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Ribes M, Yahel G, Romera-Castillo C, Mallenco R, Morganti TM, Coma R. The removal of dissolved organic matter by marine sponges is a function of its composition and concentration: An in situ seasonal study of four Mediterranean species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161991. [PMID: 36740056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sponges are unique among metazoans in their ability to use dissolved organic matter (DOM), the largest pool of organic matter in the ocean, as a major food source. The effect of variations in DOM abundance and composition on its uptake by sponges has rarely been studied. We examined, in situ, the seasonal uptake of DOM by four sponges [2 species with high microbial abundance (HMA) and 2 with low microbial abundance (LMA)] in the northwestern Mediterranean. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed a strong seasonality with 3-fold higher concentrations in fall-winter (256 ± 16 μmol L-1, mean ± SE) than in spring-summer (88 ± 3 μmol L-1). Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) showed the opposite trend, with higher summer concentrations (8.9 ± 0.4 μmol L-1) and mean concentrations of 2.5-3.4 μmol L-1 in the other seasons. DOC removal by all sponge species increased linearly with its ambient concentration, but only above a DOC removal threshold that was threefold higher in fall-winter (198 μmol L-1) than in spring-summer (74 μmol L-1). All species showed a concentration-dependent DON removal, but LMA sponges removed more DON than HMA sponges. The DOC removal rate (normalized to sponge volume) was 2-3 times higher in fall-winter, when ambient DOC levels were high, than in spring-summer. Sponges efficiently removed clusters of the fluorescent DOM (FDOM) associated with protein-rich DOM, but not those associated with humic material. The clear threshold for DOC removal and the protein-like FDOM uptake pattern suggest that the quality and quantity of DOM control its removal and transformation by marine sponges. Our results indicate that marine sponges transform the composition of the coastal DOM pool, thereby affecting its fate. It is postulated that the DOM excreted by the sponges is more recalcitrant; consequently, sponge activity enhances carbon sequestration in benthic habitats in a similar fashion to that of the oceanic 'microbial pump'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ribes
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
| | - G Yahel
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, 402970 Michmoret, Israel
| | - C Romera-Castillo
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - R Mallenco
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - T M Morganti
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - R Coma
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accés Cala Sant Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Girona, Catalunya, Spain.
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Kearney MR. What is the status of metabolic theory one century after Pütter invented the von Bertalanffy growth curve? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:557-575. [PMID: 33205617 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic theory aims to tackle ecological and evolutionary problems by explicitly including physical principles of energy and mass exchange, thereby increasing generality and deductive power. Individual growth models (IGMs) are the fundamental basis of metabolic theory because they represent the organisational level at which energy and mass exchange processes are most tightly integrated and from which scaling patterns emerge. Unfortunately, IGMs remain a topic of great confusion and controversy about the origins of the ideas, their domain and breadth of application, their logical consistency and whether they can sufficiently capture reality. It is now 100 years since the first theoretical model of individual growth was put forward by Pütter. His insights were deep, but his model ended up being attributed to von Bertalanffy and his ideas largely forgotten. Here I review Pütter's ideas and trace their influence on existing theoretical models for growth and other aspects of metabolism, including those of von Bertalanffy, the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory, the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT) and the Ontogenetic Growth Model (OGM). I show that the von Bertalanffy and GOLT models are minor modifications of Pütter's original model. I then synthesise, compare and critique the ideas of the two most-developed theories, DEB theory and the OGM, in relation to Pütter's original ideas. I formulate the Pütter, DEB and OGM models in the same structure and with the same notation to illustrate the major similarities and differences among them. I trace the confusion and controversy regarding these theories to the notions of anabolism, catabolism, assimilation and maintenance, the connections to respiration rate, and the number of parameters and state variables their models require. The OGM model has significant inconsistencies that stem from the interpretation of growth as the difference between anabolism and maintenance, and these issues seriously challenge its ability to incorporate development, reproduction and assimilation. The DEB theory is a direct extension of Pütter's ideas but with growth being the difference between assimilation and maintenance rather than anabolism and catabolism. The DEB theory makes the dynamics of Pütter's 'nutritive material' explicit as well as extending the scheme to include reproduction and development. I discuss how these three major theories for individual growth have been used to explain 'macrometabolic' patterns including the scaling of respiration, the temperature-size rule (first modelled by Pütter), and the connection to life history. Future research on the connections between theory and data in these macrometabolic topics have the greatest potential to advance the status of metabolic theory and its value for pure and applied problems in ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kearney
- BioSciences4, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Maier SR, Kutti T, Bannister RJ, Fang JKH, van Breugel P, van Rijswijk P, van Oevelen D. Recycling pathways in cold-water coral reefs: Use of dissolved organic matter and bacteria by key suspension feeding taxa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9942. [PMID: 32555406 PMCID: PMC7303112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-water coral (CWC) reefs are one of the most diverse and productive ecosystems in the deep sea. Especially in periods of seasonally-reduced phytodetritus food supply, their high productivity may depend on the recycling of resources produced on the reef, such as dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that abundant suspension feeders Geodia barretti (high-microbial-abundance sponge), Mycale lingua (low-microbial-abundance sponge) and Acesta excavata (bivalve) are able to utilize 13C-enriched (diatom-derived) DOM and bacteria for tissue growth and respiration. While DOM was an important potential resource for all taxa, utilization of bacteria was higher for the sponges as compared to the bivalve, indicating a particle-size differentiation among the investigated suspension feeders. Interestingly, all taxa released 13C-enriched particulate organic carbon, which in turn may feed the detritus pathway on the reef. Especially A. excavata produced abundant (pseudo-)fecal droppings. A second stable-isotope tracer experiment revealed that detritivorous ophiuroids utilized these droppings. The high resource flexibility of dominant reef suspension feeders, and the efficient recycling of their waste products by the detritivore community, may provide important pathways to maintain the high productivity on cold-water coral reefs, especially in periods of low external food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Maier
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Yerseke) and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands.
