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Lafont R, Dinan L. Insect Sterols and Steroids. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39384701 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2024]
Abstract
Insects are incapable of biosynthesising sterols de novo so they need to obtain them from their diets or, in certain cases, from symbiotic microorganisms. Sterols serve a structural role in cellular membranes and act as precursors for signalling molecules and defence compounds. Many phytophagous insects dealkylate phytosterols to yield primarily cholesterol, which is also the main sterol that carnivorous and omnivorous insects obtain in their diets. Some phytophagous species have secondarily lost the capacity to dealkylate and consequently use phytosterols for structural and functional roles. The polyhydroxylated steroid hormones of insects, the ecdysteroids, are derived from cholesterol (or phytosterols in non-dealkylating phytophagous species) and regulate many crucial aspects of insect development and reproduction by means of precisely regulated titres resulting from controlled synthesis, storage and further metabolism/excretion. Ecdysteroids differ significantly from vertebrate steroid hormones in their chemical, biochemical and biological properties. Defensive steroids (cardenolides, bufadienolides, cucurbitacins and ecdysteroids) can be accumulated from host plants or biosynthesised within the insect, depending on species, stored in significant amounts in the insect and released when it is attacked. Other allelochemical steroids serve as pheromones. Vertebrate-type steroids have also been conclusively identified from insect sources, but debate continues about their significance. Side chain dealkylation of phytosterols, ecdysteroid metabolism and ecdysteroid mode of action are targets of potential insect control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Lafont
- BIOSIPE, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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2
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Sasakura Y, Yuzawa N, Yamasako J, Mori K, Horie T, Nonaka M. Environment-Mediated Vertical Transmission Fostered Uncoupled Phylogenetic Relationships between Longicorn Beetles and Their Symbionts. Zoolog Sci 2024; 41:363-376. [PMID: 39093282 DOI: 10.2108/zs230034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The Coleoptera Cerambycidae (longicorn beetles) use wood under different states (living healthy, freshly snapped, completely rot, etc.) in a species-specific manner for their larval diet. Larvae of some Cerambycidae groups have mycetomes, accessory organs associated with the midgut that harbor fungal symbiont cells. The symbionts are thought to improve nutrient conditions; however, this has yet to be shown experimentally. To deduce the evolutionary history of this symbiosis, we investigated the characteristics of the mycetomes in the larvae of longicorn beetles collected in Japan. Lepturinae, Necydalinae, and Spondylidinae are the only groups that possess mycetomes, and these three groups' mycetomes and corresponding fungal cells exhibit different characteristics between the groups. However, the phylogenetic relationship of symbiont yeasts does not coincide with that of the corresponding longicorn beetle species, suggesting they have not co-speciated. The imperfect vertical transmission of symbiont yeasts from female to offspring is a mechanism that could accommodate the host-symbiont phylogenetic incongruence. Some Lepturinae species secondarily lost mycetomes. The loss is associated with their diet choice, suggesting that different conditions between feeding habits could have allowed species to discard this organ. We found that symbiont fungi encapsulated in the mycetomes are dispensable for larval growth if sufficient nutrients are given, suggesting that the role of symbiotic fungi could be compensated by the food larvae take. Aegosoma sinicum is a longicorn beetle classified to the subfamily Prioninae, which does not possess mycetomes. However, this species contains a restricted selection of yeast species in the larval gut, suggesting that the symbiosis between longicorn beetles and yeasts emerged before acquiring the mycetomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Sasakura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan,
| | | | - Junsuke Yamasako
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan
| | | | - Takeo Horie
- Laboratory for Single-cell Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaru Nonaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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3
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Yu JB, Lv X, Liu Q, Tu JY, Yu XP, Xu YP. Death-Associated Protein-1 Plays a Role in the Reproductive Development of Nilaparvata lugens and the Transovarial Transmission of Its Yeast-Like Symbiont. INSECTS 2024; 15:425. [PMID: 38921140 PMCID: PMC11204009 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Death-associated protein-1 (DAP-1) plays a crucial role in cell growth, migration, autophagy, and apoptosis in mammals. However, its function in insects remains unclear. In the present study, we cloned and identified Nilaparvata lugens DAP-1 (NlDAP-1). NlDAP-1 was expressed during all developmental stages and in all tissues of N. lugens, being particularly higher in the ovaries of female adults. RNAi with double-stranded NlDAP-1 RNA significantly inhibited the expression of NlDAP-1, leading to premature death (dying seven days earlier), delayed ovarian development, and fewer offspring (76.7% reduction in eggs with 77.4% reduction in egg hatching rate). Additionally, an immunofluorescence experiment showed that NlDAP-1 was highly expressed when yeast-like symbionts (YLSs) entered N. lugens oocytes, and inhibiting the expression of NlDAP-1 disturbed the process; the RNAi of NlDAP-1 caused a 34.9% reduction in the YLSs that entered oocytes. These results indicate that NlDAP-1 plays a crucial role in the reproductive development of N. lugens and the transovarial transmission of its YLSs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yi-Peng Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.-B.Y.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (J.-Y.T.); (X.-P.Y.)
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Poulain M, Rosinski E, Henri H, Balmand S, Delignette-Muller ML, Heddi A, Lasseur R, Vavre F, Zaidman-Rémy A, Kremer N. Development, feeding, and sex shape the relative quantity of the nutritional obligatory symbiont Wolbachia in bed bugs. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1386458. [PMID: 38774500 PMCID: PMC11106466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1386458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is a hemipteran insect that feeds only on blood, and whose bites cause public health issues. Due to globalization and resistance to insecticides, this pest has undergone a significant and global resurgence in recent decades. Blood is an unbalanced diet, lacking notably sufficient B vitamins. Like all strict hematophagous arthropods, bed bugs host a nutritional symbiont supplying B vitamins. In C. lectularius, this nutritional symbiont is the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia (wCle). It is located in specific symbiotic organs, the bacteriomes, as well as in ovaries. Experimental depletion of wCle has been shown to result in longer nymphal development and lower fecundity. These phenotypes were rescued by B vitamin supplementation. Understanding the interaction between wCle and the bed bug may help to develop new pest control methods targeting the disruption of this symbiotic interaction. The objective of this work was thus to quantify accurately the density of wCle over the life cycle of the host and to describe potential associated morphological changes in the bacteriome. We also sought to determine the impact of sex, feeding status, and aging on the bacterial population dynamics. We showed that the relative quantity of wCle continuously increases during bed bug development, while the relative size of the bacteriome remains stable. We also showed that adult females harbor more wCle than males and that wCle relative quantity decreases slightly in adults with age, except in weekly-fed males. These results are discussed in the context of bed bug ecology and will help to define critical points of the symbiotic interaction during the bed bug life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Poulain
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgroSup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, France
- Izinovation SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Elodie Rosinski
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgroSup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hélène Henri
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgroSup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabrice Vavre
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgroSup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Natacha Kremer
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgroSup, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
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Dallai R, Mercati D, Lupetti P. The ultrastructure of the spermatheca of Mordellistena brevicauda (Coleoptera, Tenebrionoidea) and the associated bacterial cells. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2024; 80:101357. [PMID: 38669939 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2024.101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The ultrastructural study on the female reproductive system of the beetle M. brevicauda (Mordellidae) confirmed the positive correlation between the length of the sperm and the size of the female seminal receptacle (Spermatheca). The spermatheca of the species is characterized by an apical bulb-like structure where the spermathecal duct forms numerous folds filled with sperm. At this level many bacterial cells are present intermingled with the duct folds. Some are organized in large structures, such as bacteriomes, while other are single bacteriocytes. The latter are often found near the basal lamina of duct epithelium. In addition, some bacteria are visible in the cytoplasm of the duct epithelial cells. Interestingly, bacterial cells have never been observed in the duct lumen. The possible function of the bacterial cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - David Mercati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Pietro Lupetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Acar T, Moreau S, Jardinaud MF, Houdinet G, Maviane-Macia F, De Meyer F, Hoste B, Leroux O, Coen O, Le Ru A, Peeters N, Carlier A. The association between Dioscorea sansibarensis and Orrella dioscoreae as a model for hereditary leaf symbiosis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302377. [PMID: 38648204 PMCID: PMC11034651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary, or vertically-transmitted, symbioses affect a large number of animal species and some plants. The precise mechanisms underlying transmission of functions of these associations are often difficult to describe, due to the difficulty in separating the symbiotic partners. This is especially the case for plant-bacteria hereditary symbioses, which lack experimentally tractable model systems. Here, we demonstrate the potential of the leaf symbiosis between the wild yam Dioscorea sansibarensis and the bacterium Orrella dioscoreae (O. dioscoreae) as a model system for hereditary symbiosis. O. dioscoreae is easy to grow and genetically manipulate, which is unusual for hereditary symbionts. These properties allowed us to design an effective antimicrobial treatment to rid plants of bacteria and generate whole aposymbiotic plants, which can later be re-inoculated with bacterial cultures. Aposymbiotic plants did not differ morphologically from symbiotic plants and the leaf forerunner tip containing the symbiotic glands formed normally even in the absence of bacteria, but microscopic differences between symbiotic and aposymbiotic glands highlight the influence of bacteria on the development of trichomes and secretion of mucilage. This is to our knowledge the first leaf symbiosis where both host and symbiont can be grown separately and where the symbiont can be genetically altered and reintroduced to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Acar
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Moreau
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Bart Hoste
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Olivier Coen
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Plateforme Imagerie TRI-FRAIB, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nemo Peeters
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Aurelien Carlier
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Qin M, Jiang L, Qiao G, Chen J. Phylosymbiosis: The Eco-Evolutionary Pattern of Insect-Symbiont Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15836. [PMID: 37958817 PMCID: PMC10650905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects harbor diverse assemblages of bacterial and fungal symbionts, which play crucial roles in host life history. Insects and their various symbionts represent a good model for studying host-microbe interactions. Phylosymbiosis is used to describe an eco-evolutionary pattern, providing a new cross-system trend in the research of host-associated microbiota. The phylosymbiosis pattern is characterized by a significant positive correlation between the host phylogeny and microbial community dissimilarities. Although host-symbiont interactions have been demonstrated in many insect groups, our knowledge of the prevalence and mechanisms of phylosymbiosis in insects is still limited. Here, we provide an order-by-order summary of the phylosymbiosis patterns in insects, including Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. Then, we highlight the potential contributions of stochastic effects, evolutionary processes, and ecological filtering in shaping phylosymbiotic microbiota. Phylosymbiosis in insects can arise from a combination of stochastic and deterministic mechanisms, such as the dispersal limitations of microbes, codiversification between symbionts and hosts, and the filtering of phylogenetically conserved host traits (incl., host immune system, diet, and physiological characteristics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.Q.); (L.J.)
| | - Liyun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.Q.); (L.J.)
| | - Gexia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.Q.); (L.J.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (M.Q.); (L.J.)
