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Jones RM, Reynolds-Winczura A, Gambus A. A Decade of Discovery-Eukaryotic Replisome Disassembly at Replication Termination. Biology (Basel) 2024; 13:233. [PMID: 38666845 PMCID: PMC11048390 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The eukaryotic replicative helicase (CMG complex) is assembled during DNA replication initiation in a highly regulated manner, which is described in depth by other manuscripts in this Issue. During DNA replication, the replicative helicase moves through the chromatin, unwinding DNA and facilitating nascent DNA synthesis by polymerases. Once the duplication of a replicon is complete, the CMG helicase and the remaining components of the replisome need to be removed from the chromatin. Research carried out over the last ten years has produced a breakthrough in our understanding, revealing that replication termination, and more specifically replisome disassembly, is indeed a highly regulated process. This review brings together our current understanding of these processes and highlights elements of the mechanism that are conserved or have undergone divergence throughout evolution. Finally, we discuss events beyond the classic termination of DNA replication in S-phase and go over the known mechanisms of replicative helicase removal from chromatin in these particular situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.M.J.); (A.R.-W.)
- School of Biosciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Alicja Reynolds-Winczura
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.M.J.); (A.R.-W.)
| | - Agnieszka Gambus
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.M.J.); (A.R.-W.)
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Kleckner IR, Wormwood JB, Jones RM, Culakova E, Barrett LF, Lord C, Quigley KS, Goodwin MS. Adaptive thresholding increases sensitivity to detect changes in the rate of skin conductance responses to psychologically arousing stimuli in both laboratory and ambulatory settings. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 196:112280. [PMID: 38104772 PMCID: PMC10872538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Psychophysiologists recording electrodermal activity (EDA) often derive measures of slow, tonic activity-skin conductance level (SCL)-and faster, more punctate changes-skin conductance responses (SCRs). A SCR is conventionally considered to have occurred when the local amplitude of the EDA signal exceeds a researcher-determined threshold (e.g., 0.05 μS), typically fixed across study participants and conditions. However, fixed SCR thresholds can preferentially exclude data from individuals with low SCL because their SCRs are smaller on average, thereby reducing statistical power for group-level analyses. Thus, we developed a fixed plus adaptive (FA) thresholding method that adjusts identification of SCRs based on an individual's SC at the onset of the SCR to increase statistical power and include data from more participants. We assess the utility of applying FA thresholding across two independent samples and explore age and race-related associations with EDA outcomes. Study 1 uses wired EDA measurements from 254 healthy adults responding to evocative images and sounds in a laboratory setting. Study 2 uses wireless EDA measurements from 20 children with autism in a clinical environment while they completed behavioral tasks. Compared to a 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 μS fixed threshold, FA thresholding at 1.9% modestly increases statistical power to detect a difference in SCR rate between tasks with higher vs. lower subjective arousal and reduces exclusion of participants by up to 5% across both samples. This novel method expands the EDA analytical toolbox and may be useful in populations with highly variable basal SCL or when comparing groups with different basal SCL. Future research should test for reproducibility and generalizability in other tasks, samples, and contexts. IMPACT STATEMENTS: This article is important because it introduces a novel method to enhance sensitivity and statistical power in analyses of skin conductance responses from electrodermal data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca M Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Eva Culakova
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, NY, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Scaramuzza S, Jones RM, Sadurni MM, Reynolds-Winczura A, Poovathumkadavil D, Farrell A, Natsume T, Rojas P, Cuesta CF, Kanemaki MT, Saponaro M, Gambus A. TRAIP resolves DNA replication-transcription conflicts during the S-phase of unperturbed cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5071. [PMID: 37604812 PMCID: PMC10442450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division is the basis for the propagation of life and requires accurate duplication of all genetic information. DNA damage created during replication (replication stress) is a major cause of cancer, premature aging and a spectrum of other human disorders. Over the years, TRAIP E3 ubiquitin ligase has been shown to play a role in various cellular processes that govern genome integrity and faultless segregation. TRAIP is essential for cell viability, and mutations in TRAIP ubiquitin ligase activity lead to primordial dwarfism in patients. Here, we have determined the mechanism of inhibition of cell proliferation in TRAIP-depleted cells. We have taken advantage of the auxin induced degron system to rapidly degrade TRAIP within cells and to dissect the importance of various functions of TRAIP in different stages of the cell cycle. We conclude that upon rapid TRAIP degradation, specifically in S-phase, cells cease to proliferate, arrest in G2 stage of the cell cycle and undergo senescence. Our findings reveal that TRAIP works in S-phase to prevent DNA damage at transcription start sites, caused by replication-transcription conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Scaramuzza
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Cancer Research UK - Manchester Institute, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martina Muste Sadurni
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alicja Reynolds-Winczura
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Divyasree Poovathumkadavil
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Abigail Farrell
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Toyoaki Natsume
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Center for Genome & Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patricia Rojas
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cyntia Fernandez Cuesta
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Marco Saponaro
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Agnieszka Gambus
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Kosti A, Borakati A, Varma A, Gupta A, Mustafa A, Hakeem A, Quddus A, Sahl AB, Beniwal A, Adesuyi A, Krzak AM, Brooks A, Frampton A, Gadhvi A, Talbot A, Elnogoomi A, Mahgoub A, Naqvi A, Pervez A, Bodla AS, Taha A, Tawfik A, Prabhu A, Puri A, Belgaumkar A, Gupta A, McCrorie A, Findlay A, Healey A, De Prendergast A, Farrugia A, Dosis A, Adiamah A, Sallam A, Wong A, Bradley A, Martin A, Collins A, Awan A, Bond A, Koh A, Kourdouli A, Patel AG, Dhannoon A, Khalil A, Banerjee A, Khan A, Elserafy A, Alamassi A, Owen A, Benjafield A, Zuccarrelli A, Luhmann A, Jones A, Kennedy-Dalby A, Smith AM, Kaul A, Kumar A, White A, Baker A, Minicozzi A, Bardoli A, Golpe AL, Manzelli A, Sivakumar A, Saha A, Shajpal A, Lango A, Cotton A, Nair A, Brown A, Menon A, Tandon A, Afza A, Hassan A, Shamali A, Khalid A, Regan A, Piramanayagam B, Oyewole B, Ibrahim B, Murphy B, Clayton B, Jenkins B, Kumar B, Rybinski B, Khor BY, Davidson BR, Lees B, Blacklock C, Johnstone C, Salinas CH, Boven C, Wolstenholme C, Chin C, Gilmore C, Sharp C, Walker C, Harris C, Khanna C, Ferguson C, Kyriakides C, Bee C, Currow C, Parmar C, Collins C, Halloran C, Smart CJ, Neophytou C, Delaney C, Anele C, Heugh C, Choh CTP, Kenington C, Wyatt C, Borg CM, Mole D, Arumugam D, Gunia D, Porter D, Berry D, Griffith D, Hou D, Longbotham D, Mitton D, Strachan D, Di Mauro D, Worku D, Heaphy D, Dunne D, Yeung D, Arambepola D, Leswas DA, Pournaras DJ, Damaskos D, Saleh D, Osilli D, Pearman D, Whitelaw D, Haq EU, Mack E, Spurring E, Jamieson E, Lenzi E, Gemmill E, Gammeri E, Bota E, Britton E, Farrow E, Lloyd E, Moran E, Itobi E, Craig E, Tanaka E, Chohda E, Muhammad FU, Youssef F, Roslan F, Amir F, Froghi F, Di Franco F, Abbadessa F, DiMaggio F, Gurung G, Faulkner G, Choa G, Kerans G, Davis GN, Galanopoulos G, Karagiannidis G, McCabe G, Mohammadi-Zaniani G, Nawaz G, Van Boxel G, Bond-Smith G, Tierney GM, Muthukumarasamy G, Grey G, Wong G, Finch G, Khan H, Bourne H, Javanmard-Emamghissi H, Murray H, Rottenburg H, Wright H, Khalil H, Spiers HVM, Bashiti H, Shanti H, Ebied H, Ng HJ, Hamid HKS, Kim H, Wilson I, Rajendran I, Gerogiannis I, Patel I, El-Abbassy I, Burridge I, Caldwll J, Jackman J, Clark J, Duncan J, Milburn J, O’Kelly J, Olivier J, Rink J, Royle J, Rai J, Latif J, Ahmad J, Maliyil J, Carr J, Coles J, McGarry J, Apollos J, Lim J, Gray J, Thomas J, Bennett J, Findlay J, Spearman J, Young J, Lund JN, Meilak J, Alfred J, Welsh J, Chan JH, Martin J, Patel K, Ko KYK, Isand K, Razi K, Sarathy K, Powezka K, Foster K, Peleki K, Bevan K, Fox K, Edwards K, Larsen K, Spellar K, Oh KE, Kong K, Brown K, Roberts KJ, Seymour K, Beatson K, Etherson K, Willis K, Mann K, Nizami K, Rajput K, Lavery L, Sawdon L, Nip L, Al-Hamed L, Fagan L, Watton L, Saint-Grant AL, Convie L, Girard LP, Huppler L, Marsh L, Seretny L, Newton L, Buksh M, Sallam M, Mathew M, Prasanth MN, Nayar M, Wijeyaratne M, Hollyman M, Ransome M, Popa M, Galea M, Taylor M, Gismondi M, Michel M, Wadley M, Al-Azzawi M, Claxton M, Kuzman M, Bonomaully M, Newman M, Bhandari M, Courtney M, Jones M, Rarity M, Wilson M, Ebraheem M, Elnaghi