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Chen L, Du B, Li K, Li K, Hou T, Jia F, Li L. The effect of tDCS on inhibitory control and its transfer effect on sustained attention in children with autism spectrum disorder: An fNIRS study. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:594-606. [PMID: 38697468 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have inhibitory control deficits. The combination of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and inhibitory control training produces good transfer effects and improves neuroplasticity. However, no studies have explored whether applying tDCS over the dlPFC improves inhibitory control and produces transfer effects in children with ASD. OBJECTIVE To explore whether multisession tDCS could enhance inhibitory control training (response inhibition), near-transfer (interference control) and far-transfer effects (sustained attention; stability of attention) in children with ASD and the generalizability of training effects in daily life and the class, as reflected by behavioral performance and neural activity measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHODS Twenty-eight autistic children were randomly assigned to either the true or sham tDCS group. The experimental group received bifrontal tDCS stimulation at 1.5 mA, administered for 15 min daily across eight consecutive days. tDCS was delivered during a computerized Go/No-go training task. Behavioral performance in terms of inhibitory control (Dog/Monkey and Day/Night Stroop tasks), sustained attention (Continuous Performance and Cancellation tests), prefrontal cortex (PFC) neural activity and inhibitory control and sustained attention in the class and at home were evaluated. RESULTS Training (response inhibition) and transfer effects (interference control; sustained attention) were significantly greater after receiving tDCS during the Go/No-go training task than after receiving sham tDCS. Changes in oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentrations in the dlPFC and FPA associated with consistent conditions in the Day/Night Stroop and Continuous Performance test were observed after applying tDCS during the inhibitory control training task. Notably, transfer effects can be generalized to classroom environments. CONCLUSION Inhibitory control training combined with tDCS may be a promising, safe, and effective method for improving inhibitory control and sustained attention in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Chen
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan, China
| | - Bang Du
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan, China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan, China
| | - Kaiyun Li
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan, China.
| | - TingTing Hou
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan, China
| | - Fanlu Jia
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan, China
| | - Li Li
- BoShan Special Education Center School, 255299, Zibo, China
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Chen Y, Li Z, Li Q, Wang J, Hu N, Zheng Y, Chen A. The neural dynamics of conflict adaptation induced by conflict observation: Evidence from univariate and multivariate analysis. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 198:112324. [PMID: 38428745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Conflict adaptation can be expressed as greater performance (shorter response time and lower error rate) after incongruent trials when compared to congruent trials. It has been observed in designs that minimize confounding factors, i.e., feature integration, contingency learning, and temporal learning. Our current study aimed to further elucidate the temporal evolution mechanisms of conflict adaptation. To address this issue, the current study employed a combination of behavioral, univariate, and multivariate analysis (MVPA) methods in a modified color-word Stroop task, where half of the trials required button presses (DO trials), and the other half only required observation (LOOK trials). Both behavioral and the ERP results (N450 and SP) in the LOOK-DO transition trials revealed significant conflict adaptation without feature integration, contingency learning, and temporal learning, providing support for the conflict monitoring theory. Furthermore, during the LOOK trials, significant Stroop effect in the N450 and SP components were observed, indicating that conflict monitoring occurred at the stimulus level and triggered reactive control adjustments. The MVPA results decoded the congruent-incongruent and incongruent-incongruent conditions during the conflict adjustment phase but not during the conflict monitoring phase, emphasizing the unique contribution of conflict adjustment to conflict adaptation. The current research findings provided more compelling supporting evidence for the conflict monitoring theory, while also indicating that future studies should employ the present design to elucidate the specific processes of conflict adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Na Hu
- Department of Preschool and Special Education, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Zapparrata NM, Brooks PJ, Ober TM. Slower Processing Speed in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analytic Investigation of Time-Based Tasks. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:4618-4640. [PMID: 36112302 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition affecting information processing across domains. The current meta-analysis investigated whether slower processing speed is associated with the ASD neurocognitive profile and whether findings hold across different time-based tasks and stimuli (social vs. nonsocial; linguistic vs. nonlinguistic). Mean RTs of ASD and age-matched neurotypical comparison groups (N = 893 ASD, 1063 neurotypical; mean age ASD group = 17 years) were compared across simple RT, choice RT, and interference control tasks (44 studies, 106 effects) using robust variance estimation meta-analysis. Simple RT tasks required participants to respond to individual stimuli, whereas choice RT tasks required forced-choice responses to two or more stimuli. Interference control tasks required a decision in the context of a distractor or priming stimulus; in an effort to minimize inhibitory demands, we extracted RTs only from baseline and congruent conditions of such tasks. All tasks required nonverbal (motor) responses. The overall effect-size estimate indicated significantly longer mean RTs in ASD groups (g = .35, 95% CI = .16; .54) than comparison groups. Task type moderated effects, with larger estimates drawn from simple RT tasks than interference control tasks. However, across all three task types, ASD groups exhibited significantly longer mean RTs than comparison groups. Stimulus type and age did not moderate effects. Generalized slowing may be a domain-general characteristic of ASD with potential consequences for social, language, and motor development. Assessing processing speed may inform development of interventions to support autistic individuals and their diverse cognitive profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Zapparrata
- The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA.