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Mondal S, Somani J, Roy S, Babu A, Pandey AK. Insect Microbial Symbionts: Ecology, Interactions, and Biological Significance. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2665. [PMID: 38004678 PMCID: PMC10672782 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The guts of insect pests are typical habitats for microbial colonization and the presence of bacterial species inside the gut confers several potential advantages to the insects. These gut bacteria are located symbiotically inside the digestive tracts of insects and help in food digestion, phytotoxin breakdown, and pesticide detoxification. Different shapes and chemical assets of insect gastrointestinal tracts have a significant impact on the structure and makeup of the microbial population. The number of microbial communities inside the gastrointestinal system differs owing to the varying shape and chemical composition of digestive tracts. Due to their short generation times and rapid evolutionary rates, insect gut bacteria can develop numerous metabolic pathways and can adapt to diverse ecological niches. In addition, despite hindering insecticide management programs, they still have several biotechnological uses, including industrial, clinical, and environmental uses. This review discusses the prevalent bacterial species associated with insect guts, their mode of symbiotic interaction, their role in insecticide resistance, and various other biological significance, along with knowledge gaps and future perspectives. The practical consequences of the gut microbiome and its interaction with the insect host may lead to encountering the mechanisms behind the evolution of pesticide resistance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankhadeep Mondal
- Deparment of Entomology, Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat 785008, Assam, India; (S.M.)
| | - Jigyasa Somani
- Deparment of Entomology, Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat 785008, Assam, India; (S.M.)
| | - Somnath Roy
- Deparment of Entomology, Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat 785008, Assam, India; (S.M.)
| | - Azariah Babu
- Deparment of Entomology, Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat 785008, Assam, India; (S.M.)
| | - Abhay K. Pandey
- Deparment of Mycology & Microbiology, Tea Research Association, North Bengal Regional R & D Centre, Nagrakata, Jalpaiguri 735225, West Bengal, India
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Wang Z, Zhang S, Liu Z, Chang Z, Hu H. Gut Bacteria Promote Phosphine Susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum by Aggravating Oxidative Stress and Fitness Costs. INSECTS 2023; 14:815. [PMID: 37887827 PMCID: PMC10607109 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about resistance mechanisms can provide ideas for pesticide resistance management. Although several studies have unveiled the positive or negative impacts of gut microbes on host pesticide resistance, minimal research is available regarding the association between gut microbes and host phosphine resistance. To explore the influence of gut bacteria on host phosphine susceptibility and its molecular basis, mortality, fitness, redox responses, and immune responses of adult Tribolium castaneum were determined when it was challenged by phosphine exposure and/or gut bacteria inoculation. Five cultivable gut bacteria were excised from a population of phosphine-resistant T. castaneum. Among them, only Enterococcus sp. inoculation significantly promoted host susceptibility to phosphine, while inoculation of any other gut bacteria had no significant effect on host phosphine susceptibility. Furthermore, when T. castaneum was exposed to phosphine, Enterococcus sp. inoculation decreased the female fecundity, promoted host oxidative stress, and suppressed the expression and activity of host superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. In the absence of phosphine, Enterococcus sp. inoculation also elicited overactive immune responses in T. castaneum, including the immune deficiency and Toll signaling pathways and the dual oxidase-reactive oxygen species system. These results indicate that Enterococcus sp. likely promotes host phosphine susceptibility by aggravating oxidative stress and fitness costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Wang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.Z.); (Z.L.); (Z.C.); (H.H.)
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10
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Cornwallis CK, van 't Padje A, Ellers J, Klein M, Jackson R, Kiers ET, West SA, Henry LM. Symbioses shape feeding niches and diversification across insects. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1022-1044. [PMID: 37202501 PMCID: PMC10333129 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For over 300 million years, insects have relied on symbiotic microbes for nutrition and defence. However, it is unclear whether specific ecological conditions have repeatedly favoured the evolution of symbioses, and how this has influenced insect diversification. Here, using data on 1,850 microbe-insect symbioses across 402 insect families, we found that symbionts have allowed insects to specialize on a range of nutrient-imbalanced diets, including phloem, blood and wood. Across diets, the only limiting nutrient consistently associated with the evolution of obligate symbiosis was B vitamins. The shift to new diets, facilitated by symbionts, had mixed consequences for insect diversification. In some cases, such as herbivory, it resulted in spectacular species proliferation. In other niches, such as strict blood feeding, diversification has been severely constrained. Symbioses therefore appear to solve widespread nutrient deficiencies for insects, but the consequences for insect diversification depend on the feeding niche that is invaded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anouk van 't Padje
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raphaella Jackson
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lee M Henry
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Rupawate PS, Roylawar P, Khandagale K, Gawande S, Ade AB, Jaiswal DK, Borgave S. Role of gut symbionts of insect pests: A novel target for insect-pest control. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1146390. [PMID: 36992933 PMCID: PMC10042327 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1146390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects possess beneficial and nuisance values in the context of the agricultural sector and human life around them. An ensemble of gut symbionts assists insects to adapt to diverse and extreme environments and to occupy every available niche on earth. Microbial symbiosis helps host insects by supplementing necessary diet elements, providing protection from predators and parasitoids through camouflage, modulation of signaling pathway to attain homeostasis and to trigger immunity against pathogens, hijacking plant pathways to circumvent plant defence, acquiring the capability to degrade chemical pesticides, and degradation of harmful pesticides. Therefore, a microbial protection strategy can lead to overpopulation of insect pests, which can drastically reduce crop yield. Some studies have demonstrated increased insect mortality via the destruction of insect gut symbionts; through the use of antibiotics. The review summarizes various roles played by the gut microbiota of insect pests and some studies that have been conducted on pest control by targeting the symbionts. Manipulation or exploitation of the gut symbionts alters the growth and population of the host insects and is consequently a potential target for the development of better pest control strategies. Methods such as modulation of gut symbionts via CRISPR/Cas9, RNAi and the combining of IIT and SIT to increase the insect mortality are further discussed. In the ongoing insect pest management scenario, gut symbionts are proving to be the reliable, eco-friendly and novel approach in the integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravara S. Rupawate
- Department of Zoology, Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D. J. Malpani Commerce and B. N. Sarda Science College (Autonomous), Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
| | - Praveen Roylawar
- Department of Botany, Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D. J. Malpani Commerce and B. N. Sarda Science College (Autonomous), Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Suresh Gawande
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Pune, India
| | - Avinash B. Ade
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal,
| | - Seema Borgave
- Department of Zoology, Sangamner Nagarpalika Arts, D. J. Malpani Commerce and B. N. Sarda Science College (Autonomous), Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
- Seema Borgave,
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12
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Picciotti U, Araujo Dalbon V, Ciancio A, Colagiero M, Cozzi G, De Bellis L, Finetti-Sialer MM, Greco D, Ippolito A, Lahbib N, Logrieco AF, López-Llorca LV, Lopez-Moya F, Luvisi A, Mincuzzi A, Molina-Acevedo JP, Pazzani C, Scortichini M, Scrascia M, Valenzano D, Garganese F, Porcelli F. "Ectomosphere": Insects and Microorganism Interactions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:440. [PMID: 36838405 PMCID: PMC9967823 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on interacting with insects and their ectosymbiont (lato sensu) microorganisms for environmentally safe plant production and protection. Some cases help compare ectosymbiont microorganisms that are insect-borne, -driven, or -spread relevant to endosymbionts' behaviour. Ectosymbiotic bacteria can interact with insects by allowing them to improve the value of their pabula. In addition, some bacteria are essential for creating ecological niches that can host the development of pests. Insect-borne plant pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These pathogens interact with their vectors to enhance reciprocal fitness. Knowing vector-phoront interaction could considerably increase chances for outbreak management, notably when sustained by quarantine vector ectosymbiont pathogens, such as the actual Xylella fastidiosa Mediterranean invasion episode. Insect pathogenic viruses have a close evolutionary relationship with their hosts, also being highly specific and obligate parasites. Sixteen virus families have been reported to infect insects and may be involved in the biological control of specific pests, including some economic weevils. Insects and fungi are among the most widespread organisms in nature and interact with each other, establishing symbiotic relationships ranging from mutualism to antagonism. The associations can influence the extent to which interacting organisms can exert their effects on plants and the proper management practices. Sustainable pest management also relies on entomopathogenic fungi; research on these species starts from their isolation from insect carcasses, followed by identification using conventional light or electron microscopy techniques. Thanks to the development of omics sciences, it is possible to identify entomopathogenic fungi with evolutionary histories that are less-shared with the target insect and can be proposed as pest antagonists. Many interesting omics can help detect the presence of entomopathogens in different natural matrices, such as soil or plants. The same techniques will help localize ectosymbionts, localization of recesses, or specialized morphological adaptation, greatly supporting the robust interpretation of the symbiont role. The manipulation and modulation of ectosymbionts could be a more promising way to counteract pests and borne pathogens, mitigating the impact of formulates and reducing food insecurity due to the lesser impact of direct damage and diseases. The promise has a preventive intent for more manageable and broader implications for pests, comparing what we can obtain using simpler, less-specific techniques and a less comprehensive approach to Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Picciotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Aurelio Ciancio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Colagiero
