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Bjertrup AJ, Kofoed J, Egmose I, Wendelboe K, Southgate V, Væver MS, Miskowiak KW. Prenatal affective cognitive training to reduce the risk of postpartum depression (PACT): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:478. [PMID: 39010232 PMCID: PMC11247870 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 30-50% of women with a history of previous depression or bipolar disorder and 8% of women with no history of depression. Negative cognitive biases in the perception of infant cues and difficulties with emotion regulation are replicated risk factors. Current interventions focus on detecting and treating rather than preventing PPD. The aim of this randomized controlled intervention trial is therefore to investigate the potential prophylactic effects of prenatal affective cognitive training for pregnant women at heightened risk of PPD. METHODS The study will enrol a total of 292 pregnant women: 146 at high risk and 146 at low risk of PPD. Participants undergo comprehensive assessments of affective cognitive processing, clinical depressive symptoms, and complete questionnaires at baseline. Based on the responses, pregnant women will be categorized as either at high or low risk of PPD. High-risk participants will be randomized to either prenatal affective cognitive training (PACT) or care as usual (CAU) immediately after the baseline testing. The PACT intervention is based on emerging evidence for efficacy of affective cognitive training approaches in depression, including cognitive bias modification, attention bias modification, mindfulness-inspired emotion regulation exercises, and working memory training. Participants randomised to PACT will complete five individual computerised and virtual reality-based training sessions over 5 weeks. The primary outcome is the difference between intervention arms in the incidence of PPD, assessed with an interview 6 months after birth. We will also assess the severity of depressive symptoms, rated weekly online during the first 6 weeks postpartum. DISCUSSION The results will have implications for future early prophylactic interventions for pregnant women at heightened risk of PPD. If the PACT intervention reduces the incidence of PPD, it can become a feasible, non-invasive prophylactic strategy during pregnancy, with positive mental health implications for these women and their children. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06046456 registered 21-09-2023, updated 08-07-2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Bjertrup
- The Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders Centre (NEAD), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Jeanne Kofoed
- The Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders Centre (NEAD), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ida Egmose
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Wendelboe
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Victoria Southgate
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette S Væver
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla W Miskowiak
- The Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders Centre (NEAD), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhang N, Zhang J, Gewirtz AH, Deater-Deckard K. Linking observing and nonreactivity mindfulness to parenting: Moderated direct and indirect effects via inhibitory control. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2024; 38:71-81. [PMID: 37695328 PMCID: PMC10924155 DOI: 10.1037/fam0001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
To disentangle the effects of key dimensions of dispositional mindfulness on parenting, the present study tests the hypotheses that parental Nonreactivity moderates the association between Observing and effective parenting behaviors, and that parental inhibitory control mediates the relationship between Observing and parenting depending on levels of Nonreactivity. The sample consists of 294 fathers (95.9% deployed) and 313 mothers (81.5% nondeployed) from 336 military families with a child aged between 4 and 13 years at baseline. Parents reported Observing and Nonreactivity at baseline using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and completed a computerized Go/No-Go task for assessing inhibitory control at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Families completed a series of in-home interaction tasks at baseline and 2-year follow-up, and effective parenting behaviors were observed and coded using a theory-driven, empirically validated coding system. Results showed that when fathers reported low Nonreactivity, the association between Observing and effective parenting behaviors 2 years later was negative, but this association became positive when fathers reported high Nonreactivity. Fathers' Observing was associated with decreased inhibitory control 1 year later when they reported low (vs. high) Nonreactivity, whereas mothers' Observing was associated with increased inhibitory control 1 year later when they reported high (vs. low) Nonreactivity. The hypothesized effect of inhibitory control as a mediator was not found. Understanding specificity in the effects of dispositional mindfulness dimensions on parenting behaviors will drive effective and efficient designs of mindful parenting interventions. Future research should use dismantling experimental designs to test the synergistic effects of Observing and Nonreactivity in parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut
| | | | | | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts – Amherst
