time to reach the sternal recumbency and the quality of recovery did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.7 and p = 0.6 respectively). Discussion In conclusion, in anaesthetised foals the addition of lidocaine does not provide a sparing effect on isoflurane requirement, and it does not interfere with the quality of recovery, however it decreases significantly the HR, which is pivotal in foals for the maintenance of cardiac output and peripheral perfusion. Therefore, a continuous patient monitoring is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Lambertini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Spaccini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Kumar P, Abubakar AA, Sazili AQ, Kaka U, Goh YM. Application of Electroencephalography in Preslaughter Management: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202857. [PMID: 36290243 PMCID: PMC9597730 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) can be reliable for assessing the brain’s electrical activity of preslaughter stress and pain. The duration between the ventral neck cut and induction of a state of unconsciousness/insensibility is crucial in the slaughtering of animals, reducing pain, fear, and distress. Various EEG variables, such as median frequency (F50), the total power of EEG spectrum (Ptot), waves patterns (amplitude and frequencies), epileptiform EEG, index of consciousness, and isoelectric EEG, are used to identify a valid indicator of the state of unconsciousness. Association among various behavioral, physiological, and hematological parameters with EEG variables could provide an overall assessment and deep insights into the animal stress levels or welfare status during various managemental and preslaughter operations, such as transport, stunning, and slaughtering operations. The application of EEG could help in further refining the stunning technologies and slaughter protocols in livestock, poultry, and fish. The present review analyzed the application of EEG as a neurophysiological tool for assessing animal welfare during the critical state of preslaughter handling and slaughter, thus ensuring proper compliance with animal welfare principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Ahmed A. Abubakar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Ubedullah Kaka
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.)
| | - Yong-Meng Goh
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.)
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Dagnall C, Khenissi L, Love E. Monitoring techniques for equine anaesthesia. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Dagnall
- Faculty of Health Sciences The University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | | | - E. Love
- Faculty of Health Sciences The University of Bristol Bristol UK
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Loomes K, Louro LF. Recovery of horses from general anaesthesia: A systematic review (2000-2020) of the influence of anaesthetic protocol on recovery quality. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:219-261. [PMID: 34668220 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recovery phase after equine general anaesthesia (GA) is a time of considerable risk and therefore has been the subject of extensive research over the last 20 years. Various pharmacological interventions have been developed and studied with the objective of improving recovery quality and reducing anaesthetic-related mortality and morbidity. Nevertheless, some controversy remains regarding the influence of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality from GA and its implications for recovery-related mortality and morbidity. A systematic review of the literature investigating the influence of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality is currently lacking. OBJECTIVES To perform a detailed evaluation of the equine veterinary literature investigating the effect of anaesthetic protocol choice on equine recovery quality utilising the GRADE framework. STUDY DESIGN A systematic evaluation of the equine veterinary literature was performed using the GRADE framework. METHODS A literature search was performed and studies were assessed for eligibility by both authors utilising PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated by both authors, categorically summarised and the quality of evidence for each sub-topic was assessed using the GRADE framework. RESULTS A total of 124 studies were identified which directly assessed the impact of anaesthetic protocol choice on recovery quality after GA in horses. Evaluation of the available evidence indicated that certain partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) agents, cessation of intravenous lidocaine 30 minutes prior to recovery and provision of adequate analgesia improves recovery quality. MAIN LIMITATIONS The validity of the results of some studies may have been compromised by missing data and small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence to indicate that certain PIVA agents, cessation of intravenous lidocaine 30 minutes prior to recovery and provision of adequate analgesia improves recovery quality.
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Stomp M, d’Ingeo S, Henry S, Cousillas H, Hausberger M. Brain activity reflects (chronic) welfare state: Evidence from individual electroencephalography profiles in an animal model. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Karna SR, Chambers P, Johnson CB, Singh P, Stewart LA, Lopez-Villalobos N, Kongara K. Effect of combinations of morphine, dexmedetomidine and maropitant on the electroencephalogram in response to acute electrical stimulation in anaesthetized dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:538-546. [PMID: 32614475 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of combinations of morphine, dexmedetomidine and maropitant in preventing the changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) indices of nociception in anaesthetized dogs subjected to a noxious electrical stimulus. In a crossover study, eight healthy adult dogs were randomly allocated to four groups: Mor: morphine 0.6 mg/kg; Dex + Mor: morphine 0.3 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 5 μg/kg; Maro + Mor: morphine 0.3 mg/kg + maropitant 1 mg/kg; and Dex + Maro + Mor: morphine 0.2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 3 μg/kg + maropitant 0.7 mg/kg. Following intramuscular administration of test drugs in a minimal anaesthesia model, a supramaximal electrical stimulus (50 V at 50 Hz for 2 s) was applied and the EEG data were recorded. There were significant increases (p < .05) in the poststimulus median frequency (F50) only in groups Mor and Maro + Mor. Dex + Mor group had a significantly lower change in F50 and F95 compared to all other treatment groups. There was no correlation of the changes in EEG frequencies with blood plasma concentration of the drugs during and after noxious stimulation. Combination of dexmedetomidine and morphine was most effective in abolishing the changes in EEG indices in response to a noxious stimulus indicating a supra-additive interaction between these two drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Raj Karna
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul Chambers
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Craig B Johnson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Preet Singh
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lauren A Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Kavitha Kongara
