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Kleckner IR, Wormwood JB, Jones RM, Culakova E, Barrett LF, Lord C, Quigley KS, Goodwin MS. Adaptive thresholding increases sensitivity to detect changes in the rate of skin conductance responses to psychologically arousing stimuli in both laboratory and ambulatory settings. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 196:112280. [PMID: 38104772 PMCID: PMC10872538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Psychophysiologists recording electrodermal activity (EDA) often derive measures of slow, tonic activity-skin conductance level (SCL)-and faster, more punctate changes-skin conductance responses (SCRs). A SCR is conventionally considered to have occurred when the local amplitude of the EDA signal exceeds a researcher-determined threshold (e.g., 0.05 μS), typically fixed across study participants and conditions. However, fixed SCR thresholds can preferentially exclude data from individuals with low SCL because their SCRs are smaller on average, thereby reducing statistical power for group-level analyses. Thus, we developed a fixed plus adaptive (FA) thresholding method that adjusts identification of SCRs based on an individual's SC at the onset of the SCR to increase statistical power and include data from more participants. We assess the utility of applying FA thresholding across two independent samples and explore age and race-related associations with EDA outcomes. Study 1 uses wired EDA measurements from 254 healthy adults responding to evocative images and sounds in a laboratory setting. Study 2 uses wireless EDA measurements from 20 children with autism in a clinical environment while they completed behavioral tasks. Compared to a 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 μS fixed threshold, FA thresholding at 1.9% modestly increases statistical power to detect a difference in SCR rate between tasks with higher vs. lower subjective arousal and reduces exclusion of participants by up to 5% across both samples. This novel method expands the EDA analytical toolbox and may be useful in populations with highly variable basal SCL or when comparing groups with different basal SCL. Future research should test for reproducibility and generalizability in other tasks, samples, and contexts. IMPACT STATEMENTS: This article is important because it introduces a novel method to enhance sensitivity and statistical power in analyses of skin conductance responses from electrodermal data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca M Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Eva Culakova
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- Weill Cornell Medicine, The Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, White Plains, NY, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Grasser LR, Erjo T, Goodwin MS, Naim R, German RE, White J, Cullins L, Tseng WL, Stoddard J, Brotman MA. Can peripheral psychophysiological markers predict response to exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy in youth with severely impairing irritability? A study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:926. [PMID: 38082431 PMCID: PMC10712194 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritability, an increased proneness to anger, is a primary reason youth present for psychiatric care. While initial evidence supports the efficacy of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for youth with clinically impairing irritability, treatment mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we propose to measure peripheral psychophysiological indicators of arousal-heart rate (HR)/electrodermal activity (EDA)-and regulation-heart rate variability (HRV)-during exposures to anger-inducing stimuli as potential predictors of treatment efficacy. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether in-situ biosensing data provides peripheral physiological indicators of in-session response to exposures. METHODS Blood volume pulse (BVP; from which HR and HRV canl be derived) and EDA will be collected ambulatorily using the Empatica EmbracePlus from 40 youth (all genders; ages 8-17) undergoing six in-person exposure treatment sessions, as part of a multiple-baseline trial of exposure-based CBT for clinically impairing irritability. Clinical ratings of irritability will be conducted at baseline, weekly throughout treatment, and at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups via the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI) and the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI; clinician-, parent-, and child-report). Multilevel modeling will be used to assess within- and between-person changes in physiological arousal and regulation throughout exposure-based CBT and to determine whether individual differences are predictive of treatment response. DISCUSSION This study protocol leverages a wearable biosensor (Empatica) to continuously record HR/HRV (derived from BVP) and EDA during in-person exposure sessions for youth with clinically impairing irritability. Here, the goal is to identify changes in physiological arousal (EDA, HR) and regulation (HRV) over the course of treatment in tandem with changes in clinical symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION The participants in this study come from an overarching clinical trial (trial registration numbers: NCT02531893 first registered on 8/25/2015; last updated on 8/25/2023). The research project and all related materials were submitted and approved by the appropriate Institutional Review Board of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Neuroscience and Novel Therapeutics Unit, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Trinity Erjo
- Neuroscience and Novel Therapeutics Unit, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reut Naim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ramaris E German
- Neuroscience and Novel Therapeutics Unit, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jamell White
- Neuroscience and Novel Therapeutics Unit, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Cullins
- Neuroscience and Novel Therapeutics Unit, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wan-Ling Tseng
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joel Stoddard
- Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Melissa A Brotman
- Neuroscience and Novel Therapeutics Unit, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Imbiriba T, Demirkaya A, Singh A, Erdogmus D, Goodwin MS. Wearable Biosensing to Predict Imminent Aggressive Behavior in Psychiatric Inpatient Youths With Autism. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2348898. [PMID: 38127348 PMCID: PMC10739066 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.48898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Aggressive behavior is a prevalent and challenging issue in individuals with autism. Objective To investigate whether changes in peripheral physiology recorded by a wearable biosensor and machine learning can be used to predict imminent aggressive behavior before it occurs in inpatient youths with autism. Design, Setting, and Participants This noninterventional prognostic study used data collected from March 2019 to March 2020 from 4 primary care psychiatric inpatient hospitals. Enrolled participants were 86 psychiatric inpatients with confirmed diagnoses of autism exhibiting operationally defined self-injurious behavior, emotion dysregulation, or aggression toward others; 16 individuals were not included (18.6%) because they would not wear the biosensor (8 individuals) or were discharged before an observation could be made (8 individuals). Data were analyzed from March 2020 through October 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Research staff performed live behavioral coding of aggressive behavior while inpatient study participants wore a commercially available biosensor that recorded peripheral physiological signals (cardiovascular activity, electrodermal activity, and motion). Logistic regression, support vector machines, neural networks, and domain adaptation were used to analyze time-series features extracted from biosensor data. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values were used to evaluate the performance of population- and person-dependent models. Results There were 70 study participants (mean [range; SD] age, 11.9 [5-19; 3.5] years; 62 males [88.6%]; 1 Asian [1.4%], 5 Black [7.1%], 1 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander [1.4%], and 63 White [90.0%]; 5 Hispanic [7.5%] and 62 non-Hispanic [92.5%] among 67 individuals with ethnicity data). Nearly half of the population (32 individuals [45.7%]) was minimally verbal, and 30 individuals (42.8%) had an intellectual disability. Participant length of inpatient hospital stay ranged from 8 to 201 days, and the mean (SD) length was 37.28 (33.95) days. A total of 429 naturalistic observational coding sessions were recorded, totaling 497 hours, wherein 6665 aggressive behaviors were documented, including self-injury (3983 behaviors [59.8%]), emotion dysregulation (2063 behaviors [31.0%]), and aggression toward others (619 behaviors [9.3%]). Logistic regression was the best-performing overall classifier across all experiments; for example, it predicted aggressive behavior 3 minutes before onset with a mean AUROC of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.79-0.81). Conclusions and Relevance This study replicated and extended previous findings suggesting that machine learning analyses of preceding changes in peripheral physiology may be used to predict imminent aggressive behaviors before they occur in inpatient youths with autism. Further research will explore clinical implications and the potential for personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tales Imbiriba
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmet Demirkaya
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deniz Erdogmus
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew S. Goodwin
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Nuske HJ, Young AV, Khan FY, Palermo EH, Ajanaku B, Pellecchia M, Vivanti G, Mazefsky CA, Brookman-Frazee L, McPartland JC, Goodwin MS, Mandell DS. Systematic review: emotion dysregulation and challenging behavior interventions for children and adolescents on the autism spectrum with graded key evidence-based strategy recommendations. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:10.1007/s00787-023-02298-2. [PMID: 37740093 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Challenging behavior, such as aggression, is highly prevalent in children and adolescents on the autism spectrum and can have a devastating impact. Previous reviews of challenging behavior interventions did not include interventions targeting emotion dysregulation, a common cause of challenging behavior. We reviewed emotion dysregulation and challenging behavior interventions for preschoolers to adolescents to determine which evidence-based strategies have the most empirical support for reducing/preventing emotion dysregulation/challenging behavior. We reviewed 95 studies, including 29 group and 66 single case designs. We excluded non-behavioral/psychosocial interventions and those targeting internalizing symptoms only. We applied a coding system to identify discrete strategies based on autism practice guidelines with the addition of strategies common in childhood mental health disorders, and an evidence grading system. Strategies with the highest quality evidence (multiple randomized controlled trials with low bias risk) were Parent-Implemented Intervention, Emotion Regulation Training, Reinforcement, Visual Supports, Cognitive Behavioral/Instructional Strategies and Antecedent-Based Interventions. Regarding outcomes, most studies included challenging behavior measures, while few included emotion dysregulation measures. This review highlights the importance of teaching emotion regulation skills explicitly, positively reinforcing replacement/alternative behaviors, using visuals and metacognition, addressing stressors proactively, and involving parents. It also calls for more rigorously designed studies and for including emotion dysregulation as an outcome/mediator in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Nuske
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Floor 3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Amanda V Young
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Floor 3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Mayo Eugenio Litta Children's Hospital, Rochester, USA
| | - Farzana Y Khan
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Floor 3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma H Palermo
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Floor 3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bukola Ajanaku
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Floor 3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Melanie Pellecchia
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Floor 3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Giacomo Vivanti
- A. J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Carla A Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | | | | | - David S Mandell
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Floor 3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Palermo EH, Young AV, Deswert S, Brown A, Goldberg M, Sultanik E, Tan J, Mazefsky CA, Brookman-Frazee L, McPartland JC, Goodwin MS, Pennington J, Marcus SC, Beidas RS, Mandell DS, Nuske HJ. A Digital Mental Health App Incorporating Wearable Biosensing for Teachers of Children on the Autism Spectrum to Support Emotion Regulation: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e45852. [PMID: 37358908 PMCID: PMC10337316 DOI: 10.2196/45852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As much as 80% of children on the autism spectrum exhibit challenging behaviors (ie, behaviors dangerous to the self or others, behaviors that interfere with learning and development, and behaviors that interfere with socialization) that can have a devastating impact on personal and family well-being, contribute to teacher burnout, and even require hospitalization. Evidence-based practices to reduce these behaviors emphasize identifying triggers (events or antecedents that lead to challenging behaviors); however, parents and teachers often report that challenging behaviors surface with little warning. Exciting recent advances in biometric sensing and mobile computing technology allow the measurement of momentary emotion dysregulation using physiological indexes. OBJECTIVE We present the framework and protocol for a pilot trial that will test a mobile digital mental health app, the KeepCalm app. School-based approaches to managing challenging behaviors in children on the autism spectrum are limited by 3 key factors: children on the autism spectrum often have difficulties in communicating their emotions; it is challenging to implement evidence-based, personalized strategies for individual children in group settings; and it is difficult for teachers to track which strategies are successful for each child. KeepCalm aims to address those barriers by communicating children's stress to their teachers using physiological signaling (emotion dysregulation detection), supporting the implementation of emotion regulation strategies via smartphone pop-up notifications of top strategies for each child according to their behavior (emotion regulation strategy implementation), and easing the task of tracking outcomes by providing the child's educational team with a tool to track the most effective emotion regulation strategies for that child based on physiological stress reduction data (emotion regulation strategy evaluation). METHODS We will test KeepCalm with 20 educational teams of students on the autism spectrum with challenging behaviors (no exclusion based on IQ or speaking ability) in a pilot randomized waitlist-controlled field trial over a 3-month period. We will examine the usability, acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness of KeepCalm as primary outcomes. Secondary preliminary efficacy outcomes include clinical decision support success, false positives or false negatives of stress alerts, and the reduction of challenging behaviors and emotion dysregulation. We will also examine technical outcomes, including the number of artifacts and the proportion of time children are engaged in high physical movement based on accelerometry data; test the feasibility of our recruitment strategies; and test the response rate and sensitivity to change of our measures, in preparation for a future fully powered large-scale randomized controlled trial. RESULTS The pilot trial will begin by September 2023. CONCLUSIONS Results will provide key data about important aspects of implementing KeepCalm in preschools and elementary schools and will provide preliminary data about its efficacy to reduce challenging behaviors and support emotion regulation in children on the autism spectrum. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05277194; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05277194. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/45852.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Palermo