- Educational Psychology Program, The CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Patricia J Brooks
- The College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
- Educational Psychology Program, The CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Teresa M Ober
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Otani Y, Katagiri Y, Imai E, Kowa H. Action-rule-based cognitive control enables efficient execution of stimulus-response conflict tasks: a model validation of Simon task performance. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1239207. [PMID: 38034070 PMCID: PMC10687480 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1239207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human brain can flexibly modify behavioral rules to optimize task performance (speed and accuracy) by minimizing cognitive load. To show this flexibility, we propose an action-rule-based cognitive control (ARC) model. The ARC model was based on a stochastic framework consistent with an active inference of the free energy principle, combined with schematic brain network systems regulated by the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), to develop several hypotheses for demonstrating the validity of the ARC model. Methods A step-motion Simon task was developed involving congruence or incongruence between important symbolic information (illustration of a foot labeled "L" or "R," where "L" requests left and "R" requests right foot movement) and irrelevant spatial information (whether the illustration is actually of a left or right foot). We made predictions for behavioral and brain responses to testify to the theoretical predictions. Results Task responses combined with event-related deep-brain activity (ER-DBA) measures demonstrated a key contribution of the dACC in this process and provided evidence for the main prediction that the dACC could reduce the Shannon surprise term in the free energy formula by internally reversing the irrelevant rapid anticipatory postural adaptation. We also found sequential effects with modulated dip depths of ER-DBA waveforms that support the prediction that repeated stimuli with the same congruency can promote remodeling of the internal model through the information gain term while counterbalancing the surprise term. Discussion Overall, our results were consistent with experimental predictions, which may support the validity of the ARC model. The sequential effect accompanied by dip modulation of ER-DBA waveforms suggests that cognitive cost is saved while maintaining cognitive performance in accordance with the framework of the ARC based on 1-bit congruency-dependent selective control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Otani
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe International University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Katagiri
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Japan
| | - Emiko Imai
- Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hisatomo Kowa
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
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Möde L, Borgolte A, Ghaneirad E, Roy M, Sinke C, Szycik GR, Bleich S, Wiswede D. Cognitive control in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: a study with event-related potentials. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1180827. [PMID: 37599885 PMCID: PMC10436303 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1180827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known about cognitive control in adults with high-functioning forms of autism spectrum disorder because previous research focused on children and adolescents. Cognitive control is crucial to monitor and readjust behavior after errors to select contextually appropriate reactions. The congruency effect and conflict adaptation are measures of cognitive control. Post-error slowing, error-related negativity and error positivity provide insight into behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of error processing. In children and adolescent with autism spectrum disorder deficits in cognitive control and error processing have been shown by changes in post-error slowing, error-related negativity and error positivity in the flanker task. Methods We performed a modified Eriksen flanker task in 17 adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and 17 healthy controls. As behavioral measures of cognitive control and error processing, we included reaction times and error rates to calculate congruency effects, conflict adaptation, and post-error slowing. Event-related potentials namely error-related negativity and error positivity were measured to assess error-related brain activity. Results Both groups of participants showed the expected congruency effects demonstrated by faster and more accurate responses in congruent compared to incongruent trials. Healthy controls exhibited conflict adaptation as they obtained performance benefits after incongruent trials whereas patients with autism spectrum disorder did not. The expected slowing in reaction times after errors was observed in both groups of participants. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder demonstrated enhanced electrophysiological error-processing compared to healthy controls indicated by increased error-related negativity and error positivity difference amplitudes. Discussion Our findings show that adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder do not show the expected upregulation of cognitive control in response to conflicts. This finding implies that previous experiences may have a reduced influence on current behavior in these patients which possibly contributes to less flexible behavior. Nevertheless, we observed intact behavioral reactions after errors indicating that adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder can flexibly adjust behavior in response to changed environmental demands when necessary. The enhancement of electrophysiological error-processing indicates that adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder demonstrate an extraordinary reactivity toward errors reflecting increased performance monitoring in this subpopulation of autism spectrum disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Möde
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Borgolte
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erfan Ghaneirad
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mandy Roy
- Asklepios, Psychiatric Hospital Ochsenzoll, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Sinke
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gregor R. Szycik
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Wiswede
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Kaminski A, You X, Flaharty K, Jeppsen C, Li S, Merchant JS, Berl MM, Kenworthy L, Vaidya CJ. Cingulate-Prefrontal Connectivity During Dynamic Cognitive Control Mediates Association Between p Factor and Adaptive Functioning in a Transdiagnostic Pediatric Sample. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:189-199. [PMID: 35868485 PMCID: PMC10152206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covariation among psychiatric symptoms is being actively pursued for transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology with predictive utility. A superordinate dimension, the p factor, reflects overall psychopathology burden and has support from genetic and neuroimaging correlates. However, the neurocognitive correlates that link an elevated p factor to maladaptive outcomes are unknown. We tested the mediating potential of dynamic adjustments in cognitive control rooted in functional connections anchored by the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in a transdiagnostic pediatric sample. METHODS A multiple mediation model tested the association between the p factor (derived by principal component analysis of Child Behavior Checklist syndrome scales) and outcome measured with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II in 89 children ages 8 to 13 years (23 female) with a variety of primary neurodevelopmental diagnoses who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a socioaffective Stroop-like task with eye gaze as distractor. Mediators included functional connectivity of frontoparietal- and salience network-affiliated dACC seeds during conflict adaptation. RESULTS Higher p factor scores were related to worse adaptive functioning. This effect was partially mediated by conflict adaptation-dependent functional connectivity between the frontoparietal network-affiliated dACC seed and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Post hoc follow-up indicated that the p factor was related to all Vineland Adaptive Behaviors Scale-II domains; the association was strongest for socialization followed by daily living skills and then communication. Mediation results remained significant for socialization only. CONCLUSIONS Higher psychopathology burden was associated with worse adaptive functioning in early adolescence. This association was mediated by weaker dACC-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity underlying modulation of cognitive control in response to contextual contingencies. Our results contribute to the identification of transdiagnostic and developmentally relevant neurocognitive endophenotypes of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kaminski
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C..
| | - Xiaozhen You
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Kathryn Flaharty
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C
| | - Charlotte Jeppsen
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Sufang Li
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C
| | | | - Madison M Berl
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Lauren Kenworthy
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Chandan J Vaidya
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.; Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C..