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Imlan JC, Kaka U, Goh YM, Idrus Z, Awad EA, Abubakar AA, Ahmad T, Nizamuddin HNQ, Sazili AQ. Effects of Slaughter Knife Sharpness on Blood Biochemical and Electroencephalogram Changes in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040579. [PMID: 32235510 PMCID: PMC7222384 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of knife sharpness in slaughtering animals, from the perspective of animal welfare, is likely subconsciously ignored by the masses involved in the abattoir industry. This might be due to the difficulty in objectively quantifying the sharpness of a knife. Furthermore, a small incremental improvement in sharpness might result in a huge productivity trade-off at the abattoir when the slaughterman needs to dedicate more time to sharpen their blades in between slaughters. This study attempts to assess the effects of sharp and commercial sharp knives on the pain and stress levels of animals. After objectively measuring the sharpness of knives with an ANAGO® sharpness tester, animals were slaughtered with commercial sharp and sharp knives. The results obtained from blood and brain activities related to pain and stress revealed that the two sharpness levels had different effects on the stress and pain level in animals, suggesting that the sharp knife produced the least amount of stress and pain in animals compared to those slaughtered using a commercial sharp knife. Abstract The sharpness of the knife used for slaughter is of the utmost importance from an animal welfare perspective. The quantification of knife sharpness is almost impossible in abattoirs. The sharpness of the knife blade used to slaughter an animal, as well as its effects on animals’ pain and stress levels, is an important area of investigation that needs to be addressed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of knife sharpness on blood biochemical parameters, plasma catecholamines, and electroencephalographic (EEG) responses. Twenty Brahman crossbred steers were either subjected to slaughter with a sharp knife (n = 10) or a commercial sharp knife (n = 10); knife sharpness was measured with the ANAGO® sharpness tester. There was significant increase in adrenaline (p < 0.0001), glucose (p = 0.0167), creatinine kinase (p = 0.0123) and lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.0151) at post-slaughter compared to pre-slaughter in commercial sharp knife group than in thesharp knife group. A significant increase was observed in the median frequency (p < 0.0001) and total power (p < 0.0001) of the EEG, the parameters for pain and stress, in the animals slaughtered with the commercial sharp knife than those slaughtered with the sharp knife. Thus, EEG results also supported the hormonal and biochemical results. From the results, it is concluded that animals slaughtered with a sharp knife experienced the least amount of pain and stress compared to those slaughtered with a commercial sharp knife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurhamid Columbres Imlan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Southern Mindanao, Cotabato 9407, Philippines
| | - Ubedullah Kaka
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong-Meng Goh
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulkifli Idrus
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Elmutaz Atta Awad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Preclinical Department, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa 16100, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Abubakar Abubakar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Tanbir Ahmad
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | | | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.C.I.); (U.K.); (Y.-M.G.); (Z.I.); (E.A.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Mellor DJ. Mouth Pain in Horses: Physiological Foundations, Behavioural Indices, Welfare Implications, and a Suggested Solution. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040572. [PMID: 32235343 PMCID: PMC7222381 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mouth pain in horses, specifically that caused by bits, is evaluated as a significant welfare issue. The conscious experiences of pain generated within the body generally, its roles, and its assessment using behaviour, as well as the sensory functionality of the horse’s mouth, are outlined as background to a more detailed evaluation of mouth pain. Bit-induced mouth pain elicited by compression, laceration, inflammation, impeded blood flow, and the stretching of tissues is considered. Observable signs of mouth pain are behaviours that are present in bitted horses and absent or much less prevalent when they are bit-free. It is noted that many equestrians do not recognise that these behaviours indicate mouth pain, so that the magnitude of the problem is often underestimated. The negative experiences that are most responsible for welfare compromise include the pain itself, but also, related to this pain, potentially intense breathlessness, anxiety, and fear. Finally, a series of questions is proposed to clarify issues that are relevant to increasing the adoption of bit-free bridles in order to avoid bit-induced mouth pain. Abstract A proposition addressed here is that, although bitted horses are viewed by many equestrians as being largely free of bit-related mouth pain, it seems likely that most behavioural signs of such pain are simply not recognised. Background information is provided on the following: the major features of pain generation and experience; cerebrocortical involvement in the conscious experience of pain by mammals; the numerous other subjective experiences mammals can have; adjunct physiological responses to pain; some general feature of behavioural responses to pain; and the neural bases of sensations generated within the mouth. Mouth pain in horses is then discussed. The areas considered exclude dental disease, but they include the stimulation of pain receptors by bits in the interdental space, the tongue, the commissures of the mouth, and the buccal mucosa. Compression, laceration, inflammation, impeded tissue blood flow, and tissue stretching are evaluated as noxious stimuli. The high pain sensitivity of the interdental space is described, as are likely increases in pain sensitivity due to repeated bit contact with bruises, cuts, tears, and/or ulcers wherever they are located in the mouth. Behavioural indices of mouth pain are then identified by contrasting the behaviours of horses when wearing bitted bridles, when changed from bitted to bit-free bridles, and when free-roaming unbitted in the wild. Observed indicative behaviours involve mouth movements, head-neck position, and facial expression (“pain face”), as well as characteristic body movements and gait. The welfare impacts of bit-related pain include the noxiousness of the pain itself as well as likely anxiety when anticipating the pain and fear whilst experiencing it, especially if the pain is severe. In addition, particular mouth behaviours impede airflow within the air passages of the upper respiratory system, effects that, in their turn, adversely affect the air passages in the lungs. Here, they increase airflow resistance and decrease alveolar gas exchange, giving rise to suffocating experiences of breathlessness. In addition, breathlessness is a likely consequence of the low jowl angles commonly maintained during dressage. If severe, as with pain, the prospect of breathlessness is likely to give rise to anxiety and the direct experience of breathlessness to fear. The related components of welfare compromise therefore likely involve pain, breathlessness, anxiety, and fear. Finally, a 12-point strategy is proposed to give greater impetus to a wider adoption of bit-free bridles in order to avoid bit-induced mouth pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Gainfully employing descending controls in acute and chronic pain management. Vet J 2018; 237:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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McIlhone AE, Beausoleil NJ, Kells NJ, Mellor DJ, Johnson CB. Effects of noxious stimuli on the electroencephalogram of anaesthetised chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196454. [PMID: 29698446 PMCID: PMC5919483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The reliable assessment and management of avian pain is important in the context of animal welfare. Overtly expressed signs of pain vary substantially between and within species, strains and individuals, limiting the use of behaviour in pain studies. Similarly, physiological indices of pain can also vary and may be confounded by influence from non-painful stimuli. In mammals, changes in the frequency spectrum of the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded under light anaesthesia (the minimal anaesthesia model; MAM) have been shown to reliably indicate cerebral responses to noxious stimuli in a range of species. The aim of the current study was to determine whether the MAM can be applied to the study of nociception in birds. Ten chickens were lightly anaesthetised with halothane and their EEG recorded using surface electrodes during the application of supramaximal mechanical, thermal and electrical noxious stimuli. Spectral analysis revealed no EEG responses to any of these stimuli. Given that birds possess the neural apparatus to detect and process pain, and that the applied noxious stimuli elicit behavioural signs of pain in conscious chickens, this lack of response probably relates to methodological limitations. Anatomical differences between the avian and mammalian brains, along with a paucity of knowledge regarding specific sites of pain processing in the avian brain, could mean that EEG recorded from the head surface is insensitive to changes in neural activity in the pain processing regions of the avian brain. Future investigations should examine alternative electrode placement sites, based on avian homologues of the mammalian brain regions involved in pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. McIlhone