M, Mohamed MSN, Al-Hijaji M, Al-Rashedy M, Qayum MK, Zourob M, Gaber M, Rao M, Islam MA, Rashid MU, Zafar M, Naqvi M, Ahmad MN, Telfah M, Merali N, Hanbali N, Gulnaz N, Kumar N, Husain N, Angamuthu N, Murali N, Kirmani N, Assaf N, Doshi N, Shah NS, Basra N, Menezes N, Dai N, Schuijtvlot N, Kansal N, Chidumije N, Yassin N, Babalola O, Oyende O, Williams O, Pawlik O, O'Connor O, Jalil OA, Ryska O, Vaz O, Sarmah P, Jayawardena P, Patel P, Hart P, Cromwell P, Manby P, Marriott P, Needham P, Ghaneh P, Rao PKD, Eves P, Coe PO, May-Miller P, Szatmary P, Ireland P, Seta P, Ravi P, Janardhanan P, Patil P, Mistry P, Heer P, Patel P, Nunes Q, Ain Q, Clifford R, Brindle R, Lee RXN, Lim RQH, Rahman R, Kumar RM, Lunevicius R, Mukherjee R, Lahiri R, Behmida R, Rajebhosale R, Levy R, Chhabra R, Oliphant R, Freeman R, Jones RM, Elkalbash R, Brignall R, Bell R, Byrom R, Laing RW, Patel R, Buhain R, Clark R, Sutton R, Presa R, Lawther R, Patel R, Zakeri R, Mashar R, Wei R, Baron R, Tasleem S, Kadambot SS, Azam S, Wajed S, Ali S, Body S, Saeed S, Bandyopadhyay S, Mohamed S, Pandanaboyana S, Hassasing S, Dyer S, Small S, Seeralakandapalan S, Arumugam S, Chakravartty S, Ong SL, Ooi SZY, Nazir S, Zafar S, Shirazi S, Bharucha S, Majid S, Ahmed S, Rajamanickam SK, Albalkiny S, Ng S, Chowdhury S, Yahia S, Handa S, Fallis S, Fisher S, Jones S, Phillips S, Mitra S, Aroori S, Thanki S, Rozwadowski S, Tucker S, Conroy S, Barman S, Bhat S, McCallion S, Knight SR, Tezas S, van Laarhoven S, Cowie S, Rao S, Sellahewa S, Bhatti S, Kaistha S, Moug SJ, Argyropoulos S, Virupaksha S, Difford T, Shikh-Bahaei T, Saafan T, Lo T, Magro T, Gala T, Katbeh T, Athwal T, Lo T, Fraser T, Anyomih T, Chase TJG, Walker T, Ward T, Gallagher TK, Richardson T, Wiggins T, Ali U, Patnam V, Kanakala V, Beynon V, Hudson VE, Morrison-Jones V, Korwar V, Massella V, Parekh V, Ng V, Toh WH, Toh W, Hawkins W, Cambridge W, Harrison W, Tan YY, Aal YA, Malam Y, Toumi Z, Khaddar ZA, Bleything Z. PANC Study (Pancreatitis: A National Cohort Study): national cohort study examining the first 30 days from presentation of acute pancreatitis in the UK. BJS Open 2023; 7:zrad008. [PMID: 37161673 PMCID: PMC10170253 DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zrad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis is a common, yet complex, emergency surgical presentation. Multiple guidelines exist and management can vary significantly. The aim of this first UK, multicentre, prospective cohort study was to assess the variation in management of acute pancreatitis to guide resource planning and optimize treatment. METHODS All patients aged greater than or equal to 18 years presenting with acute pancreatitis, as per the Atlanta criteria, from March to April 2021 were eligible for inclusion and followed up for 30 days. Anonymized data were uploaded to a secure electronic database in line with local governance approvals. RESULTS A total of 113 hospitals contributed data on 2580 patients, with an equal sex distribution and a mean age of 57 years. The aetiology was gallstones in 50.6 per cent, with idiopathic the next most common (22.4 per cent). In addition to the 7.6 per cent with a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, 20.1 per cent of patients had a previous episode of acute pancreatitis. One in 20 patients were classed as having severe pancreatitis, as per the Atlanta criteria. The overall mortality rate was 2.3 per cent at 30 days, but rose to one in three in the severe group. Predictors of death included male sex, increased age, and frailty; previous acute pancreatitis and gallstones as aetiologies were protective. Smoking status and body mass index did not affect death. CONCLUSION Most patients presenting with acute pancreatitis have a mild, self-limiting disease. Rates of patients with idiopathic pancreatitis are high. Recurrent attacks of pancreatitis are common, but are likely to have reduced risk of death on subsequent admissions.
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van den Elzen P, Sander T, Palmans H, McManus M, Woodall N, Lee N, Fox OJL, Jones RM, Angal-Kalinin D, Subiel A. Alanine response to low energy synchrotron x-ray radiation. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:065011. [PMID: 36731142 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The radiation response of alanine is very well characterized in the MV photon energy range where it can be used to determine the dose delivered with an accuracy better than 1%, making it suitable as a secondary standard detector in cancer radiation therapy. This is not the case in the very low energy keV x-ray range where the alanine response is affected by large uncertainties and is strongly dependent on the x-ray beam energy. This motivated the study undertaken here.Approach. Alanine pellets with a nominal thickness of 0.5 mm and diameter of 5 mm were irradiated with monoenergetic x-rays at the Diamond Light Source synchrotron, to quantify their response in the 8-20 keV range relative to60Co radiation. The absorbed dose to graphite was measured with a small portable graphite calorimeter, and the DOSRZnrc code in the EGSnrc Monte Carlo package was used to calculate conversion factors between the measured dose to graphite and the absorbed dose to water delivered to the alanine pellets. GafChromic EBT3 films were used to measure the beam profile for modelling in the MC simulations.Main results. The relative responses measured in this energy range were found to range from 0.616 to 0.643, with a combined relative expanded uncertainty of 3.4%-3.5% (k= 2), where the majority of the uncertainty originated from the uncertainty in the alanine readout, due to the small size of the pellets used.Significance. The measured values were in good agreement with previously published data in the overlapping region of x-ray energies, while this work extended the dataset to lower energies. By measuring the response to monoenergetic x-rays, the response to a more complex broad-spectrum x-ray source can be inferred if the spectrum is known, meaning that this work supports the establishment of alanine as a secondary standard dosimeter for low-energy x-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- P van den Elzen
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology, Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - T Sander
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - H Palmans
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - M McManus
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - N Woodall
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - N Lee
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - O J L Fox
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - R M Jones
- University of Manchester, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology, Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - D Angal-Kalinin
- University of Manchester, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Cockcroft Institute of Accelerator Science and Technology, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Accelerator Science and Technology Centre, Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - A Subiel
- National Physical Laboratory, Medical Radiation Science Group, Teddington, United Kingdom
- University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Anderson PG, Baum GL, Keathley N, Sicular S, Venkatesh S, Sharma A, Daluiski A, Potter H, Hotchkiss R, Lindsey RV, Jones RM. Deep Learning Assistance Closes the Accuracy Gap in Fracture Detection Across Clinician Types. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2023; 481:580-588. [PMID: 36083847 PMCID: PMC9928835 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Missed fractures are the most common diagnostic errors in musculoskeletal imaging and can result in treatment delays and preventable morbidity. Deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, can be used to accurately detect fractures by training algorithms to emulate the judgments of expert clinicians. Deep learning systems that detect fractures are often limited to specific anatomic regions and require regulatory approval to be used in practice. Once these hurdles are overcome, deep learning systems have the potential to improve clinician diagnostic accuracy and patient care. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES This study aimed to evaluate whether a Food and Drug Administration-cleared deep learning system that identifies fractures in adult musculoskeletal radiographs would improve diagnostic accuracy for fracture detection across different types of clinicians. Specifically, this study asked: (1) What are the trends in musculoskeletal radiograph interpretation by different clinician types in the publicly available Medicare claims data? (2) Does the deep learning system improve clinician accuracy in diagnosing fractures on radiographs and, if so, is there a greater benefit for clinicians with limited training in musculoskeletal imaging? METHODS We used the publicly available Medicare Part B Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary data provided by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to determine the trends in musculoskeletal radiograph interpretation by clinician type. In addition, we conducted a multiple-reader, multiple-case study to assess whether clinician accuracy in diagnosing fractures on radiographs was superior when aided by the deep learning system compared with when unaided. Twenty-four clinicians (radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons, physician assistants, primary care physicians, and emergency medicine physicians) with a median (range) of 16 years (2 to 37) of experience postresidency each assessed 175 unique musculoskeletal radiographic cases under aided and unaided conditions (4200 total case-physician pairs per condition). These cases were comprised of radiographs from 12 different anatomic regions (ankle, clavicle, elbow, femur, forearm, hip, humerus, knee, pelvis, shoulder, tibia and fibula, and wrist) and were randomly selected from 12 hospitals and healthcare centers. The gold standard for fracture diagnosis was the majority opinion of three US board-certified orthopaedic surgeons or radiologists who independently interpreted the case. The clinicians' diagnostic accuracy was determined by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, and specificity. Secondary analyses evaluated the fracture miss rate (1-sensitivity) by clinicians with and without extensive training in musculoskeletal imaging. RESULTS Medicare claims data revealed that physician assistants showed the greatest increase in interpretation of musculoskeletal radiographs within the analyzed time period (2012 to 2018), although clinicians with extensive training in imaging (radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons) still interpreted the majority of the musculoskeletal radiographs. Clinicians aided by the deep learning system had higher accuracy diagnosing fractures in radiographs compared with when unaided (unaided AUC: 0.90 [95% CI 0.89 to 0.92]; aided AUC: 0.94 [95% CI 0.93 to 0.95]; difference in least square mean per the Dorfman, Berbaum, Metz model AUC: 0.04 [95% CI 0.01 to 0.07]; p < 0.01). Clinician sensitivity increased when aided compared with when unaided (aided: 90% [95% CI 88% to 92%]; unaided: 82% [95% CI 79% to 84%]), and specificity increased when aided compared with when unaided (aided: 92% [95% CI 91% to 93%]; unaided: 89% [95% CI 88% to 90%]). Clinicians with limited training in musculoskeletal imaging missed a higher percentage of fractures when unaided compared with radiologists (miss rate for clinicians with limited imaging training: 20% [95% CI 17% to 24%]; miss rate for radiologists: 14% [95% CI 9% to 19%]). However, when assisted by the deep learning system, clinicians with limited training in musculoskeletal imaging reduced their fracture miss rate, resulting in a similar miss rate to radiologists (miss rate for clinicians with limited imaging training: 9% [95% CI 7% to 12%]; miss rate for radiologists: 10% [95% CI 6% to 15%]). CONCLUSION Clinicians were more accurate at diagnosing fractures when aided by the deep learning system, particularly those clinicians with limited training in musculoskeletal image interpretation. Reducing the number of missed fractures may allow for improved patient care and increased patient mobility. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, diagnostic study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Serge Sicular
- Imagen Technologies, New York, NY, USA
- The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Zhao W, Jones RM, D'Agosta R, Baletto F. Making copper, silver and gold fullerene cages breathe. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:224005. [PMID: 35245908 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5b00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We show that optical properties change when the fullerene structures of Au32, Cu32and Ag32inflate and deflate. We first observe significant differences in the extinction spectra employing a classical approach based on the Green's dyadic method. By means of real-time time-dependent density functional theory. We continue to calculate the optical spectrum (OP) via aδ-kick simulation, comparing results with the ground-state energetic property the HOMO-LUMO (HL) gap. Red-shift of the OP is expected as the fullerenes inflate, with only ±10% change in the size. As the fullerene breathes, a 0.8 eV shift in the first peak position could be observed in the gold nanoparticle. Ag has a smoother behaviour than both Au and Cu. We have also found changes in the optical spectra can not be directly interpreted as a result of changes in the HL gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhao
- Physics Department, King's College London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - R M Jones
- Physics Department, King's College London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - R D'Agosta
- Nano-bio Spectroscopy Group, Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 San Sebastián, and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza de Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - F Baletto
- Physics Department, King's College London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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Hitchins CR, Jones RM, Kanwar A, Aroori S. Is there a role for preoperative liver reducing diet in hepatectomy? A systematic review. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2022; 407:1357-1367. [PMID: 35230526 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-022-02484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preoperative very low-calorie diets (VLCDs) have been shown to reduce liver volume, reduce the risk of liver injury and improve safety during bariatric surgery. Hepatic steatosis (HS) has been associated with poorer outcomes in liver resection. VLCD can be used to improve HS. We aim to explore if preoperative VLCD could improve outcomes for patients with HS undergoing liver resection. METHODS We performed a systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane databases. Studies were included if they were full-text articles investigating the effect of a preoperative dietary intervention in patients undergoing liver resection on intra-operative and post-operative outcomes. The last search was performed on 11 Jun 2020. Evidence quality was assessed by "GRADE". A narrative review was undertaken. RESULTS Five studies were found: one RCT and four cohort studies including 133 patients in intervention groups and 181 controls. Three used diet-only strategies and two diet and exercise strategies with varying time courses and monitoring. The quality of evidence assessed by GRADE was "high" for the RCT and "low" for the four cohort studies. Steatosis objectively improved in three studies, with evidence of reduced liver volume and increased attenuation on imaging in one. All studies showed a reduction in body weight and body mass index (BMI). Intra-operative blood loss was decreased following a diet-only intervention in two studies, and liver mobility improved in one. No difference was found in morbidity, mortality or hospital length of stay between intervention and control groups. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of poorer outcomes in liver resection patients with existing HS. There is an expected role for a preoperative VLCD to optimise these patients for surgery. Existing publications support this, but diet interventions and outcome measures are inconsistent, and patient numbers are small. There is scope for a well-designed, multi-centre randomised trial to investigate this further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Hitchins
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK.
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK
| | - Aditya Kanwar
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK
| | - Somaiah Aroori
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK
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9
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Jones RM, Caskey CF, Dayton PA, Oralkan O, Pinton GF. Transcranial Neuromodulation Array With Imaging Aperture for Simultaneous Multifocus Stimulation in Nonhuman Primates. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2022; 69:261-272. [PMID: 34460372 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3108448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Even simple behaviors arise from the simultaneous activation of multiple regions in the brain. Thus, the ability to simultaneously stimulate multiple regions within a brain circuit should allow for better modulation of function. However, performing simultaneous multifocus ultrasound neuromodulation introduces challenges to transducer design. Using 3-D Fullwave simulations, we have designed an ultrasound neuromodulation array for nonhuman primates that: 1) can simultaneously focus on multiple targets and 2) include an imaging aperture for additional functional imaging. This design is based on a spherical array, with 128 15-mm elements distributed in a spherical helix pattern. It is shown that clustering the elements tightly around the 65-mm imaging aperture located at the top of the array improves targeting at shallow depths, near the skull surface. Spherical arrays have good focusing capabilities through the skull at the center of the array, but focusing on off-center locations is more challenging due to the natural geometric configuration and the angle of incidence with the skull. In order to mitigate this, the 64 elements closest to the aperture were rotated toward and focusing on a shallow target, and the 64 elements farthest from the aperture were rotated toward and focusing on a deeper target. Data illustrated that this array produced focusing on the somatosensory cortex with a gain of 4.38 and to the thalamus with a gain of 3.82. To improve upon this, the array placement was optimized based on phase aberration simulations, allowing for the elements with the largest impact on the gain at each focal point to be found. This optimization resulted in an array design that can focus on the somatosensory cortex with a gain of 5.19 and the thalamus with a gain of 4.45. Simulations were also performed to evaluate the ability of the array to focus on 28 additional brain regions, showing that off-center target regions can be stimulated, but those closer to the skull will require corrective steps to deliver the same amount of energy to those locations. This simulation and design process can be adapted to an individual monkey or human skull morphologies and specific target locations within individuals by using orientable 3-D printing of the transducer case and by electronic phase aberration correction.
