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Wolsan M, Sato JJ. Role of feeding specialization in taste receptor loss: insights from sweet and umami receptor evolution in Carnivora. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6838703. [PMID: 36433799 PMCID: PMC9680018 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy and misunderstanding surround the role of feeding specialization in taste receptor loss in vertebrates. We refined and tested the hypothesis that this loss is caused by feeding specializations. Specifically, feeding specializations were proposed to trigger time-dependent process of taste receptor loss through deprivation of benefit of using the receptor's gustatory function. We propose that this process may be accelerated by abiotic environmental conditions or decelerated/stopped because of extragustatory functions of the receptor's protein(s). As test case we used evolution of the sweet (TAS1R2+TAS1R3) and umami (TAS1R1+TAS1R3) receptors in Carnivora (dogs, cats, and kin). We predicted these receptors' absence/presence using data on presence/absence of inactivating mutations in these receptors' genes and data from behavioral sweet/umami preference tests. We identified 20 evolutionary events of sweet (11) or umami (9) receptor loss. These events affected species with feeding specializations predicted to favor sweet/umami receptor loss (27 and 22 species, respectively). All species with feeding habits predicted to favor sweet/umami receptor retention (11 and 24, respectively) were found to retain that receptor. Six species retained the sweet (5) or umami (1) receptor despite feeding specialization predicted to favor loss of that receptor, which can be explained by the time dependence of sweet/umami receptor loss process and the possible decelerating effect of TAS1R extragustatory functions so that the sweet/umami receptor process is ongoing in these species. Our findings support the idea that feeding specialization leads to taste receptor loss and is the main if not only triggering factor for evolutionary loss of taste receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieczyslaw Wolsan
- Corresponding author: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Jun J Sato
- Department of Biotechnology, Fukuyama University, Higashimura-cho, Aza, Sanzo, 985-1, Fukuyama 729-0292, Japan
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A redox cycle with complex II prioritizes sulfide quinone oxidoreductase-dependent H 2S oxidation. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101435. [PMID: 34808207 PMCID: PMC8683732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual roles of H2S as an endogenously synthesized respiratory substrate and as a toxin raise questions as to how it is cleared when the electron transport chain is inhibited. Sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) catalyzes the first step in the mitochondrial H2S oxidation pathway, using CoQ as an electron acceptor, and connects to the electron transport chain at the level of complex III. We have discovered that at high H2S concentrations, which are known to inhibit complex IV, a new redox cycle is established between SQOR and complex II, operating in reverse. Under these conditions, the purine nucleotide cycle and the malate aspartate shuttle furnish fumarate, which supports complex II reversal and leads to succinate accumulation. Complex II knockdown in colonocytes decreases the efficiency of H2S clearance while targeted knockout of complex II in intestinal epithelial cells significantly decreases the levels of thiosulfate, a biomarker of H2S oxidation, to approximately one-third of the values seen in serum and urine samples from control mice. These data establish the physiological relevance of this newly discovered redox circuitry between SQOR and complex II for prioritizing H2S oxidation and reveal the quantitatively significant contribution of intestinal epithelial cells to systemic H2S metabolism.