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ngaio J. Beausoleil
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Nikki J. Kells
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David J. Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Craig B. Johnson
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Schnellbacher RW, Divers SJ, Comolli JR, Beaufrère H, Maglaras CH, Andrade N, Barbur LA, Rosselli DD, Stejskal M, Barletta M, Mayer J, Rodriguez P, Quandt JE. Effects of intravenous administration of lidocaine and buprenorphine on gastrointestinal tract motility and signs of pain in New Zealand White rabbits after ovariohysterectomy. Am J Vet Res 2018; 78:1359-1371. [PMID: 29182394 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare analgesic and gastrointestinal effects of lidocaine and buprenorphine administered to rabbits undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS Fourteen 12-month-old female New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES Rabbits were assigned to 2 treatment groups (7 rabbits/group). One group received buprenorphine (0.06 mg/kg, IV, q 8 h for 2 days), and the other received lidocaine (continuous rate infusion [CRI] at 100 μg/kg/min for 2 days). Variables, including food and water consumption, fecal output, glucose and cortisol concentrations, and behaviors while in exercise pens, were recorded. RESULTS Rabbits receiving a lidocaine CRI had significantly higher gastrointestinal motility, food intake, and fecal output and significantly lower glucose concentrations, compared with results for rabbits receiving buprenorphine. Rabbits receiving lidocaine also had a higher number of normal behaviors (eg, sprawling, traveling, and frolicking) after surgery, compared with behaviors such as crouching and sitting that were seen more commonly in rabbits receiving buprenorphine. Both groups had significant weight loss after surgery. Pain scores did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Significant decreases in heart rate and respiratory rate were observed on the day of surgery, compared with values before and after surgery. Rabbits in the lidocaine group had significantly overall lower heart rates than did rabbits in the buprenorphine group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A CRI of lidocaine to rabbits provided better postoperative outcomes with respect to fecal output, food intake, and glucose concentrations. Thus, lidocaine appeared to be a suitable alternative to buprenorphine for alleviating postoperative pain with minimal risk of anorexia and gastrointestinal ileus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. J. Love
- School of Veterinary Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
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Bauck AG, Grosche A, Morton AJ, Graham AS, Vickroy TW, Freeman DE. Effect of lidocaine on inflammation in equine jejunum subjected to manipulation only and remote to intestinal segments subjected to ischemia. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:977-989. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.8.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cousillas H, Oger M, Rochais C, Pettoello C, Ménoret M, Henry S, Hausberger M. An Ambulatory Electroencephalography System for Freely Moving Horses: An Innovating Approach. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:57. [PMID: 28512633 PMCID: PMC5411420 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) that has been extensively studied in humans presents also a large interest for studies on animal brain processes. However, since the quality of the recordings is altered by muscular activity, most EEG recordings on animals are obtained using invasive methods with deeply implanted electrodes. This requires anesthesia and can thus only be used in laboratory or clinical settings. As EEG is a very useful tool both for detecting brain alterations due to diseases or accidents and to evaluate the arousal and attentional state of the animal, it seemed crucial to develop a tool that would make such recordings possible in the horse’s home environment, with a freely moving horse. Such a tool should neither be invasive nor cause discomforts to the horse as the usual other practice which consists, after shaving the zone, in gluing the electrodes to the skin. To fulfill these requirements, we developed a novel EEG headset adapted to the horse’s head that allows an easy and fast positioning of the electrodes and that can be used in the home environment on a freely moving horse. In this study, we show that this EEG headset allows to obtain reliable recordings, and we propose an original evaluation of an animal’s “EEG profile” that allows comparisons between individuals and situations. This EEG headset opens new possibilities of investigation on horse cognition, and it can also become a useful tool for veterinarians to evaluate cerebral disorders or check the anesthesia level during a surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cousillas
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Martial Oger
- IETR, Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Céline Rochais
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Station Biologique, Paimpont, France
| | - Claire Pettoello
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Station Biologique, Paimpont, France
| | - Mathilde Ménoret
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Séverine Henry
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Station Biologique, Paimpont, France
| | - Martine Hausberger
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS UMR 6552 - Ethologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, Rennes Cedex, France
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Lauper J, Marolf V, Levionnois O, Schelling E, Meylan M, Spadavecchia C. Does systemic lidocaine reduce ketamine requirements for endotracheal intubation in calves? Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:281-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kells NJ, Beausoleil NJ, Chambers JP, Sutherland MA, Morrison RS, Johnson CB. Electroencephalographic responses of anaesthetized pigs (Sus scrofa) to tail docking using clippers or cautery iron performed at 2 or 20 days of age. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:1156-1165. [PMID: 28412163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare electroencephalographic (EEG) responses of pigs to tail docking using clippers or cautery iron, performed at 2 or 20 days of age. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomised controlled experimental study. ANIMALS A total of 40 Large White x Landrace entire male pigs aged 2 (n=20) or 20 (n=20) days were randomly assigned to undergo tail docking using clippers or cautery iron. METHODS Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with halothane delivered in oxygen. Following instrumentation, end-tidal halothane concentration was stabilised at 1.0±0.05%, and EEG recording commenced. After a 5 minute baseline period, tail docking was performed and recording continued for additional 10 minutes. EEG data were subjected to Fast Fourier transformation, yielding the summary variables median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) and total power (PTOT). Variables recorded during the baseline period were compared with those calculated at consecutive 15 second intervals following tail docking. RESULTS Following tail docking, F50 decreased briefly but significantly in 2-day-olds, whereas 20-day-olds exhibited a sustained increase in F50 (p<0.05). Immediately after tail docking, F50 was overall lower in 2-day-olds than in 20-day-olds (p<0.05). F95 increased after docking in 20-day-olds docked using clippers (p<0.05) but did not change in 20-day-olds docked using cautery iron or in 2-day-olds docked using either method. Overall, F95 was lower in 2-day-olds than in 20-day-olds from 30 to 60 seconds after docking (p<0.05). PTOT decreased after docking in 20-day-olds (p<0.05) but did not change in 2-day-olds. Overall, PTOT was lower in 2- than in 20-day-olds during baseline and after tail docking (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data suggest that tail docking using clippers is more acutely painful than docking using cautery iron and that docking within the first days of birth may be less acutely painful than docking at a later age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki J Kells