- Penn Center for Mental Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amanda V Young
- Penn Center for Mental Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sky Deswert
- Penn Center for Mental Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alyssa Brown
- Penn Center for Mental Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Miranda Goldberg
- Penn Center for Mental Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Jessica Tan
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carla A Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lauren Brookman-Frazee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Pennington
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Steven C Marcus
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rinad S Beidas
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David S Mandell
- Penn Center for Mental Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Heather J Nuske
- Penn Center for Mental Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Nuske HJ, Young AV, Khan F, Palermo EH, Ajanaku B, Pellecchia M, Vivanti G, Mazefsky CA, Brookman-Frazee L, McPartland JC, Goodwin MS, Mandell DS. Systematic Review: Emotion Dysregulation and Challenging Behavior Interventions for Children andAdolescents with Autism with Graded Key Evidence-Based Strategy Recommendations. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2802378. [PMID: 37131592 PMCID: PMC10153364 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2802378/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Challenging behavior, such as aggression, is highly prevalent in children and adolescents with autism and can have a devastating impact. Previous reviews of challenging behavior interventions did not include interventions targeting emotion dysregulation, a common cause of challenging behavior. We reviewed emotion dysregulation and challenging behavior interventions for preschoolers to adolescents to determine which evidence-based strategies have the most empirical support for reducing/preventing emotion dysregulation/challenging behavior. We reviewed 95 studies, including 29 group and 66 single-case designs. We excluded non-behavioral/psychosocial interventions and those targeting internalizing symptoms only. We applied a coding system to identify discrete strategies based on autism practice guidelines with the addition of strategies common in childhood mental health disorders, and an evidence grading system. Strategies with the highest quality evidence (multiple randomized controlled trials with low bias risk) were Parent-Implemented Intervention, Emotion Regulation Training, Reinforcement, Visual Supports, Cognitive Behavioral/Instructional Strategies and Antecedent-Based Interventions. Regarding outcomes, most studies included challenging behaviors measures while few included emotion dysregulation measures. This review highlights the importance of teaching emotion-regulation skills explicitly, positively reinforcing replacement/alternative behaviors, using visuals and metacognition, addressing stressors proactively, and involving parents. It also calls for more rigorously-designed studies and for including emotion dysregulation as an outcome/mediator in future trials.
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Northrup JB, Goodwin MS, Peura CB, Chen Q, Taylor BJ, Siegel MS, Mazefsky CA. Mapping the time course of overt emotion dysregulation, self-injurious behavior, and aggression in psychiatrically hospitalized autistic youth: A naturalistic study. Autism Res 2022; 15:1855-1867. [PMID: 35751466 PMCID: PMC9560956 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Challenges with emotion dysregulation, self-injurious behavior (SIB), and aggression are common in autistic individuals. Prior research on the relationships between these behaviors is limited mainly to cross-sectional correlations of parent-report data. Understanding how emotion dysregulation, SIB, and aggression present and relate to one another in real-time could add to our understanding of the context and function of these behaviors. The present study examined the real-time occurrence and temporal relationships between these behaviors in 53 psychiatrically hospitalized autistic youth. Over 500 hours of behavioral observation occurred during everyday activities in the hospital. Start and stop times for instances of overt emotion dysregulation, SIB, and aggression were coded live using a custom mobile phone app. Results indicated large individual variability in the frequency and duration of these behaviors and their co-occurrence. Both SIB and aggression co-occurred with overt emotion dysregulation at above-chance levels, suggesting a role for emotional distress in the occurrence of these behaviors. However, there was substantial variability within and between individuals in co-occurrence, and SIB and aggression often (and for some individuals, almost always) occurred without overt emotion dysregulation. Relatedly, cross-recurrence quantitative analysis revealed that SIB and aggression preceded emotion dysregulation more often than emotion dysregulation preceded SIB and aggression. Future research, perhaps using ambulatory psychophysiological measures, is needed to understand whether emotion dysregulation may sometimes be present but not easily observed during SIB and aggression. LAY SUMMARY: This study provides insight into how overt emotion dysregulation (i.e., visible distress), aggression, and self-injury unfold in real-time for autistic individuals. Participants were 53 autistic youth staying in a psychiatric hospital. Research staff observed participants in everyday activities on the hospital unit and noted instances of aggression, self-injurious behavior, and emotion dysregulation. Results suggest that aggression and self-injury sometimes occur with visible signs of distress but also often occur without visible distress. In addition, observable distress was more common in the moments after these behaviors than in the moments before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie B Northrup
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine B Peura
- Center for Psychiatric Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Briana J Taylor
- Center for Psychiatric Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Matthew S Siegel
- Center for Psychiatric Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Carla A Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nuske HJ, Goodwin MS, Kushleyeva Y, Forsyth D, Pennington JW, Masino A, Finkel E, Bhattacharya A, Tan J, Tai H, Atkinson-Diaz Z, Bonafide CP, Herrington JD. Evaluating commercially available wireless cardiovascular monitors for measuring and transmitting real-time physiological responses in children with autism. Autism Res 2022; 15:117-130. [PMID: 34741438 PMCID: PMC9040058 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available wearable biosensors have the potential to enhance psychophysiology research and digital health technologies for autism by enabling stress or arousal monitoring in naturalistic settings. However, such monitors may not be comfortable for children with autism due to sensory sensitivities. To determine the feasibility of wearable technology in children with autism age 8-12 years, we first selected six consumer-grade wireless cardiovascular monitors and tested them during rest and movement conditions in 23 typically developing adults. Subsequently, the best performing monitors (based on data quality robustness statistics), Polar and Mio Fuse, were evaluated in 32 children with autism and 23 typically developing children during a 2-h session, including rest and mild stress-inducing tasks. Cardiovascular data were recorded simultaneously across monitors using custom software. We administered the Comfort Rating Scales to children. Although the Polar monitor was less comfortable for children with autism than typically developing children, absolute scores demonstrated that, on average, all children found each monitor comfortable. For most children, data from the Mio Fuse (96%-100%) and Polar (83%-96%) passed quality thresholds of data robustness. Moreover, in the stress relative to rest condition, heart rate increased for the Polar, F(1,53) = 135.70, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.78, and Mio Fuse, F(1,53) = 71.98, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.61, respectively, and heart rate variability decreased for the Polar, F(1,53) = 13.41, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.26, and Mio Fuse, F(1,53) = 8.89, p = 0.005, ηp2 = 0.16, respectively. This feasibility study suggests that select consumer-grade wearable cardiovascular monitors can be used with children with autism and may be a promising means for tracking physiological stress or arousal responses in community settings. LAY SUMMARY: Commercially available heart rate trackers have the potential to advance stress research with individuals with autism. Due to sensory sensitivities common in autism, their comfort wearing such trackers is vital to gathering robust and valid data. After assessing six trackers with typically developing adults, we tested the best trackers (based on data quality) in typically developing children and children with autism and found that two of them met criteria for comfort, robustness, and validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J. Nuske
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | | | - Yelena Kushleyeva
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - Daniel Forsyth
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - Jeffrey W. Pennington
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, US
| | | | - Emma Finkel
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jessica Tan
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Hungtzu Tai
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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Naim R, Goodwin MS, Dombek K, Revzina O, Agorsor C, Lee K, Zapp C, Freitag GF, Haller SP, Cardinale E, Jangraw D, Brotman MA. Cardiovascular reactivity as a measure of irritability in a transdiagnostic sample of youth: Preliminary associations. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2021; 30:e1890. [PMID: 34390050 PMCID: PMC8633925 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Irritability is a transdiagnostic symptom in developmental psychopathology, conceptualized as a low threshold for frustration and increased proneness to anger. While central to emotion regulation, there is a vital need for empirical studies to explore the relationship between irritability and underlying physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular arousal. METHODS We examined the relationship between irritability and cardiovascular arousal (i.e., heart rate [HR] and heart rate variability [HRV]) in a transdiagnostic sample of 51 youth (M = 12.63 years, SD = 2.25; 62.7% male). Data was collected using the Empatica E4 during a laboratory stop-signal task. In addition, the impact of motion activity, age, medication, and sleep on cardiovascular responses was explored. RESULTS Main findings showed that irritability was associated with increased HR and decreased HRV during task performance. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the role of peripheral physiological dysregulation in youth with emotion regulation problems and suggest the potential use of available wearable consumer electronics as an objective measure of irritability and physiological arousal in a transdiagnostic sample of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Naim
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelly Dombek
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga Revzina
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Courtney Agorsor
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyunghun Lee
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christian Zapp
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabrielle F Freitag
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Simone P Haller
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elise Cardinale
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Jangraw
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa A Brotman
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Harlow LL, Aiken L, Blankson AN, Boodoo GM, Brick LAD, Collins LM, Cumming G, Fava JL, Goodwin MS, Hoeppner BB, Mackinnon DP, Molenaar PCM, Rodgers JL, Rossi JS, Scott A, Steiger JH, West SG. A Tribute to the Mind, Methodology and Mentoring of Wayne Velicer. Multivariate Behav Res 2021; 56:377-389. [PMID: 32077317 PMCID: PMC7438240 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2020.1729083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wayne Velicer is remembered for a mind where mathematical concepts and calculations intrigued him, behavioral science beckoned him, and people fascinated him. Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin on March 4, 1944, he was raised on a farm, although early influences extended far beyond that beginning. His Mathematics BS and Psychology minor at Wisconsin State University in Oshkosh, and his PhD in Quantitative Psychology from Purdue led him to a fruitful and far-reaching career. He was honored several times as a high-impact author, was a renowned scholar in quantitative and health psychology, and had more than 300 scholarly publications and 54,000+ citations of his work, advancing the arenas of quantitative methodology and behavioral health. In his methodological work, Velicer sought out ways to measure, synthesize, categorize, and assess people and constructs across behaviors and time, largely through principal components analysis, time series, and cluster analysis. Further, he and several colleagues developed a method called Testing Theory-based Quantitative Predictions, successfully applied to predicting outcomes and effect sizes in smoking cessation, diet behavior, and sun protection, with the potential for wider applications. With $60,000,000 in external funding, Velicer also helped engage a large cadre of students and other colleagues to study methodological models for a myriad of health behaviors in a widely applied Transtheoretical Model of Change. Unwittingly, he has engendered indelible memories and gratitude to all who crossed his path. Although Wayne Velicer left this world on October 15, 2017 after battling an aggressive cancer, he is still very present among us.
