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More KJ, Kaur H, Simpson AGB, Spiegel FW, Dacks JB. Contractile vacuoles: a rapidly expanding (and occasionally diminishing?) understanding. Eur J Protistol 2024; 94:126078. [PMID: 38688044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Osmoregulation is the homeostatic mechanism essential for the survival of organisms in hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic conditions. In freshwater or soil dwelling protists this is frequently achieved through the action of an osmoregulatory organelle, the contractile vacuole. This endomembrane organelle responds to the osmotic challenges and compensates by collecting and expelling the excess water to maintain the cellular osmolarity. As compared with other endomembrane organelles, this organelle is underappreciated and under-studied. Here we review the reported presence or absence of contractile vacuoles across eukaryotic diversity, as well as the observed variability in the structure, function, and molecular machinery of this organelle. Our findings highlight the challenges and opportunities for constructing cellular and evolutionary models for this intriguing organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran J More
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alastair G B Simpson
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Frederick W Spiegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution, & Environment, University College, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Liu X, Shu S. Suggesting Dictyostelium as a Model for Disease-Related Protein Studies through Myosin II Polymerization Pathway. Cells 2024; 13:263. [PMID: 38334655 PMCID: PMC10854627 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Dictyostelium myosin II displays remarkable dynamism within the cell, continually undergoing polymerization and depolymerization processes. Under low-ion conditions, it assumes a folded structure like muscle myosins and forms thick filaments through polymerization. In our study, we presented intermediate structures observed during the early stages of polymerization of purified myosin via negative staining electron microscopy, immediately crosslinked with glutaraldehyde at the onset of polymerization. We identified folded monomers, dimers, and tetramers in the process. Our findings suggest that Dictyostelium myosin II follows a polymerization pathway in vitro akin to muscle myosin, with folded monomers forming folded parallel and antiparallel dimers that subsequently associate to create folded tetramers. These folded tetramers eventually unfold and associate with other tetramers to produce long filaments. Furthermore, our research revealed that ATP influences filament size, reducing it regardless of the status of RLC phosphorylation while significantly increasing the critical polymerization concentrations from 0.2 to 9 nM. In addition, we demonstrate the morphology of fully matured Dictyostelium myosin II filaments.
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3
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Cheng CY, Romero DP, Zoltner M, Yao MC, Turkewitz AP. Structure and dynamics of the contractile vacuole complex in Tetrahymena thermophila. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261511. [PMID: 37902010 PMCID: PMC10729820 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The contractile vacuole complex (CVC) is a dynamic and morphologically complex membrane organelle, comprising a large vesicle (bladder) linked with a tubular reticulum (spongiome). CVCs provide key osmoregulatory roles across diverse eukaryotic lineages, but probing the mechanisms underlying their structure and function is hampered by the limited tools available for in vivo analysis. In the experimentally tractable ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, we describe four proteins that, as endogenously tagged constructs, localize specifically to distinct CVC zones. The DOPEY homolog Dop1p and the CORVET subunit Vps8Dp localize both to the bladder and spongiome but with different local distributions that are sensitive to osmotic perturbation, whereas the lipid scramblase Scr7p colocalizes with Vps8Dp. The H+-ATPase subunit Vma4 is spongiome specific. The live imaging permitted by these probes revealed dynamics at multiple scales including rapid exchange of CVC-localized and soluble protein pools versus lateral diffusion in the spongiome, spongiome extension and branching, and CVC formation during mitosis. Although the association with DOP1 and VPS8D implicate the CVC in endosomal trafficking, both the bladder and spongiome might be isolated from bulk endocytic input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yin Cheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daniel P. Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Martin Zoltner
- Biotechnology Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Meng-Chao Yao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Aaron P. Turkewitz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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4
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Manna PT, Barlow LD, Ramirez-Macias I, Herman EK, Dacks JB. Endosomal vesicle fusion machinery is involved with the contractile vacuole in Dictyostelium discoideum. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286683. [PMID: 36546731 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile vacuoles (CVs), enigmatic osmoregulatory organelles, share common characteristics, such as a requirement for RAB11 and high levels of V-ATPase. These commonalities suggest a conserved evolutionary origin for the CVs with implications for understanding of the last common ancestor of eukaryotes and eukaryotic diversification more broadly. A taxonomically broader sampling of CV-associated machinery is required to address this question further. We used a transcriptomics-based approach to identify CV-associated gene products in Dictyostelium discoideum. This approach was first validated by assessing a set of known CV-associated gene products, which were significantly upregulated following hypo-osmotic exposure. Moreover, endosomal and vacuolar gene products were enriched in the upregulated gene set. An upregulated SNARE protein (NPSNB) was predominantly plasma membrane localised and enriched in the vicinity of CVs, supporting the association with this organelle found in the transcriptomic analysis. We therefore confirm that transcriptomic approaches can identify known and novel players in CV function, in our case emphasizing the role of endosomal vesicle fusion machinery in the D. discoideum CV and facilitating future work to address questions regarding the deep evolution of eukaryotic organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Manna