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cozzi
- Institute of Food Production Sciences, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Davide Greco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Ippolito
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nada Lahbib
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Francesco Logrieco
- Institute of Food Production Sciences, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mincuzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Juan Pablo Molina-Acevedo
- Colombian Corporation for Agricultural Research Agrosavia C. I. Turipana-AGROSAVIA, Km. 13, Vía Montería-Cereté 230558, Colombia
| | - Carlo Pazzani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente (DBBA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00134 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Scrascia
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente (DBBA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Valenzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Garganese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Porcelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
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13
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Barman M, Samanta S, Ahmed B, Dey S, Chakraborty S, Deeksha M, Dutta S, Samanta A, Tarafdar J, Roy D. Transcription dynamics of heat-shock proteins (Hsps) and endosymbiont titres in response to thermal stress in whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Asia-I). Front Physiol 2023; 13:1097459. [PMID: 36714306 PMCID: PMC9880761 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1097459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is one of the several species complexes of whitefly that are currently significant agricultural pests. Bemisia tabaci infests more than 600 plant species and thrives under a wide range of temperature conditions. In addition to the direct damage caused by sucking plant sap, it vectors several plant viruses. Heat-shock proteins play a pivotal role in enabling the insect to extend its geographical location, survival, and reproduction under different stress conditions. B. tabaci harbours several endosymbionts under the genera Portiera, Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, Wolbachia, Arsenophonus, Cardinium, and Fritschea that directly or indirectly affect its fitness. By accelerating cuticle biosynthesis and sclerotisation, symbiotic microbes can reduce or enhance tolerance to extreme temperatures and detoxify heavy metals. Thus, symbionts or microbial communities can expand or constrain the abiotic niche space of their host and affect its ability to adapt to changing conditions. The present study delineates the effect of thermal stress on the expression of heat-shock genes and endosymbionts in B. tabaci. Studies of the expression level of heat-shock proteins with the help of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that heat- and cold-shock treatment fuels the increased expression of heat-shock proteins (Hsp40 and Hsp70). However, Hsp90 was not induced by a heat- and cold-shock treatment. A significant decrease in the relative titre of secondary endosymbionts, such as Rickettsia, Arsenophonus, and Wolbachia, were recorded in B. tabaci upon heat treatment. However, the titre of the primary symbiont, C. Portiera, was relatively unaffected by both cold and heat treatments. These results are indicative of the fact that Hsp genes and endosymbionts in B. tabaci are modulated in response to thermal stress, and this might be responsible for the adaptation of whitefly under changing climatic scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mritunjoy Barman
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, B.C.K.V, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India,GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India,*Correspondence: Mritunjoy Barman, ; Jayanta Tarafdar, ; Deepayan Roy,
| | - Snigdha Samanta
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, B.C.K.V, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Soumik Dey
- Faculty Centre for Agriculture Rural and Tribal Development (ARTD), RKMVERI, Ranchi, India
| | | | - M.G. Deeksha
- Division of Entomology, I.C.A.R-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Subham Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, B.C.K.V, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Arunava Samanta
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, B.C.K.V, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Jayanta Tarafdar
- Department of Plant Pathology, B.C.K.V, Nadia, West Bengal, India,*Correspondence: Mritunjoy Barman, ; Jayanta Tarafdar, ; Deepayan Roy,
| | - Deepayan Roy
- GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India,*Correspondence: Mritunjoy Barman, ; Jayanta Tarafdar, ; Deepayan Roy,
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14
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Woodring T, Deepe GS, Levitz SM, Wuethrich M, Klein BS. They shall not grow mold: Soldiers of innate and adaptive immunity to fungi. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101673. [PMID: 36459927 PMCID: PMC10311222 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous commensals, seasoned predators, and important agents of emerging infectious diseases [1 ]. The immune system assumes the essential responsibility for responding intelligently to the presence of known and novel fungi to maintain host health. In this Review, we describe the immune responses to pathogenic fungi and the varied array of fungal agents confronting the vertebrate host within the broader context of fungal and animal evolution. We provide an overview of the mechanistic details of innate and adaptive antifungal immune responses, as well as ways in which these basic mechanisms support the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Woodring
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marcel Wuethrich
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA; Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA.
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15
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Davis TS, Stewart JE, Clark C, Van Buiten C. Nutritional Profile and Ecological Interactions of Yeast Symbionts Associated with North American Spruce Beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02158-7. [PMID: 36542127 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To better understand functional ecology of bark beetle-microbial symbioses, we characterized yeast associates of North American spruce beetle (Dendroctous rufipennis Kirby) across populations. Seven yeast species were detected; Wickerhamomyces canadensis (Wickerham) Kurtzman et al. (Sachharomycetales: Saccharomycetaceae) was the most common (74% of isolates) and found in all populations. Isolates of W. canadensis were subsequently tested for competitive interactions with symbiotic (Leptographium abietinum, = Grosmannia abietina) and pathogenic (Beauvaria bassiana) filamentous fungi, and isolates were nutritionally profiled (protein and P content). Exposure to yeast headspace emissions had isolate-dependent effects on colony growth of symbiotic and pathogenic fungi; most isolates of W. canadensis slightly inhibited growth rates of symbiotic (L. abietinum, mean effect: - 4%) and entomopathogenic (B. bassiana, mean effect: - 6%) fungi. However, overall variation was high (range: - 35.4 to + 88.6%) and some yeasts enhanced growth of filamentous fungi whereas others were consistently inhibitory. The volatile 2-phenylethanol was produced by W. canadensis and synthetic 2-phenylethanol reduced growth rates of both L. abietinum and B. bassiana by 36% on average. Mean protein and P content of Wickerhamomyces canadensis cultures were 0.8% and 7.2%, respectively, but isolates varied in nutritional content and protein content was similar to that of host tree phloem. We conclude that W. canadensis is a primary yeast symbiont of D. rufipennis in the Rocky Mountains and emits volatiles that can affect growth of associated microbes. Wickerhamomyces canadensis isolates vary substantially in limiting nutrients (protein and P), but concentrations are less than reported for the symbiotic filamentous fungus L. abietinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Davis
- Forest & Rangeland Stewardship, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - Jane E Stewart
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
- Agricultural Biology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Caitlin Clark
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Health and Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Charlene Van Buiten
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Health and Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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16
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Plant-mediated rifampicin treatment of Bemisia tabaci disrupts but does not eliminate endosymbionts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20766. [PMID: 36456664 PMCID: PMC9715664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Whiteflies are among the most important global insect pests in agriculture; their sustainable control has proven challenging and new methods are needed. Bacterial symbionts of whiteflies are poorly understood potential target of novel whitefly control methods. Whiteflies harbour an obligatory bacterium, Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum, and a diverse set of facultative bacterial endosymbionts. Function of facultative microbial community is poorly understood largely due to the difficulty in their selective elimination without removal of the primary endosymbiont. Since the discovery of secondary endosymbionts, antibiotic rifampicin has emerged as the most used tool for their manipulation. Its effectiveness is however much less clear, with contrasting reports on its effects on the endosymbiont community. The present study builds upon most recent method of rifampicin application in whiteflies and evaluates its ability to eliminate obligatory Portiera and two facultative endosymbionts (Rickettsia and Arsenophnus). Our results show that rifampicin reduces but does not eliminate any of the three endosymbionts. Additionally, rifampicin causes direct negative effect on whiteflies, likely by disrupting mitochondria. Taken together, results signify the end of a rifampicin era in whitefly endosymbiont studies. Finally, we propose refinement of current quantification and data analysis methods which yields additional insights in cellular metabolic scaling.