| | - Tina Kutti
- IMR Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - James Kar-Hei Fang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Peter van Breugel
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Yerseke) and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van Rijswijk
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Yerseke) and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Dick van Oevelen
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Yerseke) and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands.
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Pawlik JR, McMurray SE. The Emerging Ecological and Biogeochemical Importance of Sponges on Coral Reefs. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 12:315-337. [PMID: 31226028 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With the decline of reef-building corals on tropical reefs, sponges have emerged as an important component of changing coral reef ecosystems. Seemingly simple, sponges are highly diverse taxonomically, morphologically, and in terms of their relationships with symbiotic microbes, and they are one of nature's richest sources of novel secondary metabolites. Unlike most other benthic organisms, sponges have the capacity to disrupt boundary flow as they pump large volumes of seawater into the water column. This seawater is chemically transformed as it passes through the sponge body as a consequence of sponge feeding, excretion, and the activities of microbial symbionts, with important effects on carbon and nutrient cycling and on the organisms in the water column and on the adjacent reef. In this review, we critically evaluate developments in the recently dynamic research area of sponge ecology on tropical reefs and provide a perspective for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Pawlik
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology and Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409, USA; ,
| | - Steven E McMurray
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology and Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409, USA; ,
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Nogueira LS, Bianchini A, Smith S, Jorge MB, Diamond RL, Wood CM. Physiological effects of marine natural organic matter and metals in early life stages of the North Pacific native marine mussel Mytilus trossulus; a comparison with the invasive Mytilus galloprovincialis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 135:136-144. [PMID: 29449070 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of seawater NOM in reducing metal toxicity for marine organisms is not well understood. We investigated the effects of five different marine NOMs (two autochthonous, one allochthonous, two of mixed origin, at 8 mg C/L), three metals (6 μg Cu/L; 20 μg Pb/L; 25 μg Zn/L), and combinations between them, to early life stages of Mytilus trossulus (a North Pacific native) in 48-h tests. Endpoints were whole body Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase activity, carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and lipid peroxidation. Comparisons were made with previously reported tests (identical conditions) on the invasive M. galloprovincialis. Unexposed M. trossulus had lower Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase but similar baseline CA activity and lipid peroxidation to unexposed M. galloprovincialis. NOMs alone induced increased enzyme activities, and increased lipid peroxidation, but the latter did not occur with NOMs of mixed origin in M. trossulus. There was no clear difference in the sensitivity to various NOMs between species. In M. trossulus, all three metals by themselves caused increases in lipid peroxidation, as did many metal-NOM combinations. The origin of the NOMs influenced the nature of the responses to NOM-metal combinations in both species, but no clear relationship to NOM chemistry was apparent. Overall, M. trossulus was more sensitive to metals and NOM-metal combinations, with a greater number of significant responses (27 versus 22 treatment endpoints, out of a total of 72) and a greater proportion of negative effects (81% versus 50%) than in M. galloprovincialis. Therefore, marine NOMs by themselves, as well as metals by themselves and NOM-metal combinations, can induce both positive and negative physiological responses. Lipid peroxidation appears to be a particularly common negative response. In future studies, NOM quality and mussel species should be considered since native M. trossulus and invasive M. galloprovincialis exhibited markedly different responses after exposure to the same environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia Sega Nogueira
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada.