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Box 430, 405 30, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lael D Barlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life, Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Inmaculada Ramirez-Macias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.,Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada 18014, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, 18012, Spain
| | - Emily K Herman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University of College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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5
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Fadil SA, Janetopoulos C. The Polarized Redistribution of the Contractile Vacuole to the Rear of the Cell is Critical for Streaming and is Regulated by PI(4,5)P2-Mediated Exocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:765316. [PMID: 35928786 PMCID: PMC9344532 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.765316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae align in a head to tail manner during the process of streaming during fruiting body formation. The chemoattractant cAMP is the chemoattractant regulating cell migration during this process and is released from the rear of cells. The process by which this cAMP release occurs has eluded investigators for many decades, but new findings suggest that this release can occur through expulsion during contractile vacuole (CV) ejection. The CV is an organelle that performs several functions inside the cell including the regulation of osmolarity, and discharges its content via exocytosis. The CV localizes to the rear of the cell and appears to be part of the polarity network, with the localization under the influence of the plasma membrane (PM) lipids, including the phosphoinositides (PIs), among those is PI(4,5)P2, the most abundant PI on the PM. Research on D. discoideum and neutrophils have shown that PI(4,5)P2 is enriched at the rear of migrating cells. In several systems, it has been shown that the essential regulator of exocytosis is through the exocyst complex, mediated in part by PI(4,5)P2-binding. This review features the role of the CV complex in D. discoideum signaling with a focus on the role of PI(4,5)P2 in regulating CV exocytosis and localization. Many of the regulators of these processes are conserved during evolution, so the mechanisms controlling exocytosis and membrane trafficking in D. discoideum and mammalian cells will be discussed, highlighting their important functions in membrane trafficking and signaling in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana A. Fadil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Natural product, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Saudia Arabia
| | - Chris Janetopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Science Research Institute, Albright College, Reading, PA, United States
- The Department of Cell Biology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Chris Janetopoulos,
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6
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Dolan JR. Re-visiting The Ridiculed Rival of Leeuwenhoek: Louis Joblot (1645 - 1723). Protist 2022; 173:125882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Zhang X, Sun C, Gong Z, Ma R, Ni B, Fan X. Ultrastructure of Apocolpodidium etoschense (Ciliophora) and its Systematics, Enlightenment for the Class Nassophorea. Protist 2022; 173:125867. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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More K, Klinger CM, Barlow LD, Dacks JB. Evolution and Natural History of Membrane Trafficking in Eukaryotes. Curr Biol 2021; 30:R553-R564. [PMID: 32428497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-trafficking system is a defining facet of eukaryotic cells. The best-known organelles and major protein families of this system are largely conserved across the vast diversity of eukaryotes, implying both ancient organization and functional unity. Nonetheless, intriguing variation exists that speaks to the evolutionary forces that have shaped the endomembrane system in eukaryotes and highlights ways in which membrane trafficking in protists differs from that in our well-understood models of mammalian and yeast cells. Both parasites and free-living protists possess specialized trafficking organelles, some lineage specific, others more widely distributed - the evolution and function of these organelles begs exploration. Novel members of protein families are present across eukaryotes but have been lost in humans. These proteins may well hold clues to understanding differences in cellular function in organisms that are of pressing importance for planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira More
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Christen M Klinger
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lael D Barlow
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 1-124 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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9
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Zuma AA, Dos Santos Barrias E, de Souza W. Basic Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1671-1732. [PMID: 33272165 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826999201203213527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review addresses basic aspects of the biology of the pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi and some comparative information of Trypanosoma brucei. Like eukaryotic cells, their cellular organization is similar to that of mammalian hosts. However, these parasites present structural particularities. That is why the following topics are emphasized in this paper: developmental stages of the life cycle in the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts; the cytoskeleton of the protozoa, especially the sub-pellicular microtubules; the flagellum and its attachment to the protozoan body through specialized junctions; the kinetoplast-mitochondrion complex, including its structural organization and DNA replication; glycosome and its role in the metabolism of the cell; acidocalcisome, describing its morphology, biochemistry, and functional role; cytostome and the endocytic pathway; the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex; the nucleus, describing its structural organization during interphase and division; and the process of interaction of the parasite with host cells. The unique characteristics of these structures also make them interesting chemotherapeutic targets. Therefore, further understanding of cell biology aspects contributes to the development of drugs for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Zuma
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emile Dos Santos Barrias