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17
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Patel M, West S. Microbial warfare and the evolution of symbiosis. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220447. [PMID: 36541095 PMCID: PMC9768647 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative symbionts enable their hosts to exploit a diversity of environments. A low genetic diversity (high relatedness) between the symbionts within a host is thought to favour cooperation by reducing conflict within the host. However, hosts will not be favoured to transmit their symbionts (or commensals) in costly ways that increase relatedness, unless this also provides an immediate fitness benefit to the host. We suggest that conditionally expressed costly competitive traits, such as antimicrobial warfare with bacteriocins, could provide a relatively universal reason for why hosts would gain an immediate benefit from increasing the relatedness between symbionts. We theoretically test this hypothesis with a simple illustrative model that examines whether hosts should manipulate relatedness, and an individual-based simulation, where host control evolves in a structured population. We find that hosts can be favoured to manipulate relatedness, to reduce conflict between commensals via this immediate reduction in warfare. Furthermore, this manipulation evolves to extremes of high or low vertical transmission and only in a narrow range is partly vertical transmission stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matishalin Patel
- Centre for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 1SB, UK
| | - Stuart West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
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18
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Ribeiro Lopes M, Gaget K, Renoz F, Duport G, Balmand S, Charles H, Callaerts P, Calevro F. Bacteriocyte plasticity in pea aphids facing amino acid stress or starvation during development. Front Physiol 2022; 13:982920. [PMID: 36439244 PMCID: PMC9685537 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.982920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An important contributing factor to the evolutionary success of insects is nutritional association with microbial symbionts, which provide the host insects with nutrients lacking in their unbalanced diets. These symbionts are often compartmentalized in specialized cells of the host, the bacteriocytes. Even though bacteriocytes were first described more than a century ago, few studies have explored their dynamics throughout the insect life cycle and in response to environmental stressors. Here, we use the Buchnera aphidicola/pea aphid symbiotic system to study how bacteriocytes are regulated in response to nutritional stress throughout aphid development. Using artificial diets, we analyzed the effects of depletion or excess of phenylalanine or leucine, two amino acids essential for aphid growth and whose biosynthetic pathways are shared between the host and the symbiont. Bacteriocytes responded dynamically to those treatments, while other tissues showed no obvious morphological change. Amino acid depletion resulted in an increase in bacteriocyte numbers, with the extent of the increase depending on the amino acid, while excess either caused a decrease (for leucine) or an increase (for phenylalanine). Only a limited impact on survival and fecundity was observed, suggesting that the adjustment in bacteriocyte (and symbiont) numbers is sufficient to withstand these nutritional challenges. We also studied the impact of more extreme conditions by exposing aphids to a 24 h starvation period at the beginning of nymphal development. This led to a dramatic drop in aphid survival and fecundity and a significant developmental delay. Again, bacteriocytes responded dynamically, with a considerable decrease in number and size, correlated with a decrease in the number of symbionts, which were prematurely degraded by the lysosomal system. This study shows how bacteriocyte dynamics is integrated in the physiology of insects and highlights the high plasticity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Gaget
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - François Renoz
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
- UCLouvain, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gabrielle Duport
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Séverine Balmand
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hubert Charles
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federica Calevro
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, Villeurbanne, France
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19
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Espitia Buitrago PA, Manzano MR, Hernández LM. Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae): Integrated Pest Management on Gramineous Crops in the Neotropical Ecozone. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.891417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spittlebug (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) species cause large economic losses on gramineous crops (Poaceae) in tropical and subtropical America. These insects are key pests of sugarcane and forages, crops that experienced a quick expansion in extensive monocultures in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. Mobilization toward sustainable crop and livestock systems to supply the growing demand of meat, milk, and sugar in Latin America and the Caribbean region implies developing sustainable and feasible strategies of integrated pest management to control spittlebugs. This review combines information on Cercopidae taxonomy, geographical distribution, insect biology, and control strategies to contribute to the development of integrated pest management in grasses and sugarcane in the Neotropics.
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20
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Nozaki T, Shigenobu S. Ploidy dynamics in aphid host cells harboring bacterial symbionts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9111. [PMID: 35650254 PMCID: PMC9159990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids have evolved bacteriocytes or symbiotic host cells that harbor the obligate mutualistic bacterium Buchnera aphidicola. Because of the large cell size (approximately 100 μm in diameter) of bacteriocytes and their pivotal role in nutritional symbiosis, researchers have considered that these cells are highly polyploid and assumed that bacteriocyte polyploidy may be essential for the symbiotic relationship between the aphid and the bacterium. However, little is known about the ploidy levels and dynamics of aphid bacteriocytes. Here, we quantitatively analyzed the ploidy levels in the bacteriocytes of the pea-aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Image-based fluorometry revealed the hyper polyploidy of the bacteriocytes ranging from 16- to 256-ploidy throughout the lifecycle. Bacteriocytes of adult parthenogenetic viviparous females were ranged between 64 and 128C DNA levels, while those of sexual morphs (oviparous females and males) were comprised of 64C, and 32–64C cells, respectively. During post-embryonic development of viviparous females, the ploidy level of bacteriocytes increased substantially, from 16 to 32C at birth to 128–256C in actively reproducing adults. These results suggest that the ploidy levels are dynamically regulated among phenotypes and during development. Our comprehensive and quantitative data provides a foundation for future studies to understand the functional roles and biological significance of the polyploidy of insect bacteriocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Nozaki
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
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21
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James EB, Pan X, Schwartz O, Wilson ACC. SymbiQuant: A Machine Learning Object Detection Tool for Polyploid Independent Estimates of Endosymbiont Population Size. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:816608. [PMID: 35663891 PMCID: PMC9160162 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.816608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the size of endosymbiont populations is challenging because endosymbionts are typically difficult or impossible to culture and commonly polyploid. Current approaches to estimating endosymbiont population sizes include quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting endosymbiont genomic DNA and flow-cytometry. While qPCR captures genome copy number data, it does not capture the number of bacterial cells in polyploid endosymbiont populations. In contrast, flow cytometry can capture accurate estimates of whole host-level endosymbiont population size, but it is not readily able to capture data at the level of endosymbiotic host cells. To complement these existing approaches for estimating endosymbiont population size, we designed and implemented an object detection/segmentation tool for counting the number of endosymbiont cells in micrographs of host tissues. The tool, called SymbiQuant, which makes use of recent advances in deep neural networks includes a graphic user interface that allows for human curation of tool output. We trained SymbiQuant for use in the model aphid/Buchnera endosymbiosis and studied Buchnera population dynamics and phenotype over aphid postembryonic development. We show that SymbiQuant returns accurate counts of endosymbionts, and readily captures Buchnera phenotype. By replacing our training data with data composed of annotated microscopy images from other models of endosymbiosis, SymbiQuant has the potential for broad application. Our tool, which is available on GitHub, adds to the repertoire of methods researchers can use to study endosymbiosis at the organismal, genome, and now endosymbiotic host tissue or cell levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B. James
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Edward B. James,
| | - Xu Pan
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Odelia Schwartz
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Alex C. C. Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Alex C. C. Wilson,
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22
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Li NN, Jiang S, Lu KY, Hong JS, Wang YB, Yan JY, Luan JB. Bacteriocyte development is sexually differentiated in Bemesia tabaci. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110455. [PMID: 35235797 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some symbiotic microbes are restricted to specialized host cells called bacteriocytes. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the development of bacteriocytes are largely obscure. We find that maternally inherited bacteriocytes proliferate in adult females but degenerate in adult males of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Single-cell transcriptomics and immunohistochemistry reveal that cell division only occurs in the bacteriocytes of adult females, whereas autophagy and apoptosis are induced in the bacteriocytes of adult males. A transcription factor, Adf-1, enriched in bacteriocytes, is highly expressed in female bacteriocytes relative to male bacteriocytes. Silencing Adf-1 reduces the bacteriocyte number and Portiera titer and activates autophagy and apoptosis in females. The differential dynamics of both cell division and death in bacteriocytes and distinct expression of Adf-1 in bacteriocytes between whitefly sexes underlie the sexual differentiation of bacteriocyte development. Our study reveals that insect sex affects the development of bacteriocytes by cellular and molecular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kun-Yu Lu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ji-Sheng Hong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yan-Bin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jin-Yang Yan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jun-Bo Luan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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23
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Of Cockroaches and Symbionts: Recent Advances in the Characterization of the Relationship between Blattella germanica and Its Dual Symbiotic System. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020290. [PMID: 35207577 PMCID: PMC8878154 DOI: 10.3390/life12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic stable symbioses are widespread in all groups of eukaryotes, especially in insects, where symbionts have played an essential role in their evolution. Many insects live in obligate relationship with different ecto- and endosymbiotic bacteria, which are needed to maintain their hosts’ fitness in their natural environment, to the point of even relying on them for survival. The case of cockroaches (Blattodea) is paradigmatic, as both symbiotic systems coexist in the same organism in two separated compartments: an intracellular endosymbiont (Blattabacterium) inside bacteriocytes located in the fat body, and a rich and complex microbiota in the hindgut. The German cockroach Blattella germanica is a good model for the study of symbiotic interactions, as it can be maintained in the laboratory in controlled populations, allowing the perturbations of the two symbiotic systems in order to study the communication and integration of the tripartite organization of the host–endosymbiont–microbiota, and to evaluate the role of symbiotic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in host control over their symbionts. The importance of cockroaches as reservoirs and transmission vectors of antibiotic resistance sequences, and their putative interest to search for AMPs to deal with the problem, is also discussed.
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24
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Prigot-Maurice C, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Why and how do protective symbionts impact immune priming with pathogens in invertebrates? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104245. [PMID: 34453995 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates that invertebrates display adaptive-like immune abilities, commonly known as "immune priming". Immune priming is a process by which a host improves its immune defences following an initial pathogenic exposure, leading to better protection after a subsequent infection with the same - or different - pathogens. Nevertheless, beneficial symbionts can enhance similar immune priming processes in hosts, such as when they face repeated infections with pathogens. This "symbiotic immune priming" protects the host against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, or eukaryotic parasites. In this review, we explore the extent to which protective symbionts interfere and impact immune priming against pathogens from both a mechanical (proximal) and an evolutionary (ultimate) point of view. We highlight that the immune priming of invertebrates is the cornerstone of the tripartite interaction of hosts/symbionts/pathogens. The main shared mechanism of immune priming (induced by symbionts or pathogens) is the sustained immune response at the beginning of host-microbial interactions. However, the evolutionary outcome of immune priming leads to a specific discrimination, which provides enhanced tolerance or resistance depending on the type of microbe. Based on several studies testing immune priming against pathogens in the presence or absence of protective symbionts, we observed that both types of immune priming could overlap and affect each other inside the same hosts. As protective symbionts could be an evolutionary force that influences immune priming, they may help us to better understand the heterogeneity of pathogenic immune priming across invertebrate populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybèle Prigot-Maurice
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France.