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10
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Sicular S, Alpaslan M, Ortega FA, Keathley N, Venkatesh S, Jones RM, Lindsey RV. Reevaluation of missed lung cancer with artificial intelligence. Respir Med Case Rep 2022; 39:101733. [PMID: 36118268 PMCID: PMC9472074 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2022.101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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11
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Jones RM, Anyigbo C, Morris H, Tumin D, Jamison S. Does a Medical Home Buffer the Association between Child Poverty and Poor Health? J Health Care Poor Underserved 2021; 32:1935-1948. [PMID: 34803051 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2021.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of the medical home on health status and health care use among children living in poverty compared with children not living in poverty. METHODS Data from the 2016-2017 National Survey of Children's Health were used to examine the associations of having a medical home with health outcomes of interest, among children living in poverty and among children not living in poverty. RESULTS Among 69,039 children ages 0-17 years, children living in poverty had lower medical home access (31%) compared with those not living in poverty (50%). Medical home access was favorably associated with health outcomes, but the strength of these association did not vary according to poverty status. CONCLUSIONS Notwithstanding the efficacy of the medical home at promoting child health, children living in poverty did not have greater health benefits associated with medical home access compared with children not living in poverty.
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12
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Wang HG, Bavley CC, Li A, Jones RM, Hackett J, Bayleyen Y, Lee FS, Rajadhyaksha AM, Pitt GS. Scn2a severe hypomorphic mutation decreases excitatory synaptic input and causes autism-associated behaviors. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150698. [PMID: 34156984 PMCID: PMC8410058 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
SCN2A, encoding the neuronal voltage-gated Na+ channel NaV1.2, is one of the most commonly affected loci linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Most ASD-associated mutations in SCN2A are loss-of-function mutations, but studies examining how such mutations affect neuronal function and whether Scn2a mutant mice display ASD endophenotypes have been inconsistent. We generated a protein truncation variant Scn2a mouse model (Scn2aΔ1898/+) by CRISPR that eliminates the NaV1.2 channel's distal intracellular C-terminal domain, and we analyzed the molecular and cellular consequences of this variant in a heterologous expression system, in neuronal culture, in brain slices, and in vivo. We also analyzed multiple behaviors in WT and Scn2aΔ1898/+ mice and correlated behaviors with clinical data obtained in human subjects with SCN2A variants. Expression of the NaV1.2 mutant in a heterologous expression system revealed decreased NaV1.2 channel function, and cultured pyramidal neurons isolated from Scn2aΔ1898/+ forebrain showed correspondingly reduced voltage-gated Na+ channel currents without compensation from other CNS voltage-gated Na+ channels. Na+ currents in inhibitory neurons were unaffected. Consistent with loss of voltage-gated Na+ channel currents, Scn2aΔ1898/+ pyramidal neurons displayed reduced excitability in forebrain neuronal culture and reduced excitatory synaptic input onto the pyramidal neurons in brain slices. Scn2aΔ1898/+ mice displayed several behavioral abnormalities, including abnormal social interactions that reflect behavior observed in humans with ASD and with harboring loss-of-function SCN2A variants. This model and its cellular electrophysiological characterizations provide a framework for tracing how a SCN2A loss-of-function variant leads to cellular defects that result in ASD-associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte C. Bavley
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anfei Li
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
| | - Rebecca M. Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program and
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan Hackett
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Francis S. Lee
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program and
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anjali M. Rajadhyaksha
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, and
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program and
| | - Geoffrey S. Pitt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program and
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13
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Whitmore L, Mackay RI, van Herk M, Jones JK, Jones RM. Focused VHEE (very high energy electron) beams and dose delivery for radiotherapy applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14013. [PMID: 34234203 PMCID: PMC8263594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the first demonstration of deeply penetrating dose delivery using focused very high energy electron (VHEE) beams using quadrupole magnets in Monte Carlo simulations. We show that the focal point is readily modified by linearly changing the quadrupole magnet strength only. We also present a weighted sum of focused electron beams to form a spread-out electron peak (SOEP) over a target region. This has a significantly reduced entrance dose compared to a proton-based spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP). Very high energy electron (VHEE) beams are an exciting prospect in external beam radiotherapy. VHEEs are less sensitive to inhomogeneities than proton and photon beams, have a deep dose reach and could potentially be used to deliver FLASH radiotherapy. The dose distributions of unfocused VHEE produce high entrance and exit doses compared to other radiotherapy modalities unless focusing is employed, and in this case the entrance dose is considerably improved over existing radiations. We have investigated both symmetric and asymmetric focusing as well as focusing with a range of beam energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Whitmore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Cockcroft Institute of Science and Technology, Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - R I Mackay
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M van Herk
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J K Jones
- The Cockcroft Institute of Science and Technology, Daresbury, Warrington, UK
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - R M Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- The Cockcroft Institute of Science and Technology, Daresbury, Warrington, UK.
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14
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Jones RM, Gildersleve CD. Quality and safety taken out of our hands? Anaesthesia 2021; 76:1136-1137. [PMID: 33687772 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Jones
- Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
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15
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Small KL, Henthorn NT, Angal-Kalinin D, Chadwick AL, Santina E, Aitkenhead A, Kirkby KJ, Smith RJ, Surman M, Jones J, Farabolini W, Corsini R, Gamba D, Gilardi A, Merchant MJ, Jones RM. Evaluating very high energy electron RBE from nanodosimetric pBR322 plasmid DNA damage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3341. [PMID: 33558553 PMCID: PMC7870938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the first plasmid DNA irradiations carried out with Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE) over 100-200 MeV at the CLEAR user facility at CERN to determine the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of VHEE. DNA damage yields were measured in dry and aqueous environments to determine that ~ 99% of total DNA breaks were caused by indirect effects, consistent with other published measurements for protons and photons. Double-Strand Break (DSB) yield was used as the biological endpoint for RBE calculation, with values found to be consistent with established radiotherapy modalities. Similarities in physical damage between VHEE and conventional modalities gives confidence that biological effects of VHEE will also be similar-key for clinical implementation. Damage yields were used as a baseline for track structure simulations of VHEE plasmid irradiation using GEANT4-DNA. Current models for DSB yield have shown reasonable agreement with experimental values. The growing interest in FLASH radiotherapy motivated a study into DSB yield variation with dose rate following VHEE irradiation. No significant variations were observed between conventional and FLASH dose rate irradiations, indicating that no FLASH effect is seen under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Small
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- The Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK.