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Romero-Ferreiro V, García-Gutiérrez A, Torio I, Marí-Beffa P, Rodríguez-Gómez P, Periáñez JA, Moreno EM, Romero C, Alvarez-Mon MÁ, Rodriguez-Jimenez R. Cognitive versus emotional modulation within a Stroop paradigm in patients with schizophrenia. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e19. [PMID: 36651079 PMCID: PMC9885332 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex disorder involving deficits in both cognitive and emotional processes. Specifically, a marked deficit in cognitive control has been found, which seems to increase when dealing with emotional information. AIMS With the aim of exploring the possible common links behind cognitive and emotional deficits, two versions of the emotional Stroop task were administered. METHOD In the cognitive-emotional task, participants had to name the ink colour (while ignoring the meaning) of emotional words. In contrast, the emotional-emotional task consisted of emotional words superimposed on emotional faces, and the participants had to indicate the emotional valence of the faces. Fifty-eight participants (29 in-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 29 controls) took part in the study. RESULTS Patients and controls showed similar response times in the cognitive-emotional task; however, patients were significantly slower than controls in the emotional-emotional task. This result supports the idea that patients show a more pronounced impairment in conflict modulation with emotional content. Besides, no significant correlations between the tasks and positive or negative symptoms were found. This would indicate that deficits are relatively independent of the clinical status of patients. However, a significant correlation between the emotional-emotional task and cognitive symptoms was found. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a restricted capacity of patients with schizophrenia to deal with the attentional demands arising from emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Romero-Ferreiro
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Spain; and Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERSAM/ISCIII), Spain
| | - Ana García-Gutiérrez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Iosune Torio
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
| | - José A Periáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M Moreno
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERSAM/ISCIII), Spain; Pluridisciplinar Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; and Department of Languages and Education, Universidad de Nebrija, Spain
| | - Carmen Romero
- Scientific Support Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERESP/ISCIII), Spain; and Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Spain; Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Spain
| | - Roberto Rodriguez-Jimenez
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Spain; Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERSAM/ISCIII), Spain; and Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
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Boudewyn MA. Insights Into the Temporal Dynamics of Cognitive Control in Kindergarteners With Autism Spectrum Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:532-533. [PMID: 35680344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Boudewyn
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California.
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Chevalier N, Hadley LV, Balthrop K. Midfrontal theta oscillations and conflict monitoring in children and adults. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22216. [PMID: 34813101 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Conflict monitoring is central in cognitive control, as detection of conflict serves as a signal for the need to engage control. This study examined whether (1) midfrontal theta oscillations similarly support conflict monitoring in children and adults, and (2) performance monitoring difficulty influences conflict monitoring and resolution. Children (n = 25) and adults (n = 24) completed a flanker task with fair or rigged response feedback. Relative to adults, children showed a smaller congruency effect on midfrontal theta power, overall lower midfrontal theta power and coherence, and (unlike adults) no correlation between midfrontal theta power and N2 amplitude, suggesting that reduced neural communication efficiency contributes to less efficient conflict monitoring in children than adults. In both age groups, response feedback fairness affected response times and the P3, but neither midfrontal theta oscillations nor the N2, indicating that performance monitoring difficulty influenced conflict resolution but not conflict monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren V Hadley
- Hearing Sciences-Scottish Section, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Nottingham, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kullen Balthrop
- University Counseling Services, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky, USA
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Significance of Beta-Band Oscillations in Autism Spectrum Disorders During Motor Response Inhibition Tasks: A MEG Study. Brain Topogr 2020; 33:355-374. [PMID: 32303950 PMCID: PMC7182638 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), impaired response inhibition and lack of adaptation are hypothesized to underlie core ASD symptoms, such as social communication and repetitive, stereotyped behavior. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare neural correlates of inhibition, post-error adaptation, and reaction time variability in ASD and neuro-typical control (NTC) participants by investigating possible differences in error-related changes of oscillatory MEG activity. Twelve male NTC (mean age 20.3 ± 3.7) and fourteen male patients with ASD (mean age 17.8 ± 2.9) were included in the analysis. Subjects with ASD showed increased error-related reaction time variability. MEG analysis revealed decreased beta power in the ASD group in comparison to the NTC group over the centro-parietal channels in both, the pre-stimulus and post-response interval. In the ASD group, mean centro-parietal beta power negatively correlated with dimensional autism symptoms. In both groups, false alarms were followed by an early increase in temporo-frontal theta to alpha power; and by a later decrease in alpha to beta power at central and posterior sensors. Single trial correlations were additionally studied in the ASD group, who showed a positive correlation of pre-stimulus beta power with post-response theta, alpha, and beta power, particularly after hit trials. On a broader scale, the results deliver important insights into top-down control deficits that may relate to core symptoms observed in ASD.