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
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25
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Luo C, Belghazi M, Schmitz A, Lemauf S, Desneux N, Simon JC, Poirié M, Gatti JL. Hosting certain facultative symbionts modulates the phenoloxidase activity and immune response of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1780-1799. [PMID: 33200579 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum hosts different facultative symbionts (FS) which provide it with various benefits, such as tolerance to heat or protection against natural enemies (e.g., fungi, parasitoid wasps). Here, we investigated whether and how the presence of certain FS could affect phenoloxidase (PO) activity, a key component of insect innate immunity, under normal and stressed conditions. For this, we used clones of A. pisum of different genetic backgrounds (LL01, YR2 and T3-8V1) lacking FS or harboring one or two (Regiella insecticola, Hamiltonella defensa, Serratia symbiotica + Rickettsiella viridis). Gene expression and proteomics analyses of the aphid hemolymph indicated that the two A. pisum POs, PPO1 and PPO2, are expressed and translated into proteins. The level of PPO genes expression as well as the amount of PPO proteins and phenoloxidase activity in the hemolymph depended on both the aphid genotype and FS species. In particular, H. defensa and R. insecticola, but not S. symbiotica + R. viridis, caused a sharp decrease in PO activity by interfering with both transcription and translation. The microinjection of different types of stressors (yeast, Escherichia coli, latex beads) in the YR2 lines hosting different symbionts affected the survival rate of aphids and, in most cases, also decreased the expression of PPO genes after 24 h. The amount and activity of PPO proteins varied according to the type of FS and stressor, without clear corresponding changes in gene expression. These data demonstrate that the presence of certain FS influences an important component of pea aphid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Maya Belghazi
- INP, UMR7051, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, 13015, France
| | - Antonin Schmitz
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Séverine Lemauf
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 06000 Nice, France
| | | | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
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26
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Milenovic M, Ghanim M, Hoffmann L, Rapisarda C. Whitefly endosymbionts: IPM opportunity or tilting at windmills? JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2021; 95:543-566. [PMID: 34744550 PMCID: PMC8562023 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-021-01451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects responsible for high economic losses. They colonize hundreds of plant species and cause direct feeding damage and indirect damage through transmission of devastating viruses. Modern agriculture has seen a history of invasive whitefly species and populations that expand to novel regions, bringing along fierce viruses. Control efforts are hindered by fast virus transmission, insecticide-resistant populations, and a wide host range which permits large natural reservoirs for whiteflies. Augmentative biocontrol by parasitoids while effective in suppressing high population densities in greenhouses falls short when it comes to preventing virus transmission and is ineffective in the open field. A potential source of much needed novel control strategies lays within a diverse community of whitefly endosymbionts. The idea to exploit endosymbionts for whitefly control is as old as identification of these bacteria, yet it still has not come to fruition. We review where our knowledge stands on the aspects of whitefly endosymbiont evolution, biology, metabolism, multitrophic interactions, and population dynamics. We show how these insights are bringing us closer to the goal of better integrated pest management strategies. Combining most up to date understanding of whitefly-endosymbiont interactions and recent technological advances, we discuss possibilities of disrupting and manipulating whitefly endosymbionts, as well as using them for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Milenovic
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Università degli Studi di Catania, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon Le Tsiyon, Israel
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Carmelo Rapisarda
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Università degli Studi di Catania, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
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27
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Pesante G, Sabbadin F, Elias L, Steele-King C, Shipway JR, Dowle AA, Li Y, Busse-Wicher M, Dupree P, Besser K, Cragg SM, Bruce NC, McQueen-Mason SJ. Characterisation of the enzyme transport path between shipworms and their bacterial symbionts. BMC Biol 2021; 19:233. [PMID: 34724941 PMCID: PMC8561940 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shipworms are marine xylophagus bivalve molluscs, which can live on a diet solely of wood due to their ability to produce plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. Bacterial carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), synthesised by endosymbionts living in specialised shipworm cells called bacteriocytes and located in the animal’s gills, play an important role in wood digestion in shipworms. However, the main site of lignocellulose digestion within these wood-boring molluscs, which contains both endogenous lignocellulolytic enzymes and prokaryotic enzymes, is the caecum, and the mechanism by which bacterial enzymes reach the distant caecum lumen has remained so far mysterious. Here, we provide a characterisation of the path through which bacterial CAZymes produced in the gills of the shipworm Lyrodus pedicellatus reach the distant caecum to contribute to the digestion of wood. Results Through a combination of transcriptomics, proteomics, X-ray microtomography, electron microscopy studies and in vitro biochemical characterisation, we show that wood-digesting enzymes produced by symbiotic bacteria are localised not only in the gills, but also in the lumen of the food groove, a stream of mucus secreted by gill cells that carries food particles trapped by filter feeding to the mouth. Bacterial CAZymes are also present in the crystalline style and in the caecum of their shipworm host, suggesting a unique pathway by which enzymes involved in a symbiotic interaction are transported to their site of action. Finally, we characterise in vitro four new bacterial glycosyl hydrolases and a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase identified in our transcriptomic and proteomic analyses as some of the major bacterial enzymes involved in this unusual biological system. Conclusion Based on our data, we propose that bacteria and their enzymes are transported from the gills along the food groove to the shipworm’s mouth and digestive tract, where they aid in wood digestion. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01162-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Pesante
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Federico Sabbadin
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Luisa Elias
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Clare Steele-King
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - J Reuben Shipway
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Adam A Dowle
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department, of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Yi Li
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Marta Busse-Wicher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Katrin Besser
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Simon M Cragg
- Institute of Marine Sciences Laboratories, Langstone Harbour, Ferry Road, Eastney, Portsmouth, PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Simon J McQueen-Mason
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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28
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Shan HW, Liu SS. The Costs and Benefits of Two Secondary Symbionts in a Whitefly Host Shape Their Differential Prevalence in the Field. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:739521. [PMID: 34659172 PMCID: PMC8515054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.739521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects commonly harbor maternally inherited intracellular symbionts in nature, and the microbial partners often exert influence on host reproduction and fitness to promote their prevalence. Here, we investigated composition of symbionts and their biological effects in the invasive Bemisia tabaci MED species of a whitefly complex. Our field surveys revealed that populations of the MED whitefly, in addition to the primary symbiont Portiera, mainly contain two secondary symbionts Hamiltonella, which is nearly fixed in the host populations, and Cardinium with infection frequencies ranging from 0 to 86%. We isolated and established Cardinium-positive and Cardinium-free whitefly lines with a similar nuclear genetic background from a field population, and compared performance of the two whitefly lines. The infection of Cardinium incurred significant fitness costs on the MED whitefly, including reduction of fecundity and egg viability as well as delay in development. We then selectively removed Hamiltonella from the Cardinium-free whitefly line and compared performance of two whitefly lines, one harboring both Portiera and Hamiltonella and the other harboring only Portiera. While depletion of Hamiltonella had little or only marginal effects on the fecundity, developmental rate, and offspring survival, the Hamiltonella-free whitefly line produced very few female offspring, often reducing the progeny female ratio from about 50% to less than 1%. Our findings indicate that the varying costs and benefits of the association between these two symbionts and the MED whitefly may play an important role in shaping their differential prevalence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Wierz JC, Gaube P, Klebsch D, Kaltenpoth M, Flórez LV. Transmission of Bacterial Symbionts With and Without Genome Erosion Between a Beetle Host and the Plant Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715601. [PMID: 34630349 PMCID: PMC8493222 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many phytophagous insects harbor symbiotic bacteria that can be transmitted vertically from parents to offspring, or acquired horizontally from unrelated hosts or the environment. In the latter case, plants are a potential route for symbiont transfer and can thus foster a tripartite interaction between microbe, insect, and plant. Here, we focus on two bacterial symbionts of the darkling beetle Lagria villosa that belong to the genus Burkholderia; the culturable strain B. gladioli Lv-StA and the reduced-genome strain Burkholderia Lv-StB. The strains can be transmitted vertically and confer protection to the beetle’s eggs, but Lv-StA can also proliferate in plants, and both symbiont strains have presumably evolved from plant pathogens. Notably, little is known about the role of the environment for the transmission dynamics and the maintenance of the symbionts. Through manipulative assays, we demonstrate the transfer of the symbionts from the beetle to wheat, rice and soybean plants, as well as leaf litter. In addition, we confirm that aposymbiotic larvae can pick up Lv-StA from dry leaves and the symbiont can successfully establish in the beetle’s symbiotic organs. Also, we show that the presence of plants and soil in the environment improves symbiont maintenance. These results indicate that the symbionts of L. villosa beetles are still capable of interacting with plants despite signatures of genome erosion and suggest that a mixed-mode of bacterial transmission is likely key for the persistence of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen C Wierz
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Gaube
- Molecular Biodiversity Research Group, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Klebsch
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Laura V Flórez
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Organismal Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Banerjee S, Maiti TK, Roy RN. Enzyme producing insect gut microbes: an unexplored biotechnological aspect. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:384-402. [PMID: 34612103 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1942777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To explore the unmapped biotechnologically important microbial platforms for human welfare, the insect gut system is such a promising arena. Insects, the inhabitant of all ecological niches, harbor a healthy diversified microbial population in their versatile gut environment. This deep-rooted symbiotic relationship between insects and gut microbes is the result of several indispensable microbial performances that include: enzyme production, detoxification of plant defense compounds and insecticides, maintenance of life cycle, host fertility, bioremediation, pest biocontrol, production of antimicrobial compounds, and in addition provide vitamins, amino acids, and lactic acids to their hosts. Insects have developed such symbiotic interactions with different microorganisms for nutritional benefits like the digestion of dietary compounds by the production of several key hydrolytic enzymes viz: amylase, cellulase, lignocellulase, protease, lipase, xylanase, pectinase, chitinase, laccase, etc. The nutritional enrichment offered by these microbes to insects may be the key factor in the evolutionary attainment of this group. Around one million insect species are grouped under 31 orders, however, only ten of such groups' have been studied in relation to enzyme-producing gut microbes. Moreover, insect gut symbionts are a potential source of biotechnologically active biomolecules as these microbes go through a course of selection pressures in their host gut environment. As symbiosis has pronounced potential regarding the production of novel compounds, especially enzymes with multidimensional industrial capabilities, so there are ample scopes to explore this treasure box for human welfare. Biological significance as well as industrially compatible capabilities can categorize these insect gut symbionts as an unexplored biotechnological aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Banerjee