- Laboratorio de Metrologia Aplicada a Ciencias da Vida, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada a Ciencias da Vida - Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Ishida M, Hori M, Ooba Y, Kinoshita M, Matsutani T, Naito M, Hagimoto T, Miyazaki K, Ueda S, Miura K, Tominaga T. A Functional Aqp1 Gene Product Localizes on The Contractile Vacuole Complex in Paramecium multimicronucleatum. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2021; 68:e12843. [PMID: 33501744 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a ciliate Paramecium, the presence of water channels on the membrane of contractile vacuole has long been predicted by both morphological and physiological data, however, to date either the biochemical or the molecular biological data have not been provided. In the present study, to examine the presence of aquaporin in Paramecium, we carried out RT-PCR with degenerated primers designed based on the ParameciumDB, and an aquaporin cDNA (aquaporin 1, aqp1) with a full-length ORF encoding 251 amino acids was obtained from Paramecium multimicronucleatum by using RACE. The deduced amino acid sequence of AQP1 had NPA-NPG motifs, and the prediction of protein secondary structure by CNR5000 and hydropathy plot showed the presence of six putative transmembrane domains and five connecting loops. Phylogenetic analysis results showed that the amino acid sequence of AQP1 was close to that of the Super-aquaporin group. The AQP1-GFP fusion protein clearly demonstrated the subcellular localization of AQP1 on the contractile vacuole complex, except for the decorated spongiome membrane. The functional analyses of aqp1 were done by RNA interference-based gene silencing, using an established feeding method. The aqp1 was found to be crucial for the total fluid output of the cell, the function of contractile vacuole membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ishida
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
| | - Manabu Hori
- Department of Biological Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yui Ooba
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
| | - Masako Kinoshita
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsutani
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
| | - Musumi Naito
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
| | - Taeko Hagimoto
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
| | - Kuniko Miyazaki
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
| | - Sou Ueda
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, 630-8528, Japan
| | - Ken Miura
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa, Japan
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11
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Melkikh AV, Sutormina M. Intra- and intercellular transport of substances: Models and mechanisms. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 150:184-202. [PMID: 31678255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium-statistical models of intracellular transport are built. The most significant features of these models are microscopic reversibility and the explicit considerations of the driving forces of the process - the ATP-ADP chemical potential difference. In this paper, water transport using contractile vacuoles, the transport and assembly of microtubules and microfilaments, the protein distribution within a cell, the transport of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and the transport of substances between cells using plasmodesmata are discussed. Endocytosis and phagocytosis models are considered, and transport tasks and information transfer mechanisms inside the cell are explored. Based on an analysis of chloroplast movement, it was concluded that they have a complicated method of influencing each other in the course of their movements. The role of quantum effects in sorting and control transport mechanisms is also discussed. It is likely that quantum effects play a large role in these processes, otherwise reliable molecular recognition would be impossible, which would lead to very low intracellular transport efficiency.
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12
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Thapa S, Lukat N, Selhuber-Unkel C, Cherstvy AG, Metzler R. Transient superdiffusion of polydisperse vacuoles in highly motile amoeboid cells. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:144901. [PMID: 30981236 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samudrajit Thapa
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nils Lukat
- Institute of Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Andrey G. Cherstvy
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralf Metzler
- Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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13
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Al-Izzi SC, Rowlands G, Sens P, Turner MS. Hydro-osmotic Instabilities in Active Membrane Tubes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:138102. [PMID: 29694218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.138102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study a membrane tube with unidirectional ion pumps driving an osmotic pressure difference. A pressure-driven peristaltic instability is identified, qualitatively distinct from similar tension-driven Rayleigh-type instabilities on membrane tubes. We discuss how this instability could be related to the function and biogenesis of membrane bound organelles, in particular, the contractile vacuole complex. The unusually long natural wavelength of this instability is in agreement with that observed in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami C Al-Izzi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Physical Chemistry Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - George Rowlands
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Sens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Physical Chemistry Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthew S Turner
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Complexity Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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14