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Scott Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianna Basso Jorge
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Rachael L Diamond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris M Wood
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada
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Nogueira LS, Bianchini A, Smith S, Jorge MB, Diamond RL, Wood CM. Physiological effects of five different marine natural organic matters (NOMs) and three different metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) on early life stages of the blue mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3141. [PMID: 28413723 PMCID: PMC5391792 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are present in aquatic environments as a result of natural and anthropogenic inputs, and may induce toxicity to organisms. One of the main factors that influence this toxicity in fresh water is natural organic matter (NOM) but all NOMs are not the same in this regard. In sea water, possible protection by marine NOMs is not well understood. Thus, our study isolated marine NOMs by solid-phase extraction from five different sites and characterized them by excitation-emission fluorescence analysis—one inshore (terrigenous origin), two offshore (autochthonous origin), and two intermediate in composition (indicative of a mixed origin). The physiological effects of these five NOMS alone (at 8 mg/L), of three metals alone (copper, lead and zinc at 6 µg Cu/L, 20 µg Pb/L, and 25 µg Zn/L respectively), and of each metal in combination with each NOM, were evaluated in 48-h exposures of mussel larvae. Endpoints were whole body Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase activity, carbonic anhydrase activity and lipid peroxidation. By themselves, NOMs increased lipid peroxidation, Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase, and/or carbonic anhydrase activities (significant in seven of 15 NOM-endpoint combinations), whereas metals by themselves did not affect the first two endpoints, but Cu and Pb increased carbonic anhydrase activities. In combination, the effects of NOMs predominated, with the metal exerting no additional effect in 33 out of 45 combinations. While NOM effects varied amongst different isolates, there was no clear pattern with respect to optical or chemical properties. When NOMs were treated as a single source by data averaging, NOM had no effect on Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase activity but markedly stimulated carbonic anhydrase activity and lipid peroxidation, and there were no additional effects of any metal. Our results indicate that marine NOMs may have direct effects on this model marine organism, as well as protective effects against metal toxicity, and the quality of marine NOMs may be an important factor in these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia Sega Nogueira
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Scott Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianna Basso Jorge
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rachael L Diamond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
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Francis Pan TC, Applebaum SL, Manahan DT. Genetically Determined Variation in Developmental Physiology of Bivalve Larvae (Crassostrea gigas). Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:128-36. [DOI: 10.1086/679656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Applebaum SL, Ginsburg DW, Capron CS, Manahan DT. Expression of amino acid transporter genes in developmental stages and adult tissues of Antarctic echinoderms. Polar Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-013-1345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
SynopsisEvidence has accumulated over the past twenty years to suggest that the deep-sea environment is not as constant as was at one time thought, but exhibits temporal variations related to the seasonally in the overlying surface waters. Recent results from deep-moored sediment traps suggest that this coupling is mediated through the sedimentation of organic material, while observations in the Porcupine Seabight indicate that in this region, at least, there is a major and rapid seasonal deposition of aggregated phytodetritus to the sea-floor at slope and abyssal depths.This paper summarises the results of the Porcupine Seabight studies over the past five years or so, using time-lapse sea-bed photography and microscopic, microbiological and chemical analyses of samples of phytodetritus and of the underlying sediment. The data are to some extent equivocal, but they suggest that the seasonal deposition is a regular and dramatic phenomenon and that the material undergoes relatively little degradation during its passage through the water column. The mechanisms leading to the aggregation of the phytodetritus have not been identified, and it is not yet known whether the phenomenon is geographically widespread nor whether it is of significance to the deep-living mid-water and benthic communities.
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Manahan DT, Davis JP, Stephens GC. Bacteria-free sea urchin larvae: selective uptake of neutral amino acids from seawater. Science 2010; 220:204-6. [PMID: 17795831 DOI: 10.1126/science.220.4593.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria-free suspensions of larvae of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) were prepared without the use of antibiotics. Net rates of removal of 18 amino acids, each supplied at 125 nanomoles per liter, and the appearance of ammonia were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taurine and acidic and basic amino acids were not taken up. Removal of neutral amino acids from the medium occurred at rates adequate to contribute to the carbon and nitrogen balance of the larvae at ecologically relevant substrate concentrations.