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11
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Kaliukhovich DA, Manyakov NV, Bangerter A, Ness S, Skalkin A, Boice M, Goodwin MS, Dawson G, Hendren R, Leventhal B, Shic F, Pandina G. Visual Preference for Biological Motion in Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:2369-2380. [PMID: 32951157 PMCID: PMC8189980 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Participants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 121, mean [SD] age: 14.6 [8.0] years) and typically developing (TD) controls (n = 40, 16.4 [13.3] years) were presented with a series of videos representing biological motion on one side of a computer monitor screen and non-biological motion on the other, while their eye movements were recorded. As predicted, participants with ASD spent less overall time looking at presented stimuli than TD participants (P < 10-3) and showed less preference for biological motion (P < 10-5). Participants with ASD also had greater average latencies than TD participants of the first fixation on both biological (P < 0.01) and non-biological motion (P < 0.02). Findings suggest that individuals with ASD differ from TD individuals on multiple properties of eye movements and biological motion preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry A. Kaliukhovich
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nikolay V. Manyakov
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Abigail Bangerter
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
| | - Seth Ness
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
| | - Andrew Skalkin
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA ,Present Address: DataGrok, Inc., 1800 JFK Blvd Suite 300, PMB 90078, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
| | - Matthew Boice
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
| | - Matthew S. Goodwin
- grid.261112.70000 0001 2173 3359Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 312E Robinson Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Suite 30, Durham, NC 27705 USA
| | - Robert Hendren
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Present Address: Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 2001 8th Ave Suite #400, Seattle, WA 98121 USA
| | - Bennett Leventhal
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Ave, Langley Porter, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984 USA
| | - Frederick Shic
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Present Address: Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 2001 8th Ave Suite #400, Seattle, WA 98121 USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Gahan Pandina
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ 08560 USA
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12
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Kaliukhovich DA, Manyakov NV, Bangerter A, Ness S, Skalkin A, Goodwin MS, Dawson G, Hendren RL, Leventhal B, Hudac CM, Bradshaw J, Shic F, Pandina G. Social attention to activities in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder: effects of context and age. Mol Autism 2020; 11:79. [PMID: 33076994 PMCID: PMC7574440 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diminished visual monitoring of faces and activities of others is an early feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is uncertain whether deficits in activity monitoring, identified using a homogeneous set of stimuli, persist throughout the lifespan in ASD, and thus, whether they could serve as a biological indicator (“biomarker”) of ASD. We investigated differences in visual attention during activity monitoring in children and adult participants with autism compared to a control group of participants without autism. Methods Eye movements of participants with autism (n = 122; mean age [SD] = 14.5 [8.0] years) and typically developing (TD) controls (n = 40, age = 16.4 [13.3] years) were recorded while they viewed a series of videos depicting two female actors conversing while interacting with their hands over a shared task. Actors either continuously focused their gaze on each other’s face (mutual gaze) or on the shared activity area (shared focus). Mean percentage looking time was computed for the activity area, actors’ heads, and their bodies. Results Compared to TD participants, participants with ASD looked longer at the activity area (mean % looking time: 58.5% vs. 53.8%, p < 0.005) but less at the heads (15.2% vs. 23.7%, p < 0.0001). Additionally, within-group differences in looking time were observed between the mutual gaze and shared focus conditions in both participants without ASD (activity: Δ = − 6.4%, p < 0.004; heads: Δ = + 3.5%, p < 0.02) and participants with ASD (bodies: Δ = + 1.6%, p < 0.002). Limitations The TD participants were not as well characterized as the participants with ASD. Inclusion criteria regarding the cognitive ability [intelligence quotient (IQ) > 60] limited the ability to include individuals with substantial intellectual disability. Conclusions Differences in attention to faces could constitute a feature discriminative between individuals with and without ASD across the lifespan, whereas between-group differences in looking at activities may shift with development. These findings may have applications in the search for underlying biological indicators specific to ASD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02668991.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abigail Bangerter
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ, 08560, USA
| | - Seth Ness
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ, 08560, USA
| | - Andrew Skalkin
- Datagrok, INC, 1800 JFK Blvd Suite 300 PMB 90078, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- 312E Robinson Hall, Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Suite 30, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Robert L Hendren
- Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Langley Porter, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0984, USA
| | - Bennett Leventhal
- Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Langley Porter, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0984, USA
| | - Caitlin M Hudac
- Center for Youth Development and Intervention, University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0348, USA
| | - Jessica Bradshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA
| | - Frederick Shic
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, University of Washington, 6200 NE 74th Street, Ste 110, Seattle, WA, 98115-8160, USA
| | - Gahan Pandina
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, NJ, 08560, USA
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13
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Vernetti A, Shic F, Boccanfuso L, Macari S, Kane-Grade F, Milgramm A, Hilton E, Heymann P, Goodwin MS, Chawarska K. Atypical Emotional Electrodermal Activity in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2020; 13:1476-1488. [PMID: 32896980 PMCID: PMC10081486 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Past studies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) indicate atypical peripheral physiological arousal. However, the conditions under which these atypicalities arise and their link with behavioral emotional expressions and core ASD symptoms remain uncertain. Given the importance of physiological arousal in affective, learning, and cognitive processes, the current study examined changes in skin conductance level (ΔSCL) in 41 toddlers with ASD (mean age: 22.7 months, SD: 2.9) and 32 age-matched toddlers with typical development (TD) (mean age: 21.6 months, SD: 3.6) in response to probes designed to induce anger, joy, and fear emotions. The magnitude of ΔSCL was comparable during anger (P = 0.206, d = 0.30) and joy (P = 0.996, d = 0.01) conditions, but significantly lower during the fear condition (P = 0.001, d = 0.83) in toddlers with ASD compared to TD peers. In the combined samples, ΔSCL positively correlated with intensity of behavioral emotional expressivity during the anger (r[71] = 0.36, P = 0.002) and fear (r[68] = 0.32, P = 0.007) conditions, but not in the joy (r[69] = -0.15, P = 0.226) condition. Finally, ΔSCL did not associate with autism symptom severity in any emotion-eliciting condition in the ASD group. Toddlers with ASD displayed attenuated ΔSCL to situations aimed at eliciting fear, which may forecast the emergence of highly prevalent internalizing and externalizing problems in this population. The study putatively identifies ΔSCL as a dimension not associated with severity of autism but with behavioral responses in negatively emotionally challenging events and provides support for the feasibility, validity, and incipient utility of examining ΔSCL in response to emotional challenges in very young children. LAY SUMMARY: Physiological arousal was measured in toddlers with autism exposed to frustrating, pleasant, and threatening tasks. Compared to typically developing peers, toddlers with autism showed comparable arousal responses to frustrating and pleasant events, but lower responses to threatening events. Importantly, physiological arousal and behavioral expressions were aligned during frustrating and threatening events, inviting exploration of physiological arousal to measure responses to emotional challenges. Furthermore, this study advances the understanding of precursors to emotional and behavioral problems common in older children with autism. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1476-1488. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Vernetti
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Frederick Shic
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of General Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Suzanne Macari
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Finola Kane-Grade
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Milgramm
- Center for Autism and Related Disabilities, University at Albany, SUNY, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Emily Hilton
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Perrine Heymann
- Early Childhood Behavior Lab, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katarzyna Chawarska
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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14
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Bangerter A, Chatterjee M, Manfredonia J, Manyakov NV, Ness S, Boice MA, Skalkin A, Goodwin MS, Dawson G, Hendren R, Leventhal B, Shic F, Pandina G. Automated recognition of spontaneous facial expression in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: parsing response variability. Mol Autism 2020; 11:31. [PMID: 32393350 PMCID: PMC7212683 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction or differences in facial expression are a core diagnostic feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet evidence regarding the extent of this discrepancy is limited and inconsistent. Use of automated facial expression detection technology enables accurate and efficient tracking of facial expressions that has potential to identify individual response differences. METHODS Children and adults with ASD (N = 124) and typically developing (TD, N = 41) were shown short clips of "funny videos." Using automated facial analysis software, we investigated differences between ASD and TD groups and within the ASD group in evidence of facial action unit (AU) activation related to the expression of positive facial expression, in particular, a smile. RESULTS Individuals with ASD on average showed less evidence of facial AUs (AU12, AU6) relating to positive facial expression, compared to the TD group (p < .05, r = - 0.17). Using Gaussian mixture model for clustering, we identified two distinct distributions within the ASD group, which were then compared to the TD group. One subgroup (n = 35), termed "over-responsive," expressed more intense positive facial expressions in response to the videos than the TD group (p < .001, r = 0.31). The second subgroup (n = 89), ("under-responsive"), displayed fewer, less intense positive facial expressions in response to videos than the TD group (p < .001; r = - 0.36). The over-responsive subgroup differed from the under-responsive subgroup in age and caregiver-reported impulsivity (p < .05, r = 0.21). Reduced expression in the under-responsive, but not the over-responsive group, was related to caregiver-reported social withdrawal (p < .01, r = - 0.3). LIMITATIONS This exploratory study does not account for multiple comparisons, and future work will have to ascertain the strength and reproducibility of all results. Reduced displays of positive facial expressions do not mean individuals with ASD do not experience positive emotions. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with ASD differed from the TD group in their facial expressions of positive emotion in response to "funny videos." Identification of subgroups based on response may help in parsing heterogeneity in ASD and enable targeting of treatment based on subtypes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02299700. Registration date: November 24, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Bangerter
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Meenakshi Chatterjee
- Digital Phenotyping Group, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA USA
| | - Joseph Manfredonia
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Nikolay V. Manyakov
- Digital Phenotyping Group, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Seth Ness
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Matthew A. Boice
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Andrew Skalkin
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Matthew S. Goodwin
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Robert Hendren
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Bennett Leventhal
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Frederick Shic
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Gahan Pandina
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ USA
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15