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Test-retest reliability of the N2 event-related potential in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 131:406-413. [PMID: 31877490 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The N2 ERP component is used as a biomeasure of executive function in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of N2 amplitude in this population. METHODS ERPs were recorded from 7 to 11-year-old children with ASD during Flanker (n = 21) and Go/Nogo tasks (n = 14) administered at two time points separated by approximately three months. Reliability of the N2 component was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS Reliability for mean N2 amplitude obtained during the Flanker task was moderate (congruent: ICC = 0.542, 95% CI [0.173, 0.782]; incongruent: ICC = 0.629, 95% CI [0.276, 0.831]). Similarly, reliability for the Go/Nogo task ranged from moderate to good ('go': ICC = 0.817, 95% CI [0.535, 0.937]; 'nogo': ICC = 0.578, 95% CI [0.075, 0.843]). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the use of N2 amplitude as a biomeasure of executive function in school-aged children with ASD. SIGNIFICANCE This research addresses a critical gap in clinical neurophysiology, as an understanding of the stability and reliability of the N2 component is needed in order to differentiate variance explained by repeated measurement versus targeted treatments and interventions.
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Braem S, Bugg JM, Schmidt JR, Crump MJC, Weissman DH, Notebaert W, Egner T. Measuring Adaptive Control in Conflict Tasks. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:769-783. [PMID: 31331794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed an explosion of interest in the cognitive and neural mechanisms of adaptive control processes that operate in selective attention tasks. This has spawned not only a large empirical literature and several theories but also the recurring identification of potential confounds and corresponding adjustments in task design to create confound-minimized metrics of adaptive control. The resulting complexity of this literature can be difficult to navigate for new researchers entering the field, leading to suboptimal study designs. To remediate this problem, we present here a consensus view among opposing theorists that specifies how researchers can measure four hallmark indices of adaptive control (the congruency sequence effect, and list-wide, context-specific, and item-specific proportion congruency effects) while minimizing easy-to-overlook confounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senne Braem
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Julie M Bugg
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Matthew J C Crump
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Liu T, Liu X, Li D, Shangguan F, Lu L, Shi J. Conflict control of emotional and non-emotional conflicts in preadolescent children. Biol Psychol 2019; 146:107708. [PMID: 31153934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conflict control refers to an individual's goal-directed cognitive control and self-regulation of behavior. The neurodevelopment related to conflict control is crucial for the development of cognitive and emotional abilities in children. In the current study, preadolescent children and adults completed the Simon and Stroop tasks in emotional and non-emotional contexts with simultaneous electroencephalography recordings. The behavioral findings showed that adults had faster response speed and better conflict control performance compared to children. Children's accuracy was affected by the emotional context, whereby children had a lower accuracy in the emotional contexts compared to the non-emotional contexts. Adults had similar performances in both contexts. During the neural processes of conflict detection and conflict resolution, children had longer N2 latencies for conflict detection, and devoted more neural efforts with larger P3 amplitudes to execute resolution control on the conflicts than adults. Moreover, both age groups' reaction times (RT) were shorter in the Simon task than in the Stroop task in the non-emotional context, while, RTs were longer in the Simon task than in the Stroop task in the emotional context. Children showed larger P3 responses in the Simon task than in the Stroop task in the emotional contexts, while adults showed no such differences. The current findings demonstrate that children have immature neurodevelopment of conflict control compared to adults, and their cognitive control processes on conflicts were distracted by the emotional contexts. Children's emotional conflict control processes were also affected by the characteristic of conflict types, and they need to devote more neural effort to process Simon-like conflicts than Stroop-like conflicts compared to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongran Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Xiuying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Danfeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Fangfang Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Lu
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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14
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Magnuson JR, Peatfield NA, Fickling SD, Nunes AS, Christie G, Vakorin V, D’Arcy RCN, Ribary U, Iarocci G, Moreno S, Doesburg SM. Electrophysiology of Inhibitory Control in the Context of Emotion Processing in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:78. [PMID: 30914937 PMCID: PMC6422887 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an increasingly common developmental disorder that affects 1 in 59 children. Despite this high prevalence of ASD, knowledge regarding the biological basis of its associated cognitive difficulties remains scant. In this study, we aimed to identify altered neurophysiological responses underlying inhibitory control and emotion processing difficulties in ASD, together with their associations with age and various domains of cognitive and social function. This was accomplished by assessing electroencephalographic recordings during an emotional go/nogo task alongside parent rating scales of behavior. Event related potential (ERP) N200 component amplitudes were reduced in children with ASD compared to typically developing (TD) children. No group differences were found, however, for task performance, P300 amplitude or latency, or N170 amplitude or latency, suggesting that individuals with ASD may only present conflict monitoring abnormalities, as reflected by the reduced N200 component, compared to TD individuals. Consistent with previous findings, increased age correlated with improved task performance scores and reduced N200 amplitude in the TD group, indicating that as these children develop, their neural systems become more efficient. These associations were not identified in the ASD group. Results also showed significant associations between increased N200 amplitudes and improved executive control abilities and decreased autism traits in TD children only. The newly discovered findings of decreased brain activation in children with ASD, alongside differences in correlations with age compared to TD children, provide a potential neurophysiological indicator of atypical development of inhibitory control mechanisms in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine R. Magnuson