| | - N T Henthorn
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - D Angal-Kalinin
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - A L Chadwick
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - E Santina
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - A Aitkenhead
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Christie Medical Physics and Engineering, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - K J Kirkby
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - R J Smith
- The Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - M Surman
- The Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - J Jones
- The Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, UK
| | - W Farabolini
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- CEA Saclay, IRFU-DACM, Saclay, France
| | | | | | - A Gilardi
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Federico II, DIETI, University of Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - M J Merchant
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - R M Jones
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK
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16
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Chong E, Clark-Whitney E, Southerland A, Stubbs E, Miller C, Ajodan EL, Silverman MR, Lord C, Rozga A, Jones RM, Rehg JM. Detection of eye contact with deep neural networks is as accurate as human experts. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6386. [PMID: 33318484 PMCID: PMC7736573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye contact is among the most primary means of social communication used by humans. Quantification of eye contact is valuable as a part of the analysis of social roles and communication skills, and for clinical screening. Estimating a subject's looking direction is a challenging task, but eye contact can be effectively captured by a wearable point-of-view camera which provides a unique viewpoint. While moments of eye contact from this viewpoint can be hand-coded, such a process tends to be laborious and subjective. In this work, we develop a deep neural network model to automatically detect eye contact in egocentric video. It is the first to achieve accuracy equivalent to that of human experts. We train a deep convolutional network using a dataset of 4,339,879 annotated images, consisting of 103 subjects with diverse demographic backgrounds. 57 subjects have a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The network achieves overall precision of 0.936 and recall of 0.943 on 18 validation subjects, and its performance is on par with 10 trained human coders with a mean precision 0.918 and recall 0.946. Our method will be instrumental in gaze behavior analysis by serving as a scalable, objective, and accessible tool for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Chong
- School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Elysha Clark-Whitney
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Audrey Southerland
- School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stubbs
- School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Chanel Miller
- School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Eliana L Ajodan
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Melanie R Silverman
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Agata Rozga
- School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - James M Rehg
- School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
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17
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Jones RM, Sharma A, Hotchkiss R, Sperling JW, Hamburger J, Ledig C, O’Toole R, Gardner M, Venkatesh S, Roberts MM, Sauvestre R, Shatkhin M, Gupta A, Chopra S, Kumaravel M, Daluiski A, Plogger W, Nascone J, Potter HG, Lindsey RV. Assessment of a deep-learning system for fracture detection in musculoskeletal radiographs. NPJ Digit Med 2020; 3:144. [PMID: 33145440 PMCID: PMC7599208 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-020-00352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Missed fractures are the most common diagnostic error in emergency departments and can lead to treatment delays and long-term disability. Here we show through a multi-site study that a deep-learning system can accurately identify fractures throughout the adult musculoskeletal system. This approach may have the potential to reduce future diagnostic errors in radiograph interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Robert Hotchkiss
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 523 East 72nd St, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | | | - Jackson Hamburger
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Christian Ledig
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Robert O’Toole
- University of Maryland Medical System, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Michael Gardner
- Stanford University, 450 Broadway St, Redwood City, CA 94063 USA
| | - Srivas Venkatesh
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | | | - Romain Sauvestre
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Max Shatkhin
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Anant Gupta
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Sumit Chopra
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Manickam Kumaravel
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Aaron Daluiski
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 523 East 72nd St, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Will Plogger
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Jason Nascone
- University of Maryland Medical System, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Hollis G. Potter
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 523 East 72nd St, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Robert V. Lindsey
- Imagen Technologies, Inc., 151 West 26th Street, Suite 1001, New York, NY 10001 USA
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18
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Silver BM, Conte MM, Victor JD, Jones RM. Visual Search for Circumscribed Interests in Autism Is Similar to That of Neurotypical Individuals. Front Psychol 2020; 11:582074. [PMID: 33192903 PMCID: PMC7640760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense interests are a core symptom of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and can be all-encompassing for affected individuals. This observation raises the hypothesis that intense interests in ASD are related to pervasive changes in visual processing for objects within that category, including visual search. We assayed visual processing with two novel tasks, targeting category search and exemplar search. For each task, three kinds of stimuli were used: faces, houses, and images personalized to each participant’s interest. 25 children and adults with ASD were compared to 25 neurotypical (NT) children and adults. We found no differences in either visual search task between ASD and NT controls for interests. Thus, pervasive alterations in perception are not likely to account for ASD behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Silver
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary M Conte
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan D Victor
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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19
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Lynch CJ, Silver BM, Dubin MJ, Martin A, Voss HU, Jones RM, Power JD. Prevalent and sex-biased breathing patterns modify functional connectivity MRI in young adults. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5290. [PMID: 33082311 PMCID: PMC7576607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a tool for investigating human brain organization. Here we identify, visually and algorithmically, two prevalent influences on fMRI signals during 440 h of resting state scans in 440 healthy young adults, both caused by deviations from normal breathing which we term deep breaths and bursts. The two respiratory patterns have distinct influences on fMRI signals and signal covariance, distinct timescales, distinct cardiovascular correlates, and distinct tendencies to manifest by sex. Deep breaths are not sex-biased. Bursts, which are serial taperings of respiratory depth typically spanning minutes at a time, are more common in males. Bursts share features of chemoreflex-driven clinical breathing patterns that also occur primarily in males, with notable neurological, psychiatric, medical, and lifespan associations. These results identify common breathing patterns in healthy young adults with distinct influences on functional connectivity and an ability to differentially influence resting state fMRI studies. Functional connectivity measured from fMRI data is widely used in neuroscience. Here the authors report an association between two types of breathing signature and obtained BOLD data, and associated sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Lynch
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin M Silver
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Marc J Dubin
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Henning U Voss
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, 516 East 72nd Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan D Power
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Blaisdell J, Turyk ME, Almberg KS, Jones RM, Stayner LT. Corrigendum to "Prenatal exposure to nitrate in drinking water and the risk of congenital malformations" [Environ. Res. 176 (Epub, 2019) 1-10/108553]. Environ Res 2020; 186:109269. [PMID: 32178840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Blaisdell
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, USA
| | - M E Turyk
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, USA
| | - K S Almberg
- Univeristy of Illinois at Chicago,Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, USA
| | - R M Jones
- Univeristy of Illinois at Chicago,Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, USA
| | - L T Stayner
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, USA.
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21
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Donoghue S, Jones RM, Bush A, Srinivas G, Bowling K, Andrews S. Cost effectiveness of intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasound for suspected choledocholithiasis; outcomes from a specialist benign upper gastrointestinal unit. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2020; 102:598-600. [PMID: 32538107 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2020.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Common bile duct stones are present in 10% of patients with symptomatic gallstones. One-third of UK patients undergoing cholecystectomy will have preoperative ductal imaging, commonly with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasound is a valid alternative but is not widely used. The primary aim of this study was to assess cost effectiveness of laparoscopic ultrasound compared with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective database of all patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy between 2015 and 2018 at a district general hospital was assessed. Inclusion criteria were all patients, emergency and elective, with symptomatic gallstones and suspicion of common bile duct stones (derangement of liver function tests with or without dilated common bile duct on preoperative ultrasound, or history of pancreatitis). Patients with known common bile duct stones (magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram) were excluded. Ninety-day morbidity data were also collected. RESULTS A total of 420 (334 elective and 86 emergency) patients were suspected to have common bile duct stones and were included in the study. The cost of a laparoscopic ultrasound was £183 per use. The cost of using the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography unit was £365 per use. Ten postoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatographies were performed for inconclusive intraoperative imaging. The estimated cost saving was £74,650. Some 128 patients had common bile duct stones detected intraoperatively and treated. There was a false positive rate of 4.7%, and the false negative rate at 90 days was 0.7%. laparoscopic ultrasound use saved 129 bed days for emergency patients and 240 magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography hours of magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION The use of laparoscopic ultrasound during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the detection of common bile duct stone is safe, accurate and cost effective. Equipment and maintenance costs are quickly offset and hospital bed days can be saved with its use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Bush
- Torbay Hospital, Torquay, Devon, UK
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22
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Jones RM, Thompson C, Bitter I. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of mania. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 21:1-9. [PMID: 16487905 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSecond generation antipsychotic agents are increasingly used in the management of acute mania. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of these agents, as both monotherapy and in combination with mood stabilisers, was performed to establish the evidence for their use. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were critically appraised in more detail than studies that presented lower levels of evidence such as case reports, case series and open label follow up studies. We found 11 RCTs reporting on patients treated with second generation antipsychotics for acute bipolar mania, of which three included randomisation between the second generation antipsychotic and placebo, and eight between a mood stabiliser combined with either the second generation antipsychotic or placebo. Data from non-randomised trials is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Jones
- Mental Health Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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23