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Fiala-Medioni A, Pequignat E. Direct absorption of amino acids and glucose by the branchial sac and the digestive tract of benthic filter-feeders (Ascidians). J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb04240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Meyer E, Manahan DT. Nutrient uptake by marine invertebrates: cloning and functional analysis of amino acid transporter genes in developing sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2009; 217:6-24. [PMID: 19679719 DOI: 10.1086/bblv217n1p6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transport of amino acids from low concentrations in seawater by marine invertebrates has been extensively studied, but few of the genes involved in this physiological process have been identified. We have characterized three amino acid transporter genes cloned from embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. These genes show phylogenetic proximity to classical amino acid transport systems, including Gly and B0+, and the inebriated gene (INE). Heterologous expression of these genes in frog oocytes induced a 40-fold increase in alanine transport above endogenous levels, demonstrating that these genes mediate alanine transport. Antibodies specific to one of these genes (Sp-AT1) inhibited alanine transport, confirming the physiological activity of this gene in larvae. Whole-mount antibody staining of larvae revealed expression of Sp-AT1 in the ectodermal tissues associated with amino acid transport, as independently demonstrated by autoradiographic localization of radioactive alanine. Maximum rates of alanine transport increased 6-fold during early development, from embryonic to larval stages. Analysis of gene expression during this developmental period revealed that Sp-AT1 transcript abundance remained nearly constant, while that of another transporter gene (Sp-AT2) increased 11-fold. The functional characterization of these genes establishes a molecular biological basis for amino acid transport by developmental stages of marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Meyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0371, USA
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13
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Dalton JP, Skelly P, Halton DW. Role of the tegument and gut in nutrient uptake by parasitic platyhelminths. CAN J ZOOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/z03-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ease of procuring nutrient is probably the main selection pressure that drives and maintains the host–parasite relationship. The feeding activities of the ectoparasitic monogeneans exhibit similarities with the predatory turbellarians, with certain monopisthocotylean members feeding by means of a protrusible pharynx. These parasites degrade fish skin by secreting enzymes extracorporeally, but most of the digestion is carried out intracellularly in cells lining a well-differentiated gut. Some polyopisthocotylean monogeneans, however, living within the vascularized gill chamber, took advantage of the availability of a more highly nutritious, consistent, and renewable diet in the form of blood, and this represented a major step in the evolution of endoparasitism. Blood provides a rich source of carbohydrates for the production of energy and amino acids and fatty acids for the synthesis of parasite molecules and for egg production. The external surfaces of all parasitic flatworms depart from turbellarian character and are composed of a multifunctional syncytial tegument that is permeable to a variety of small organic solutes. Glucose and amino acid transporter molecules situated in the tegumental surface and basal membranes of trematodes and cestodes function in the uptake of these molecules and their distribution to the parasite tissues. Cestodes are bereft of any vestige of a gut, but their tegument has become elaborated into a highly efficient digestive–absorptive layer that competes with the vertebrate mucosa for nutrients. The patterns of energy metabolism in adult flatworm parasites are generally anaerobic and based on glycogen, with abbreviated metabolic pathways and the loss of biosynthetic capacities. In contrast to the tegument, the role of the gut is to digest host macromolecules and subsequently absorb the soluble products. However, the switch to blood as the major source of nutrient necessitated development of a means of overcoming the problems of blood clotting, attack by immune effector mechanisms, and the intracellular accumulations of haematin pigment. Digenean trematode, in contrast to monogeneans, digest blood extracellularly and their secretions include molecules capable of lysing erythrocytes and preventing blood clotting. Digestion of the ingested proteins is generally rapid, involving a range of cathepsin-like cysteine and aspartic proteases, which reduce the blood meal to absorbable peptides that are most likely further catabolized to amino acids by intracellular aminopeptidases. The parasites dispose of accumulated haematin by simply emptying the contents of their blind-ended gut.