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Porreca A, De Carli P, Filippi B, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, Simonelli A. Maternal cognitive functioning and psychopathology predict quality of parent-child relationship in the context of substance use disorder: A 15-month longitudinal study. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38282537 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the role of maternal cognitive functioning and psychopathology in parent-child relationship quality during residential treatment for mothers with Substance Use Disorder (SUD), in order to identify factors that may enhance or limit intervention effects.We assessed cognitive functioning (Esame Neuropsicologico Breve-2 [ENB-2]) and psychopathology (Symptom Checklist-90 Revised [SCL-90-R]) in 60 mothers diagnosed with SUD (Mage = 30.13 yrs; SD = 6.79) at treatment admission. Parent-child relationship quality was measured during free-play interactions using the Emotional Availability Scales every three months from admission (Child Mage = 17.17m; SD = 23.60) to the 15th month of the residential treatment.A main effect of maternal psychopathology and an interaction effect of time and cognitive functioning were found. More maternal psychopathology predicted lower mother-child relationship quality. Mothers with higher cognitive functioning presented a better treatment trajectory, with an increase in mother-child relationship quality, whereas mothers with lower cognitive functioning showed a decrease in relationship quality after initial improvement.These findings suggest that maternal psychopathology and cognitive functioning may influence the treatment of parent-child relationships in the context of SUD, although causality is not yet established. Implications for assessment and intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Porreca
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, PD, Italy
| | - Pietro De Carli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, PD, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Bianca Filippi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, PD, Italy
| | | | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Research Department of Clinical, Education and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, UCL, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Simonelli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, PD, Italy
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Sun S, Plate RC, Jones C, Rodriguez Y, Katz C, Murin M, Pearson J, Parish-Morris J, Waller R. Childhood conduct problems and parent-child talk during social and nonsocial play contexts: a naturalistic home-based experiment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1018. [PMID: 38200250 PMCID: PMC10781972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51656-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parent-child interactions are a critical pathway to emotion socialization, with disruption to these processes associated with risk for childhood behavior problems. Using computational linguistics methods, we tested whether (1) play context influenced parent-child socioemotional language, and (2) child conduct problems or callous-unemotional traits were associated with patterns of socioemotional or nonsocial language across contexts. Seventy-nine parent-child dyads (children, 5-6 years old) played a socioemotional skills ("social context") or math ("nonsocial context") game at home. We transcribed and analyzed game play, which had been audio recorded by participants. The social context elicited more socioemotional and cognitive words, while the nonsocial context elicited more mathematical words. The use of socioemotional language by parents and children was more strongly correlated in the social context, but context did not moderate the degree of correlation in cognitive or mathematical word use between parents and children. Children with more conduct problems used fewer socioemotional words in the social context, while children with higher callous-unemotional traits used fewer cognitive words in both contexts. We highlight the role of context in supporting socioemotionally rich parent-child language interactions and provide preliminary evidence for the existence of linguistic markers of child behavior problems. Our results also inform naturalistic assessments of parent-child interactions and home-based interventions for parents and children facing socioemotional or behavioral challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Sun
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building, 425 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rista C Plate
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building, 425 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Callie Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building, 425 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuheiry Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building, 425 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chloe Katz
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building, 425 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Melissa Murin
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building, 425 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jules Pearson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building, 425 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Julia Parish-Morris
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Waller