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Murgia M, Nogara L, Baraldo M, Reggiani C, Mann M, Schiaffino S. Protein profile of fiber types in human skeletal muscle: a single-fiber proteomics study. Skelet Muscle 2021; 11:24. [PMID: 34727990 PMCID: PMC8561870 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-021-00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human skeletal muscle is composed of three major fiber types, referred to as type 1, 2A, and 2X fibers. This heterogeneous cellular composition complicates the interpretation of studies based on whole skeletal muscle lysate. A single-fiber proteomics approach is required to obtain a fiber-type resolved quantitative information on skeletal muscle pathophysiology. METHODS Single fibers were dissected from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies of young adult males and processed for mass spectrometry-based single-fiber proteomics. We provide and analyze a resource dataset based on relatively pure fibers, containing at least 80% of either MYH7 (marker of slow type 1 fibers), MYH2 (marker of fast 2A fibers), or MYH1 (marker of fast 2X fibers). RESULTS In a dataset of more than 3800 proteins detected by single-fiber proteomics, we selected 404 proteins showing a statistically significant difference among fiber types. We identified numerous type 1 or 2X fiber type-specific protein markers, defined as proteins present at 3-fold or higher levels in these compared to other fiber types. In contrast, we could detect only two 2A-specific protein markers in addition to MYH2. We observed three other major patterns: proteins showing a differential distribution according to the sequence 1 > 2A > 2X or 2X > 2A > 1 and type 2-specific proteins expressed in 2A and 2X fibers at levels 3 times greater than in type 1 fibers. In addition to precisely quantifying known fiber type-specific protein patterns, our study revealed several novel features of fiber type specificity, including the selective enrichment of components of the dystrophin and integrin complexes, as well as microtubular proteins, in type 2X fibers. The fiber type-specific distribution of some selected proteins revealed by proteomics was validated by immunofluorescence analyses with specific antibodies. CONCLUSION We here show that numerous muscle proteins, including proteins whose function is unknown, are selectively enriched in specific fiber types, pointing to potential implications in muscle pathophysiology. This reinforces the notion that single-fiber proteomics, together with recently developed approaches to single-cell proteomics, will be instrumental to explore and quantify muscle cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Murgia
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Leonardo Nogara
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Baraldo
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ory P, Hamani V, Bodet PE, Murillo L, Graber M. The variegated scallop, Mimachlamys varia, undergoes alterations in several of its metabolic pathways under short-term zinc exposure. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 37:100779. [PMID: 33360397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The variegated scallop (Mimachlamys varia) is a filter feeder bivalve encountered in marine regions of the Atlantic coast. In particular, it is present in the La Rochelle marina (France), where it is used for the biomonitoring of marine pollution, due to its ability to strongly bioaccumulate pollutants. In this semi-closed environment, contamination generated by port activities leads to an accumulation of both organic and metal pollutants. Zinc is one of these pollutants, present at a dose of up to 150 μg.L-1. This study investigated the effects of 48 h zinc exposure upon the metabolic profiles of Mimachlamys varia using UHPLC/QToF (ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight) tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics. After acclimation in mesocosms recreating in situ conditions, both controls and exposed with Zn2+ (150 μg.L-1) bivalves were dissected to recover the gills after 48 h and stored at -80 °C before metabolites extraction. UHPLC/QToF tandem mass spectrometry was performed to study metabolite composition of samples. Statistical analysis of results using multivariate techniques showed a good classification between control and exposed groups. Eleven identified metabolites were found to be down-modulated in exposed scallops. These variations could reflect potential zinc effects on several of the biological processes, such as energy metabolism, osmoregulation and defense against oxidative stress. Among the eleven metabolites highlighted, four were reported for the first time in an aquatic organism exposed to Zn. This study demonstrates once again the diversity of interactions between bivalves and metals and the complexity of the physiological response of marine bivalves to pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ory
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - V Hamani
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - P-E Bodet
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - L Murillo
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - M Graber
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
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Cader MZ, de Almeida Rodrigues RP, West JA, Sewell GW, Md-Ibrahim MN, Reikine S, Sirago G, Unger LW, Iglesias-Romero AB, Ramshorn K, Haag LM, Saveljeva S, Ebel JF, Rosenstiel P, Kaneider NC, Lee JC, Lawley TD, Bradley A, Dougan G, Modis Y, Griffin JL, Kaser A. FAMIN Is a Multifunctional Purine Enzyme Enabling the Purine Nucleotide Cycle. Cell 2020; 180:278-295.e23. [PMID: 31978345 PMCID: PMC6978800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in FAMIN cause arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease in early childhood, and a common genetic variant increases the risk for Crohn's disease and leprosy. We developed an unbiased liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry screen for enzymatic activity of this orphan protein. We report that FAMIN phosphorolytically cleaves adenosine into adenine and ribose-1-phosphate. Such activity was considered absent from eukaryotic metabolism. FAMIN and its prokaryotic orthologs additionally have adenosine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine phosphorylase activity, hence, combine activities of the namesake enzymes of central purine metabolism. FAMIN enables in macrophages a purine nucleotide cycle (PNC) between adenosine and inosine monophosphate and adenylosuccinate, which consumes aspartate and releases fumarate in a manner involving fatty acid oxidation and ATP-citrate lyase activity. This macrophage PNC synchronizes mitochondrial activity with glycolysis by balancing electron transfer to mitochondria, thereby supporting glycolytic activity and promoting oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial H+ and phosphate recycling. An unbiased LC-MS screen reveals FAMIN as a purine nucleoside enzyme FAMIN combines adenosine phosphorylase with ADA-, PNP-, and MTAP-like activities FAMIN enables a purine nucleotide cycle (PNC) preventing cytoplasmic acidification The FAMIN-dependent PNC balances the glycolysis-mitochondrial redox interface