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Bangerter A, Chatterjee M, Manyakov NV, Ness S, Lewin D, Skalkin A, Boice M, Goodwin MS, Dawson G, Hendren R, Leventhal B, Shic F, Esbensen A, Pandina G. Relationship Between Sleep and Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring the Impact of Sleep Variability. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:211. [PMID: 32265629 PMCID: PMC7105870 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The relationship between sleep (caregiver-reported and actigraphy-measured) and other caregiver-reported behaviors in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was examined, including the use of machine learning to identify sleep variables important in predicting anxiety in ASD. Methods Caregivers of ASD (n = 144) and typically developing (TD) (n = 41) participants reported on sleep and other behaviors. ASD participants wore an actigraphy device at nighttime during an 8 or 10-week non-interventional study. Mean and variability of actigraphy measures for ASD participants in the week preceding midpoint and endpoint were calculated and compared with caregiver-reported and clinician-reported symptoms using a mixed effects model. An elastic-net model was developed to examine which sleep measures may drive prediction of anxiety. Results Prevalence of caregiver-reported sleep difficulties in ASD was approximately 70% and correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with sleep efficiency measured by actigraphy. Mean and variability of actigraphy measures like sleep efficiency and number of awakenings were related significantly (p < 0.05) to ASD symptom severity, hyperactivity and anxiety. In the elastic net model, caregiver-reported sleep, and variability of sleep efficiency and awakenings were amongst the important predictors of anxiety. Conclusion Caregivers report problems with sleep in the majority of children and adults with ASD. Reported problems and actigraphy measures of sleep, particularly variability, are related to parent reported behaviors. Measuring variability in sleep may prove useful in understanding the relationship between sleep problems and behavior in individuals with ASD. These findings may have implications for both intervention and monitoring outcomes in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Bangerter
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Meenakshi Chatterjee
- Computational Biology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Nikolay V Manyakov
- Computational Biology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Seth Ness
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - David Lewin
- Statistically Speaking Consulting, LLC, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Skalkin
- Computational Biology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Matthew Boice
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert Hendren
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bennett Leventhal
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Frederick Shic
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Esbensen
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Gahan Pandina
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, United States
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16
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Ozdenizci O, Cumpanasoiu C, Mazefsky C, Siegel M, Erdoggmus D, Ioannidis S, Goodwin MS. Time-Series Prediction of Proximal Aggression Onset in Minimally-Verbal Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Physiological Biosignals. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2019; 2018:5745-5748. [PMID: 30441641 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that changes in physiological arousal precede potentially dangerous aggressive behavior in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are minimally verbal (MV-ASD). The current work tests this hypothesis through time-series analyses on biosignals acquired prior to proximal aggression onset. We implement ridge-regularized logistic regression models on physiological biosensor data wirelessly recorded from 15 MV-ASD youth over 64 independent naturalistic observations in a hospital inpatient unit. Our results demonstrate proof-of-concept, feasibility, and incipient validity predicting aggression onset 1 minute before it occurs using global, person-dependent, and hybrid classifier models.
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18
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Susam BT, Akcakaya M, Nezamfar H, Diaz D, Xu X, de Sa VR, Craig KD, Huang JS, Goodwin MS. Automated Pain Assessment using Electrodermal Activity Data and Machine Learning. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2019; 2018:372-375. [PMID: 30440413 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective pain assessment is required for appropriate pain management in the clinical setting. However, clinical gold standard pain assessment is based on subjective methods. Automated pain detection from physiological data may provide important objective information to better standardize pain assessment. Specifically, electrodermal activity (EDA) can identify features of stress and anxiety induced by varying pain levels. However, notable variability in EDA measurement exists and research to date has demonstrated sensitivity but lack of specificity in pain assessment. In this paper, we use timescale decomposition (TSD) to extract salient features from EDA signals to identify an accurate and automated EDA pain detection algorithm to sensitively and specifically distinguish pain from no-pain conditions.
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19
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Logan DE, Breazeal C, Goodwin MS, Jeong S, O'Connell B, Smith-Freedman D, Heathers J, Weinstock P. Social Robots for Hospitalized Children. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2018-1511. [PMID: 31243158 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Social robots (SRs) are increasingly present in medical and educational contexts, but their use in inpatient pediatric settings has not been demonstrated in studies. In this study, we aimed to (1) describe the introduction of SR technology into the pediatric inpatient setting through an innovative partnership among a pediatric teaching hospital, robotics development, and computational behavioral science laboratories and (2) present feasibility and acceptability data. METHODS Fifty-four children ages 3 to 10 years were randomly exposed to 1 of 3 interventions: (1) interactive SR teddy bear; (2) tablet-based avatar version of the bear; or (3) plush teddy bear with human presence. We monitored intervention enrollment and completion patterns, obtained qualitative feedback on acceptability of SR use from child life-specialist stakeholders, and assessed children's positive and negative affect, anxiety, and pain intensity pre- and postintervention. RESULTS The intervention was well received and appeared feasible, with 93% of those enrolled completing the study (with 80% complete parent data). Children exposed to the SR reported more positive affect relative to those who received a plush animal. SR interactions were characterized by greater levels of joyfulness and agreeableness than comparison interventions. Child life specialist stakeholders reported numerous potential benefits of SR technology in the pediatric setting. CONCLUSIONS The SR appears to be an engaging tool that may provide new ways to address the emotional needs of hospitalized children, potentially increasing access to emotionally targeted interventions. Rigorous development and validation of SR technology in pediatrics could ultimately lead to scalable and cost-effective tools to improve the patient care experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre E Logan
- Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and.,Departments of Psychiatry and
| | - Cynthia Breazeal
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sooyeon Jeong
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Brianna O'Connell
- Boston Children's Hospital Simulator Program and.,Child Life Services, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - James Heathers
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Weinstock
- Departments of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and.,Boston Children's Hospital Simulator Program and.,Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Goodwin MS, Mazefsky CA, Ioannidis S, Erdogmus D, Siegel M. Predicting aggression to others in youth with autism using a wearable biosensor. Autism Res 2019; 12:1286-1296. [PMID: 31225952 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Unpredictable and potentially dangerous aggressive behavior by youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can isolate them from foundational educational, social, and familial activities, thereby markedly exacerbating morbidity and costs associated with ASD. This study investigates whether preceding physiological and motion data measured by a wrist-worn biosensor can predict aggression to others by youth with ASD. We recorded peripheral physiological (cardiovascular and electrodermal activity) and motion (accelerometry) signals from a biosensor worn by 20 youth with ASD (ages 6-17 years, 75% male, 85% minimally verbal) during 69 independent naturalistic observation sessions with concurrent behavioral coding in a specialized inpatient psychiatry unit. We developed prediction models based on ridge-regularized logistic regression. Our results suggest that aggression to others can be predicted 1 min before it occurs using 3 min of prior biosensor data with an average area under the curve of 0.71 for a global model and 0.84 for person-dependent models. The biosensor was well tolerated, we obtained useable data in all cases, and no users withdrew from the study. Relatively high predictive accuracy was achieved using antecedent physiological and motion data. Larger trials are needed to further establish an ideal ratio of measurement density to predictive accuracy and reliability. These findings lay the groundwork for the future development of precursor behavior analysis and just-in-time adaptive intervention systems to prevent or mitigate the emergence, occurrence, and impact of aggression in ASD. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1286-1296. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Unpredictable aggression can create a barrier to accessing community, therapeutic, medical, and educational services. The present study evaluated whether data from a wearable biosensor can be used to predict aggression to others by youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Results demonstrate that aggression to others can be predicted 1 min before it occurs with high accuracy, laying the groundwork for the future development of preemptive behavioral interventions and just-in-time adaptive intervention systems to prevent or mitigate the emergence, occurrence, and impact of aggression to others in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carla A Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stratis Ioannidis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deniz Erdogmus
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Siegel
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, Maine
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21
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Bangerter A, Manyakov NV, Lewin D, Boice M, Skalkin A, Jagannatha S, Chatterjee M, Dawson G, Goodwin MS, Hendren R, Leventhal B, Shic F, Ness S, Pandina G. Caregiver Daily Reporting of Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Observational Study Using Web and Mobile Apps. JMIR Ment Health 2019; 6:e11365. [PMID: 30912762 PMCID: PMC6454343 DOI: 10.2196/11365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, no medications are approved to treat core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One barrier to ASD medication development is the lack of validated outcome measures able to detect symptom change. Current ASD interventions are often evaluated using retrospective caregiver reports that describe general clinical presentation but often require recall of specific behaviors weeks after they occur, potentially reducing accuracy of the ratings. My JAKE, a mobile and Web-based mobile health (mHealth) app that is part of the Janssen Autism Knowledge Engine-a dynamically updated clinical research system-was designed to help caregivers of individuals with ASD to continuously log symptoms, record treatments, and track progress, to mitigate difficulties associated with retrospective reporting. OBJECTIVE My JAKE was deployed in an exploratory, noninterventional clinical trial to evaluate its utility and acceptability to monitor clinical outcomes in ASD. Hypotheses regarding relationships among daily tracking of symptoms, behavior, and retrospective caregiver reports were tested. METHODS Caregivers of individuals with ASD aged 6 years to adults (N=144) used the My JAKE app to make daily reports on their child's sleep quality, affect, and other self-selected specific behaviors across the 8- to 10-week observational study. The results were compared with commonly used paper-and-pencil scales acquired over a concurrent period at regular 4-week intervals. RESULTS Caregiver reporting of behaviors in real time was successfully captured by My JAKE. On average, caregivers made reports 2-3 days per week across the study period. Caregivers were positive about their use of the system, with over 50% indicating that they would like to use My JAKE to track behavior outside of a clinical trial. More positive average daily reporting of overall type of day was correlated with 4 weekly reports of lower caregiver burden made at 4-week intervals (r=-0.27, P=.006, n=88) and with ASD symptoms (r=-0.42, P<.001, n=112). CONCLUSIONS My JAKE reporting aligned with retrospective Web-based or paper-and-pencil scales. Use of mHealth apps, such as My JAKE, has the potential to increase the validity and accuracy of caregiver-reported outcomes and could be a useful way of identifying early changes in response to intervention. Such systems may also assist caregivers in tracking symptoms and behavior outside of a clinical trial, help with personalized goal setting, and monitoring of progress, which could collectively improve understanding of and quality of life for individuals with ASD and their families. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02668991; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02668991.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Bangerter
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Nikolay V Manyakov
- Computational Biology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Lewin
- Clinical Biostatistics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Matthew Boice
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Andrew Skalkin
- Informatics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Shyla Jagannatha