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. B. N. Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Hatgobindapur, Burdwan, India.,Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | | | - Raj Narayan Roy
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. B. N. Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Hatgobindapur, Burdwan, India
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31
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Nakabachi A, Piel J, Malenovský I, Hirose Y. Comparative Genomics Underlines Multiple Roles of Profftella, an Obligate Symbiont of Psyllids: Providing Toxins, Vitamins, and Carotenoids. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1975-1987. [PMID: 32797185 PMCID: PMC7643613 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Insecta: Hemiptera: Psylloidea), a serious pest of citrus species worldwide, harbors vertically transmitted intracellular mutualists, Candidatus Profftella armatura (Profftella_DC, Gammaproteobacteria: Burkholderiales) and Candidatus Carsonella ruddii (Carsonella_DC, Gammaproteobacteria: Oceanospirillales). Whereas Carsonella_DC is a typical nutritional symbiont, Profftella_DC is a unique defensive symbiont with organelle-like features, including intracellular localization within the host, perfect infection in host populations, vertical transmission over evolutionary time, and drastic genome reduction down to much less than 1 Mb. Large parts of the 460-kb genome of Profftella_DC are devoted to genes for synthesizing a polyketide toxin; diaphorin. To better understand the evolution of this unusual symbiont, the present study analyzed the genome of Profftella_Dco, a sister lineage to Profftella_DC, using Diaphorina cf. continua, a host psyllid congeneric with D. citri. The genome of coresiding Carsonella (Carsonella_Dco) was also analyzed. The analysis revealed nearly perfect synteny conservation in these genomes with their counterparts from D. citri. The substitution rate analysis further demonstrated genomic stability of Profftella which is comparable to that of Carsonella. Profftella_Dco and Profftella_DC shared all genes for the biosynthesis of diaphorin, hemolysin, riboflavin, biotin, and carotenoids, underlining multiple roles of Profftella, which may contribute to stabilizing symbiotic relationships with the host. However, acyl carrier proteins were extensively amplified in polyketide synthases DipP and DipT for diaphorin synthesis in Profftella_Dco. This level of acyl carrier protein augmentation, unprecedented in modular polyketide synthases of any known organism, is not thought to influence the polyketide structure but may improve the synthesis efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakabachi
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Igor Malenovský
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan
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32
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Malassigné S, Minard G, Vallon L, Martin E, Valiente Moro C, Luis P. Diversity and Functions of Yeast Communities Associated with Insects. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081552. [PMID: 34442634 PMCID: PMC8399037 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the concept of the holobiont, insect-microbiota interactions play an important role in insect biology. Many examples of host-associated microorganisms have been reported to drastically influence insect biological processes such as development, physiology, nutrition, survival, immunity, or even vector competence. While a huge number of studies on insect-associated microbiota have focused on bacteria, other microbial partners including fungi have been comparatively neglected. Yeasts, which establish mostly commensal or symbiotic relationships with their host, can dominate the mycobiota of certain insects. This review presents key advances and progress in the research field highlighting the diversity of yeast communities associated with insects, as well as their impact on insect life-history traits, immunity, and behavior.
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33
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Alickovic L, Johnson KP, Boyd BM. The reduced genome of a heritable symbiont from an ectoparasitic feather feeding louse. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:108. [PMID: 34078265 PMCID: PMC8173840 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feather feeding lice are abundant and diverse ectoparasites that complete their entire life cycle on an avian host. The principal or sole source of nutrition for these lice is feathers. Feathers appear to lack four amino acids that the lice would require to complete development and reproduce. Several insect groups have acquired heritable and intracellular bacteria that can synthesize metabolites absent in an insect’s diet, allowing insects to feed exclusively on nutrient-poor resources. Multiple species of feather feeding lice have been shown to harbor heritable and intracellular bacteria. We expected that these bacteria augment the louse’s diet with amino acids and facilitated the evolution of these diverse and specialized parasites. Heritable symbionts of insects often have small genomes that contain a minimal set of genes needed to maintain essential cell functions and synthesize metabolites absent in the host insect’s diet. Therefore, we expected the genome of a bacterial endosymbiont in feather lice would be small, but encode pathways for biosynthesis of amino acids. Results We sequenced the genome of a bacterial symbiont from a feather feeding louse (Columbicola wolffhuegeli) that parasitizes the Pied Imperial Pigeon (Ducula bicolor) and used its genome to predict metabolism of amino acids based on the presence or absence of genes. We found that this bacterial symbiont has a small genome, similar to the genomes of heritable symbionts described in other insect groups. However, we failed to identify many of the genes that we expected would support metabolism of amino acids in the symbiont genome. We also evaluated other gene pathways and features of the highly reduced genome of this symbiotic bacterium. Conclusions Based on the data collected in this study, it does not appear that this bacterial symbiont can synthesize amino acids needed to complement the diet of a feather feeding louse. Our results raise additional questions about the biology of feather chewing lice and the roles of symbiotic bacteria in evolution of diverse avian parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Alickovic
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 W. Cary St., Suite 111, Richmond, VA, 23284-2030, USA
| | - Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Bret M Boyd
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 W. Cary St., Suite 111, Richmond, VA, 23284-2030, USA.
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Shi J, Song Y, Shentu X, Yu X. Antimicrobials Affect the Fat Body Microbiome and Increase the Brown Planthopper Mortality. Front Physiol 2021; 12:644897. [PMID: 33790805 PMCID: PMC8005595 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.644897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbionts in the abdomen fat body of brown planthopper (BPH) play an important role in the growth and reproduction of their host, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Thus, controlling BPH infection on rice by inhibiting symbionts with antimicrobials is feasible. However, the effect of antimicrobials on the microbiome in the fat body and the relationship between microbial community and mortality have not been fully elucidated. A decrease in the total number of yeast-like symbiotes in the fat body and elevated mortality were observed after exposure to toyocamycin, tebuconazole, and zhongshengmycin. Additionally, we found that the antimicrobials reduced bacterial diversity and increased fungal diversity in the fat body and altered the bacterial and fungal community structure. Although the total absolute abundance of bacteria and fungi decreased after antimicrobial exposure, the absolute abundance of Serratia increased, indicating that Serratia, which was the most dominant in the fat body, is an important symbiont involved in resistance to antimicrobials. After antimicrobial exposure, seven genera, which probably participated in the nutrition and development function of the host, were totally eliminated from the fat body. Overall, our study enriches the knowledge of microbiomes in the fat body of BPH under antimicrobial treatment and the disturbance of symbionts would be further used to help other pesticides to control pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiateng Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuping Shentu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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The Gut Microbiota of the Insect Infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) for the Light of Ecology and Evolution. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020464. [PMID: 33672230 PMCID: PMC7926433 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The stinkbugs of the infraorder Pentatomomorpha are a group of important plant sap-feeding insects, which host diverse microorganisms. Some are located in their complex morphological midgut compartments, while some within the specialized bacteriomes of insect hosts. This perpetuation of symbioses through host generations is reinforced via the diverse routes of vertical transmission or environmental acquisition of the symbionts. These symbiotic partners, reside either through the extracellular associations in midgut or intracellular associations in specialized cells, not only have contributed nutritional benefits to the insect hosts but also shaped their ecological and evolutionary basis. The stinkbugs and gut microbe symbioses present a valuable model that provides insights into symbiotic interactions between agricultural insects and microorganisms and may become potential agents for insect pest management.
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Bacterial Symbionts of Tsetse Flies: Relationships and Functional Interactions Between Tsetse Flies and Their Symbionts. Results Probl Cell Differ 2021; 69:497-536. [PMID: 33263885 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) act as the sole vectors of the African trypanosome species that cause Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT or African Sleeping Sickness) and Nagana in animals. These flies have undergone a variety of specializations during their evolution including an exclusive diet consisting solely of vertebrate blood for both sexes as well as an obligate viviparous reproductive biology. Alongside these adaptations, Glossina species have developed intricate relationships with specific microbes ranging from mutualistic to parasitic. These relationships provide fundamental support required to sustain the specializations associated with tsetse's biology. This chapter provides an overview on the knowledge to date regarding the biology behind these relationships and focuses primarily on four bacterial species that are consistently associated with Glossina species. Here their interactions with the host are reviewed at the morphological, biochemical and genetic levels. This includes: the obligate symbiont Wigglesworthia, which is found in all tsetse species and is essential for nutritional supplementation to the blood-specific diet, immune system maturation and facilitation of viviparous reproduction; the commensal symbiont Sodalis, which is a frequently associated symbiont optimized for survival within the fly via nutritional adaptation, vertical transmission through mating and may alter vectorial capacity of Glossina for trypanosomes; the parasitic symbiont Wolbachia, which can manipulate Glossina via cytoplasmic incompatibility and shows unique interactions at the genetic level via horizontal transmission of its genetic material into the genome in two Glossina species; finally, knowledge on recently observed relations between Spiroplasma and Glossina is explored and potential interactions are discussed based on knowledge of interactions between this bacterial Genera and other insect species. These flies have a simple microbiome relative to that of other insects. However, these relationships are deep, well-studied and provide a window into the complexity and function of host/symbiont interactions in an important disease vector.