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Shaun D. Fickling
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
- NeuroTech Laboratory, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Adonay S. Nunes
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Greg Christie
- Digital Health Hub, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
- AGE-WELL National Innovation Hub: Digital Health Circle, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Vasily Vakorin
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan C. N. D’Arcy
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
- NeuroTech Laboratory, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC, Canada
- Surrey Memorial Hospital, Health Sciences and Innovation, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Urs Ribary
- Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grace Iarocci
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Moreno
- Digital Health Hub, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
- AGE-WELL National Innovation Hub: Digital Health Circle, Surrey, BC, Canada
- Department of School of Interactive Art and Technology, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Sam M. Doesburg
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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15
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Keehn B, Westerfield M, Townsend J. Brief Report: Cross-Modal Capture: Preliminary Evidence of Inefficient Filtering in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:385-390. [PMID: 30014248 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates how task-irrelevant auditory information is processed in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Eighteen children with ASD and 19 age- and IQ-matched typically developing (TD) children were presented with semantically-congruent and incongruent picture-sound pairs, and in separate tasks were instructed to attend to only visual or both audio-visual sensory channels. Preliminary results showed that when required to attend to both modalities, both groups were equally slowed for semantically-incongruent compared to congruent pairs. However, when asked to attend to only visual information, children with ASD were disproportionally slowed by incongruent auditory information, suggesting that they may have more difficulty filtering task-irrelevant cross-modal information. Correlational analyses showed that this inefficient cross-modal attentional filtering was related to greater sociocommunicative impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Keehn
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, 715 Clinic Drive, Lyles-Porter Hall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Marissa Westerfield
- Research on Autism and Development Lab, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Townsend
- Research on Autism and Development Lab, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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16
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Li D, Liu T, Shi J. Conflict Adaptation in 5-Year-Old Preschool Children: Evidence From Emotional Contexts. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:14. [PMID: 30760993 PMCID: PMC6361790 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This research investigated the individual behavioral and electrophysiological differences during emotional conflict adaptation processes in preschool children. Thirty children (16 girls, mean age 5.44 ± 0.28 years) completed an emotional Flanker task (stimulus-stimulus cognitive control, S-S) and an emotional Simon task (stimulus-response cognitive control, S-R). Behaviorally, the 5-year-old preschool children exhibited reliable congruency sequence effects (CSEs) in the emotional contexts, with faster response times (RTs) and lower error rates in the incongruent trials preceded by an incongruent trial (iI trial) than in the incongruent trials preceded by a congruent trial (cI trial). Regarding electrophysiology, the children demonstrated longer N2 and P3 latencies in the incongruent trials than in the congruent trials during emotional conflict control processes. Importantly, the boys showed a reliable CSE of N2 amplitude when faced with fearful target expression. Moreover, 5-year-old children showed better emotional CSEs in response to happy targets than to fearful targets as demonstrated by the magnitude of CSEs in terms of the RT, error rate, N2 amplitude and P3 latency. In addition, the results demonstrated that 5-year-old children processed S-S emotional conflicts and S-R emotional conflicts differently and performed better on S-S emotional conflicts than on S-R emotional conflicts according to the comparison of the RT-CSE and P3 latency-CSE values. The current study provides insight into how emotionally salient stimuli affect cognitive processes among preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongran Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Learning and Philosophy, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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17
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Gilmore S, Frederick LK, Santillan L, Locke J. The games they play: Observations of children with autism spectrum disorder on the school playground. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2018; 23:1343-1353. [PMID: 30413135 DOI: 10.1177/1362361318811987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The playground may be an important context to examine the social functioning of children with autism spectrum disorder. Previous literature on playground peer engagement has used quantitative methods, but there is limited research using qualitative observations to understand the nuances of playground behavior. Using a mixed-methods approach, 55 elementary school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder who are primarily included in general education settings were observed on the school playground using the Playground Observation of Peer Engagement. Quantitative and qualitative data were examined using a mixed-methods approach. The results showed that children with autism spectrum disorder: engage in solitary and peripheral activities; demonstrate appropriate initiations and responses to peers; display self-stimulatory, motoric behaviors most frequently during solitary activities; and often have neutral affect on the playground. These findings suggest that intervention and supports for children with autism spectrum disorder may be important to deliver at recess to address peer engagement.