- Statistical Decision Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Meenakshi Chatterjee
- Computational Biology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert Hendren
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bennett Leventhal
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Frederick Shic
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Seth Ness
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Gahan Pandina
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States
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22
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Bangerter A, Ness S, Lewin D, Aman MG, Esbensen AJ, Goodwin MS, Dawson G, Hendren R, Leventhal B, Shic F, Opler M, Ho KF, Pandina G. Clinical Validation of the Autism Behavior Inventory: Caregiver-Rated Assessment of Core and Associated Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 50:2090-2101. [PMID: 30888551 PMCID: PMC7261279 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for measures to track symptom change in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We conducted a validation study on a revised version of the Autism Behavior Inventory (ABI), and a short form (ABI-S). Caregivers of individuals (6–54 years) with confirmed diagnoses of ASD (N = 144) completed the ABI and other rating scales at 4 time points. Scale consistency for each domain, 3–5 day test–retest reliability, and construct validity, determined by comparison to pre-specified scales, were all good. Change in the ABI was congruent with changes in other instruments. Collectively, results suggest incipient suitability of the ABI as a measure of changes in core and associated symptoms of ASD. Trial Registration NCT02299700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Bangerter
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA.
| | - Seth Ness
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - David Lewin
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
- Statistically Speaking Consulting, LLC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael G Aman
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, 175C McCampbell, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anna J Esbensen
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3430 Burnet Avenue, ML 4002, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 312E Robinson Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University, 2608 Erwin Road, Suite 300, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert Hendren
- Department of Psychiatry and the Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco,, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bennett Leventhal
- Department of Psychiatry and the Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco,, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fred Shic
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Mark Opler
- MedAvante-ProPhase, Inc, NYU School of Medicine, 3 Park Avenue Floors 28, 37, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Gahan Pandina
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
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23
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Heathers JA, Gilchrist KH, Hegarty-Craver M, Grego S, Goodwin MS. An analysis of stereotypical motor movements and cardiovascular coupling in individuals on the autism spectrum. Biol Psychol 2019; 142:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Ness SL, Bangerter A, Manyakov NV, Lewin D, Boice M, Skalkin A, Jagannatha S, Chatterjee M, Dawson G, Goodwin MS, Hendren R, Leventhal B, Shic F, Frazier JA, Janvier Y, King BH, Miller JS, Smith CJ, Tobe RH, Pandina G. An Observational Study With the Janssen Autism Knowledge Engine (JAKE ®) in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:111. [PMID: 30872988 PMCID: PMC6402449 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The Janssen Autism Knowledge Engine (JAKE®) is a clinical research outcomes assessment system developed to more sensitively measure treatment outcomes and identify subpopulations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here we describe JAKE and present results from its digital phenotyping (My JAKE) and biosensor (JAKE Sense) components. Methods: An observational, non-interventional, prospective study of JAKE in children and adults with ASD was conducted at nine sites in the United States. Feedback on JAKE usability was obtained from caregivers. JAKE Sense included electroencephalography, eye tracking, electrocardiography, electrodermal activity, facial affect analysis, and actigraphy. Caregivers of individuals with ASD reported behaviors using My JAKE. Results from My JAKE and JAKE Sense were compared to traditional ASD symptom measures. Results: Individuals with ASD (N = 144) and a cohort of typically developing (TD) individuals (N = 41) participated in JAKE Sense. Most caregivers reported that overall use and utility of My JAKE was "easy" (69%, 74/108) or "very easy" (74%, 80/108). My JAKE could detect differences in ASD symptoms as measured by traditional methods. The majority of biosensors included in JAKE Sense captured sizable amounts of quality data (i.e., 93-100% of eye tracker, facial affect analysis, and electrocardiogram data was of good quality), demonstrated differences between TD and ASD individuals, and correlated with ASD symptom scales. No significant safety events were reported. Conclusions: My JAKE was viewed as easy or very easy to use by caregivers participating in research outside of a clinical study. My JAKE sensitively measured a broad range of ASD symptoms. JAKE Sense biosensors were well-tolerated. JAKE functioned well when used at clinical sites previously inexperienced with some of the technologies. Lessons from the study will optimize JAKE for use in clinical trials to assess ASD interventions. Additionally, because biosensors were able to detect features differentiating TD and ASD individuals, and also were correlated with standardized symptom scales, these measures could be explored as potential biomarkers for ASD and as endpoints in future clinical studies. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02668991 identifier: NCT02668991.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth L. Ness
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, FL, United States
| | - Abigail Bangerter
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, FL, United States
| | - Nikolay V. Manyakov
- Computational Biology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Lewin
- Statistically Speaking Consulting, LLC, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Matthew Boice
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, FL, United States
| | - Andrew Skalkin
- Informatics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Shyla Jagannatha
- Statistical Decision Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Meenakshi Chatterjee
- Computational Biology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Matthew S. Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert Hendren
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bennett Leventhal
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Frederick Shic
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jean A. Frazier
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Yvette Janvier
- Department of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Specialized Hospital, Toms River, NJ, United States
| | - Bryan H. King
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Judith S. Miller
- Center for Autism Research, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Russell H. Tobe
- Department of Outpatient Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Gahan Pandina
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Pennington, NJ, United States
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25
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Xu X, Susam BT, Nezamfar H, Diaz D, Craig KD, Goodwin MS, Akcakaya M, Huang JS, de Sa VR. Towards Automated Pain Detection in Children Using Facial and Electrodermal Activity. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12738-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Goodwin MS, Özdenizci O, Cumpanasoiu C, Tian P, Guo Y, Stedman A, Peura C, Mazefsky C, Siegel M, Erdoğmuş D, Ioannidis S. Predicting Imminent Aggression Onset in Minimally-Verbal Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Preceding Physiological Signals. Int Conf Pervasive Comput Technol Healthc 2018; 2018:201-207. [PMID: 30420938 DOI: 10.1145/3240925.3240980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We test the hypothesis that changes in preceding physiological arousal can be used to predict imminent aggression proximally before it occurs in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are minimally verbal (MV-ASD). We evaluate this hypothesis through statistical analyses performed on physiological biosensor data wirelessly recorded from 20 MV-ASD youth over 69 independent naturalistic observations in a hospital inpatient unit. Using ridge-regularized logistic regression, results demonstrate that, on average, our models are able to predict the onset of aggression 1 minute before it occurs using 3 minutes of prior data with a 0.71 AUC for global, and a 0.84 AUC for person-dependent models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peng Tian
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,
| | - Yuan Guo
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,
| | - Amy Stedman
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA,
| | | | | | - Matthew Siegel
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA,
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27
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Manyakov NV, Bangerter A, Chatterjee M, Mason L, Ness S, Lewin D, Skalkin A, Boice M, Goodwin MS, Dawson G, Hendren R, Leventhal B, Shic F, Pandina G. Visual Exploration in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Age Differences and Dynamic Features Using Recurrence Quantification Analysis. Autism Res 2018; 11:1554-1566. [PMID: 30273450 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Eye-tracking studies have demonstrated that individuals with autism spectrum disorder sometimes show differences in attention and gaze patterns. This includes preference for certain nonsocial objects, heightened attention to detail, and more difficulty with attention shifting and disengagement, which may be associated with restricted and repetitive behaviors. This study utilized a visual exploration task and replicates findings of reduced number of objects explored and increased fixation duration on high autism interest objects in a large sample of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (n = 129, age 6-54 years) in comparison with a typically developing group. These findings correlated with parent-reported repetitive behaviors. Additionally, we applied recurrent quantification analysis to enable identification of new eye-tracking features, which accounted for temporal and spatial differences in viewing patterns. These new features were found to discriminate between autism spectrum disorder and typically developing groups and were correlated with parent-reported repetitive behaviors. Original and novel eye-tracking features identified by recurrent quantification analysis differed in their relationships to reported behaviors and were dependent on age. Trial Registration: NCT02299700. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1554-1566. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Using eye-tracking technology and a visual exploration task, we showed that people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) spend more time looking at particular kinds of objects, like trains and clocks, and look at fewer objects overall than people without ASD. Where people look and the order in which they look at objects were related to the restricted and repetitive behaviors reported by parents. Eye-tracking may be a useful addition to parent reports for measuring changes in behavior in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail Bangerter
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, New Jersey, 08560
| | - Meenakshi Chatterjee
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, PO Box 776, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477-0776
| | - Luke Mason
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street WC1E 7HX, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seth Ness
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, New Jersey, 08560
| | - David Lewin
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, New Jersey, 08560
| | - Andrew Skalkin
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, PO Box 776, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477-0776
| | - Matthew Boice
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, New Jersey, 08560
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- 312E Robinson Hall, Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University School of Medicine, 2608 Erwin Road, Suite 30, Durham, North Carolina, 27705
| | - Robert Hendren
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 2001 8th Ave Suite #400, Seattle, Washington, 98121
| | - Bennett Leventhal
- Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Ave, Langley Porter, San Francisco, California, 94143-0984
| | - Frederick Shic
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gahan Pandina
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1125 Trenton-Harbourton Road, Titusville, New Jersey, 08560
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28