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Lord C, Brugha TS, Charman T, Cusack J, Dumas G, Frazier T, Jones EJH, Jones RM, Pickles A, State MW, Taylor JL, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Autism spectrum disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 31949163 PMCID: PMC8900942 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a construct used to describe individuals with a specific combination of impairments in social communication and repetitive behaviours, highly restricted interests and/or sensory behaviours beginning early in life. The worldwide prevalence of autism is just under 1%, but estimates are higher in high-income countries. Although gross brain pathology is not characteristic of autism, subtle anatomical and functional differences have been observed in post-mortem, neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies. Initially, it was hoped that accurate measurement of behavioural phenotypes would lead to specific genetic subtypes, but genetic findings have mainly applied to heterogeneous groups that are not specific to autism. Psychosocial interventions in children can improve specific behaviours, such as joint attention, language and social engagement, that may affect further development and could reduce symptom severity. However, further research is necessary to identify the long-term needs of people with autism, and treatments and the mechanisms behind them that could result in improved independence and quality of life over time. Families are often the major source of support for people with autism throughout much of life and need to be considered, along with the perspectives of autistic individuals, in both research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lord
- Departments of Psychiatry and School of Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Traolach S Brugha
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Guillaume Dumas
- Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Emily J H Jones
- Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, New York, NY, USA
- The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew W State
- Department of Psychiatry, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Lounds Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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24
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Bos DJ, Dreyfuss M, Tottenham N, Hare TA, Galván A, Casey BJ, Jones RM. Distinct and similar patterns of emotional development in adolescents and young adults. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 62:591-599. [PMID: 31802483 PMCID: PMC7384025 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period of increased sensitivity to social emotional cues, but it is less known whether young adults demonstrate similar social emotional sensitivity. The current study tested variation in reaction times to emotional face cues during different phases of emotional development. Ex‐Gaussian parameters mu, sigma, and tau were computed, in addition to mean, median and standard deviation (SD) in reaction times (RT) during an emotional go/nogo‐paradigm with fearful, happy, and calm facial expressions in 377 participants, 6–30 years of age. Across development, mean RT showed slowing to fearful facial expressions relative to both calm and happy facial cues, but mu revealed that this pattern was specific to adolescence. In young adulthood, increased variability to fearful expressions relative to both happy and calm ones was captured by SD and tau. The findings that adolescents had longer response latencies to fearful faces, whereas young adults demonstrated greater response variability to fearful faces, together reflect how social emotional processing continues to evolve from adolescence into early adulthood. The findings suggest that young adulthood is also a vulnerable period for processing social emotional cues that ultimately may be important to better understand why different psychopathologies emerge in early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dienke J Bos
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Dreyfuss
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd A Hare
- Department of Economics, Zürich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B J Casey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Fudala C, Jones RM. The Chemistry of Mordançage, a Historic Photographic Process. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14482-14488. [PMID: 31621294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on a 19th century method, the process known as mordançage has been used to dramatically alter black and white photographs since the 1960s. Mordançage subjects a fully developed photograph to a series of wet chemical reactions, beginning with an acidic copper(II) chloride and hydrogen peroxide bleaching solution. Different types of photographic paper, time in mordançage solution, and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, copper(II) chloride, and acetic acid are all variables that influence the degree of emulsion lift and corresponding veils observed. We conducted experiments to explore these variables and analyzed processed prints using ImageJ to measure changes in pixel intensity and SEM-EDS for compositional analysis. Fiber-based and cotton rag papers resulted in more emulsion lift than resin-coated paper, and increased time in the mordançage solution had similar results. Quantitative analysis of the bleaching solution reveals how the process variables affect the formation of veils, and a process scheme is presented. This work provides insight into the chemical transformations involved in this artistic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fudala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , 4400 University Drive MSN 3E2 , Fairfax , Virginia 22030 , United States
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , 4400 University Drive MSN 3E2 , Fairfax , Virginia 22030 , United States
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26
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Power JD, Lynch CJ, Silver BM, Dubin MJ, Martin A, Jones RM. Distinctions among real and apparent respiratory motions in human fMRI data. Neuroimage 2019; 201:116041. [PMID: 31344484 PMCID: PMC6765416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Head motion estimates in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans appear qualitatively different with sub-second image sampling rates compared to the multi-second sampling rates common in the past. Whereas formerly the head appeared still for much of a scan with brief excursions from baseline, the head now appears to be in constant motion, and motion estimates often seem to divulge little information about what is happening in a scan. This constant motion has been attributed to respiratory oscillations that do not alias at faster sampling rates, and investigators are divided on the extent to which such motion is "real" motion or only "apparent" pseudomotion. Some investigators have abandoned the use of motion estimates entirely due to these considerations. Here we investigate the properties of motion in several fMRI datasets sampled at rates between 720 and 1160 ms, and describe 5 distinct kinds of respiratory motion: 1) constant real respiratory motion in the form of head nodding most evident in vertical position and pitch, which can be very large; 2) constant pseudomotion at the same respiratory rate as real motion, occurring only in the phase encode direction; 3) punctate real motions occurring at times of very deep breaths; 4) a low-frequency pseudomotion in only the phase encode direction at and after very deep breaths; 5) slow modulation of vertical and anterior-posterior head position by the respiratory envelope. We reformulate motion estimates in light of these considerations and obtain good concordance between motion estimates, physiologic records, image quality measures, and events evident in the fMRI signals. We demonstrate how variables describing respiration or body habitus separately scale with distinct kinds of head motion. We also note heritable aspects of respiration and motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Power
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Charles J Lynch
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Benjamin M Silver
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Marc J Dubin
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Alex Martin
- National Institute for Mental Health, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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27
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Bos DJ, Silver BM, Barnes ED, Ajodan EL, Silverman MR, Clark-Whitney E, Tarpey T, Jones RM. Adolescent-Specific Motivation Deficits in Autism Versus Typical Development. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 50:364-372. [PMID: 31625010 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Differences in motivation during adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood in autism was tested in a cross-sectional study. 156 Typically developing individuals and 79 individuals with autism ages 10-30 years of age completed a go/nogo task with social and non-social cues. To assess age effects, linear and quadratic models were used. Consistent with prior studies, typically developing adolescents and young adults demonstrated more false alarms for positive relative to neutral social cues. In autism, there were no changes in attention across age for social or non-social cues. Findings suggest reduced orienting to motivating cues during late adolescence and early adulthood in autism. The findings provide a unique perspective to explain the challenges for adolescents with autism transitioning to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dienke J Bos
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Benjamin M Silver
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Emily D Barnes
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Eliana L Ajodan
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Melanie R Silverman
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Elysha Clark-Whitney
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Thaddeus Tarpey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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28
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Jones RM, Pattwell SS. Future considerations for pediatric cancer survivorship: Translational perspectives from developmental neuroscience. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 38:100657. [PMID: 31158802 PMCID: PMC6697051 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakthroughs in modern medicine have increased pediatric cancer survival rates throughout the last several decades. Despite enhanced cure rates, a subset of pediatric cancer survivors exhibit life-long psychological side effects. A large body of work has addressed potential mechanisms for secondary symptoms of anxiety, post-traumatic stress, impaired emotion regulation and cognitive deficits in adults. Yet, absent from many studies are the ways in which cancer treatment can impact the developing brain. Additionally, it remains less known whether typical neurobiological changes during adolescence and early adulthood may potentially buffer or exacerbate some of the known negative cancer survivorship outcomes. This review highlights genetic, animal, and human neuroimaging research across development. We focus on the neural circuitry associated with aversive learning, which matures throughout childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. We argue that along with other individual differences, the precise timing of oncological treatment insults on such neural circuitry may expose particular vulnerabilities for pediatric cancer patients. We also explore other moderators of treatment outcomes, including genetic polymorphisms and neural mechanisms underlying memory and cognitive control. We discuss how neural maturation extending into young adulthood may also provide a sensitive period for intervention to improve psychological and cognitive outcomes in pediatric cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Jones
- The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Siobhan S Pattwell
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Mailstop C3-168, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
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29
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Bos DJ, Silverman MR, Ajodan EL, Martin C, Silver BM, Brouwer GJ, Di Martino A, Jones RM. Rigidity coincides with reduced cognitive control to affective cues in children with autism. J Abnorm Psychol 2019; 128:431-441. [PMID: 31045398 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested whether salient affective cues would negatively influence cognitive control in children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One hundred children aged 6-12 years who were either typically developing or had ASD performed a novel go/no-go task to cues of their interest versus cues of noninterest. Linear mixed-effects (LME) models for hit rate, false alarms, and the sensitivity index d' were used to test for group differences. Caregivers completed the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised to test associations between repetitive behaviors and task performance. Children with ASD had reduced cognitive control toward their interests compared with typically developing children. Further, children with ASD showed reduced cognitive control to interests compared with noninterests, a pattern not observed in typically developing children. Decreased cognitive control toward interests was associated with higher insistence on sameness behavior in ASD, but there was no association between sameness behavior and cognitive control for noninterests. Together, children with ASD demonstrated decreased cognitive flexibility in the context of increased affective salience related to interests. These results provide a mechanism for how salient affective cues, such as interests, interfere with daily functioning and social communication in ASD. Further, the findings have broader clinical implications for understanding how affective cues can drive interactions between restricted patterns of behavior and cognitive control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dienke J Bos
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology
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30