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18
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Suzuki K, Kita Y, Sakihara K, Hirata S, Sakuma R, Okuzumi H, Inagaki M. Uniqueness of action monitoring in children with autism spectrum disorder: Response types and temporal aspects. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 39:803-816. [PMID: 27998199 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1266308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Action monitoring, the process for evaluating the appropriateness of one's own actions, is reported to be atypical in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD We examined the characteristics of action monitoring in 11 children with ASD and 12 children with typical development (TD), analyzing stimulus-locked and response-locked event-related potential components (i.e., N2; error-related negativity, ERN; and error positivity, Pe) related to execution of a flanker task. RESULTS We found a smaller N2 amplitude in children with ASD than in those with TD. Children with ASD also had a larger amplitude of ERN for partial error responses (electromyographic activity corresponding to the inappropriate hand side before response execution) than did children with TD. Additionally, the ERN amplitude for the partial error response was correlated with the Autistic Mannerisms of the Social Responsiveness Scale. There were no significant differences in Pe amplitudes between children with ASD and those with TD. CONCLUSION The results suggest that action monitoring in children with ASD is significantly different both before and after response execution. We hypothesized that the detail-focused processing style of ASD reduces the demands of action monitoring before response execution; however, autistic mannerisms evoke excessive concern regarding trivial mistakes after response execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Suzuki
- a Department of Developmental Disorders , National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yosuke Kita
- a Department of Developmental Disorders , National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kotoe Sakihara
- a Department of Developmental Disorders , National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology , Teikyo University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shogo Hirata
- c Department of Elementary Education , Ibaraki Christian University , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Ryusuke Sakuma
- a Department of Developmental Disorders , National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Tokyo , Japan.,d Graduate School of Liberal Arts , Shirayuri College , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okuzumi
- e Department of Special Needs Education , Faculty of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masumi Inagaki
- a Department of Developmental Disorders , National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Tokyo , Japan
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19
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Faja S, Clarkson T, Webb SJ. Neural and behavioral suppression of interfering flankers by children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:251-261. [PMID: 27825750 PMCID: PMC5154614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological responses, accuracy and reaction time were recorded while 7-11-year-olds with typical development (TYP; N=30) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD; N=19) inhibited conflicting information. Relative to the TYP group, children with ASD had larger decrements in accuracy for incongruent trials and were slower. In terms of neural responses, N2 mean amplitude was greater overall for children with ASD relative to TYP children. N2 neural responses related to a behavioral measure of inhibition and cognitive flexibility for TYP children, whereas it related to suppression of interfering information and maintenance of accurate responding for the children with ASD. Results suggest children with ASD recruit more neural resources and perform worse when inhibiting conflicting information relative to TYP peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Faja
- Boston Children's Hospital, Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Tessa Clarkson
- Boston Children's Hospital, Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sara Jane Webb
- University of Washington Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 99thth Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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20
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South M, Stephenson KG, Nielson CA, Maisel M, Top DN, Kirwan CB. Overactive Pattern Separation Memory Associated with Negative Emotionality in Adults Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 45:3458-67. [PMID: 26231206 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bowler et al. (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44(9):2355-2362. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2105-y, 2014) have suggested that a specific memory impairment in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) arises from hippocampal failure to consolidate multiple related pieces of information. Twenty-four adults diagnosed with ASD and matched healthy controls completed a pattern separation memory task that is known to critically depend on hippocampal involvement. They additionally completed questionnaires regarding anxiety, depression, and behavioral motivation. Specific deficits in pattern separation were significantly correlated with negative emotionality; the best predictor of memory deficit was from a measure of achievement motivation that has also been associated with hyperactivity and impulsivity. In the context of impaired emotion regulation in ASD, there is a need for integrated cognitive, affective, and neural systems approaches to build targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M South
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA. .,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
| | - K G Stephenson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - C A Nielson
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - M Maisel
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - D N Top
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - C B Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, 245 TLRB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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21
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Kuiper MWM, Verhoeven EWM, Geurts HM. The role of interstimulus interval and "Stimulus-type" in prepotent response inhibition abilities in people with ASD: A quantitative and qualitative review. Autism Res 2016; 9:1124-1141. [PMID: 27091394 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with prepotent response inhibition difficulties. However, the large variation between studies suggests that understudied factors, such as interstimulus interval (ISI) and "stimulus-type" (both hypothesized proxies of stressors influencing arousal), might influence the inhibitory abilities of people with ASD. Using meta-analysis, we tested whether differences in prepotent response inhibition between people with and without ASD was influenced by ISI. There was not enough variation in "stimulus-type" between the studies to include it as a moderator. Thirty-seven studies met inclusion criteria, with a combined sample size of 950 people with ASD and 966 typically developing controls. Additionally, a qualitative review including studies comparing a neutral and an arousing condition in one experiment was performed to examine whether fast ISI or specific arousing stimuli directly influence prepotent response inhibition. The meta-analysis indicated that ISI was not a relevant moderator. The qualitative review showed that ISI and "stimulus-type" had the same effect for both groups. Although all studies regarding ISI indicated that fast ISI worsened performance, different types of stimuli had either a positive or a negative influence. This could suggest that distinctive stimuli might affect arousal differently. While we replicated the inhibition difficulties in people with ASD (g = .51), our results do not show strong ASD-specific effects of ISI or "stimulus-type" on inhibition. Nonetheless, ISI and "stimulus-type" do seem to influence performance. Future research focusing on potential underlying factors (e.g., baseline physiological arousal) is needed to examine why this is the case. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1124-1141. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke W M Kuiper
- Dr. Leo Kannerhuis, Houtsniplaan 1, 6865 XZ, Doorwerth, The Netherlands.,University van Amsterdam Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Programme group Brain and Cognition, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hilde M Geurts
- Dr. Leo Kannerhuis, Houtsniplaan 1, 6865 XZ, Doorwerth, The Netherlands.,University van Amsterdam Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Programme group Brain and Cognition, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Larson MJ, Clayson PE, Kirwan CB, Weissman DH. Event-related potential indices of congruency sequence effects without feature integration or contingency learning confounds. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:814-22. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah USA