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zaeem Cader
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rodrigo Pereira de Almeida Rodrigues
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James A West
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Gavin W Sewell
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Muhammad N Md-Ibrahim
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephanie Reikine
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lukas W Unger
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ana Belén Iglesias-Romero
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katharina Ramshorn
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lea-Maxie Haag
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Svetlana Saveljeva
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jana-Fabienne Ebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicole C Kaneider
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James C Lee
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Allan Bradley
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Williams MB, Watts SA. Current basis and future directions of zebrafish nutrigenomics. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:34. [PMID: 31890052 PMCID: PMC6935144 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review investigates the current state of nutrigenomics in the zebrafish animal models. The zebrafish animal model has been used extensively in the study of disease onset and progression and associated molecular changes. In this review, we provide a synopsis of nutrigenomics using the zebrafish animal model. Obesity and dyslipidemia studies describe the genomics of dietary-induced obesity in relation to high-fat/high-calorie diets. Inflammation and cardiovascular studies describe dietary effects on the expression of acute inflammatory markers and resulting chronic inflammatory issues including atherosclerosis. We also evaluated the genomic response to bioactive dietary compounds associated with metabolic disorders. Carbohydrate metabolism and β-cell function studies describe the impacts of high-carbohydrate dietary challenges on nutritional programming. We also report tumorigenesis in relation to dietary carcinogen exposure studies that can result in permanent genomic changes. Vitamin and mineral deficiency studies demonstrate transgenerational genomic impacts of micronutrients in the diet and temporal expression changes. Circadian rhythm studies describe the relation between metabolism and natural temporal cycles of gene expression that impacts health. Bone formation studies describe the role of dietary composition that influences bone reabsorption regulation. Finally, this review provides future directions in the use of the zebrafish model for nutrigenomic and nutrigenetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Williams
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Stephen A Watts
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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Willis IM, Moir RD, Hernandez N. Metabolic programming a lean phenotype by deregulation of RNA polymerase III. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12182-12187. [PMID: 30429315 PMCID: PMC6275490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815590115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a master negative regulator of RNA polymerase (Pol) III, Maf1 modulates transcription in response to nutrients and stress to balance the production of highly abundant tRNAs, 5S rRNA, and other small noncoding RNAs with cell growth and maintenance. This regulation of Pol III transcription is important for energetic economy as mice lacking Maf1 are lean and resist weight gain on normal and high fat diets. The lean phenotype of Maf1 knockout (KO) mice is attributed in part to metabolic inefficiencies which increase the demand for cellular energy and elevate catabolic processes, including autophagy/lipophagy and lipolysis. A futile RNA cycle involving increased synthesis and turnover of Pol III transcripts has been proposed as an important driver of these changes. Here, using targeted metabolomics, we find changes in the liver of fed and fasted Maf1 KO mice consistent with the function of mammalian Maf1 as a chronic Pol III repressor. Differences in long-chain acylcarnitine levels suggest that energy demand is higher in the fed state of Maf1 KO mice versus the fasted state. Quantitative metabolite profiling supports increased activity in the TCA cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the urea cycle and reveals changes in nucleotide levels and the creatine system. Metabolite profiling also confirms key predictions of the futile RNA cycle hypothesis by identifying changes in many metabolites involved in nucleotide synthesis and turnover. Thus, constitutively high levels of Pol III transcription in Maf1 KO mice reprogram central metabolic pathways and waste metabolic energy through a futile RNA cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Willis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461;
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Robyn D Moir
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Nouria Hernandez
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Weihrauch D, Donini A, O'Donnell MJ. Ammonia transport by terrestrial and aquatic insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:473-87. [PMID: 22100291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia, an end product from amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism, is highly toxic for most animals. This review will provide an update on nitrogen metabolism in terrestrial and aquatic insects with emphasis on ammonia generation and transport. Aspects that will be discussed include metabolic pathways of nitrogenous compounds, the origin of ammonia and other nitrogenous waste products, ammonia toxicity, putative ammonia transporters as well as ammonia transport processes known in insects. Ammonia transport mechanisms in the mosquito Aedes aegypti, the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta and the locust Schistocerca gregaria will be discussed in detail while providing additional, novel data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T2N2.