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Priego Moreno S, Jones RM, Poovathumkadavil D, Scaramuzza S, Gambus A. Mitotic replisome disassembly depends on TRAIP ubiquitin ligase activity. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201900390. [PMID: 30979826 PMCID: PMC6464043 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the mitotic replisome disassembly pathway in X. laevis egg extract shows that any replisomes retained on chromatin past S-phase are unloaded through formation of K6- and K63-linked ubiquitin chains on Mcm7 by TRAIP ubiquitin ligase and p97/VCP activity. We have shown previously that the process of replication machinery (replisome) disassembly at the termination of DNA replication forks in the S-phase is driven through polyubiquitylation of one of the replicative helicase subunits (Mcm7) by Cul2LRR1 ubiquitin ligase. Interestingly, upon inhibition of this pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, the replisomes retained on chromatin were unloaded in the subsequent mitosis. Here, we show that this mitotic replisome disassembly pathway exists in Xenopus laevis egg extract and we determine the first elements of its regulation. The mitotic disassembly pathway depends on the formation of K6- and K63-linked ubiquitin chains on Mcm7 by TRAIP ubiquitin ligase and the activity of p97/VCP protein segregase. Unlike in lower eukaryotes, however, it does not require SUMO modifications. Importantly, we also show that this process can remove all replisomes from mitotic chromatin, including stalled ones, which indicates a wide application for this pathway over being just a “backup” for terminated replisomes. Finally, we characterise the composition of the replisome retained on chromatin until mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Priego Moreno
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Divyasree Poovathumkadavil
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shaun Scaramuzza
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Agnieszka Gambus
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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31
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Abstract
Structural MRI study of twins with autism reveals both genetic and environmental factors contribute to abnormal neural growth patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Jones RM, Plesa Skwerer D, Pawar R, Hamo A, Carberry C, Ajodan EL, Caulley D, Silverman MR, McAdoo S, Meyer S, Yoder A, Clements M, Lord C, Tager-Flusberg H. How effective is LENA in detecting speech vocalizations and language produced by children and adolescents with ASD in different contexts? Autism Res 2019; 12:628-635. [PMID: 30638310 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The LENA system was designed and validated to provide information about the language environment in children 0 to 4 years of age and its use has been expanded to populations with a number of communication profiles. Its utility in children 5 years of age and older is not yet known. The present study used acoustic data from two samples of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) to evaluate the reliability of LENA automated analyses for detecting speech utterances in older, school age children, and adolescents with ASD, in clinic and home environments. Participants between 5 and 18 years old who were minimally verbal (study 1) or had a range of verbal abilities (study 2) completed standardized assessments in the clinic (study 1 and 2) and in the home (study 2) while speech was recorded from a LENA device. We compared LENA segment labels with manual ground truth coding by human transcribers using two different methods. We found that the automated LENA algorithms were not successful (<50% reliable) in detecting vocalizations from older children and adolescents with ASD, and that the proportion of speaker misclassifications by the automated system increased significantly with the target-child's age. The findings in children and adolescents with ASD suggest possibly misleading results when expanding the use of LENA beyond the age ranges for which it was developed and highlight the need to develop novel automated methods that are more appropriate for older children. Autism Research 2019, 12: 628-635. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Current commercially available speech detection algorithms (LENA system) were previously validated in toddlers and children up to 48 months of age, and it is not known whether they are reliable in older children and adolescents. Our data suggest that LENA does not adequately capture speech in school age children and adolescents with autism and highlights the need to develop new automated methods for older children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, New York
| | - Daniela Plesa Skwerer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Amarelle Hamo
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, New York
| | - Caroline Carberry
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, New York
| | - Eliana L Ajodan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, New York
| | | | - Melanie R Silverman
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, New York
| | - Shannon McAdoo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne Yoder
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Clements
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Catherine Lord
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, New York.,University of California Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, Los Angeles, California
| | - Helen Tager-Flusberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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33
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Abstract
Social anxiety disrupts optimal learning patterns and brain activity in threatening situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Power JD, Silver BM, Silverman MR, Ajodan EL, Bos DJ, Jones RM. Customized head molds reduce motion during resting state fMRI scans. Neuroimage 2019; 189:141-149. [PMID: 30639840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Head motion causes artifacts in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans, a problem especially relevant for task-free resting state paradigms and for developmental, aging, and clinical populations. In a cohort spanning 7-28 years old (mean age 15) we produced customized head-anatomy-specific Styrofoam molds for each subject that inserted into an MRI head coil. We scanned these subjects under two conditions: using our standard procedure of packing the head coil with foam padding about the head to reduce head motion, and using the customized molds to reduce head motion. In 12 of 13 subjects, the molds reduced head motion throughout the scan and reduced the fraction of a scan with substantial motion (i.e., volumes with motion notably above baseline levels of motion). Motion was reduced in all 6 head position estimates, especially in rotational, left-right, and superior-inferior directions. Motion was reduced throughout the full age range studied, including children, adolescents, and young adults. In terms of the fMRI data itself, quality indices improved with the head mold on, scrubbing analyses detected less distance-dependent artifact in scans with the head mold on, and distant-dependent artifact was less evident in both the entire scan and also during only low-motion volumes. Subjects found the molds comfortable. Head molds are thus effective tools for reducing head motion, and motion artifacts, during fMRI scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Power
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Benjamin M Silver
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Melanie R Silverman
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Eliana L Ajodan
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Dienke J Bos
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Abstract
Music intervention alters brain activation and improves social communication skills in children with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Shi L, Baboi N, Jones RM. Beam phase retrieval based on higher order modes in cylindrical superconducting radio frequency cavities. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:105105. [PMID: 30399702 DOI: 10.1063/1.5040191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The control of beam phase relative to the accelerating RF field within a superconducting cavity is important in many accelerator applications and is of particular importance for a free electron laser facility. As standard practice, the phase is usually inferred from the beam-induced transient field with respect to a timing reference. We report here on an alternative and novel means of beam phase determination based on beam-excited higher order electromagnetic modes and the accelerating electromagnetic mode, which are conveniently available from the same coupler. The monopole modes are immune to the electron beam offset and therefore are best suited for the task. A coupled circuit model is used to assist the development and to rapidly assess the facility of the method. Simulations based on the circuit model indicate that the resolution of this system depends critically on the signal to noise ratio. Beam-based measurements with a test setup were carried out at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL), Germany. Based on this new method, we have routinely obtained a resolution of 0.1°. The best resolution observed with the current setup was 0.03°. These results agree very well with the predictions from those predicted by a circuit model. The system investigated here can be used to provide diagnostic information for the current low level RF system employed in the European XFEL. To this end, the associated electronics are under development. This monitor is the first of its kind that can deliver direct and online measurements of the beam phase with respect to the RF field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - N Baboi
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R M Jones
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Jones RM. Network tools identify early signs of anxiety. Sci Transl Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Novel network analyses identify constellations of childhood symptoms that predict anxiety disorders and depression during adolescence and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Jones RM. Play it again, Mom: How babies recognize melodies. Sci Transl Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Playing familiar songs during sleep increased hippocampal activation in toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Sood S, Haifer C, Yu L, Pavlovic J, Gow PJ, Jones RM, Visvanathan K, Angus PW, Testro AG. Early viral-specific T-cell testing predicts late cytomegalovirus reactivation following liver transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 20:e12934. [PMID: 29809312 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although antiviral prophylaxis is effective in preventing early cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation following liver transplantation (OLT), it predisposes patients to late CMV after prophylaxis has ceased. QuantiFERON-CMV (QFN-CMV, Qiagen, The Netherlands) measures an individual's viral-specific immune response. METHODS Fifty-nine OLT recipients were prospectively monitored post-OLT in an observational cohort study. QFN-CMV was performed at regular time-points. An absolute QFN-CMV <0.1 IU/mL was considered non-reactive. RESULTS 50/59 (84.7%) had a reactive QFN-CMV by M6. 38/59 (64.4%) had antiviral prophylaxis or treatment before M6, with 31/38 (81.6%) developing a reactive QFN-CMV by 6 months. Over 90% already had a reactive result as early as 3 months post transplant, 3 patients (5.08%) developed late CMV between 6-12 months (median 251 days)-all had a non-reactive M6 QFN-CMV. And 2/3 experienced CMV disease. Non-reactive M6 QFN-CMV was significantly associated with late CMV (OR = 54.4, PPV = 0.33, NPV = 1.00, P = .003). CONCLUSION Although only 5% of recipients developed late CMV, 2/3 suffered CMV disease. M6 QFN-CMV has an excellent NPV for late CMV, suggesting patients who exhibit a robust ex vivo immune response at M6 can safely cease CMV monitoring. Furthermore, >90% already express viral-specific immunity as early as 3 months. Conceivably, antiviral prophylaxis could be discontinued early in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sood
- Liver Transplant Unit Victoria, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Innate Immune Laboratory, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - C Haifer
- Liver Transplant Unit Victoria, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - L Yu
- Innate Immune Laboratory, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J Pavlovic
- Liver Transplant Unit Victoria, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - P J Gow
- Liver Transplant Unit Victoria, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - R M Jones
- Liver Transplant Unit Victoria, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - K Visvanathan
- Innate Immune Laboratory, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - P W Angus
- Liver Transplant Unit Victoria, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A G Testro
- Liver Transplant Unit Victoria, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Jones RM, Tarpey T, Hamo A, Carberry C, Brouwer G, Lord C. Statistical Learning is Associated with Autism Symptoms and Verbal Abilities in Young Children with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:3551-3561. [PMID: 29855756 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Statistical learning-extracting regularities in the environment-may underlie complex social behavior. 124 children, 56 with autism and 68 typically developing, ages 2-8 years, completed a novel visual statistical learning task on an iPad. Averaged together, children with autism demonstrated less learning on the task compared to typically developing children. However, multivariate classification analyses characterized individual behavior patterns, and demonstrated a subset of children with autism had similar learning patterns to typically developing children and that subset of children had less severe autism symptoms. Therefore, statistically averaging data resulted in missing critical heterogeneity. Variability in statistical learning may help to understand differences in autism symptoms across individuals and could be used to tailor and inform treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA.