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Cardenal-Muñoz E, Barisch C, Lefrançois LH, López-Jiménez AT, Soldati T. When Dicty Met Myco, a (Not So) Romantic Story about One Amoeba and Its Intracellular Pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:529. [PMID: 29376033 PMCID: PMC5767268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Dictyostelium discoideum has become an important model organism to study the cell biology of professional phagocytes. This amoeba not only shares many molecular features with mammalian macrophages, but most of its fundamental signal transduction pathways are conserved in humans. The broad range of existing genetic and biochemical tools, together with its suitability for cell culture and live microscopy, make D. discoideum an ideal and versatile laboratory organism. In this review, we focus on the use of D. discoideum as a phagocyte model for the study of mycobacterial infections, in particular Mycobacterium marinum. We look in detail at the intracellular cycle of M. marinum, from its uptake by D. discoideum to its active or passive egress into the extracellular medium. In addition, we describe the molecular mechanisms that both the mycobacterial invader and the amoeboid host have developed to fight against each other, and compare and contrast with those developed by mammalian phagocytes. Finally, we introduce the methods and specific tools that have been used so far to monitor the D. discoideum-M. marinum interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cardenal-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Sciences II, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Tröster V, Setzer T, Hirth T, Pecina A, Kortekamp A, Nick P. Probing the contractile vacuole as Achilles' heel of the biotrophic grapevine pathogen Plasmopara viticola. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1887-1901. [PMID: 28550468 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The causative agent of Grapevine Downy Mildew, the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, poses a serious threat to viticulture. In the current work, the contractile vacuole of the zoospore is analysed as potential target for novel plant protection strategies. Using a combination of electron microscopy, spinning disc confocal microscopy, and video differential interference contrast microscopy, we have followed the genesis and dynamics of this vacuole required during the search for the stomata, when the non-walled zoospore is exposed to hypotonic conditions. This subcellular description was combined with a pharmacological study, where the functionality of the contractile vacuole was blocked by manipulation of actin, by Na, Cu, and Al ions or by inhibition of the NADPH oxidase. We further observe that RGD peptides (mimicking binding sites for integrins at the extracellular matrix) can inhibit the function of the contractile vacuole as well. Finally, we show that an extract from Chinese liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) proposed as biocontrol for Downy Mildews can efficiently induce zoospore burst and that this activity depends on the activity of NADPH oxidase. The effect of the extract can be phenocopied by its major compound, glycyrrhizin, suggesting a mode of action for this biologically safe alternative to copper products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Tröster
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Bld. 30.43, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tabea Setzer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Bld. 30.43, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Hirth
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Bld. 30.43, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anna Pecina
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Bld. 30.43, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Kortekamp
- Institute of Plant Protection State Education and Research Center (DLR) Rheinpfalz, Breitenweg 71, 67435, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Bld. 30.43, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Ultrastructure observation on the cells at different life history stages of Cryptocaryon irritans (Ciliophora: Prostomatea), a parasitic ciliate of marine fishes. Parasitology 2016; 143:1479-89. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYCells of Cryptocaryon irritans at different life history stages were studied using both light and electron microscopy. The characteristics of several organelles were revealed for the first time at the ultrastructural level. It was confirmed that the cytostome of trophonts, protomonts and theronts was surrounded by cilium–palp triplets rather than ciliary triplets. The nematodesmata underlying the circumoral dikinetids were single bundles, whereas these were always paired in Prorodontids. Toxicysts were present in late-stage tomonts and theronts, but were absent in trophonts and protomonts. We posited that toxicysts might play a role in infection and invasion of host-fish tissue by theronts. The adoral brosse was unlike that of any other family of the class Prostomatea based on its location and morphology. Membranous folds were present in trophonts, protomonts and theronts. These folds were longer and more highly developed in C. irritans than in exclusively free-living prostome ciliates suggesting that they might be linked to parasitism in C. irritans. Trophonts, protomonts and theronts had multiple contractile vacuoles. The basic ultrastructure of the contractile vacuole of C. irritans was similar to that of other kinetofragminophoran ciliates. They might play different roles in different stages of the life cycle since their ultrastructure varied among trophonts, protomonts and theronts.
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Lima PC, Taylor RS, Cook M. Involvement of contractile vacuoles in the osmoregulation process of the marine parasitic amoeba Neoparamoeba perurans. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:629-633. [PMID: 26332530 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P C Lima
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production Program, BIRC, Woorim, Qld, Australia
| | - R S Taylor
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production Program, Battery Point, TAS, Australia
| | - M Cook
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production Program, ESP, Dutton Park, Qld, Australia
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Morphologic and molecular description of Metopus fuscus Kahl from North America and new rDNA sequences from seven metopids (Armophorea, Metopidae). Eur J Protistol 2014; 50:213-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dellinger M, Labat A, Perrouault L, Grellier P. Haplomyxa saranae gen. nov. et sp. nov., a new naked freshwater foraminifer. Protist 2014; 165:317-29. [PMID: 24810177 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new naked foraminifer, Haplomyxa saranae gen. nov. sp. nov., is described from an established cell line made from a single cell isolated from a freshwater garden pond. The new species was morphologically close to Reticulomyxa filosa, the only valid naked freshwater foraminifer species. However the two species differed when it came to the morphology of the cell body, the number of cysts, and the nutrition. The 18S rRNA gene had one of the longest sequences to date (4863 nucleotides), and it contained many insertions that are typical of Foraminifera. The size of this gene was 45% longer than the one of R. filosa due to the elongation of A+T rich regions, but molecular phylogeny based on conserved regions of the 3'-end placed the new species in the same morphological clade K. This report includes both morphological and genetic data which undoubtedly show that the new species is a new naked freshwater foraminifer and the second species of the clade K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dellinger