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Baucom BRW, Baucom KJW, Hogan JN, Crenshaw AO, Bourne SV, Crowell SE, Georgiou P, Goodwin MS. Cardiovascular Reactivity During Marital Conflict in Laboratory and Naturalistic Settings: Differential Associations with Relationship and Individual Functioning Across Contexts. Fam Process 2018; 57:662-678. [PMID: 29577270 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular reactivity during spousal conflict is considered to be one of the main pathways for relationship distress to impact physical, mental, and relationship health. However, the magnitude of association between cardiovascular reactivity during laboratory marital conflict and relationship functioning is small and inconsistent given the scope of its importance in theoretical models of intimate relationships. This study tests the possibility that cardiovascular data collected in laboratory settings downwardly bias the magnitude of these associations when compared to measures obtained in naturalistic settings. Ambulatory cardiovascular reactivity data were collected from 20 couples during two relationship conflicts in a research laboratory, two planned relationship conflicts at couples' homes, and two spontaneous relationship conflicts during couples' daily lives. Associations between self-report measures of relationship functioning, individual functioning, and cardiovascular reactivity across settings are tested using multilevel models. Cardiovascular reactivity was significantly larger during planned and spontaneous relationship conflicts in naturalistic settings than during planned relationship conflicts in the laboratory. Similarly, associations with relationship and individual functioning variables were statistically significantly larger for cardiovascular data collected in naturalistic settings than the same data collected in the laboratory. Our findings suggest that cardiovascular reactivity during spousal conflict in naturalistic settings is statistically significantly different from that elicited in laboratory settings both in magnitude and in the pattern of associations with a wide range of inter- and intrapersonal variables. These differences in findings across laboratory and naturalistic physiological responses highlight the value of testing physiological phenomena across interaction contexts in romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R W Baucom
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Jasara N Hogan
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Stacia V Bourne
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Sheila E Crowell
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Panayiotis Georgiou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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29
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Abstract
Autonomic nervous systems in the human body are named for their operation outside of conscious control. One rare exception is voluntarily generated piloerection (VGP)-the conscious ability to induce goosebumps-whose physiological study, to our knowledge, is confined to three single-individual case studies. Very little is known about the physiological nature and emotional correlates of this ability. The current manuscript assesses physiological, emotional, and personality phenomena associated with VGP in a sample of thirty-two individuals. Physiological descriptions obtained from the sample are consistent with previous reports, including stereotypical patterns of sensation and action. Most participants also reported that their VGP accompanies psychological states associated with affective states (e.g., awe) and experience (e.g., listening to music), and higher than typical openness to new experiences. These preliminary findings suggest that this rare and unusual physiological ability interacts with emotional and personality factors, and thus merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A.J. Heathers
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Kirill Fayn
- Department of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul J. Silvia
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, United States of America
| | - Niko Tiliopoulos
- Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew S. Goodwin
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
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Xu X, Susam BT, Nezamfar H, Diaz D, Craig KD, Goodwin MS, Akcakaya M, Huang JS, Virginia RDS. Towards Automated Pain Detection in Children using Facial and Electrodermal Activity. CEUR Workshop Proc 2018; 2142:208-211. [PMID: 30713486 PMCID: PMC6352962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurately determining pain levels in children is difficult, even for trained professionals and parents. Facial activity and electro- dermal activity (EDA) provide rich information about pain, and both have been used in automated pain detection. In this paper, we discuss preliminary steps towards fusing models trained on video and EDA features respectively. We compare fusion models using original video features and those using transferred video features which are less sensitive to environmental changes. We demonstrate the benefit of the fusion and the transferred video features with a special test case involving domain adaptation and improved performance relative to using EDA and video features alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,
| | - Büsra Tuğce Susam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hooman Nezamfar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Damaris Diaz
- Rady Childrens Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth D Craig
- Department of Psychology,University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Murat Akcakaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeannie S Huang
- Rady Childrens Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R de Sa Virginia
- Department of Cognitive Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Xu X, Craig KD, Diaz D, Goodwin MS, Akcakaya M, Susam BT, Huang JS, de Sa VR. Automated Pain Detection in Facial Videos of Children using Human-Assisted Transfer Learning. CEUR Workshop Proc 2018; 2142:10-21. [PMID: 30713485 PMCID: PMC6352979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurately determining pain levels in children is difficult, even for trained professionals and parents. Facial activity provides sensitive and specific information about pain, and computer vision algorithms have been developed to automatically detect Facial Action Units (AUs) defined by the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Our prior work utilized information from computer vision, i.e., automatically detected facial AUs, to develop classifiers to distinguish between pain and no-pain conditions. However, application of pain/no-pain classifiers based on automated AU codings across different environmental domains results in diminished performance. In contrast, classifiers based on manually coded AUs demonstrate reduced environmentally-based variability in performance. In this paper, we train a machine learning model to recognize pain using AUs coded by a computer vision system embedded in a software package called iMotions. We also study the relationship between iMotions (automatically) and human (manually) coded AUs. We find that AUs coded automatically are different from those coded by a human trained in the FACS system, and that the human coder is less sensitive to environmental changes. To improve classification performance in the current work, we applied transfer learning by training another machine learning model to map automated AU codings to a subspace of manual AU codings to enable more robust pain recognition performance when only automatically coded AUs are available for the test data. With this transfer learning method, we improved the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) on independent data from new participants in our target domain from 0.67 to 0.72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,
| | - Kenneth D Craig
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada,
| | - Damaris Diaz
- Rady Childrens Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, CA, USA, ,
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,
| | - Murat Akcakaya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, ,
| | - Büşra Tuğçe Susam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, ,
| | - Jeannie S Huang
- Rady Childrens Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, CA, USA, ,
| | - Virginia R de Sa
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,
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Kelsey M, Akcakaya M, Kleckner IR, Palumbo RV, Barrett LF, Quigley KS, Goodwin MS. Applications of sparse recovery and dictionary learning to enhance analysis of ambulatory electrodermal activity data. Biomed Signal Process Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chin I, Goodwin MS, Vosoughi S, Roy D, Naigles LR. Dense home-based recordings reveal typical and atypical development of tense/aspect in a child with delayed language development. J Child Lang 2018; 45:1-34. [PMID: 28162107 DOI: 10.1017/s0305000916000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies investigating the development of tense/aspect in children with developmental disorders have focused on production frequency and/or relied on short spontaneous speech samples. How children with developmental disorders use future forms/constructions is also unknown. The current study expands this literature by examining frequency, consistency, and productivity of past, present, and future usage, using the Speechome Recorder, which enables collection of dense, longitudinal audio-video recordings of children's speech. Samples were collected longitudinally in a child who was previously diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, but at the time of the study exhibited only language delay [Audrey], and a typically developing child [Cleo]. While Audrey was comparable to Cleo in frequency and productivity of tense/aspect use, she was atypical in her consistency and production of an unattested future form. Examining additional measures of densely collected speech samples may reveal subtle atypicalities that are missed when relying on only few typical measures of acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Chin
- Department of Psychological Sciences,University of Connecticut
| | | | | | - Deb Roy
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Media Lab
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Bangerter A, Ness S, Aman MG, Esbensen AJ, Goodwin MS, Dawson G, Hendren R, Leventhal B, Khan A, Opler M, Harris A, Pandina G. Autism Behavior Inventory: A Novel Tool for Assessing Core and Associated Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27:814-822. [PMID: 28498053 PMCID: PMC5689117 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2017.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism Behavior Inventory (ABI) is a new measure for assessing changes in core and associated symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in participants (ages: 3 years-adulthood) diagnosed with ASD. It is a web-based tool with five domains (two ASD core domains: social communication, restrictive and repetitive behaviors; three associated domains: mental health, self-regulation, and challenging behavior). This study describes design, development, and initial psychometric properties of the ABI. METHODS ABI items were generated following review of existing measures and inputs from expert clinicians. Initial ABI scale contained 161 items that were reduced to fit a factor analytic model, retaining items of adequate reliability. Two versions of the scale, ABI-full (ABI-F; 93 items) and ABI-short version (ABI-S; 36 items), were developed and evaluated for psychometric properties, including validity comparisons with commonly used measures. Both scales were administered to parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved with study participants. RESULTS Test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.79) for parent ratings on ABI was robust and compared favorably to existing scales. Test-retest correlations for HCP ratings were generally lower versus parent ratings. ABI core domains and comparison measures strongly correlated (r ≥ 0.70), demonstrating good concurrent validity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, ABI demonstrates promise as a tool for measuring change in core symptoms of autism in ASD clinical studies, with further validation required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi Bangerter
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Seth Ness
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Michael G. Aman
- The Nisonger Center University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities (UCEDD), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anna J. Esbensen
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew S. Goodwin
- 312E Robinson Hall, Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert Hendren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Mark Opler
- ProPhase, LLC, NYU School of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Adrianne Harris
- Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gahan Pandina
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
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Kleckner IR, Jones RM, Wilder-Smith O, Wormwood JB, Akcakaya M, Quigley KS, Lord C, Goodwin MS. Simple, Transparent, and Flexible Automated Quality Assessment Procedures for Ambulatory Electrodermal Activity Data. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 65:1460-1467. [PMID: 28976309 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2758643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrodermal activity (EDA) is a noninvasive measure of sympathetic activation often used to study emotions, decision making, and health. The use of "ambulatory" EDA in everyday life presents novel challenges-frequent artifacts and long recordings-with inconsistent methods available for efficiently and accurately assessing data quality. We developed and validated a simple, transparent, flexible, and automated quality assessment procedure for ambulatory EDA data. METHODS A total of 20 individuals with autism (5 females, 5-13 years) provided a combined 181 h of EDA data in their home using the Affectiva Q Sensor across 8 weeks. Our procedure identified invalid data using four rules: First, EDA out of range; second, EDA changes too quickly; third, temperature suggests the sensor is not being worn; and fourth, transitional data surrounding segments identified as invalid via the preceding rules. We identified invalid portions of a pseudorandom subset of our data (32.8 h, 18%) using our automated procedure and independent visual inspection by five EDA experts. RESULTS Our automated procedure identified 420 min (21%) of invalid data. The five experts agreed strongly with each other (agreement: 98%, Cohen's κ: 0.87) and, thus, were averaged into a "consensus" rating. Our procedure exhibited excellent agreement with the consensus rating (sensitivity: 91%, specificity: 99%, accuracy: 92%, κ: 0.739 [95% CI = 0.738, 0.740]). CONCLUSION We developed a simple, transparent, flexible, and automated quality assessment procedure for ambulatory EDA data. SIGNIFICANCE Our procedure can be used beyond this study to enhance efficiency, transparency, and reproducibility of EDA analyses, with free software available at http://www.cbslab.org/EDAQA.