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Caira JN, Jensen K. Electron microscopy reveals novel external specialized organs housing bacteria in eagle ray tapeworms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244586. [PMID: 33481793 PMCID: PMC7822281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritionally-based mutualisms with bacteria are known to occur in a wide array of invertebrate phyla, although less commonly in the Platyhelminthes. Here we report what appears to be a novel example of this type of association in two geographically disparate and phylogenetically distant species of tapeworms of eagle rays-the lecanicephalidean Elicilacunosus dharmadii off the island of Borneo and the tetraphyllidean Caulobothrium multispelaeum off Senegal. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the grooves and apertures on the outer surfaces of both tapeworms open into expansive cavities housing concentrations of bacteria. This led us to reject the original hypothesis that these structures, and their associated mucopolysaccharides, aid in attachment to the host mucosa. The cavities were found to be specialized in-foldings of the tapeworm body that were lined with particularly elongate filitriches. Given tapeworms lack a gut and employ filitriches to assist in nutrient absorption, enhanced nutrient uptake likely occurs in the cavities. Each tapeworm species appeared to host different bacterial monocultures; those in E. dharmadii were coccoid-like in form, while those in C. multispelaeum were bacillus-like. The presence of bacteria in a specialized structure of this nature suggests the structure is a symbiotic organ. Tapeworms are fully capable of obtaining their own nutrients, and thus the bacteria likely serve merely to supplement their diet. Given the bacteria were also extracellular, this structure is more consistent with a mycetome than a trophosome. To our knowledge, this is not only the first evidence of an external symbiotic organ of any type in a nutritionally-based mutualism, but also the first description of a mycetome in a group of invertebrates that lacks a digestive system. The factors that might account for the independent evolution of this unique association in these unrelated tapeworms are unclear-especially given that none of their closest relatives exhibit any evidence of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine N. Caira
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kirsten Jensen
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and the Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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Thongprem P, Evison SEF, Hurst GDD, Otti O. Transmission, Tropism, and Biological Impacts of Torix Rickettsia in the Common Bed Bug Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:608763. [PMID: 33424811 PMCID: PMC7785988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.608763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The torix group of Rickettsia have been recorded from a wide assemblage of invertebrates, but details of transmission and biological impacts on the host have rarely been established. The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) is a hemipteran insect which lives as an obligatory hematophagous pest of humans and is host to a primary Wolbachia symbiont and two facultative symbionts, a BEV-like symbiont, and a torix group Rickettsia. In this study, we first note the presence of a single Rickettsia strain in multiple laboratory bed bug isolates derived from Europe and Africa. Importantly, we discovered that the Rickettsia has segregated in two laboratory strains, providing infected and uninfected isogenic lines for study. Crosses with these lines established transmission was purely maternal. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis indicates Rickettsia infection in oocytes, bacteriomes, and other somatic tissues. We found no evidence that Rickettsia infection was associated with sex ratio distortion activity, but Rickettsia infected individuals developed from first instar to adult more slowly. The impact of Rickettsia on fecundity and fertility resulted in infected females producing fewer fertile eggs. However, we could not find any evidence for cytoplasmic incompatibility associated with Rickettsia presence. These data imply the existence of an unknown benefit to C. lectularius carrying Rickettsia that awaits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panupong Thongprem
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E. F. Evison
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D. D. Hurst
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Otti
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Insects' potential: Understanding the functional role of their gut microbiome. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113787. [PMID: 33272789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of insect-associated microbial communities is a field of great importance in agriculture, principally because of the role insects play as pests. In addition, there is a recent focus on the potential of the insect gut microbiome in areas such as biotechnology, given some microorganisms produce molecules with biotechnological and industrial applications, and also in biomedicine, since some bacteria and fungi are a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). To date, most studies aiming to characterize the role of the gut microbiome of insects have been based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and/or metagenomics. However, recently functional approaches such as metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics have also been employed. Besides providing knowledge about the taxonomic distribution of microbial populations, these techniques also reveal their functional and metabolic capabilities. This information is essential to gain a better understanding of the role played by microbes comprising the microbial communities in their hosts, as well as to indicate their possible exploitation. This review provides an overview of how far we have come in characterizing insect gut functionality through omics, as well as the challenges and future perspectives in this field.
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40
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Masson F, Lemaitre B. Growing Ungrowable Bacteria: Overview and Perspectives on Insect Symbiont Culturability. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00089-20. [PMID: 33177190 PMCID: PMC7667007 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00089-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are often involved in endosymbiosis, that is, the housing of symbiotic microbes within their tissues or within their cells. Endosymbionts are a major driving force in insects' evolution, because they dramatically affect their host physiology and allow them to adapt to new niches, for example, by complementing their diet or by protecting them against pathogens. Endosymbiotic bacteria are, however, fastidious and therefore difficult to manipulate outside of their hosts, especially intracellular species. The coevolution between hosts and endosymbionts leads to alterations in the genomes of endosymbionts, limiting their ability to cope with changing environments. Consequently, few insect endosymbionts are culturable in vitro and genetically tractable, making functional genetics studies impracticable on most endosymbiotic bacteria. However, recently, major progress has been made in manipulating several intracellular endosymbiont species in vitro, leading to astonishing discoveries on their physiology and the way they interact with their host. This review establishes a comprehensive picture of the in vitro tractability of insect endosymbiotic bacteria and addresses the reason why most species are not culturable. By compiling and discussing the latest developments in the design of custom media and genetic manipulation protocols, it aims at providing new leads to expand the range of tractable endosymbionts and foster genetic research on these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Masson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Xu XR, Li NN, Bao XY, Douglas AE, Luan JB. Patterns of host cell inheritance in the bacterial symbiosis of whiteflies. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:938-946. [PMID: 31268231 PMCID: PMC7198116 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies possess bacterial symbionts Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidium that are housed in specialized cells called bacteriocytes and are faithfully transmitted via the ovary to insect offspring. In one whitefly species studied previously, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1, transmission is mediated by somatic inheritance of bacteriocytes, with a single bacteriocyte transferred to each oocyte and persisting through embryogenesis to the next generation. Here, we investigate the mode of bacteriocyte transmission in two whitefly species, B. tabaci MED, the sister species of MEAM1, and the phylogenetically distant species Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Microsatellite analysis supported by microscopical studies demonstrates that B. tabaci MED bacteriocytes are genetically different from other somatic cells and persist through embryogenesis, as for MEAM1, but T. vaporariorum bacteriocytes are genetically identical to other somatic cells of the insect, likely mediated by the degradation of maternal bacteriocytes in the embryo. These two alternative modes of transmission provide a first demonstration among insect symbioses that the cellular processes underlying vertical transmission of bacterial symbionts can diversify among related host species associated with a single lineage of symbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rui Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied
Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang,
China;
| | - Na-Na Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied
Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang,
China;
| | - Xi-Yu Bao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied
Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang,
China;
| | - Angela E. Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, USA and
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics,
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Bo Luan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied
Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang,
China;
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, USA and
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Lenhart PA, White JA. Endosymbionts facilitate rapid evolution in a polyphagous herbivore. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1507-1511. [PMID: 32894786 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maternally transmitted bacterial symbionts can be important mediators of the interactions between insect herbivores and their foodplants. These symbionts are often facultative (present in some host individuals but not others) and can have large effects on their host's phenotype, thus giving rise to heritable variation upon which selection can act. In the cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), it has been established that the facultative endosymbiont Arsenophonus improves aphid performance on black locust trees (Robinia pseudoacacia) but not on fava (Vicia faba). Here, we tested whether this fitness differential translated into contemporaneous evolution of aphid populations associated with the different plants. In a laboratory study lasting 16 weeks, we found that the frequency of Arsenophonus-infected individuals significantly increased over time for aphid populations on black locust but declined for aphid populations on fava. By the end of the experiment, Arsenophonus infection was >3× more common on black locust than fava, which is comparable to previously described infection frequencies in natural field populations. Our results clearly demonstrate that aphid populations with mixed facultative symbiont infection status can rapidly evolve in response to the selective environments imposed by different host plants. This selection differential may be a sufficient explanation for the global association between Arsenophonus-infected cowpea aphids and black locust trees, without invoking additional assortative mechanisms. Because the aphid and plant originate from different parts of the world, we further hypothesize that Arsenophonus infection may have acted as a preadaptation that has promoted functional specialization of infected aphids on a novel host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lenhart
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Agricultural Science Center N, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer A White
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Agricultural Science Center N, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Pyszko P, Višňovská D, Drgová M, Šigut M, Drozd P. Effect of Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota Removal on the Survival and Development of Bryophagous Beetles. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:902-911. [PMID: 32514554 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect microbiota may play a wide range of roles in host physiology. Among others, microbiota can be involved in diet processing or protection against pathogens, both of which are potentially important in bryophagous (moss-feeding) insects, which survive on extreme diets and live in the stable environment of moss clumps suitable for the growth of fungi and bacteria. We treated Cytilus sericeus (Forster, 1771) (Coleoptera: Byrrhidae) as a model organism with bactericides and fungicides to test the effect of bacterial and fungal removal on egg hatching and larval development. Furthermore, we supplied larvae with adult feces to determine whether feces is a source of beneficial microbiota or pathogens. Bactericides had a positive effect, but fungicides had a negative effect on beetle fitness, both of which manifested during egg hatching. The feces did not play a positive role. Our conclusions indicate the presence of beneficial fungal microbiota associated with eggs but not transmitted through feces. Based on preliminary cultivation and fungicide tests, Fusarium or Penicillium may be important for suppressing pathogens, but their exact role needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pyszko