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Kirkwood JS, Lebold KM, Miranda CL, Wright CL, Miller GW, Tanguay RL, Barton CL, Traber MG, Stevens JF. Vitamin C deficiency activates the purine nucleotide cycle in zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:3833-41. [PMID: 22170049 PMCID: PMC3281694 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.316018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) is a cofactor for many important enzymatic reactions and a powerful antioxidant. AA provides protection against oxidative stress by acting as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, either directly or indirectly by recycling of the lipid-soluble antioxidant, α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Only a few species, including humans, guinea pigs, and zebrafish, cannot synthesize AA. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, we examined the effects of α-tocopherol and AA deficiency on the metabolic profiles of adult zebrafish. We found that AA deficiency, compared with subsequent AA repletion, led to oxidative stress (using malondialdehyde production as an index) and to major increases in the metabolites of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC): IMP, adenylosuccinate, and AMP. The PNC acts as a temporary purine nucleotide reservoir to keep AMP levels low during times of high ATP utilization or impaired oxidative phosphorylation. The PNC promotes ATP regeneration by converting excess AMP into IMP, thereby driving forward the myokinase reaction (2ADP → AMP + ATP). On the basis of this finding, we investigated the activity of AMP deaminase, the enzyme that irreversibly deaminates AMP to form IMP. We found a 47% increase in AMP deaminase activity in the AA-deficient zebrafish, complementary to the 44-fold increase in IMP concentration. These results suggest that vitamin C is crucial for the maintenance of cellular energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie M. Lebold
- From the Linus Pauling Institute
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, and
| | | | | | | | - Robert L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Carrie L. Barton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Maret G. Traber
- From the Linus Pauling Institute
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, and
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Thébault MT, Izem L, Leroy JP, Gobin E, Charrier G, Raffin JP. AMP-deaminase in elasmobranch fish: a comparative histochemical and enzymatic study. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 141:472-9. [PMID: 15979370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AMP-deaminase activity was measured in white muscle from a wide range of fish, including one cyclostome, 13 chondrosteans, and one teleost to elucidate the pattern of the AMP-deaminase activity in white muscle of fish. Compared to a mammalian (rat) muscle extract, low enzyme activities are found in the cyclostome and two elasmobranchs from two families (Scyliorhinidae, Hexanchidae). In contrast, higher AMP-deaminase activities, similar to mammals, are expressed in Squalidae, all families of skates, Chimaeridae and in the teleostean fish. We then compared AMP-deaminase activities in red and white muscles from two representative elasmobranch fish, the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) and the thornback ray (Raja clavata). The fibre type composition and distribution of the locomotory musculature were determined in these two elasmobranchs to establish a relationship between the morphology, the type of fibres of the locomotion-implicated muscles and the AMP-deaminase activity. Experimental data are discussed with respect to the layout of fibres in the myotome. In both species, three fibre types were identified. In the two fish myotomes, most of the axial muscles are white fibres while red fibres constitute a thin sheet. Some differences were observed between the two species in the distribution of intermediate fibres: in dogfish, these are located between the red and white fibres; in thornback ray, some are dispersed within the white fibre region, while others form an intermediary layer like in dogfish. These results suggest that in the course of evolution, an amplification of the AMP-deaminase activity in muscle was coupled with increase of complexity of the muscular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Thébault
- LEMAR, UMR CNRS 6539, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Place Copernic, Technopole Brest-Iroise, 29 280, Plouzané, France.