- "Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes", UMR 7245 CNRS - MNHN, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 52, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Amandine Labat
- "Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes", UMR 7245 CNRS - MNHN, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 52, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Loïc Perrouault
- "Structure et Instabilité des Génomes", UMR7196 CNRS - MNHN and INSERM U565, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Grellier
- "Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes", UMR 7245 CNRS - MNHN, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 52, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Robinson DG, Hoppenrath M, Oberbeck K, Luykx P, Ratajczak R. Localization of Pyrophosphatase and V-ATPase inChlamydomonas reinhardtii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Hoef-Emden K. Osmotolerance in the Cryptophyceae: jacks-of-all-trades in the Chroomonas Clade. Protist 2014; 165:123-43. [PMID: 24568876 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
No detailed studies have been performed to date on osmotolerance in cryptophytes, although one species, Chroomonas africana, had previously been reported to grow in freshwater as well as seawater. This study focused on osmotolerance in Chroomonas. Growth at different osmolalities and parameters of contractile vacuole function were examined and compared across a high-resolution phylogeny. Two evolutionary lineages in the Chroomonas clade proved to be euryhaline. Ranges of osmotolerance depended not only on osmolality, but also on culture medium. All cryptophytes contained contractile vacuoles. In the euryhaline strain CCAP 978/08 contractile vacuoles could be observed even at an osmolality beyond that of seawater. In addition the cells accumulated floridoside, an osmoprotectant likely originating from the red algal carbohydrate metabolism of the complex rhodoplast. Further evidence for functional contractile vacuoles also in marine cryptophytes was provided by identification of contractile vacuole-specific genes in the genome of Guillardia theta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hoef-Emden
- Universität zu Köln, Biozentrum Köln, Botanisches Institut, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674 Köln, Germany.
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Baines A, Parkinson K, Sim JA, Bragg L, Thompson CRL, North RA. Functional properties of five Dictyostelium discoideum P2X receptors. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20992-21000. [PMID: 23740252 PMCID: PMC3774368 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dictyostelium discoideum genome encodes five proteins that share weak sequence similarity with vertebrate P2X receptors. Unlike vertebrate P2X receptors, these proteins are not expressed on the surface of cells, but populate the tubules and bladders of the contractile vacuole. In this study, we expressed humanized cDNAs of P2XA, P2XB, P2XC, P2XD, and P2XE in human embryonic kidney cells and altered the ionic and proton environment in an attempt to reflect the situation in amoeba. Recording of whole-cell membrane currents showed that four receptors operated as ATP-gated channels (P2XA, P2XB, P2XD, and P2XE). At P2XA receptors, ATP was the only effective agonist of 17 structurally related putative ligands that were tested. Extracellular sodium, compared with potassium, strongly inhibited ATP responses in P2XB, P2XD, and P2XE receptors. Increasing the proton concentration (pH 6.2) accelerated desensitization at P2XA receptors and decreased currents at P2XD receptors, but increased the currents at P2XB and P2XE receptors. Dictyostelium lacking P2XA receptors showed impaired regulatory volume decrease in hypotonic solution. This phenotype was readily rescued by overexpression of P2XA and P2XD receptors, partially rescued by P2XB and P2XE receptors, and not rescued by P2XC receptors. The failure of the nonfunctional receptor P2XC to restore the regulatory volume decrease highlights the importance of ATP activation of P2X receptors for a normal response to hypo-osmotic shock, and the weak rescue by P2XB and P2XE receptors indicates that there is limited functional redundancy among Dictyostelium P2X receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joan A Sim
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Laricia Bragg
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Alan North
- From the Faculty of Life Sciences and; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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Contractile Vacuole Complex—Its Expanding Protein Inventory. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 306:371-416. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Komsic-Buchmann K, Stephan LM, Becker B. The SEC6 protein is required for contractile vacuole function in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2885-95. [PMID: 22427688 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.099184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Contractile vacuoles (CVs) are essential for osmoregulation in many protists. To investigate the mechanism of CV function in Chlamydomonas, we isolated novel osmoregulatory mutants. Four of the isolated mutant cell lines carried the same 33,641 base deletion, rendering the cell lines unable to grow under strong hypotonic conditions. One mutant cell line (Osmo75) was analyzed in detail. The CV morphology was variable in mutant cells, and most cells had multiple small CVs. In addition, one or two enlarged CVs or no visible CVs at all, were observed by light microscopy. These findings suggest that the mutant is impaired in homotypic vacuolar and exocytotic membrane fusion. Furthermore the mutants had long flagella. One of the affected genes is the only SEC6 homologue in Chlamydomonas (CreSEC6). The SEC6 protein is a component of the exocyst complex that is required for efficient exocytosis. Transformation of the Osmo75 mutant with a CreSEC6-GFP construct rescued the mutant completely (osmoregulation and flagellar length). Rescued strains overexpressed CreSEC6 (as a GFP-tagged protein) and displayed a modified CV activity. CVs were larger, whereas the CV contraction interval remained unchanged, leading to increased water efflux rates. Electron microscopy analysis of Osmo75 cells showed that the mutant is able to form the close contact zones between the plasma membrane and the CV membrane observed during late diastole and systole. These results indicate that CreSEC6 is essential for CV function and required for homotypic vesicle fusion during diastole and water expulsion during systole. In addition, CreSEC6 is not only necessary for CV function, but possibly influences the CV cycle in an indirect manner and flagellar length in Chlamydomonas.