| | - Peter E. Clayson
- Department of Psychology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - C. Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah USA
| | - Daniel H. Weissman
- Department of Psychology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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23
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Abstract
Difficulties in monitoring ongoing behaviour may be linked to real-life problematic drinking behaviours. Prior research suggests female heavy drinkers in particular display greater cognitive control deficits. Here, we examine trial-to-trial behavioural adaptations in a conflict monitoring task, relative to drinking behaviour and sex. Heavy drinkers (n=31, 16 male) and controls (n=35, 18 male) completed an Eriksen flanker task while brain electrical activity was recorded. For reaction time, error rates, and N2 and P3 amplitude of the event-related potential, trial-to-trial conflict adaptation was evidenced by a differential response to the current (congruent vs. incongruent) trials dependent on the identity of the previous trial. For the proportion of errors, heavy drinkers showed increased conflict adaptation compared to controls. Conflict adaptation for N2 (indexing monitoring) was larger for female heavy drinkers than controls, and the opposite was observed for males. There were no interactions involving group or sex for the P3 (indexing inhibition). The results suggest a compensatory response, such that heavy drinkers are required to increase performance monitoring in order to achieve the same behavioural outcome as controls. We also confirm the importance of sex as a factor in the relationship between behavioural control and heavy alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette L Smith
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Richard P Mattick
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Sufani
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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24
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Suzuki K, Shinoda H. Transition from reactive control to proactive control across conflict adaptation: An sLORETA study. Brain Cogn 2015; 100:7-14. [PMID: 26432378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In a flanker task, behavioral performance is modulated by previous trial compatibility (i.e., conflict adaptation); a longer response time (RT) is found for a compatible stimulus preceded by an incompatible stimulus than by a compatible stimulus, whereas a shorter RT is found for an incompatible stimulus preceded by an incompatible stimulus than by a compatible stimulus. We examined the temporal characteristics of cognitive control across conflict adaptation using prestimulus electroencephalogram oscillatory activity and an event-related potential component, N1. Prestimulus frontal (Fz) and posterior (O1 and O2) alpha1 (7-9 Hz) and alpha2 (10-13 Hz) activities were enhanced in trials preceded by incompatible stimuli more than those preceded by compatible stimuli. Furthermore, there were significant differences of alpha2 current densities between previous trial compatibilities in the superior/medial frontal cortex. We suggested that the modulation of alpha activity by previous trial compatibility was associated with proactive attentional control. N1 amplitude was decreased in trials preceded by incompatible stimuli more than in those preceded by compatible stimuli. N1 current densities in the right inferior frontal cortex were smaller for an incompatible stimulus preceded by an incompatible stimulus than those preceded by a compatible stimulus, suggesting that demands of transient cognitive control induced by an incompatible stimulus were decreased by the proactive control. Moreover, correlational analysis showed that participants with a larger increase in alpha2 activity tended to have a larger decrease in N1 in trials preceded by incompatible stimulus. These findings revealed that the manner of cognitive control for the incompatible stimulus was transited from reactive control to proactive control across conflict adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan.
| | - Haruo Shinoda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Rissho University, Osaki 4-2-16, Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-8602, Japan.
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25
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Chmielewski WX, Beste C. Action control processes in autism spectrum disorder – Insights from a neurobiological and neuroanatomical perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 124:49-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Worsham W, Gray WE, Larson MJ, South M. Conflict adaptation and congruency sequence effects to social–emotional stimuli in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2014; 19:897-905. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361314553280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The modification of performance following conflict can be measured using conflict adaptation tasks thought to measure the change in the allocation of cognitive resources in order to reduce conflict interference and improve performance. While previous studies have suggested atypical processing during nonsocial cognitive control tasks, conflict adaptation (i.e. congruency sequence effects) for social–emotional stimuli have not been previously studied in autism spectrum disorder. Methods: A total of 32 participants diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and 27 typically developing matched controls completed an emotional Stroop conflict task that required the classification of facial affect while simultaneously ignoring an overlaid affective word. Results: Both groups showed behavioral evidence for emotional conflict adaptation based on response times and accuracy rates. However, the autism spectrum disorder group demonstrated a speed-accuracy trade-off manifested through significantly faster response times and decreased accuracy rates on trials containing conflict between the emotional face and the overlaid emotional word. Conclusion: Reduced selective attention toward socially relevant information may bias individuals with autism spectrum disorder toward more rapid processing and decision making even when conflict is present. Nonetheless, the loss of important information from the social stimuli reduces decision-making accuracy, negatively affecting the ability to adapt both cognitively and emotionally when conflict arises.
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27
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Hinault T, Dufau S, Lemaire P. Sequential modulations of poorer-strategy effects during strategy execution: An event-related potential study in arithmetic. Brain Cogn 2014; 91:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Solomon M, Yoon JH, Ragland JD, Niendam TA, Lesh TA, Fairbrother W, Carter CS. The development of the neural substrates of cognitive control in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:412-21. [PMID: 24209777 PMCID: PMC3999330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) involve impairments in cognitive control. In typical development (TYP), neural systems underlying cognitive control undergo substantial maturation during adolescence. Development is delayed in adolescents with ASD. Little is known about the neural substrates of this delay. METHODS We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a cognitive control task involving overcoming a prepotent response tendency to examine the development of cognitive control in young (ages 12-15; n = 13 with ASD and n = 13 with TYP) and older (ages 16-18; n = 14 with ASD and n = 14 with TYP) adolescents with whole-brain voxelwise univariate and task-related functional connectivity analyses. RESULTS Older ASD and TYP showed reduced activation in sensory and premotor areas relative to younger ones. The older ASD group showed reduced left parietal activation relative to TYP. Functional connectivity analyses showed a significant age by group interaction with the older ASD group exhibiting increased functional connectivity strength between the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, bilaterally. This functional connectivity strength was related to task performance in ASD, whereas that between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex (Brodmann areas 9 and 40) was related to task performance in TYP. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with ASD rely more on reactive cognitive control, involving last-minute conflict detection and control implementation by the anterior cingulate cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, versus proactive cognitive control requiring processing by dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. Findings await replication in larger longitudinal studies that examine their functional consequences and amenability to intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; M.I.N.D. Institute, Sacramento, California; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California.