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Zietara MS, Słomińska E, Rurangwa E, Ollevier F, Swierczyński J, Skorkowski EF. In vitro adenine nucleotide catabolism in African catfish spermatozoa. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 138:385-9. [PMID: 15325339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown recently that African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) spermatozoa possess relatively low ATP content and low adenylate energy charge (AEC). One of the possible explanations for this phenomenon is that the spermatozoa actively catabolize adenine nucleotides. A relatively high rate of such catabolism could then contribute to the low ATP concentration and low adenylate energy charge observed in the spermatozoa in vitro. To check this hypothesis, we investigated ATP content and adenine nucleotide catabolism in African catfish spermatozoa stored at 4 degrees C in the presence of glycine as an energetic substrate. Our results indicate that the storage of African catfish sperm at 4 degrees C in the presence of glycine causes time-dependent ATP depletion. In contrast to ATP, the AMP content increases significantly during the same period of sperm storage, while the ADP increases only slightly. Moreover, a significant increase of inosine and hypoxanthine content was also found. Hypoxanthine was accumulated in the storage medium, but xanthine was found neither in spermatozoa nor in the storage medium. It indicates that hypoxanthine is not converted to xanthine, probably due to lack of xanthine oxidase activity in catfish spermatozoa. Present results suggest that adenine nucleotides may be converted to hypoxanthine according to the following pathway: ATP-->ADP-->AMP (adenosine/IMP)-->inosine-->hypoxanthine. Moreover, hypoxanthine seems to be the end product of adenine nucleotide catabolism in African catfish spermatozoa. In conclusion, our results suggest that a relatively high rate of adenine nucleotide catabolism contributes to the low ATP concentration and low adenylate energy charge observed in African catfish spermatozoa in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek S Zietara
- Gdańsk University, Biological Station, 26 Ornitologów Street, PL-80-680 Gdańsk-Sobieszewo, Poland
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13
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Sims B, Mahnke-Zizelman DK, Profit AA, Prestwich GD, Sabina RL, Theibert AB. Regulation of AMP deaminase by phosphoinositides. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:25701-7. [PMID: 10464307 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.36.25701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP deaminase (AMPD) converts AMP to IMP and is a diverse and highly regulated enzyme that is a key component of the adenylate catabolic pathway. In this report, we identify the high affinity interaction between AMPD and phosphoinositides as a mechanism for regulation of this enzyme. We demonstrate that endogenous rat brain AMPD and the human AMPD3 recombinant enzymes specifically bind inositide-based affinity probes and to mixed lipid micelles that contain phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Moreover, we show that phosphoinositides specifically inhibit AMPD catalytic activity. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is the most potent inhibitor, effecting pure noncompetitive inhibition of the wild type human AMPD3 recombinant enzyme with a K(i) of 110 nM. AMPD activity can be released from membrane fractions by in vitro treatment with neomycin, a phosphoinositide-binding drug. In addition, in vivo modulation of phosphoinositide levels leads to a change in the soluble and membrane-associated pools of AMPD activity. The predicted human AMPD3 sequence contains pleckstrin homology domains and (R/K)X(n)(R/K)XKK sequences, both of which are characterized phosphoinositide-binding motifs. The interaction between AMPD and phosphoinositides may mediate membrane localization of the enzyme and function to modulate catalytic activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sims
- Departments of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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14
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Campbell JW. Mitochondrial ammonia metabolism and the proton-neutral theory of hepatic ammonia detoxication. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1997; 278:308-21. [PMID: 9216074 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19970801)278:5<308::aid-jez5>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
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15
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Guicherit OM, Cooper BF, Rudolph FB, Kellems RE. The muscle and nonmuscle isozymes of adenylosuccinate synthetase are encoded by separate genes with differential patterns of expression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 370:585-90. [PMID: 7660974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2584-4_122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O M Guicherit