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ngaio J Beausoleil
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Paul Chambers
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Craig B Johnson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Kells NJ, Beausoleil NJ, Sutherland MA, Morrison RM, Johnson CB. Electroencephalographic assessment of oral meloxicam, topical anaesthetic cream and cautery iron for mitigating acute pain in pigs (Sus scrofa) undergoing tail docking. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:1166-1174. [PMID: 29037798 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of oral meloxicam, topical anaesthetic cream and cautery iron in mitigating acute nociceptive responses of pigs to tail docking. STUDY DESIGN A prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study. ANIMALS A total of 40 healthy Large WhitexLandrace pigs aged 21±1 days, weighing 6.1±0.9 kg. METHODS Pigs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (n=10 per treatment): CONTROL: docked using clippers without analgesia; MEL: docked using clippers after administration of oral meloxicam; EMLA: docked using clippers after application of topical anaesthetic cream; and CAUT: docked using a cautery iron without analgesia. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Following induction, end-tidal halothane was stabilized at 0.95-1.05% and electroencephalograph (EEG) recording commenced. After 5 minutes of baseline data collection, tail docking was performed and recording continued for a further 10 minutes. The EEG summary variables median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) and total power (PTOT) were calculated for the baseline period and for consecutive 30-second intervals following docking. RESULTS Following docking, F50 increased and PTOT decreased significantly in CONTROL and MEL pigs. EMLA pigs exhibited no change in any variable, whilst CAUT pigs exhibited a reduction in PTOT but no change in F50. F50 was higher in control pigs than in EMLA pigs 30-60 seconds after docking (p≤0.01). PTOT was lower in CONTROL than in EMLA pigs 30-90 seconds after docking (p<0.03) and in CAUT pigs 60 seconds after docking (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prior application of EMLA cream abolished EEG indicators of nociception in pigs docked using clippers. Docking using a cautery iron without analgesia ameliorated EEG indicators of nociception, relative to using clippers without analgesia. Prior administration of EMLA cream or the use of cautery instead of clippers may reduce the acute pain experienced by pigs undergoing tail docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki J Kells
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - N J Beausoleil
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M A Sutherland
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - R M Morrison
- Rivalea Australia, Corowa, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig B Johnson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Cruz Benedetti IC, Nottrott K, Fourel I, Le Bris M, Mongellas E, Portier K. Comparison of the effects of an intravenous lidocaine infusion combined with 1% isoflurane versus 2% isoflurane alone on selected cardiovascular variables and recovery characteristics during equine general anaesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:63-69. [PMID: 27103606 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of a lidocaine constant rate infusion (CRI) combined with 1% isoflurane versus those of 2% isoflurane alone on cardiovascular variables in anaesthetized horses, and to estimate the sample size required to detect a difference in recovery quality. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study. ANIMALS Twelve healthy experimental horses. METHODS Horses were anaesthetized twice using an intravenous (IV) administration of acepromazine, romifidine, diazepam and ketamine. Horses were placed in dorsal recumbency and ventilated mechanically. During the first 10 minutes (P1), anaesthesia was maintained with a 2% inspired isoflurane fraction (FIIso). During the following 20 minutes (P2), horses received IV lidocaine (1.5 mg kg-1) (group IL) or saline (group I). During the last 60 minutes (P3), group IL received a lidocaine CRI (50 μg kg-1 minute-1 IV) and FIIso 1%, whereas group I received a saline CRI and FIIso 2%. Three weeks later, the horses received the alternative treatment. Painful stimuli were induced by introducing an 18 gauge needle intramuscularly. Ketamine and dobutamine requirements and physiological variables were recorded. Recoveries were assessed by two anaesthetists unaware of the treatment. Lidocaine plasma concentrations were measured during recovery. Data were analysed with anova. RESULTS During P3, group IL had a lower heart rate (p = 0.002), higher mean arterial pressure (p < 0.001) and lower dobutamine requirement (p < 0.001) than group I. One horse had lidocaine plasma concentrations above toxic levels. Recoveries did not differ significantly between groups. Sample sizes of 208 horses in each group would be necessary to detect a statistically significant difference (85% statistical power) in recovery quality. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A lidocaine CRI combined with FIIso 1% rather than FIIso 2% alone may improve cardiovascular variables in healthy anaesthetized horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Knut Nottrott
- Equine Department, VetAgro-Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Isabelle Fourel
- USC1233, VAS-INRA RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Marjolaine Le Bris
- Equine Department, VetAgro-Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Emilie Mongellas
- Equine Department, VetAgro-Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Karine Portier
- Equine Department, VetAgro-Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Étoile, France; Laboratoire Carmen, INSERM U1060, INRA U1235, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Kaka U, Goh Y, Chean L, Chen H. Electroencephalographic changes associated with non-invasive nociceptive stimulus in minimally anaesthetised dogs. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 19:675-683. [DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) has been reported as an objective, non-invasive and stress free technique for nociceptive studies. Electrical stimuli can be used to evaluate the efficacy of centrally acting agents. Peripheral nerve stimulator can be a good and cheap source of electric stimulus for studies of nociception, and studies evaluating analgesic effect of drugs under EEG. In this study suitability of peripheral nerve stimulator, and milliamperage for nociceptive studies under electroencephalography were evaluated. Six dogs were subjected to electric stimulus of 20, 40, 60 and 80 milliamperes (mAs) before and after tramadol administration at 4 mg/kg IV. Electroencephalograph was recorded during electric stimulus prior tramadol (pre-tramadol) and during electric stimulus after tramadol (post-tramadol) under minimal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with halothane at a stable concentration between 0.85 and 0.95%. Pre-tramadol median frequency (MF) increased significantly (p<0.05) at 40, 60 and 80 mAs post-electric stimulus compared to baseline MF. No difference in pre-tramadol MF was observed between 60 and 80 mAs. Tramadol produced significant effect by depression of MF at all intensities. The effect was less evident at 80 mAs. The results revealed that tramadol produced evident effect between 20 and 60 mAs. Thus, it is concluded that nerve stimulator can be used with the current between 20 and 60 mAs for nociceptive studies.