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Ness SL, Manyakov NV, Bangerter A, Lewin D, Jagannatha S, Boice M, Skalkin A, Dawson G, Janvier YM, Goodwin MS, Hendren R, Leventhal B, Shic F, Cioccia W, Pandina G. JAKE® Multimodal Data Capture System: Insights from an Observational Study of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:517. [PMID: 29018317 PMCID: PMC5623040 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To test usability and optimize the Janssen Autism Knowledge Engine (JAKE®) system's components, biosensors, and procedures used for objective measurement of core and associated symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in clinical trials. Methods: A prospective, observational study of 29 children and adolescents with ASD using the JAKE system was conducted at three sites in the United States. This study was designed to establish the feasibility of the JAKE system and to learn practical aspects of its implementation. In addition to information collected by web and mobile components, wearable biosensor data were collected both continuously in natural settings and periodically during a battery of experimental tasks administered in laboratory settings. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02299700. Results: Feedback collected throughout the study allowed future refinements to be planned for all components of the system. The Autism Behavior Inventory (ABI), a parent-reported measure of ASD core and associated symptoms, performed well. Among biosensors studied, the eye-tracker, sleep monitor, and electrocardiogram were shown to capture high quality data, whereas wireless electroencephalography was difficult to use due to its form factor. On an exit survey, the majority of parents rated their overall reaction to JAKE as positive/very positive. No significant device-related events were reported in the study. Conclusion: The results of this study, with the described changes, demonstrate that the JAKE system is a viable, useful, and safe platform for use in clinical trials of ASD, justifying larger validation and deployment studies of the optimized system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth L Ness
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Nikolay V Manyakov
- Computational Biology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Abigail Bangerter
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - David Lewin
- Clinical Biostatistics, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Shyla Jagannatha
- Statistical Decision Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Matthew Boice
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Andrew Skalkin
- Informatics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yvette M Janvier
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Specialized Hospital, Toms River, NJ, United States
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert Hendren
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bennett Leventhal
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Frederick Shic
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Walter Cioccia
- Global Digital Health, Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ, United States
| | - Gahan Pandina
- Global Digital Health, Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ, United States
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Prince EB, Kim ES, Wall CA, Gisin E, Goodwin MS, Simmons ES, Chawarska K, Shic F. The relationship between autism symptoms and arousal level in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder, as measured by electrodermal activity. Autism 2017; 21:504-508. [PMID: 27289132 PMCID: PMC5812779 DOI: 10.1177/1362361316648816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrodermal activity was examined as a measure of physiological arousal within a naturalistic play context in 2-year-old toddlers ( N = 27) with and without autism spectrum disorder. Toddlers with autism spectrum disorder were found to have greater increases in skin conductance level than their typical peers in response to administered play activities. In the autism spectrum disorder group, a positive relationship was observed between restrictive and repetitive behaviors and skin conductance level increases in response to mechanical toys, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for passive toys. This preliminary study is the first to examine electrodermal activity levels in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder during play-based, naturalistic settings, and it highlights the potential for electrodermal activity as a measure of individual variability within autism spectrum disorder and early development.
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Großekathöfer U, Manyakov NV, Mihajlović V, Pandina G, Skalkin A, Ness S, Bangerter A, Goodwin MS. Automated Detection of Stereotypical Motor Movements in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Recurrence Quantification Analysis. Front Neuroinform 2017; 11:9. [PMID: 28261082 PMCID: PMC5311048 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies using accelerometer features as input to machine learning classifiers show promising results for automatically detecting stereotypical motor movements (SMM) in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, replicating these results across different types of accelerometers and their position on the body still remains a challenge. We introduce a new set of features in this domain based on recurrence plot and quantification analyses that are orientation invariant and able to capture non-linear dynamics of SMM. Applying these features to an existing published data set containing acceleration data, we achieve up to 9% average increase in accuracy compared to current state-of-the-art published results. Furthermore, we provide evidence that a single torso sensor can automatically detect multiple types of SMM in ASD, and that our approach allows recognition of SMM with high accuracy in individuals when using a person-independent classifier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Seth Ness
- Janssen Research & Development Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Matthew S Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of abnormal behavioural responses to a variety of stimuli among individuals with autism has led researchers to examine whether physiological reactivity (PR) is typical in this population. This article reviewed studies assessing PR to sensory, social and emotional, and stressor stimuli in individuals with autism. METHODS Systematic searches of electronic databases identified 57 studies that met our inclusion criteria. Studies were analysed to determine: (a) participant characteristics; (b) physiological measures used; (c) PR to sensory, social and emotional or stressor stimuli; (d) the relation between PR and behavioural or psychological variables and (e) baseline physiological activity. A novel measure of methodological quality suitable for use with non-randomized, non-interventional, psychophysiological studies was also developed and applied. RESULTS Individuals with autism were found to respond differently than typically developing controls in 78.6%, 66.7% and 71.4% of sensory, social and emotional, and stressor stimulus classes, respectively. However, this extant literature is characterized by variable and inconsistent findings, which do not appear to be accounted for by varying methodological quality, making it difficult to determine what specific factors differentiate individuals with autism who present with atypical PR from those who do not. CONCLUSIONS Despite this uncertainty, individual differences in PR are clearly present in autism, suggesting additional research is needed to determine the variables relating to PR among those with ASD and to examine the possible existence of physiological subtype responders in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Lydon
- a School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Olive Healy
- a School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Phil Reed
- b Department of Psychology , Swansea University , Swansea , UK
| | - Teresa Mulhern
- c School of Psychology, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland , and
| | - Brian M Hughes
- c School of Psychology, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland , and
| | - Matthew S Goodwin
- d Department of Health Sciences , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA
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Bone D, Bishop S, Black MP, Goodwin MS, Lord C, Narayanan SS. Use of machine learning to improve autism screening and diagnostic instruments: effectiveness, efficiency, and multi-instrument fusion. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:927-37. [PMID: 27090613 PMCID: PMC4958551 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine learning (ML) provides novel opportunities for human behavior research and clinical translation, yet its application can have noted pitfalls (Bone et al., 2015). In this work, we fastidiously utilize ML to derive autism spectrum disorder (ASD) instrument algorithms in an attempt to improve upon widely used ASD screening and diagnostic tools. METHODS The data consisted of Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) scores for 1,264 verbal individuals with ASD and 462 verbal individuals with non-ASD developmental or psychiatric disorders, split at age 10. Algorithms were created via a robust ML classifier, support vector machine, while targeting best-estimate clinical diagnosis of ASD versus non-ASD. Parameter settings were tuned in multiple levels of cross-validation. RESULTS The created algorithms were more effective (higher performing) than the current algorithms, were tunable (sensitivity and specificity can be differentially weighted), and were more efficient (achieving near-peak performance with five or fewer codes). Results from ML-based fusion of ADI-R and SRS are reported. We present a screener algorithm for below (above) age 10 that reached 89.2% (86.7%) sensitivity and 59.0% (53.4%) specificity with only five behavioral codes. CONCLUSIONS ML is useful for creating robust, customizable instrument algorithms. In a unique dataset comprised of controls with other difficulties, our findings highlight the limitations of current caregiver-report instruments and indicate possible avenues for improving ASD screening and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bone
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Somer Bishop
- San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Matthew P. Black
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Catherine Lord
- Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shrikanth S. Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Palumbo RV, Marraccini ME, Weyandt LL, Wilder-Smith O, McGee HA, Liu S, Goodwin MS. Interpersonal Autonomic Physiology: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2016; 21:99-141. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868316628405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal autonomic physiology is defined as the relationship between people’s physiological dynamics, as indexed by continuous measures of the autonomic nervous system. Findings from this field of study indicate that physiological activity between two or more people can become associated or interdependent, often referred to as physiological synchrony. Physiological synchrony has been found in both new and established relationships across a range of contexts, and it correlates with a number of psychosocial constructs. Given these findings, interpersonal physiological interactions are theorized to be ubiquitous social processes that co-occur with observable behavior. However, this scientific literature is fragmented, making it difficult to evaluate consistency across reports. In an effort to facilitate more standardized scholarly approaches, this systematic review provides a description of existing work in the area and highlights theoretical, methodological, and statistical issues to be addressed in future interpersonal autonomic physiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard V. Palumbo
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Siwei Liu
- University of California, Davis, USA
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Bone D, Goodwin MS, Black MP, Lee CC, Audhkhasi K, Narayanan S. Applying machine learning to facilitate autism diagnostics: pitfalls and promises. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:1121-36. [PMID: 25294649 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Machine learning has immense potential to enhance diagnostic and intervention research in the behavioral sciences, and may be especially useful in investigations involving the highly prevalent and heterogeneous syndrome of autism spectrum disorder. However, use of machine learning in the absence of clinical domain expertise can be tenuous and lead to misinformed conclusions. To illustrate this concern, the current paper critically evaluates and attempts to reproduce results from two studies (Wall et al. in Transl Psychiatry 2(4):e100, 2012a; PloS One 7(8), 2012b) that claim to drastically reduce time to diagnose autism using machine learning. Our failure to generate comparable findings to those reported by Wall and colleagues using larger and more balanced data underscores several conceptual and methodological problems associated with these studies. We conclude with proposed best-practices when using machine learning in autism research, and highlight some especially promising areas for collaborative work at the intersection of computational and behavioral science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bone