| | - Jong H Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - J Daniel Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Tyler A Lesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Wonja Fairbrother
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; M.I.N.D. Institute, Sacramento, California
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis; University of California, Davis Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
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Larson MJ, Clayson PE, Clawson A. Making sense of all the conflict: A theoretical review and critique of conflict-related ERPs. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 93:283-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Pineda JA, Friedrich EVC, LaMarca K. Neurorehabilitation of social dysfunctions: a model-based neurofeedback approach for low and high-functioning autism. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2014; 7:29. [PMID: 25147521 PMCID: PMC4124795 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an increasingly prevalent condition with core deficits in the social domain. Understanding its neuroetiology is critical to providing insights into the relationship between neuroanatomy, physiology and social behaviors, including imitation learning, language, empathy, theory of mind, and even self-awareness. Equally important is the need to find ways to arrest its increasing prevalence and to ameliorate its symptoms. In this review, we highlight neurofeedback studies as viable treatment options for high-functioning as well as low-functioning children with ASD. Lower-functioning groups have the greatest need for diagnosis and treatment, the greatest barrier to communication, and may experience the greatest benefit if a treatment can improve function or prevent progression of the disorder at an early stage. Therefore, we focus on neurofeedback interventions combined with other kinds of behavioral conditioning to induce neuroplastic changes that can address the full spectrum of the autism phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Pineda
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Kristen LaMarca
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Geurts HM, van den Bergh SFWM, Ruzzano L. Prepotent response inhibition and interference control in autism spectrum disorders: two meta-analyses. Autism Res 2014; 7:407-20. [PMID: 24596300 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial amount of data providing evidence for, but also against the hypothesis that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encounter inhibitory control deficits. ASD is often associated with interference control deficits rather than prepotent response inhibition. Moreover, the developmental trajectory for these inhibitory control processes is hypothesized to differ in ASD as compared to typical development. In efforts to gain a more comprehensive perspective of inhibition in ASD, separate quantitative analysis for prepotent response inhibition studies and interference control studies were conducted. Together, these two meta-analyses included 41 studies with a combined sample size of 1,091 people with ASD (M age 14.8 years), and 1,306 typically developing (TD) controls (M age 13.8 years).The meta-analyses indicated that individuals with ASD show increased difficulties in prepotent response inhibition (effect size 0.55) and in interference control (effect size 0.31). In addition, age was a relevant moderator for prepotent response inhibition but not for interference control. Exploratory analyses revealed that when IQ was taken into account, heterogeneity considerably decreased among interference control studies but not among prepotent response inhibition. In contrast to the general belief, both prepotent response inhibition and interference control problems were observed in individuals with ASD. However, a large variation between studies was also found. Therefore, there remain factors beyond inhibition type, age, or IQ that significantly influence inhibitory control performance among individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde M Geurts
- Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research & Development, Dr Leo Kannerhuis, Center for Autism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dutch Autism and ADHD Research Center (d'Arc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Clayson PE, Larson MJ. Psychometric properties of conflict monitoring and conflict adaptation indices: Response time and conflict N2 event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:1209-19. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Clayson
- Department of Psychology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Michael J. Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center; Brigham Young University; Provo Utah USA
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Clawson A, Clayson PE, South M, Bigler ED, Larson MJ. An electrophysiological investigation of interhemispheric transfer time in children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2013; 45:363-75. [PMID: 23888358 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the functional impact of putative deficits in white-matter connectivity across the corpus callosum (CC) in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We utilized the temporal sensitivity of event-related potentials to examine the interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT) of basic visual information across the CC in youth with high-functioning ASD relative to healthy controls. We conducted two experiments: a visual letter matching experiment (n = 46) and a visual picture matching experiment, (n = 48) and utilized both electrophysiological (N1 and P1 amplitudes and latencies) and behavioral [response times (RTs), error rates] indices of IHTT. There were no significant group differences on either experiment for RTs, error rates, or N1 and P1 latencies, suggesting that on basic tasks the timing of information flow across the CC may not be altered in high functioning ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Clawson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Jones RM, Lord C. Diagnosing autism in neurobiological research studies. Behav Brain Res 2012; 251:113-24. [PMID: 23153932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is by definition a complex and heterogeneous disorder. Variation in factors such as developmental level, language ability and IQ further complicate the presentation of symptoms. Clinical research and basic science must continue to inform each other's questions to help address the heterogeneity inherent to the disorder. This review uses a clinical perspective to outline the common tools and best practices for diagnosing and characterizing ASD in a research setting. We discuss considerations for classifying research populations, including language ability and IQ and examine the advantages and disadvantages of different psychometric measurements. Ultimately, the contribution of multiple sources of data representing different perspectives is crucial for interpreting and understanding the ASD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Jones
- Weill-Cornell Medical College, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, New York Presbyterian Hospital/Westchester Division, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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Larson MJ, Clawson A, Clayson PE, South M. Cognitive Control and Conflict Adaptation Similarities in Children and Adults. Dev Neuropsychol 2012; 37:343-57. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2011.650337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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