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Williams DC, Brosnan RJ, Fletcher DJ, Aleman M, Holliday TA, Tharp B, Kass PH, LeCouteur RA, Steffey EP. Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Horses during Administration of Inhaled Anesthesia. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:289-303. [PMID: 26714626 PMCID: PMC4913671 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of anesthesia on the equine electroencephalogram (EEG) after administration of various drugs for sedation, induction, and maintenance are known, but not that the effect of inhaled anesthetics alone for EEG recording. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of isoflurane and halothane, administered as single agents at multiple levels, on the EEG and quantitative EEG (qEEG) of normal horses. ANIMALS Six healthy horses. METHODS Prospective study. Digital EEG with video and quantitative EEG (qEEG) were recorded after the administration of one of the 2 anesthetics, isoflurane or halothane, at 3 alveolar doses (1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 MAC). Segments of EEG during controlled ventilation (CV), spontaneous ventilation (SV), and with peroneal nerve stimulation (ST) at each MAC multiple for each anesthetic were selected, analyzed, and compared. Multiple non-EEG measurements were also recorded. RESULTS Specific raw EEG findings were indicative of changes in the depth of anesthesia. However, there was considerable variability in EEG between horses at identical MAC multiples/conditions and within individual horses over segments of a given epoch. Statistical significance for qEEG variables differed between anesthetics with bispectral index (BIS) CV MAC and 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF95) SV MAC differences in isoflurane only and median frequency (MED) differences in SV MAC with halothane only. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Unprocessed EEG features (background and transients) appear to be beneficial for monitoring the depth of a particular anesthetic, but offer little advantage over the use of changes in mean arterial pressure for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Williams
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - R J Brosnan
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - D J Fletcher
- Section of Emergency and Critical Care, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - M Aleman
- Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - T A Holliday
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - B Tharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - P H Kass
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - R A LeCouteur
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - E P Steffey
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Nannarone S, Cenani A, Gialletti R, Pepe M. Clinical comparison of two regimens of lidocaine infusion in horses undergoing laparotomy for colic. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:150-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kaka U, Hui Cheng C, Meng GY, Fakurazi S, Kaka A, Behan AA, Ebrahimi M. Electroencephalographic changes associated with antinociceptive actions of lidocaine, ketamine, meloxicam, and morphine administration in minimally anaesthetized dogs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:305367. [PMID: 25695060 PMCID: PMC4324106 DOI: 10.1155/2015/305367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Effects of ketamine and lidocaine on electroencephalographic (EEG) changes were evaluated in minimally anaesthetized dogs, subjected to electric stimulus. Six dogs were subjected to six treatments in a crossover design with a washout period of one week. Dogs were subjected to intravenous boluses of lidocaine 2 mg/kg, ketamine 3 mg/kg, meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg, morphine 0.2 mg/kg and loading doses of lidocaine 2 mg/kg followed by continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 50 and 100 mcg/kg/min, and ketamine 3 mg/kg followed by CRI of 10 and 50 mcg/kg/min. Electroencephalogram was recorded during electrical stimulation prior to any drug treatment (before treatment) and during electrical stimulation following treatment with the drugs (after treatment) under anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with halothane at a stable concentration between 0.85 and 0.95%. Pretreatment median frequency was evidently increased (P < 0.05) for all treatment groups. Lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine depressed the median frequency resulting from the posttreatment stimulation. The depression of median frequency suggested evident antinociceptive effects of these treatments in dogs. It is therefore concluded that lidocaine and ketamine can be used in the analgesic protocol for the postoperative pain management in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh 70060, Pakistan
| | - Chen Hui Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Goh Yong Meng
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institutes of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Asmatullah Kaka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh 70060, Pakistan
| | - Atique Ahmed Behan
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh 70060, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Araújo MAD, Beloti CAC, Deschk M, Arruda AMM, Cheng LS, Albuquerque VBD, Santos PSPD. Bispectral index in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine, isoflurane and subjected to continuous rate infusion of lidocaine. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 30:67-72. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502015001000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Risberg A, Spadavecchia C, Ranheim B, Krontveit R, Haga HA. Antinociceptive effects of three escalating dexmedetomidine and lignocaine constant rate infusions in conscious horses. Vet J 2014; 202:489-97. [PMID: 25266648 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine and lignocaine IV are used clinically to provide analgesia in horses. The aims of this study were to investigate the antinociceptive effects, plasma concentrations and sedative effects of 2, 4 and 6 µg/kg/h dexmedetomidine IV, with a bolus of 0.96 µg/kg preceding each continuous rate infusion (CRI), and 20, 40 and 60 µg/kg/min lignocaine IV, with a bolus of 550 µg/kg preceding each CRI, in 10 Swiss Warmblood horses. Electrically elicited nociceptive withdrawal reflexes were evaluated by deltoid muscle electromyography. Nociceptive threshold and tolerance were determined by electromyography and behaviour following single and repeated stimulation. Plasma concentrations of drugs were determined by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sedation was scored on a visual analogue scale. Dexmedetomidine increased nociceptive threshold to single and repeated stimulation for all CRIs, except at 2 µg/kg/h, where no increase in single stimulation nociceptive threshold was observed. Dexmedetomidine increased nociceptive tolerance to single and repeated stimulation at all CRIs. There was large individual variability in dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations and levels of sedation; the median plasma concentration providing antinociceptive effects to all recorded parameters was 0.15 ng/mL, with a range from <0.02 ng/mL (below the lower limit of quantification) to 0.25 ng/mL. Lignocaine increased nociceptive threshold and tolerance to single and repeated stimulation at CRIs of 40 and 60 µg/kg/min, corresponding to plasma lignocaine concentrations >600 ng/mL. Only nociceptive tolerance to repeated stimulation increased at 20 µg/kg/min lignocaine. Lignocaine at 40 µg/kg/min and dexmedetomidine at 4 µg/kg/h were the lowest CRIs resulting in consistent antinociception. Lignocaine did not induce significant sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Risberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - B Ranheim