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Presence of aquaporin and V-ATPase on the contractile vacuole of Amoeba proteus. Biol Cell 2012; 100:179-88. [DOI: 10.1042/bc20070091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wloga D, Frankel J. From Molecules to Morphology: Cellular Organization of Tetrahymena thermophila. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 109:83-140. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385967-9.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Wen Y, Stavrou I, Bersuker K, Brady RJ, De Lozanne A, O'Halloran TJ. AP180-mediated trafficking of Vamp7B limits homotypic fusion of Dictyostelium contractile vacuoles. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:4278-88. [PMID: 19692567 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-03-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles play an established role in endocytosis from the plasma membrane, but they are also found on internal organelles. We examined the composition of clathrin-coated vesicles on an internal organelle responsible for osmoregulation, the Dictyostelium discoideum contractile vacuole. Clathrin puncta on contractile vacuoles contained multiple accessory proteins typical of plasma membrane-coated pits, including AP2, AP180, and epsin, but not Hip1r. To examine how these clathrin accessory proteins influenced the contractile vacuole, we generated cell lines that carried single and double gene knockouts in the same genetic background. Single or double mutants that lacked AP180 or AP2 exhibited abnormally large contractile vacuoles. The enlarged contractile vacuoles in AP180-null mutants formed because of excessive homotypic fusion among contractile vacuoles. The SNARE protein Vamp7B was mislocalized and enriched on the contractile vacuoles of AP180-null mutants. In vitro assays revealed that AP180 interacted with the cytoplasmic domain of Vamp7B. We propose that AP180 directs Vamp7B into clathrin-coated vesicles on contractile vacuoles, creating an efficient mechanism for regulating the internal distribution of fusion-competent SNARE proteins and limiting homotypic fusions among contractile vacuoles. Dictyostelium contractile vacuoles offer a valuable system to study clathrin-coated vesicles on internal organelles within eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Almsherqi ZA, Landh T, Kohlwein SD, Deng Y. Chapter 6: cubic membranes the missing dimension of cell membrane organization. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 274:275-342. [PMID: 19349040 PMCID: PMC7105030 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)02006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are among the most fascinating assemblies of biomolecules: a bilayer less than 10 nm thick, composed of rather small lipid molecules that are held together simply by noncovalent forces, defines the cell and discriminates between “inside” and “outside”, survival, and death. Intracellular compartmentalization—governed by biomembranes as well—is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells, which allows them to fulfill multiple and highly specialized anabolic and catabolic functions in strictly controlled environments. Although cellular membranes are generally visualized as flat sheets or closely folded isolated objects, multiple observations also demonstrate that membranes may fold into “unusual”, highly organized structures with 2D or 3D periodicity. The obvious correlation of highly convoluted membrane organizations with pathological cellular states, for example, as a consequence of viral infection, deserves close consideration. However, knowledge about formation and function of these highly organized 3D periodic membrane structures is scarce, primarily due to the lack of appropriate techniques for their analysis in vivo. Currently, the only direct way to characterize cellular membrane architecture is by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, deciphering the spatial architecture solely based on two-dimensionally projected TEM images is a challenging task and prone to artifacts. In this review, we will provide an update on the current progress in identifying and analyzing 3D membrane architectures in biological systems, with a special focus on membranes with cubic symmetry, and their potential role in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Proteomics and lipidomics approaches in defined experimental cell systems may prove instrumental to understand formation and function of 3D membrane morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria A Almsherqi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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31
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UKELES RAVENNA, WIKFORS GARYH, FERRIS GAILE. Factors Affecting the Salinity Tolerance of the Freshwater CryptomonadChilomonas paramecium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1992.tb01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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AKBARIEH MOSTAFA, COUILLARD PIERRE. Ultrastructure of the Contractile Vacuole and Its Periphery inAmoeba proteus: Evolution of Vesicles During the Cycle1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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MULISCH MARIA, HAUSMANN KLAUS. Lorica Construction inEufolliculinasp. (Ciliophora, Heterotrichida)1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1983.tb01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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PATTERSON DAVIDJ. On the Organization of the Naked Filose Amoeba,Nuclearia moebiusiFrenzel, 1897 (Sarcodina, Filosea) and Its Implications1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1983.tb02920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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ALLEN RICHARDD, FOK AGNESK. Membrane Dynamics of the Contractile Vacuole Complex ofParamecium1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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FURNESS DN, BUTLER RD. The Cytology of Sheep Rumen Ciliates. III. Ultrastructure of the GenusEntodinium(Stein)1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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CHAPMAN GEORGEB, KERN ROBERTC. Ultrastructural Aspects of the Somatic Cortex and Contractile Vacuole of the Ciliate,Ichthyophthirius multifiliisFouquet1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1983.tb01409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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PAGE FREDERICKC. A Light- and Electron-Microscopical Study ofProtacanthamoeba caledonican. sp., Type-Species ofProtacanthamoeban. g. (Amoebida, Acanthamoebidae)1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1981.tb02807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Patterson DJ, Hausmann K. The behaviour of contractile vacuole complexes of cryptophycean flagellates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00071618100650491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Becker B. Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae). INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 264:1-24. [PMID: 17964920 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)64001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant vacuoles perform several different functions and are essential for the plant cell. The large central vacuoles of mature plant cells provide structural support, and they serve other functions, such as protein degradation and turnover, waste disposal, storage of metabolites, and cell growth. A unique feature of the plant vacuolar system is the presence of different types of vacuoles within the same cell. The current knowledge about the vacuolar compartments in plants and green algae is summarized and a hypothesis is presented to explain the origin of multiple types of vacuoles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Becker