| | - Thaddeus Tarpey
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Amarelle Hamo
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Caroline Carberry
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Gijs Brouwer
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
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Abstract
Nine- to 10-month-old infants who develop autism show early enhanced pupillary light reflex compared with infants who did not develop autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Psychiatry Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Jones RM, Bondurant RG, Hilscher FH, MacDonald JC. 412 Steer Performance Grazing Corn Residue and Supplemented with Modified Distillers Grains Plus Solubles with or without Urea. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky073.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
fMRI and patient feedback methods reduce fear responses by changing brain patterns without conscious awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Bos DJ, Ajodan EL, Silverman MR, Dyke JP, Durston S, Power JD, Jones RM. Neural correlates of preferred activities: development of an interest-specific go/nogo task. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:1890-1901. [PMID: 29077964 PMCID: PMC5716102 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities we choose to spend our leisure time with are intrinsically motivating and vary across individuals. Yet it is unknown how impulse control or neural activity changes when processing a preferred stimulus related to a hobby or interest. Developing a task that assesses the response to preferred interests is of importance as it would be relevant to a range of psychiatric disorders that have hyper- or hypo-arousal to such cues. During functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), 39 healthy adults completed a novel task to test approach behavior and cognitive control to cues that were personalized to the participants' interests compared to stimuli the participants identified as being of non-interest and colored shapes. fMRI results showed that cues of one's interest elicited activation in the anterior insula compared to colored shapes. Interests did not change inhibition compared to non-interests and colored shapes and all stimuli equally engaged a frontostriatal circuit. Together the results suggest that adults were sensitive to their interests but were effective at regulating their impulses towards these cues, a skill that is critical for navigating the temptations and distractions in our daily environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dienke J Bos
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eliana L Ajodan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melanie R Silverman
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan P Dyke
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Durston
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Power
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca M Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
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46
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Kleckner IR, Jones RM, Wilder-Smith O, Wormwood JB, Akcakaya M, Quigley KS, Lord C, Goodwin MS. Simple, Transparent, and Flexible Automated Quality Assessment Procedures for Ambulatory Electrodermal Activity Data. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 65:1460-1467. [PMID: 28976309 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2758643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrodermal activity (EDA) is a noninvasive measure of sympathetic activation often used to study emotions, decision making, and health. The use of "ambulatory" EDA in everyday life presents novel challenges-frequent artifacts and long recordings-with inconsistent methods available for efficiently and accurately assessing data quality. We developed and validated a simple, transparent, flexible, and automated quality assessment procedure for ambulatory EDA data. METHODS A total of 20 individuals with autism (5 females, 5-13 years) provided a combined 181 h of EDA data in their home using the Affectiva Q Sensor across 8 weeks. Our procedure identified invalid data using four rules: First, EDA out of range; second, EDA changes too quickly; third, temperature suggests the sensor is not being worn; and fourth, transitional data surrounding segments identified as invalid via the preceding rules. We identified invalid portions of a pseudorandom subset of our data (32.8 h, 18%) using our automated procedure and independent visual inspection by five EDA experts. RESULTS Our automated procedure identified 420 min (21%) of invalid data. The five experts agreed strongly with each other (agreement: 98%, Cohen's κ: 0.87) and, thus, were averaged into a "consensus" rating. Our procedure exhibited excellent agreement with the consensus rating (sensitivity: 91%, specificity: 99%, accuracy: 92%, κ: 0.739 [95% CI = 0.738, 0.740]). CONCLUSION We developed a simple, transparent, flexible, and automated quality assessment procedure for ambulatory EDA data. SIGNIFICANCE Our procedure can be used beyond this study to enhance efficiency, transparency, and reproducibility of EDA analyses, with free software available at http://www.cbslab.org/EDAQA.
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Jones RM, Southerland A, Hamo A, Carberry C, Bridges C, Nay S, Stubbs E, Komarow E, Washington C, Rehg JM, Lord C, Rozga A. Increased Eye Contact During Conversation Compared to Play in Children With Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:607-614. [PMID: 27987063 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism have atypical gaze behavior but it is unknown whether gaze differs during distinct types of reciprocal interactions. Typically developing children (N = 20) and children with autism (N = 20) (4-13 years) made similar amounts of eye contact with an examiner during a conversation. Surprisingly, there was minimal eye contact during interactive play in both groups. Gaze behavior was stable across 8 weeks in children with autism (N = 15). Lastly, gaze behavior during conversation but not play was associated with autism social affect severity scores (ADOS CSS SA) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2). Together findings suggests that eye contact in typical and atypical development is influenced by subtle changes in context, which has implications for optimizing assessments of social communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Jones
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA.
| | - Audrey Southerland
- Center for Behavioral Imaging, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amarelle Hamo
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Caroline Carberry
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Chanel Bridges
- Center for Behavioral Imaging, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Nay
- Center for Behavioral Imaging, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stubbs
- Center for Behavioral Imaging, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Komarow
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Clay Washington
- Center for Behavioral Imaging, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James M Rehg
- Center for Behavioral Imaging, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Agata Rozga
- Center for Behavioral Imaging, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Background A core difficulty for individuals with autism is making friends and successfully engaging and interacting with peers. The majority of measures to assess peer interactions are observations in a school setting or self-report. The present study examined the convergent validity of using a teacher rating scale, the Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale (PIPPS), for collecting information about the quality of peer interactions at school. Methods Teachers completed the PIPPS for 107 children with ASD when the child was 9 and 13 years of age. Clinicians completed diagnostic and cognitive assessments and caregivers completed the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) when the child was 9. Results Parent report of reciprocal friendships from the ADI-R was associated with teacher report about how socially connected the child was at school on the PIPPS, indicating strong convergence between teachers and parents. Children with more severe restricted and repetitive behaviors and lower verbal abilities were less connected with peers. Children with access to typical peers had more connections with peers compared to those who were in a special education classroom. Conclusions The findings suggest that teacher ratings from the PIPPS can accurately capture the quality of peer interactions in children and adolescents with ASD and may be useful for clinicians and researchers to evaluate peer engagement in the classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Jones
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605 USA
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Lord
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605 USA
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Cahalin LP, Dibble NH, Kasa TJ, Poliszuk RO, Jones RM, Dhah J, Scott I, Vertullo L, King LA, Ruiz JT, Formiga MF, Feigenbaum LA, Baraga MG. Inspiratory Performance is Significantly Related to Isokinetic Knee Power in Collegiate Women Soccer Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518488.77383.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Jones RM, Carberry C, Hamo A, Lord C. Placebo-like response in absence of treatment in children with Autism. Autism Res 2017; 10:1567-1572. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, 21 Bloomingdale Road; White Plains New York
| | - Caroline Carberry
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, 21 Bloomingdale Road; White Plains New York
| | - Amarelle Hamo
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, 21 Bloomingdale Road; White Plains New York
| | - Catherine Lord
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, 21 Bloomingdale Road; White Plains New York
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