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - R Krontveit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - H A Haga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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Kongara K, McIlhone AE, Kells NJ, Johnson CB. Electroencephalographic evaluation of decapitation of the anaesthetized rat. Lab Anim 2014; 48:15-9. [PMID: 24367032 DOI: 10.1177/0023677213502016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectrum in response to decapitation of anaesthetized rats, in order to assess the nociception or otherwise of this procedure. Ten young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetized with halothane in oxygen and anaesthesia was maintained at a stable concentration of halothane between 1.20% and 1.25%. The rat's head and neck were placed through the opening of a small animal guillotine so that the blade of the guillotine was positioned over the atlanto-occipial joint of the rat's neck. The EEG was recorded in a five-electrode montage, bilaterally. After recording a 15 min baseline the rat was decapitated by swiftly pressing the guillotine blade and the EEG recording was continued until the signal was isoelectric on both channels. Changes in the median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) and total power of the EEG (Ptot) were used to investigate the effects of decapitation. During the first 15 s following decapitation, there were significant increases in the F50 and F95, and a decrease in the Ptot compared with baseline values. There was a clear window of time immediately following decapitation where changes in the EEG frequency spectrum were obvious; these changes in the EEG indices of nociception could be attributed as responses generated by the rat's cerebral cortex following decapitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kongara
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Schnellbacher RW, Carpenter JW, Mason DE, KuKanich B, Beaufrère H, Boysen C. Effects of lidocaine administration via continuous rate infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Am J Vet Res 2014; 74:1377-84. [PMID: 24168301 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.11.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of lidocaine on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in rabbits. ANIMALS Five 12-month-old female New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). PROCEDURES Rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane. Baseline isoflurane MAC was determined by use of the tail clamp technique. A loading dose of lidocaine (2.0 mg/kg, IV) was administered followed by a CRI of lidocaine at 50 μg/kg/min. After 30 minutes, isoflurane MAC was determined. Another loading dose was administered, and the lidocaine CRI then was increased to 100 μg/kg/min. After 30 minutes, isoflurane MAC was determined again. Plasma samples were obtained for lidocaine analysis after each MAC determination. RESULTS Baseline isoflurane MAC was 2.09%, which was similar to previously reported values in this species. Lidocaine CRI at 50 and 100 μg/kg/min induced significant reductions in MAC. The 50 μg/kg/min CRI resulted in a mean plasma lidocaine concentration of 0.654 μg/mL and reduction of MAC by 10.5%. The 100 μg/kg/min CRI of lidocaine resulted in a mean plasma concentration of 1.578 μg/mL and reduction of MAC by 21.7%. Lidocaine also induced significant decreases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate. All cardiopulmonary variables were within reference ranges for rabbits anesthetized with inhalation anesthetics. No adverse effects were detected; all rabbits had an uncomplicated recovery from anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lidocaine administered as a CRI at 50 and 100 μg/kg/min decreased isoflurane MAC in rabbits. The IV administration of lidocaine may be a useful adjunct in anesthesia of rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney W Schnellbacher
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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Sanchez LC, Robertson SA. Pain control in horses: What do we really know? Equine Vet J 2014; 46:517-23. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - S. A. Robertson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Gasthuys F, Schauvliege S. Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 1: lidocaine and ketamine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:335-45. [PMID: 24815750 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature with regard to the use of different intravenous agents as supplements to inhalational anaesthesia in horses. These drugs include lidocaine, ketamine, opioids and α2 -agonists. The Part 1 of this review will focus in the use of lidocaine and ketamine. DATABASES USED Pubmed & Web of Science. Search terms: horse, inhalant anaesthesia, balanced anaesthesia, partial intravenous anaesthesia, lidocaine, ketamine. CONCLUSIONS Different drugs and their combinations can be administered systemically in anaesthetized horses, with the aim of reducing the amount of the volatile agent whilst improving the recovery qualities and providing a multimodal analgesic approach. However, full studies as to whether these techniques improve cardiopulmonary status are not always available and potential disadvantages should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gozalo-Marcilla
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Grint NJ, Johnson CB, Clutton RE, Whay HR, Murrell JC. Spontaneous electroencephalographic changes in a castration model as an indicator of nociception: a comparison between donkeys and ponies. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:36-42. [PMID: 24612132 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Donkeys are believed to be less demonstrative of pain than ponies. Research into comparative sensory processing between these species is required to elucidate these behavioural differences. OBJECTIVES To compare changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded during castration between donkeys and ponies. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. METHODS Six ponies and 6 donkeys were castrated under halothane anaesthesia after acepromazine premedication and thiopental anaesthetic induction. Markers were inserted into the EEG recording at the time of skin incision (skin) and emasculation (emasc) for both testicles (T1 and T2) during a closed castration. Raw EEG data were analysed and the EEG variables median frequency (F50 ), total power (Ptot ) and spectral edge frequency (F95 ) derived using standard techniques. Baseline values of F50 , Ptot and F95 for each animal were used to calculate the percentage change from baseline at T1skin, T2skin, T1emasc and T2emasc. RESULTS Decreased F50 values relative to baseline were observed in 4 ponies and 2 donkeys across all castration time points. In the remaining animals, the F50 value increased compared with baseline. Both donkey and pony groups showed an overall decrease in Ptot values compared with baseline at T1skin, but the magnitude of the decrease was significantly less (P = 0.004) in ponies than in donkeys. Donkeys demonstrated an overall greater increase (P = 0.05) in F95 values at T1skin relative to baseline compared with ponies. CONCLUSIONS Electroencephalographic responses to the noxious stimulus of castration were noted in both donkeys and ponies. Donkeys demonstrated a greater change in Ptot in response to castration than ponies; thus, donkeys appear to demonstrate a cerebral cortical response to a noxious stimulus that is similar to or greater than that in ponies, suggesting that their subtle behavioural expression of pain is not due to a difference in cortical processing of noxious sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Grint
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, UK
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Araújo MA, Dias BP, Bovino F, Deschk M, Abimussi CJX, Oliva VNLS, Rodrigues CA, Santos PSP. Cardiovascular effects of a continuous rate infusion of lidocaine in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:145-52. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kongara K, Chambers JP, Johnson CB, Dukkipati VSR. Effects of tramadol or morphine in dogs undergoing castration on intra-operative electroencephalogram responses and post-operative pain. N Z Vet J 2013; 61:349-53. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.780280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nóbrega Neto PI, Luna SPL, Queiroz-Williams P, Mama KR, Steffey EP, Carregaro AB. Cardiorespiratory and antinociceptive effects of two different doses of lidocaine administered to horses during a constant intravenous infusion of xylazine and ketamine. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:199. [PMID: 24103634 PMCID: PMC3852357 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the antinociceptive effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of lidocaine during xylazine and ketamine anesthesia in horses and aimed to correlate these effects with cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index (BIS) and plasma lidocaine concentrations. Six adult crossbred mares weighing 320-400 kg were anesthetized on three different occasions. Sedation was performed with xylazine (0.75 mg/kg IV) and anesthetic induction with guaifenesin (75 mg/kg IV) and ketamine (2 mg/kg IV). Anesthesia was maintained with 37.5 μg/kg/min of xylazine and 87.5 μg/kg/min of ketamine both administered intravenously for 75 min. The three treatments consisted of: lidocaine (loading dose: 5 mg/kg, CRI: 100 μg/kg/min; THL); lidocaine (loading dose: 2.5 mg/kg; CRI: 50 μg/kg/min: TLL); and saline (TS); all given 15 min after induction and maintained for 1 h. Antinociception was measured by response to electrical stimulation and bispectral index (BIS) was recorded during anesthesia. Parametric and non-parametric data were compared using ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls and Friedman tests, respectively. RESULTS Plasma lidocaine concentrations peaked at the end of lidocaine loading dose and was greater in THL (9.61 ± 2.75 μg/mL) vs TLL (4.50 ± 3.34 μg/mL). Electrical noxious stimulation caused purposeful movement in all horses from TS, but no response in THL. The BIS was decreased in THL only and was less when compared to the other treatments throughout anesthesia. Blood pressure, PaO2 and PaCO2 increased and heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), pH, total plasma protein and temperature decreased during anesthesia in all treatments. PaCO2 and HR were greater and RR and pH less in THL compared to TLL and TS at 30 min during anesthesia. All recoveries were considered excellent. Time to standing was longer after THL (60 ± 20 min) than following TLL and TS (32 ± 17 and 30 ± 15 min, respectively). CONCLUSIONS At the highest dose administered (THL) lidocaine CRI during xylazine/ketamine anesthesia decreased BIS and motor response to noxious stimulation, and prolonged recovery time without significant added cardiorespiratory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro I Nóbrega Neto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618970, Brazil.
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Valverde A. Balanced Anesthesia and Constant-Rate Infusions in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:89-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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ISHIZUKA T, ITAMI T, TAMURA J, SAITOH Y, SAITOH M, UMAR MA, MIYOSHI K, YAMASHITA K, MUIR WW. Anesthetic and Cardiorespiratory Effects of Propofol, Medetomidine, Lidocaine and Butorphanol Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Horses. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:165-72. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito ISHIZUKA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Takaharu ITAMI
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Jun TAMURA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Yasuo SAITOH
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Motoaki SAITOH
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Mohammed A. UMAR
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Kenjirou MIYOSHI
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
| | - Kazuto YAMASHITA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069–8501, Japan
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Apophyseal avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter of the femur in a Thoroughbred filly. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25:342-7. [PMID: 22695748 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-11-11-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The case report of a 14-month-old Thoroughbred filly with acute onset of severe right hindlimb lameness is presented. The horse had a severe and sudden abduction of the hindlimbs due to a side effect of an overdose of lidocaine, which had been administered in a constant rate infusion after a colic surgery. Transcutaneous ultrasonography and standing radiography of the pelvis revealed proximal and cranial displacement of the greater trochanter and free bone fragments consistent with an apophyseal avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter. The complete diagnosis was obtained with the horse in a standing position. The filly was euthanatized because of deterioration resulting from the colic condition and of the poor prognosis of the fracture of the greater trochanter. Postmortem evaluation confirmed an apophyseal avulsion fracture of the right greater trochanter. To the authors' knowledge, ultrasonographic and radiographic findings of this fracture have not been described in the standing horse. The diagnosis was reached quite easily with the horse in a normal standing position when the characteristic ultrasonographic and radiographic findings were detected.