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Amplification of an adenylosuccinate synthetase gene in alanosine-resistant murine T-lymphoma cells. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding the “non-muscle” isozyme. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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Erecińska M, Pleasure D, Nelson D, Nissim I, Yudkoff M. Cerebral aspartate utilization: near-equilibrium relationships in aspartate aminotransferase reaction. J Neurochem 1993; 60:1696-706. [PMID: 8097234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The pathways of nitrogen transfer from 50 microM [15N]aspartate were studied in rat brain synaptosomes and cultured primary rat astrocytes by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Aspartate was taken up rapidly by both preparations, but the rates of transport were faster in astrocytes than in synaptosomes. In synaptosomes, 15N was incorporated predominantly into glutamate, whereas in glial cells, glutamine and other 15N-amino acids were also produced. In both preparations, the initial rate of N transfer from aspartate to glutamate was within a factor of 2-3 of that in the opposite direction. The rates of transamination were greater in synaptosomes than in astrocytes. Omission of glucose increased the formation of [15N]-glutamate in synaptosomes, but not in astrocytes. Rotenone substantially decreased the rate of transamination. There was no detectable incorporation of 15N from labeled aspartate to 6-amino-15N-labeled adenine nucleotides during 60-min incubation of synaptosomes under a variety of conditions; however, such activity could be demonstrated in glial cells. The formation of 15N-labeled adenine nucleotides was marginally increased by the presence of 1 mM aminooxyacetate, but was unaffected by pretreatment with 1 mM 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribose. It is concluded that (1) aspartate aminotransferase is near equilibrium in both synaptosomes and astrocytes under cellular conditions, but the rates of transamination are faster in the nerve endings; (2) in the absence of glucose, use of amino acids for the purpose of energy production increases in synaptosomes, but may not do so in glial cells because the latter possess larger glycogen stores; and (3) nerve endings have a very limited capacity for salvage of the adenine nucleotides via the purine nucleotide cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Erecińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6084
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18
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Van den Berghe G, Bontemps F, Vincent MF, Van den Bergh F. The purine nucleotide cycle and its molecular defects. Prog Neurobiol 1992; 39:547-61. [PMID: 1529104 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(92)90006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Three enzymes of purine metabolism, adenylosuccinate synthetase, adenylosuccinate lyase and AMP deaminase, have been proposed to form a functional unit, termed the purine nucleotide cycle. This cycle converts AMP into IMP and reconverts IMP into AMP via adenylosuccinate, thereby producing NH3 and forming fumarate from aspartate. In muscle, the purine nucleotide cycle has been shown to function during intense exercise; the metabolic flux through the cycle has been proposed to play a role in the regeneration of ATP by pulling the adenylate kinase reaction in the direction of formation of ATP, and by providing Krebs cycle intermediates. In kidney, the purine nucleotide cycle was shown to account for the release of NH3 under the normal acid-base status, but not under acidotic conditions. In brain, the purine nucleotide cycle might function under conditions that induce a loss of ATP, and thereby contribute to its recovery. There is no evidence that the purine nucleotide cycle operates in liver. Deficiency of muscle AMP deaminase is an apparently frequent disorder, which might affect approximately 2% of the general population. The observation that it can be found in clinically asymptomatic individuals suggests, paradoxically, that the ATP-regenerating function which has been attributed to the purine nucleotide cycle is not essential for muscle function. Further work should be aimed at identifying the conditions under which AMP deaminase deficiency becomes symptomatic. Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency provokes psychomotor retardation, often accompanied by autistic features. Its clinical heterogeneity justifies systematic screening in patients with unexplained mental deficiency. Additional studies are required to determine the mechanisms whereby this enzyme defect results in psychomotor retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Van den Berghe
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Mommsen TP, Walsh PJ. Biochemical and environmental perspectives on nitrogen metabolism in fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01920243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Nagel-Starczynowska G, Nowak G, Kaletha K. Purification and properties of AMP-deaminase from human uterine smooth muscle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1073:470-3. [PMID: 2015270 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AMP-deaminase from human uterine smooth muscle has been isolated, and properties of the enzyme were characterized. At pH 7.0, and in the presence of 100 mM potassium chloride the enzyme manifests a distinctly sigmoidal type of kinetics, with S0.5 parameter value about 12 mM. 1 mM ATP strongly activates the enzyme, and diminishes the value of S0.5 to 1.2 mM. In contrast to that 2.5 mM orthophosphate slightly inhibits the activity of AMP-deaminase studied and increases the S0.5 to about 14 mM. Similarly to ATP, orthophosphate does not influence the maximum velocity of the reaction. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate revealed that the molecular weight of human smooth muscle AMP-deaminase subunit is close to 37 kDa.