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Peppler JE, Ahearn GA. Effect of heavy metals on the uptake of [3H]-L-histidine by the polychaete Nereis succinea. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 136:181-9. [PMID: 14559300 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Integumentary uptake of [3H]-L-histidine by Nereis succinea was measured in the presence and absence of selected heavy metals and the amino acid L-leucine in 60% artificial seawater (ASW). The time course of 10 microM [3H]-L-histidine uptake into worms over a 60 min incubation was approximately doubled in the presence of 0.5 microM zinc and when calcium in the incubation medium was reduced from 6 mM to 5 microM the stimulatory effect of zinc on amino acid accumulation was reduced and uptake under the latter conditions was approximately half that of the control. Zinc stimulation of [3H]-L-histidine influx was a hyperbolic function of zinc concentration over the range 0 to 50 microM metal and displayed an apparent activation or affinity constant of 385+/-127 nM Zn(2+). The hyperbolic stimulatory effect of 1 microM Zn(2+) on the time course of 10 microM [3H]-L-histidine uptake was abolished in the presence of 25 microM L-leucine, suggesting that this amino acid shared the same transport system as [3H]-L-histidine and acted as a potential competitive inhibitor. Influx of [3H]-L-histidine was a hyperbolic function of external amino acid concentration and displayed an apparent affinity constant (Km) of 23.71+/-5.02 microM and an apparent aximal velocity (J(max)) of 4701+/-449 pmol/g dry wt.x15 min. Addition of 0.5 microM zinc resulted in a four-fold increase in J(max) and a doubling of K(m), suggesting the effect of the metal was mostly on the rate of amino acid transport. [3H]-L-histidine influx was mildly stimulated by Fe(2+) (0.5 microM), but was unaffected by either Ag(+) or Al(3+) (both at 0.5 microM). These results suggest that [3H]-L-histidine uptake into worm integument may take place by the classical Na(+)-independent L-transport system shared by L-leucine and regulated by exogenous calcium and other divalent metal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Peppler
- Department of Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Ahearn HR, Ahearn GA, Gomme J. Integumentary L-histidine transport in a euryhaline polychaete worm: regulatory roles of calcium and cadmium in the transport event. J Exp Biol 2000; 203:2877-85. [PMID: 10952885 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.203.18.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Integumentary uptake of L-[(3)H]histidine by polychaete worms (Nereis succinea) from estuarine waters of Oahu, Hawaii was measured in the presence and absence of calcium and cadmium using a physiological saline that approximated the ion composition of 60 % sea water. In this medium 1 micromol L(−1) cadmium significantly increased (P<0.01) the uptake of 10 micromol L(−1)L-[(3)H]histidine, while 1 micromol L(−1) cadmium plus 25 micromol L(−1)L-leucine significantly decreased (P<0.01) amino acid uptake. L-[(3)H]histidine influx was a sigmoidal function (n=2. 21+/−0.16, mean +/− s.e.m.) of [L-histidine] (1?50 micromol L(−1)) in the absence of cadmium, but became a hyperbolic function with the addition of 1 micromol L(−1) cadmium. A decrease of calcium concentration from 6 to 0 mmol L(−1) (lithium substitution) significantly increased (P<0.01) amino acid influx in the presence and absence of cadmium. Calcium significantly reduced (P<0.01), and cadmium significantly increased (P<0.01), L-[(3)H]histidine influx J(max), without either divalent cation affecting amino acid influx K(t). Variation in external sodium concentration (0?250 mmol L(−1)) had no effect on 10 micromol L(−1)L-[(3)H]histidine influx, but amino acid entry was a sigmoidal function of both [cadmium] (n=2.34+/−0.44) and [lithium] (n=1.91+/−0.39) in the absence of calcium. A model is proposed for transapical L-[(3)H]histidine influx by a transporter that resembles the classical sodium-independent L-system carrier protein that is regulated by the external divalent cations calcium and cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Ahearn
- Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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17
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Eaton P, Thomas J. The accumulation and metabolism of amino acids by Biomphalaria glabrata, a freshwater pulmonate snail. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(99)00025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Uptake and assimilation of short chain carboxylic acids by
Biomphalaria glabrata
(Say), the freshwater pulmonate snail host of
Schistosoma mansoni
(Sambon). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1984.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of radiolabelling and high performance liquid chromatography (h. p. l. c. ) has shown that the freshwater pulmonate snail
Biomphalaria glabrata
can achieve a net uptake of short chain carboxylic acid (C
2
-C
4
) from the medium, and also metabolize them. This appears to be the first time that this phenomenon has been reported for a freshwater invertebrate. The uptake characteristics for acetate and butanoate conform to the Michaelis-Menten model. The transport constants,V
max
(in micromole equivalents per gram of wet mass per hour) and K
s
(in micromoles per litre) for acetate (1005 and 2.29 respectively) and butanoate (129 and 1.29 respectively) are similar to those obtained by other workers for marine, detritivorous, polychaete worms. Evidence is given that the carboxylic acids are transported through the body wall, and not taken up to any significant extent by microorganisms or absorbed on the surface mucus. The acids are metabolized by the snail after accumulation, as shown by the appearance of label in respiratory CO
2
and the decline in the mass-specific accumulation rates (m. s. a. r. ), in micromole equivalents per gram of mass per hour, to an asymptote during the course of a 4 h incubation period. Differences in m.s.a.r. values for [1-
14
C]- and [2-
14
C]acetate probably reflect the different fates of the two carbons during metabolism. The m. s. a. r. values are influenced by the metabolic state of the snails. Thus they increase in response to food deprivation and decrease under anoxic conditions. However, as snails continue to accumulate acetate from the medium, even when well fed, or ‘preloaded ’ with acetate, it is clear that this acid is not being used solely as a food supplement. Estimates of the contributions that C
2
and C
4
acids might make to the basal metabolism of the snails have been made using the following param eters: (i) the range of concentrations of these acids in microhabitats, such as the interstitial waters in surface sediments, and an experimentally decayed macrophyte,
Lemna paucicostata
(ii) transport constants of the carboxylic acids taken up by the snails; (iii) the respiration rates of the snails. It was calculated that the acetate in interstitial waters can contribute only a negligible amount (less than 6%) of the snail’s basal metabolic rate (b. m. r. ). However, if the snails encountered the concentrations of 2250 μm and 400 μm of acetate and butanoate respectively found in supernatant from laboratory decaying
Lemna
, then each acid could provide more than 50% of the snails’ b. m. r. The significance of these results to the behavioural and chemical ecology of the snails is discussed.