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Višňovská
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Drgová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šigut
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Cossolin JFS, Lopes DRG, Martínez LC, Santos HCP, Fiaz M, Pereira MJB, Vivan LM, Mantovani HC, Serrão JE. Morphology and composition of the midgut bacterial community of Scaptocoris castanea Perty, 1830 (Hemiptera: Cydnidae). Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:337-349. [PMID: 32447450 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The burrower bug Scaptocoris castanea is an important soybean and pasture pest in Brazil, with an underground habit feeding directly on the sap of the roots. Underground habit hinders control and knowledge of the biology and physiology of this pest. This study describes the anatomy, histology, ultrastructure and symbionts of the midgut of S. castanea. The midgut of S. castanea is anatomically divided into five regions (ventricles). Ventricles 1-3 are similar between males and females, with cells specialized in digestion and absorption of nutrients, water transport and homeostasis. Ventricle 4 has squamous epithelium forming crypts and harboring bacteria in the lumen. Ventricle 5 of males is small with cells containing apical microvilli and broad basal folds with many openings for hemocoel, while in females, this region of the midgut is well developed and colonized by intracellular bacteria, characterizing bacteriocytes. The main bacteria are Gammaproteobacteria. The results show sexual dimorphism in ventricle 5 of the midgut of S. castanea, with formation of bacteriocytes in the females, while the other regions are involved in digestive processes in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Déborah Romaskevis Gomes Lopes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Martínez
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Helen Cristina Pinto Santos
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais IFMG - Campus Congonhas, Congonhas, Minas Gerais, 36415-000, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Fiaz
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | | | - Lucia Madalena Vivan
- Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa Agropecuária de Mato Grosso, Rondonopolis, MT, 78750-360, Brazil
| | - Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
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Wein T, Romero Picazo D, Blow F, Woehle C, Jami E, Reusch TB, Martin WF, Dagan T. Currency, Exchange, and Inheritance in the Evolution of Symbiosis. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:836-849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Michalik K, Szklarzewicz T, Kalandyk-Kołodziejczyk M, Michalik A. Bacterial associates of Orthezia urticae, Matsucoccus pini, and Steingelia gorodetskia - scale insects of archaeoccoid families Ortheziidae, Matsucoccidae, and Steingeliidae (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1205-1215. [PMID: 31001690 PMCID: PMC6713686 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biological nature, ultrastructure, distribution, and mode of transmission between generations of the microorganisms associated with three species (Orthezia urticae, Matsucoccus pini, Steingelia gorodetskia) of primitive families (archaeococcoids = Orthezioidea) of scale insects were investigated by means of microscopic and molecular methods. In all the specimens of Orthezia urticae and Matsucoccus pini examined, bacteria Wolbachia were identified. In some examined specimens of O. urticae, apart from Wolbachia, bacteria Sodalis were detected. In Steingelia gorodetskia, the bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas were found. In contrast to most plant sap-sucking hemipterans, the bacterial associates of O. urticae, M. pini, and S. gorodetskia are not harbored in specialized bacteriocytes, but are dispersed in the cells of different organs. Ultrastructural observations have shown that bacteria Wolbachia in O. urticae and M. pini, Sodalis in O. urticae, and Sphingomonas in S. gorodetskia are transovarially transmitted from mother to progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Teresa Szklarzewicz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Blow F, Douglas AE. The hemolymph microbiome of insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 115:33-39. [PMID: 30953618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hemolymph has long been recognized as a key mediator of nutritional and immunological homeostasis in insects, with the tacit understanding that hemolymph is a hostile environment for microorganisms, and microbiologically sterile in healthy insects. Recent research is overturning the conventional wisdom, and there is now overwhelming evidence that various non-pathogenic microorganisms can stably or transiently inhabit hemolymph in a diversity of insects. Most is known about Spiroplasma, especially in Drosophila species, and secondary symbionts of the Enterobacteriaceae, notably Hamiltonella defensa, in aphids. These bacteria require many nutrients, representing a likely drain on host nutritional resources, and they persist in the hemolymph by a combination of evasion and tolerance of insect immune effectors. These traits can be costly to the insect host. For some hemolymph microorganisms, these costs are balanced by other traits beneficial to the insect, notably protection against natural enemies mediated by specific toxins or competition for key nutrients. Three key priorities for future research are: to investigate the prevalence and taxonomic diversity of hemolymph microorganisms in insects; to establish the role of host nutritional and immune factors as determinants of the abundance and proliferation rates of hemolymph microorganisms; and to integrate the developing understanding of these microorganisms and their impacts (both costs and benefits) on insect nutrition and immune function into the wider study of insect physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Blow
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Gil R, Latorre A. Unity Makes Strength: A Review on Mutualistic Symbiosis in Representative Insect Clades. Life (Basel) 2019; 9:E21. [PMID: 30823538 PMCID: PMC6463088 DOI: 10.3390/life9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Settled on the foundations laid by zoologists and embryologists more than a century ago, the study of symbiosis between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is an expanding field. In this review, we present several models of insect⁻bacteria symbioses that allow for the detangling of most known features of this distinctive way of living, using a combination of very diverse screening approaches, including molecular, microscopic, and genomic techniques. With the increasing the amount of endosymbiotic bacteria genomes available, it has been possible to develop evolutionary models explaining the changes undergone by these bacteria in their adaptation to the intracellular host environment. The establishment of a given symbiotic system can be a root cause of substantial changes in the partners' way of life. Furthermore, symbiont replacement and/or the establishment of bacterial consortia are two ways in which the host can exploit its interaction with environmental bacteria for endosymbiotic reinvigoration. The detailed study of diverse and complex symbiotic systems has revealed a great variety of possible final genomic products, frequently below the limit considered compatible with cellular life, and sometimes with unanticipated genomic and population characteristics, raising new questions that need to be addressed in the near future through a wider exploration of new models and empirical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Gil
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC. Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain.
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València. Calle Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain.
- Área de Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO). Avenida de Cataluña 21, 46020 València, Spain.
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC. Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain.
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València. Calle Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain.
- Área de Genómica y Salud, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO). Avenida de Cataluña 21, 46020 València, Spain.
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Pufal G, Memmert J, Leonhardt SD, Minden V. Negative bottom-up effects of sulfadiazine, but not penicillin and tetracycline, in soil substitute on plants and higher trophic levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:531-544. [PMID: 30466072 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary antibiotics are widely used in livestock production and can be released to the environment via manure, affecting non-target organisms. Recent studies provide evidence that antibiotics can adversely affect both plants and insects but whether antibiotics in soil also affect trophic interactions is unknown. We tested whether antibiotics grown in sand as soil substitute with environmentally relevant concentrations of penicillin, sulfadiazine and tetracycline affect the survival of aphids feeding on plants (two crop and one non-crop plant species). Apera spica-venti, Brassica napus, and Triticum aestivum individuals were infested with aphids that were monitored over four weeks. We did not observe effects of penicillin or tetracycline on plants or aphids. However, sulfadiazine treatments reduced plant growth and increased mortality in the two tested grass species, but not in B. napus. Sulfadiazine subsequently decreased aphid density indirectly through reduced host plant biomass. We thus show that an antibiotic at realistic concentrations in a soil substitute can affect several trophic levels, i.e. plants and herbivores. This study contributes to the environmental risk assessment of veterinary antibiotics as it implies that their use potentially affects plant-insect interactions at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Pufal
- Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jörg Memmert
- Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Diana Leonhardt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Minden
- Landscape Ecology Group, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Elias-Costa AJ, Confalonieri VA, Lanteri AA, Rodriguero MS. Game of clones: Is Wolbachia inducing speciation in a weevil with a mixed reproductive mode? Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 133:42-53. [PMID: 30583042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parthenogenesis is widely distributed in Metazoa but it is especially frequent in weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with one fifth of all known cases. Previous studies have shown that in the tribe Naupactini parthenogenetic reproduction most likely originated with an infection of the endoparasitic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis. In particular, Pantomorus postfasciatus possess a mixed reproductive mode: some populations have males while in others they are absent, and females produce clones by thelytoky. To better understand this scenario, we studied the population structure and infection status in 64 individuals of P. postfasciatus from Argentina and Brazil. We sequenced two mitochondrial (COI and COII) and one nuclear (ITS-1) fragments and obtained two very divergent haplogroups, one corresponding to the sexual populations uninfected with Wolbachia, and another conforming a monophyletic parthenogenetic (or presumptively parthenogenetic) and infected clade. Each of these haplogroups was identified as an independently evolutionary unit by all species delimitation analyses accomplished: multilocus *BEAST and BP&P, and single locus GMYC and K/θ rule. Additionally, present evidence suggests that Wolbachia infection occurred at least twice in all-female populations of P. postfasciatus with two different bacterial strains. Speciation mediated by Wolbachia is a recently described phenomenon and the case of P. postfasciatus is the first known case in a diplo-diploid insect. A model that describes how thelytoky-inducing phenotypes of Wolbachia could generate new lineages is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elias-Costa
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Intendente Güiraldes y Av. Costanera Norte s/n, 4to. Piso, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, CI1428 EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - V A Confalonieri
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Intendente Güiraldes y Av. Costanera Norte s/n, 4to. Piso, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, CI1428 EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A A Lanteri
- División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - M S Rodriguero
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Intendente Güiraldes y Av. Costanera Norte s/n, 4to. Piso, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, CI1428 EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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