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21
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Kaletha K, Thebault M, Raffin JP. Comparative studies on heart and skeletal muscle AMP-deaminase from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 99:751-4. [PMID: 1790670 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. AMP-deaminases from fish heart and skeletal muscle have been isolated, and their kinetic and regulatory properties compared. 2. The results obtained indicate that the enzyme variants present in fish heart and skeletal muscle, in contrast to their mammalian counterparts, show very similar chromatographic, kinetic and regulatory characteristics. 3. The above may reflect evolutionary programmed differences in AMP-deaminase gene(s) organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaletha
- Department of Biochemistry, Academic Medical School, Gdansk, Poland
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22
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Van den Berghe G, Bontemps F, Vincent MF. Purine nucleotide cycle, molecular defects and therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 309B:281-6. [PMID: 1781384 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7703-4_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Van den Berghe
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Hohl CM, Wimsatt DK, Brierley GP, Altschuld RA. IMP production by ATP-depleted adult rat heart cells. Effects of glycolysis and alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation. Circ Res 1989; 65:754-60. [PMID: 2548764 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.65.3.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A rapid deenergization procedure was used to probe the regulation of in situ adenylate deaminase and 5'-nucleotidase in isolated adult rat heart cells. In cells depleted of ATP, the rate of ionosine monophosphate (IMP) production was fourfold greater in cells that had been respiring prior to deenergization than in cells that had been maintaining ATP stores through anaerobic glycolysis. This effect of respiratory inhibition was fully reversed by reaeration. When phenylephrine was present during preincubation, IMP production during a subsequent 5-minute rapid deenergization was increased by 70% in respiring cells and by 88% in those that had not been respiring. These effects of phenylephrine were abolished by prazosin. Adenosine production by cells without ATP was inversely related to that of IMP, whereas it was positively correlated with the amount of AMP remaining in cells after 5 minutes. We conclude from these data that rat heart adenylate deaminase is regulated by a product(s) of anaerobic glycolysis and by alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation. The production of intracellular adenosine in cells without ATP, on the other hand, is governed primarily by the concentration of AMP and appears to be catalyzed by the cytosolic type I 5'-nucleotidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hohl
- Division of Cardiology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus 43210-1239
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24
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Tschoerner P, Zebe E. Ammonia formation in the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis--in vivo and in vitro investigations. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 94:187-94. [PMID: 2573466 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The excretion of N compounds was investigated in leeches fed various test solutions. 2. Ingestion was followed by a striking increase of NH3 release exhibiting a characteristic time-course. 3. The NH3 excreted resulted from the degradation of N compounds present in the test solutions. 4. Formation of NH3 from proteins was inhibited by kanamycin, but was unaffected in the case of amino acids. 5. Symbiotic microorganisms do not significantly contribute to NH3 formation. 6. Glutamate dehydrogenase and AMP deaminase are the enzymes most likely to be responsible for NH3 formation in Hirudo.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- J Himms-Hagen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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