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20
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Dissolved organic carbon as a component of the biological pump in the North Atlantic Ocean. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1995.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The North Atlantic is characterized by strong seasonality in mixed layer depths, resulting in winter recharge of surface layer nutrients and the spring phytoplankton bloom. This is the classical textbook model of seasonal cycles of oceanic biogeochemical processes, but in fact the North Atlantic is the exception rather than the rule. In much of the temperate and subpolar regions of the basin, the vernal accumulation of biomass is accompanied by a marked drawdown of inorganic carbon in the water column and pulses of particle flux to the seafloor. In the classical model, the decline of the C0
2
is balanced by accumulation of biogenic carbon and particle export. The main export mechanisms include sinking of ungrazed but possibly senescent phytoplankton and zooplankton grazing and egestion. Carbon budgets based on observations from the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study North Atlantic Bloom Experiment and Bermuda Atlantic Time Series cannot be closed using the elements of the classical model. That is, the C0
2
drawdown cannot be balanced by biomass accumulation and exports estimated by sediment traps. There are at least three possible routes toward reconciliation: (i) trap estimates are in error and systematically biased; (ii) spatial variability aliasses the observations making budgeting impossible without recourse to coupled three-dimensional models; and/or (iii) the classical model must be abandoned and replaced by a concept in which the accumulation and export of dissolved organic carbon assumes a major role in the North Atlantic carbon balance. At Bermuda, where the most complete data set exists, the weight of the evidence favours the first and third possibilities.
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21
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Ozkanca R, Flint KP. Alkaline phosphatase activity of Escherichia coli starved in sterile lake water microcosms. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1996; 80:252-8. [PMID: 8852672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli grown in high or low phosphate medium was inoculated into a lake water starvation medium. The viable count decreased at 37 degrees C but not at the lower temperatures over 70 d. Alkaline phosphatase was monitored using a colorimetric assay with pNPP as the substrate. Derepression of the enzyme occurred in cultures starved for > 30 d in the lake water and within 5 d in lake water microcosms supplemented with carbon and nitrogen sources where there was rarely an increase in viable count. Chloramphenicol prevented the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase suggesting that, even under starvation conditions, de novo synthesis of the enzyme occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ozkanca
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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22
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23
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Lin W, Rice MA, Chien PK. The effects of copper, cadmium and zinc on particle filtration and uptake of glycine in the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90250-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Lesser MP, Walker CW. Comparative study of the uptake of dissolved amino acid in sympatric brittle stars with and without endosymbiotic bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90182-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Thomas J, Kowalczyk C, Somasundaram B. The biochemical ecology of Biomphalaria glabrata, a freshwater pulmonate mollusc: The uptake and assimilation of exogenous glucose and maltose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(90)90732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Thomas J. The comparative ecological biochemistry of sugar chemoreception and transport in freshwater snails and other aquatic organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Pajor AM, Moon DA, Wright SH. Sodium D-glucose cotransport in the gill of marine mussels: studies with intact tissue and brush-border membrane vesicles. J Membr Biol 1989; 107:77-88. [PMID: 2921769 DOI: 10.1007/bf01871085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucose transport was studied in marine mussels of the genus Mytilus. Initial observations, with intact animals and isolated gills, indicated that net uptake of glucose occurred in mussels by a carrier-mediated, Na+-sensitive process. Subsequent studies included use of brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) in order to characterize this transport in greater detail. The highest activity of Na+-dependent glucose transport was found in the brush-border membrane fractions used in this study, while basal-lateral membrane fractions contained the highest specific binding of ouabain. Glucose uptake into BBMV showed specificity for Na+, and concentrative glucose transport was observed in the presence of an inwardly directed Na+ gradient. There was a single saturable pathway for glucose uptake, with an apparent Kt of 3 microM in BBMV and 9 microM in intact gills. The kinetics of Na+ activation of glucose uptake were sigmoidal, with apparent Hill coefficients of 1.5 in BBMV and 1.2 in isolated gills, indicating