- Signal Analysis & Interpretation Laboratory (SAIL), University of Southern California, 3710 McClintock Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA,
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Sikka K, Ahmed AA, Diaz D, Goodwin MS, Craig KD, Bartlett MS, Huang JS. Automated Assessment of Children's Postoperative Pain Using Computer Vision. Pediatrics 2015; 136:e124-31. [PMID: 26034245 PMCID: PMC4485009 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current pain assessment methods in youth are suboptimal and vulnerable to bias and underrecognition of clinical pain. Facial expressions are a sensitive, specific biomarker of the presence and severity of pain, and computer vision (CV) and machine-learning (ML) techniques enable reliable, valid measurement of pain-related facial expressions from video. We developed and evaluated a CVML approach to measure pain-related facial expressions for automated pain assessment in youth. METHODS A CVML-based model for assessment of pediatric postoperative pain was developed from videos of 50 neurotypical youth 5 to 18 years old in both endogenous/ongoing and exogenous/transient pain conditions after laparoscopic appendectomy. Model accuracy was assessed for self-reported pain ratings in children and time since surgery, and compared with by-proxy parent and nurse estimates of observed pain in youth. RESULTS Model detection of pain versus no-pain demonstrated good-to-excellent accuracy (Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.84-0.94) in both ongoing and transient pain conditions. Model detection of pain severity demonstrated moderate-to-strong correlations (r = 0.65-0.86 within; r = 0.47-0.61 across subjects) for both pain conditions. The model performed equivalently to nurses but not as well as parents in detecting pain versus no-pain conditions, but performed equivalently to parents in estimating pain severity. Nurses were more likely than the model to underestimate youth self-reported pain ratings. Demographic factors did not affect model performance. CONCLUSIONS CVML pain assessment models derived from automatic facial expression measurements demonstrated good-to-excellent accuracy in binary pain classifications, strong correlations with patient self-reported pain ratings, and parent-equivalent estimation of children's pain levels over typical pain trajectories in youth after appendectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Damaris Diaz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Matthew S. Goodwin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth D. Craig
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marian S. Bartlett
- Institute for Neural Computation, and,Emotient, Inc., San Diego, California; and
| | - Jeannie S. Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California;,Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California
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Chen GM, Yoder KJ, Ganzel BL, Goodwin MS, Belmonte MK. Harnessing repetitive behaviours to engage attention and learning in a novel therapy for autism: an exploratory analysis. Front Psychol 2012; 3:12. [PMID: 22355292 PMCID: PMC3280620 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigorous, quantitative examination of therapeutic techniques anecdotally reported to have been successful in people with autism who lack communicative speech will help guide basic science toward a more complete characterisation of the cognitive profile in this underserved subpopulation, and show the extent to which theories and results developed with the high-functioning subpopulation may apply. This study examines a novel therapy, the “Rapid Prompting Method” (RPM). RPM is a parent-developed communicative and educational therapy for persons with autism who do not speak or who have difficulty using speech communicatively. The technique aims to develop a means of interactive learning by pointing amongst multiple-choice options presented at different locations in space, with the aid of sensory “prompts” which evoke a response without cueing any specific response option. The prompts are meant to draw and to maintain attention to the communicative task – making the communicative and educational content coincident with the most physically salient, attention-capturing stimulus – and to extinguish the sensory–motor preoccupations with which the prompts compete. Video-recorded RPM sessions with nine autistic children ages 8–14 years who lacked functional communicative speech were coded for behaviours of interest. An analysis controlled for age indicates that exposure to the claimed therapy appears to support a decrease in repetitive behaviours and an increase in the number of multiple-choice response options without any decrease in successful responding. Direct gaze is not related to successful responding, suggesting that direct gaze might not be any advantage for this population and need not in all cases be a precondition to communication therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Megumi Chen
- Developmental Disabilities Clinic, Yale Child Study Center New Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
To overcome problems with traditional methods for measuring stereotypical motor movements in persons with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), we evaluated the use of wireless three-axis accelerometers and pattern recognition algorithms to automatically detect body rocking and hand flapping in children with ASD. Findings revealed that, on average, pattern recognition algorithms correctly identified approximately 90% of stereotypical motor movements repeatedly observed in both laboratory and classroom settings. Precise and efficient recording of stereotypical motor movements could enable researchers and clinicians to systematically study what functional relations exist between these behaviors and specific antecedents and consequences. These measures could also facilitate efficacy studies of behavioral and pharmacologic interventions intended to replace or decrease the incidence or severity of stereotypical motor movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Goodwin
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT Bldg E14-374 K, 75 Amherst Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Stroud LR, Paster RL, Goodwin MS, Shenassa E, Buka S, Niaura R, Rosenblith JF, Lipsitt LP. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and neonatal behavior: a large-scale community study. Pediatrics 2009; 123:e842-8. [PMID: 19403478 PMCID: PMC2872509 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of prospectively measured smoking during pregnancy on aspects of neonatal behavior in a large community sample. METHODS Participants were mothers and infants from the Providence, Rhode Island, cohort of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project enrolled between 1960 and 1966. Mothers with pregnancy/medical complications and infants with medical complications and/or born premature or of low birth weight were excluded. The final sample included 962 mother-infant pairs, 23% of whom were black. Maternal smoking was measured prospectively at each prenatal visit. Neonatal behavior was assessed by using the Graham-Rosenblith Behavioral Examination of the Neonate. Items from the examination were reduced to 3 subscales: irritability, muscle tone, and response to respiratory challenge. RESULTS Sixty-two percent of the sample reported smoking during pregnancy, with 24% of smokers reporting smoking 1 pack per day or more. We found a significant influence of maternal smoking exposure (none, moderate/less than 1 pack per day, heavy/1 pack per day or more) on irritability and muscle tone in the neonate, with exposed infants showing greater irritability and hypertonicity. Effects remained significant after controlling for significant covariates: maternal socioeconomic status, age, and race and infant birth weight and age. Posthoc tests suggested particular effects of heavy smoking on increased infant irritability and both moderate and heavy smoking exposure on increased muscle tone. CONCLUSIONS In a large community sample, exposure to maternal smoking was associated with increased irritability and hypertonicity in neonates. Exposure to maternal smoking did not influence neonatal response to respiratory challenge. This study is the largest-scale investigation to date of the effects of maternal smoking (heavy and moderate) on examiner-assessed neonatal behavior. Given the associations between both maternal smoking and infant irritability and later behavioral dysregulation, results have important implications for early identification and intervention with at-risk offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School
| | - Rachel L. Paster
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School
| | | | | | - Stephen Buka
- Department of Community Health, Brown University
| | - Raymond Niaura
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School
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Aloia MS, Goodwin MS, Velicer WF, Arnedt JT, Zimmerman M, Skrekas J, Harris S, Millman RP. Time series analysis of treatment adherence patterns in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea. Ann Behav Med 2008; 36:44-53. [PMID: 18726659 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-008-9052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherence to medical recommendations is often suboptimal, making examination of adherence data an important scientific concern. Studies that attempt to predict or modify adherence often face the problem that adherence as a dependent variable is complex and non-normally distributed. Traditional statistical approaches to adherence data may mask individual variability that may guide clinician and researcher's development of adherence interventions. In this study, we employ time series analysis to examine adherence patterns objectively in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although treatment adherence is poor in OSA, state-of-the-art adherence monitoring allows a comprehensive examination of objective data. PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to determine the number and types of adherence patterns seen in a sample of patients with OSA receiving positive airway pressure (PAP). METHODS Seventy-one moderate to severe OSA participants with 365 days of treatment data were studied. RESULTS Adherence patterns could be classified into seven categories: (1) Good Users (24%), (2) Slow Improvers (13%), (3) Slow Decliners (14%), (4) Variable Users (17%), (5) Occasional Attempters (8%), (6) Early Drop-outs (13%), and (7) Non-Users (11%). CONCLUSIONS Time series analysis provides a useful method for examining adherence while maintaining a focus on individual differences. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Hoeppner BB, Goodwin MS, Velicer WF, Mooney ME, Hatsukami DK. Detecting longitudinal patterns of daily smoking following drastic cigarette reduction. Addict Behav 2008; 33:623-39. [PMID: 18191907 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To enhance prolonged smoking cessation or reduction, a better understanding of the process of change is needed. This study examines daily smoking rates following the end of an intensive smoking reduction program originally designed to evaluate the relationship of tobacco biomarkers with reduced levels of smoking. A novel pattern-oriented approach called time series-based typology is used to detect homogeneous smoking patterns in time-intensively (i.e., 40 occasions) observed smokers (n=57), who were predominantly Caucasian (94.7%), male (52.6%), and on average 47.9 years old (SD=11.3). The majority of the smokers exhibited a change in their daily smoking behavior over the course of 40 days with 47.4% increasing and 40.4% decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked per day, which is contrary to the results a group level approach would have found. Very few smokers (12.3%) maintained their average smoking rate, and exhibited an externally controlled smoking pattern. Trajectory type could be predicted by temporally proximal motivation and self-efficacy variables ((F(4, 106)=3.46, p=.011, eta2=.115), underscoring their importance in maintaining reduced smoking rates. Time series-based typology demonstrated good sensitivity to the identification of meaningfully different trajectories.
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