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, 50931 Köln, Germany
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Heuser J. Evidence for recycling of contractile vacuole membrane during osmoregulation in Dictyostelium amoebae--a tribute to Günther Gerisch. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:859-71. [PMID: 16831485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Bagrov YY, Manusova NB. Peculiarities of Signal Transduction from Arginine-Vasopressin Receptors Located on the Apical Surface of Epithelial Cells of the Frog Urinary Bladder and on the Amoeba Outer Membrane. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10893-006-0012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Sultana H, Rivero F, Blau-Wasser R, Schwager S, Balbo A, Bozzaro S, Schleicher M, Noegel AA. Cyclase-Associated Protein is Essential for the Functioning of the Endo-Lysosomal System and Provides a Link to the Actin Cytoskeleton. Traffic 2005; 6:930-46. [PMID: 16138906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Data from mutant analysis in yeast and Dictyostelium indicate a role for the cyclase-associated protein (CAP) in endocytosis and vesicle transport. We have used genetic and biochemical approaches to identify novel interacting partners of Dictyostelium CAP to help explain its molecular interactions in these processes. Cyclase-associated protein associates and interacts with subunits of the highly conserved vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) and co-localizes to some extent with the V-ATPase. Furthermore, CAP is essential for maintaining the structural organization, integrity and functioning of the endo-lysosomal system, as distribution and morphology of V-ATPase- and Nramp1-decorated membranes were disturbed in a CAP mutant (CAP bsr) accompanied by an increased endosomal pH. Moreover, concanamycin A (CMA), a specific inhibitor of the V-ATPase, had a more severe effect on CAP bsr than on wild-type cells, and the mutant did not show adaptation to the drug. Also, the distribution of green fluorescent protein-CAP was affected upon CMA treatment in the wildtype and recovered after adaptation. Distribution of the V-ATPase in CAP bsr was drastically altered upon hypo-osmotic shock, and growth was slower and reached lower saturation densities in the mutant under hyper-osmotic conditions. Taken together, our data unravel a link of CAP with the actin cytoskeleton and endocytosis and suggest that CAP is an essential component of the endo-lysosomal system in Dictyostelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameeda Sultana
- Center for Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Köln, Germany
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Iwamoto M, Sugino K, Allen RD, Naitoh Y. Cell volume control in Paramecium: factors that activate the control mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 208:523-37. [PMID: 15671341 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A fresh water protozoan Paramecium multimicronucleatum adapted to a given solution was found to swell until the osmotic pressure difference between the cytosol and the solution balanced the cytosolic pressure. The cytosolic pressure was generated as the cell swelled osmotically. When either one or both of these pressures was somehow modified, cell volume would change until a new balance between these pressures was established. A hypothetical osmolyte transport mechanism(s) was presumably activated when the cytosolic pressure exceeded the threshold value of approximately 1.5 x 10(5) Pa as the cell swelled after its subjection to a decreased osmolarity. The cytosolic osmolarity thereby decreased and the volume of the swollen cell resumed its initial value. This corresponds to regulatory volume decrease (RVD). By contrast, another hypothetical osmolyte transport mechanism(s) was activated when the cell shrank after its subjection to an increased osmolarity. The cytosolic osmolarity thereby increased and volume of the shrunken cell resumed its initial value. This corresponds to regulatory volume increase (RVI). The osmolyte transport mechanism responsible for RVD might be activated again when the external osmolarity decreases further, and the cytosolic osmolarity thereby decreases to the next lower level. Similarly, another osmolyte transport mechanism responsible for RVI might be activated again when the external osmolarity increases further, and the cytosolic osmolarity thereby increases to the next higher level. Stepwise changes in the cytosolic osmolarity caused by a gradual change in the adaptation osmolarity found in P. multimicronucleatum is attributable to these osmolyte transport mechanisms. An abrupt change in the amount of fluid discharged from the contractile vacuole seen immediately after changing the external osmolarity reduces an abrupt change in cell volume and thereby protects the cell from the disruption of the plasma membrane by excessive stretch or dehydration during shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Iwamoto
- Pacific Biomedical Research Center, Snyder Hall 306, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2538 The Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Cachon J, Cachon M, Boillot A. Flagellar rootlets as myonemal elements for pusule contractility in dinoflagellates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.970030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Brefeldin A (BFA) causes a block in the secretory system of eukaryotic cells. In the scaly green flagellate Scherffelia dubia, BFA also interfered with the function of the contractile vacuoles (CVs). The CV is an osmoregulatory organelle which periodically expels fluid from the cell in many freshwater protists. Fusion of the CV membrane with the plasma membrane is apparently blocked by BFA in S. dubia. The two CVs of S. dubia swell and finally form large central vacuoles (LCVs). BFA-induced formation of LCVs depends on V-ATPase activity, and can be reversed by hypertonic media, suggesting that water accumulation in the LCVs is driven by osmosis. We suggest that the BFA-induced formation of LCVs represents a prolonged diastole phase. A normal diastole phase takes about 20 s and is difficult to investigate. Therefore, BFA-induced formation of LCVs in S. dubia represents a unique model system to investigate the diastole phase of the CV cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Becker
- Botanisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany.