that more than one Na+ may be involved in the transport of each glucose. Harmaline inhibited glucose transport in mussel BBMV with a Ki of 44 microM. The uptake of glucose was electrogenic and stimulated by an inside-negative membrane potential. The substrate specificity in intact gills and BBMV resembled that of Na+-glucose cotransporters in other systems; D-glucose and alpha-methyl glucopyranoside were the most effective inhibitors of Na+-glucose transport, D-galactose was intermediate in its inhibition, and there was little or no effect of L-glucose, D-fructose, 2-deoxy-glucose, or 3-O-methyl glucose. Phlorizin was an effective inhibitor of Na+-glucose uptake, with an apparent Ki of 154 nM in BBMV and 21 nM in intact gills. While the qualitative characteristics of glucose transport in the mussel gill were similar to those in other epithelia, the quantitative characteristics of this process reflect adaptation to the seawater environment of this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Pajor
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724
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28
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Thomas JD, Kowalczyk C, Somasundaram B. The biochemical ecology of Biomphalaria glabrata, a snail host of Schistosoma mansoni: short chain carboxylic and amino acids as phagostimulants. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 93:899-911. [PMID: 2570673 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. A buccal mass olfactometer was used to investigate the responses of the fresh-water pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata to carboxylic and amino acids. 2. The snails proved very discriminating as only 6 (14.6%) of the 41 chemical species tested were effective as phagostimulants. These are ranked as follows in order of potency:- butanoate greater than propanoate greater than D-malate greater than 2-hydroxybutanoate = L-tartrate = L-aspartate. 3. The structure-activity relationships of the active compounds, and their significance to the ecology and control of the snails are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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29
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Stephens GC. Epidermal amino acid transport in marine invertebrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 947:113-38. [PMID: 3278737 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(88)90022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G C Stephens
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine 92717
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30
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Nutrient Transport Across the Integument of Marine Invertebrates. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-73375-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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31
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Pajor AM, Wright SH. L-alanine uptake in brush border membrane vesicles from the gill of a marine bivalve. J Membr Biol 1987; 96:209-23. [PMID: 3612765 DOI: 10.1007/bf01869303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brush border membrane vesicles were prepared from mussel gills using differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. These vesicles contained both the maximal Na+-dependent alanine transport activity found in the gradient and the maximal activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase. Electron micrographs showed closed vesicles of approximately 0.1-0.5 micron diameter. Transport experiments using these vesicles demonstrated a transient 18-fold overshoot in intravesicular alanine concentration in the presence of an inwardly directed Na+ gradient, but not under Na+ equilibrium conditions. A reduced overshoot (10-fold) was seen with an inwardly directed K+ gradient. Further studies revealed a broad cation selectivity, with preference for Na+, which was characteristic of alanine transport but not glucose transport in these membranes. The apparent amino acid specificity of the uptake pathway(s) was similar to that of intact gills and supported the idea of at least four separate pathways for amino acid transport in mussel gill brush border membranes. The apparent Michaelis constant for alanine uptake was approximately 7 microM, consistent with values for Kt determined with intact tissue.
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32
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Occurrence of d-amino acids in higher organisms: A survey of the distribution of d-amino acids in marine invertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Hipp E, Bickel U, Mustafa T, Hoffmann KH. Integumentary uptake of acetate and propionate (VFA) byTubifex sp, a freshwater oligochaete. II. Role of VFA as nutritional resources and effects of anaerobiosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Rivkin RB, Bosch I, Pearse JS, Lessard EJ. Bacterivory: A Novel Feeding Mode for Asteroid Larvae. Science 1986; 233:1311-4. [PMID: 17843359 DOI: 10.1126/science.233.4770.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Planktotrophic larvae that occur beneath the annual sea ice in the Antarctic assimilate organic solutes and preferentially ingest bacteria, whereas they actively exclude phytoplankton. In regions where phytoplankton biomass is temporally limited by light or nutrient concentrations, the growth and development of planktotrophic larvae may not be directly coupled to phytoplankton production.