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Kempchen S, Kuhn M, Spadavecchia C, Levionnois OL. Medetomidine continuous rate intravenous infusion in horses in which surgical anaesthesia is maintained with isoflurane and intravenous infusions of lidocaine and ketamine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 39:245-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kongara K, Chambers JP, Johnson CB. Effects of tramadol, morphine or their combination in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy on peri-operative electroencephalographic responses and post-operative pain. N Z Vet J 2012; 60:129-35. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.641156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Vesal N, Spadavecchia C, Steiner A, Kirscher F, Levionnois OL. Evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine infusion during umbilical surgery in calves. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:451-60. [PMID: 21831050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the isoflurane-sparing effects of lidocaine administered by constant rate infusion (CRI) during umbilical surgery in calves. STUDY DESIGN Randomized 'blinded' prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Thirty calves (mean 4.7 ± SD 2.5 weeks old) undergoing umbilical surgery. METHODS After premedication with xylazine (0.1 mg kg(-1) , IM), anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (4 mg kg(-1) , IV) and maintained with isoflurane in O(2) administered through a circle breathing system. The calves were assigned randomly to receive a bolus of 2 mg kg(-1) lidocaine IV after induction of anaesthesia, followed by CRI of 50 μg kg(-1) minute(-1) (group L, n=15) or a bolus and CRI of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl, group S, n=15). End-tidal isoflurane was adjusted to achieve adequate depth of anaesthesia. Heart rate, direct arterial blood pressure and body temperature were measured intraoperatively. Groups were compared by t- tests, anova or Mann-Whitney rank sum test as appropriate. RESULTS The end-tidal concentration of isoflurane (median, IQR) was significantly lower in group L [1.0% (0.94-1.1)] compared to group S [1.2% (1.1-1.5)], indicating a 16.7% reduction in anaesthetic requirement during lidocaine CRI. Cardiopulmonary parameters and recovery times did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lidocaine CRI may be used as a supplement to inhalation anaesthesia during umbilical surgery in calves in countries where such a protocol would be within the legal requirements for veterinary use in food animals. This study did not show any measurable benefit to the calves other than a reduction in isoflurane requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Vesal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Rezende ML, Wagner AE, Mama KR, Ferreira TH, Steffey EP. Effects of intravenous administration of lidocaine on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in horses. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:446-51. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.4.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wagner AE, Mama KR, Steffey EP, Ferreira TH, Rezende ML. Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of equipotent anesthetic doses of sevoflurane alone and sevoflurane plus an intravenous infusion of lidocaine in horses. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:452-60. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.4.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Managing pain in horses afflicted by chronic laminitis is one of the greatest challenges in equine clinical practice because it is the dreadful suffering of the animals that most often forces the veterinarian to end the battle with this disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in generating and amplifying pain in animals with laminitis and, based on this information, to propose a modified approach to pain therapy. Furthermore, a recently developed pain scoring technique is presented that may help better quantify pain and the monitoring of responses to analgesic treatment in horses with laminitis.
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VALVERDE A, RICKEY E, SINCLAIR M, RIOJA E, PEDERNERA J, HATHWAY A, CRUZ A. Comparison of cardiovascular function and quality of recovery in isoflurane-anaesthetised horses administered a constant rate infusion of lidocaine or lidocaine and medetomidine during elective surgery. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:192-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kongara K, Chambers JP, Johnson CB. Electroencephalographic responses of tramadol, parecoxib and morphine to acute noxious electrical stimulation in anaesthetised dogs. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Short‐term anaesthesia with xylazine, diazepam/ketamine for castration in horses under field conditions: Use of intravenous lidocaine. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:149-52. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x371928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Robertson SA, Sanchez LC, Merritt AM, Doherty TJ. Effect of systemic lidocaine on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 37:122-7. [PMID: 15779623 DOI: 10.2746/0425164054223723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Commonly used analgesics (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opioids and alpha2-agonists) have unwanted side effects. An effective alternative with minimal adverse effects would benefit clinical equine pain management. OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of lidocaine or saline on duodenal and rectal distension threshold pressure and somatic thermal threshold in conscious mature horses. HYPOTHESIS Systemically administered lidocaine would increase somatic and visceral nociceptive thresholds. METHODS Lidocaine (2 mg/kg bwt bolus followed by 50 microg/kg bwt/min for 2 h) or saline was administered to 6 horses each carrying a permanently implanted gastric cannula, in a randomised, blinded cross-over design. Thermal threshold was measured using a probe containing a heater element placed over the withers which supplied heat until the horse responded. A barostatically controlled intraduodenal balloon was distended until a discomfort response was obtained. A rectal balloon was inflated until extruded or signs of discomfort noted. RESULTS Thermal threshold was increased significantly 30 and 90 mins after the start of lidocaine infusion. There was no change in duodenal distension pressure and a small but clinically insignificant change in colorectal distension pressure in the lidocaine group. CONCLUSIONS At the dose used, systemically administered lidocaine produced thermal antinociception but minimal changes in visceral nociception. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE At these doses, lidocaine may play a role in somatic analgesia in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Robertson
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0136, USA
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Valverde A, Gunkelt C, Doherty TJ, Giguère S, Pollak AS. Effect of a constant rate infusion of lidocaine on the quality of recovery from sevoflurane or isoflurane general anaesthesia in horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 37:559-64. [PMID: 16295936 DOI: 10.2746/042516405775314772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Lidocaine constant rate infusions (CRIs) are common as an intraoperative adjunct to general anaesthesia, but their influence on quality of recovery has not been thoroughly determined. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of an intraoperative i.v. CRI of lidocaine on the quality of recovery from isoflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia in horses undergoing various surgical procedures, using a modified recovery score system. HYPOTHESIS The administration of intraoperative lidocaine CRI decreases the quality of recovery in horses. METHODS Lidocaine (2 mg/kg bwt bolus followed by 50 microg/kg bwt/min) or saline was administered for the duration of surgery or until 30 mins before the end of surgery under isoflurane (n = 27) and sevoflurane (n = 27). RESULTS Horses receiving lidocaine until the end of surgery had a significantly higher degree of ataxia and a tendency towards significance for a lower quality of recovery. There was no correlation between lidocaine plasma concentrations at recovery and the quality of recovery. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative CRI of lidocaine affects the degree of ataxia and may decrease the quality of recovery. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Discontinuing lidocaine CRI 30 mins before the end of surgery is recommended to reduce ataxia during the recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Valverde
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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