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Matthews RA. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet and Ichthyophthiriosis in Freshwater Teleosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2005; 59:159-241. [PMID: 16182866 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(05)59003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important pathogen of freshwater teleosts occurring in both temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. The disease, ichthyophthiriosis, accounts for significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry, including the ornamental fish trade, and epizootics in wild fish populations can result in mass kills. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the biology of the parasite, covering the free-living and parasitic stages in the life cycle, host-parasite interactions, and the immune response of host and immune evasion strategies by the parasite. Emphasis on the immunological aspects of infection within the fish host, including molecular studies of i-antigens, reflects the current interest in this subject area and the quest to develop a recombinant vaccine against the disease. The current status of methods for the control of ichthyophthiriosis is discussed, together with new approaches in combating this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Matthews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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Allen RD, Naitoh Y. Osmoregulation and contractile vacuoles of protozoa. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2002; 215:351-94. [PMID: 11952235 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)15015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protozoa living in fresh water are subjected to a hypotonic environment. Water flows across their plasma membrane since their cytosol is always hypertonic to the environment. Many wall-less protozoa have an organelle, the contractile vacuole complex (CVC), that collects and expels excess water. Recent progress shows that most, if not all, CVCs are composed of a two-compartment system encircled by two differentiated membranes. One membrane, which is often divided into numerous vesicles and tubules, contains many proton-translocating V-ATPase enzymes that provide an electrochemical gradient of protons and which fuses only with the membrane of the second compartment. The membrane of the second compartment lacks V-ATPase holoenzymes, expands into a reservoir for fluid storage, and is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane. It is this second compartment that periodically undergoes rounding ("contraction"), setting the stage for fluid expulsion. Rounding is accompanied by increased membrane tension. We review the current state of knowledge on osmolarity, ion concentrations, membrane permeability, and electrophysiological parameters of cells and their contractile vacuoles, where these criteria are helpful to our understanding of the function of the CVC. Effects of environmental stresses on the CVC function are also summarized. Finally, other functions suggested for CVCs based on molecular and physiological studies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822, USA
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Potma EO, de Boeij WP, Bosgraaf L, Roelofs J, van Haastert PJ, Wiersma DA. Reduced protein diffusion rate by cytoskeleton in vegetative and polarized dictyostelium cells. Biophys J 2001; 81:2010-9. [PMID: 11566774 PMCID: PMC1301675 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements with high spatial resolution are performed to elucidate the impact of the actin cytoskeleton on translational mobility of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in aqueous domains of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. In vegetative Dictyostelium cells, GFP molecules experience a 3.6-fold reduction of their translational mobility relative to dilute aqueous solutions. In disrupting the actin filamentous network using latrunculin-A, the intact actin cytoskeletal network is shown to contribute an effective viscosity of 1.36 cP, which accounts for 53% of the restrained molecular diffusion of GFP. The remaining 47% of hindered protein motions is ascribed to other mechanical barriers and the viscosity of the cell liquid. A direct correlation between the density of the actin network and its limiting action on protein diffusion is furthermore established from measurements under different osmotic conditions. In highly locomotive polarized cells, the obstructing effect of the actin filamentous network is seen to decline to 0.46 cP in the non-cortical regions of the cell. Our results indicate that the meshwork of actin filaments constitutes the primary mechanical barrier for protein diffusion and that any noticeable reorganization of the network is accompanied by altered intracellular protein mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Potma
- Ultrafast Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Materials Science Centre, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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