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35
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Thomas J, Sterry P, Jones H, Gubala M, Grealy B. The chemical ecology of Biomphalaria glabrata (say): Sugars as phagostimulants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Salonen K, Hammar T. On the importance of dissolved organic matter in the nutrition of zooplankton in some lake waters. Oecologia 1986; 68:246-253. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00384795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/1985] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Davis JP, Stephens G, Rice M. Net entry of amino acids into the brittle star Ophionereis annulata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Regulation of Uptake of Free Amino Acids in Eukaryote Marine Organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70613-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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39
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The influence of bioturbation on physical, chemical and biological parameters in aquatic environments: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0143-1471(85)90009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Thomas JD, Ndifon GT, Ukoli FM. The carboxylic and amino acid chemoreception niche of Bulinus rohlfsi (Clessin), the snail host of Schistosoma haematobium. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1985; 82:91-107. [PMID: 2865079 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The response of the freshwater snail, Bulinus rohlfsi, to gradients of carboxylic acids, amino acids and some related compounds was investigated by means of diffusion olfactometers. The snails proved to be very discriminating in their responses to the chemical species tested and there were also very marked ontogenetic differences. Although 15 distinctive types of amino and carboxylic acids proved to be attractants and arrestants, only octanoic acid proved effective for snails of all ages. Possible mechanisms involved in the chemoreception of active compounds, the ecological, physiological and biochemical relevance of the responses and possible application to controlled release technology are discussed.
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41
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Amino-acid uptake by mussels,Mytilus edulis, from natural sea water in a flow-through system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01999966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Albrechtsen S, Gomme J. Specificity of d-glucose transport by the apical membrane of Nereis diversicolor epidermis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(84)90072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Thomas J, Ofosu-Barko J, Patience R. Behavioural responses to carboxylic and amino acids by Biomphalaria glabrata (say), the snail host of Schistosoma mansoni (Sambon), and other freshwater molluscs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(83)90012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Felbeck H. Sulfide oxidation and carbon fixation by the gutless clamSolemya reidi: an animal-bacteria symbiosis. J Comp Physiol B 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00689721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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46
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JØrgensen CB. Uptake of dissolved amino acids from natural sea water in the musselMytilus edulisL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1080/00785326.1982.10426589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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Manahan DT, Wright SH, Stephens GC, Rice MA. Transport of Dissolved Amino Acids by the Mussel,
Mytilus edulis
: Demonstration of Net Uptake from Natural Seawater. Science 1982; 215:1253-5. [PMID: 17757542 DOI: 10.1126/science.215.4537.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography provides direct evidence for substantial removal of naturally occurring specific free amino acids during a single passage of water through the mantle cavity of mussels. This occurs during the few seconds required for passage of the water across the gill, and removal proceeds unabated at ambient substrate concentrations as low as 38 nanomoles per liter.
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48
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Crowe JH. Transport of exogenous substrate and cell volume regulation in bivalve molluscs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402150313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Transport by an epithelium, possessing an accumulating saturable transport system in the apical membrane as well as a finite Fick permeability to the transported solute, was considered in the steady state in the case of zero cis concentration, and in the presence of a peripheral diffusion resistance in a layer apposing the cis face of the tissue (unstirred solution or structural coating). Under suitable conditions, the combination of peripheral diffusion resistance and accumulating epithelium transport may lead to recycling of solute at the cis face of the epithelium. This causes a decrease of the effective permeability to diffusional trans-cis flow across the tissue. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of epidermal D-glucose transport by the integument of aquatic animals with a collagenous cuticle, such as the seawater-acclimated polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor. The recycling phenomenon may be of significance to other epithelia with the function of maintaining large concentration gradients of permeating substances.
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50
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Gomme J. D-Glucose transport across the apical membrane of the surface epithelium in Nereis diversicolor. J Membr Biol 1981; 62:29-46. [PMID: 6792359 DOI: 10.1007/bf01870197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal D-glucose transport was investigated in vivo in the brackish-water polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor. Transfer across the apical membrane is rate-limiting to D-glucose uptake, but the cuticle and/or mucus presents some resistance to D-glucose diffusion between bulk solution and transporting membrane. Maximal D-glucose influx is about 10(-12) mol sec-1 per cm2 of apical plasmalemma. Under natural conditions (approximately 1 microM D-glucose in the medium), backflux from the epidermal transport pool is negligible, but a significant paracellular outflux may occur. D-glucose influx across the apical membrane is Na+-dependent and completely inhibitable by phlorizin and harmaline; phloretin is less effective, and cytochalasin B has no effect. Influx is moderately depressed by KCN and iodoacetate, alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside is an effective substitute of D-glucose in transport. Animals acclimated to a low salinity, in which epidermal salt transport takes place, show a marked decrease of D-glucose transport capacity. On transfer of animals from a high to a low salinity, or vice versa, the corresponding change of influx occurs after a time-lag of at least an hour. Permeability of the epidermis to simple diffusion of D-glucose is 8 X 10(-8) cm sec-1 (on basis of gross epidermal area).
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