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building, 425 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Coyne SM, Reschke PJ, Stockdale L, Gale M, Shawcroft J, Gentile DA, Brown M, Ashby S, Siufanua M, Ober M. Silencing screaming with screens: The longitudinal relationship between media emotion regulation processes and children's emotional reactivity, emotional knowledge, and empathy. Emotion 2023; 23:2194-2204. [PMID: 37053409 PMCID: PMC10570398 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Many parents use screens to regulate their young children's emotions. We know very little, however, about how this parenting practice is related to the development of emotional competencies (i.e., emotional reactivity, emotion knowledge, and empathy) over time. The current longitudinal study examined bidirectional associations between media emotion regulation and various emotional competencies across a 1-year period during early childhood (between ages 3.5 and 4.5 on average). Participants included 269 child/parent dyads who completed a number of in-home tasks and questionnaires. Results revealed that higher levels of media emotion regulation were associated with worse emotional knowledge and empathy and higher emotional reactivity at the cross-sectional level. However, early media emotion regulation was associated with higher levels of child empathy 1 year later. We discuss these results in the context of general parenting practices and encourage future research on the topic with a focus on how these processes develop over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Megan Gale
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University
| | | | | | - Mindy Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah
| | - Sarah Ashby
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University
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Laifer LM, DiLillo D, Brock RL. Prenatal negative affectivity and trauma-related distress predict mindful parenting during toddler age: Examining parent-infant bonding as a mechanism. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1036-1050. [PMID: 34649640 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite findings demonstrating the importance of parental present-centered awareness, factors undermining mindful parenting have received less attention. Increasingly, evidence points to parental psychopathology as a salient risk factor for parenting difficulties. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate specific dimensions of parental trauma-related distress and general negative affectivity during pregnancy as predictors of mindful parenting during toddler age. Parental psychopathology, parent-infant bonding, and mindful parenting were assessed in a sample of heterosexual couples (N = 159) across four waves of data collection spanning pregnancy to child age two. Data were analyzed using path analysis within a dyadic framework. Results demonstrated the unique impact of maternal trauma-related distress during pregnancy (e.g., intrusions and avoidance) on facets of mindful parenting more than two years later. Further, among both mothers and fathers, general negative affectivity common across internalizing disorders undermined mindful parenting through impaired parent-infant bonding. Findings highlight the need for early intervention efforts that incorporate mindfulness strategies to reduce subthreshold symptoms of prenatal psychopathology, promote healthy bonding, and improve parental awareness and self-regulation, thereby enhancing the overall parent-child relationship.
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Yaacoby-Vakrat R, Pade M, Bar-Shalita T. Exploring Co-Regulation-Related Factors in the Mothers of ADHD Children-Proof of Concept Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1286. [PMID: 37628285 PMCID: PMC10453235 DOI: 10.3390/children10081286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurological condition interfering with family relationships and co-regulation capabilities. Therefore, exploring factors underpinning parental co-regulation ability is crucial for future fostering relationships in families of children with ADHD. OBJECTIVE This preliminary study aims to characterize and compare the executive-functions, anxiety, self-efficacy, and sensory modulation in mothers of children with and without ADHD. METHOD Mothers of children with (study group) and without (control-comparison, group) ADHD completed online self-reports, measuring executive-functions; parental self-efficacy; anxiety; and sensory modulation. RESULTS The study group (N = 40) had lower self-efficacy compared to the control group (N = 27; p = 0.018), and the control group had lower sensory responsiveness (p = 0.025). Within both groups the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult (BRIEF-A) Global Executive Function Composite score (GEC) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were moderately correlated. Further, within the study group correlations were found between the BRIEF-A-GEC and the Sensory Responsiveness Questionnaire (SRQ)-Aversive scores (r = 0.37, p ≤ 0.01), and between the BRIEF-A Behavioral-Rating-Index and the parental self-efficacy scores (r = 0.31, p ≤ 0.05). Within the control group, negative correlations were found between the BRIEF-A-GEC and SRQ-Hedonic scores (r= -0.44, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Self-efficacy, executive-functions, high sensory responsiveness and anxiety traits are interwoven and may impact parental co-regulation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tami Bar-Shalita
- Department of Occupational Therapy, The Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; (R.Y.-V.); (M.P.)
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Kelm MR, Diercks CM, Dunning ED, Lunkenheimer E. Parental working memory buffers associations between COVID-19 hardships and child mental health. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 87:101559. [PMID: 37363111 PMCID: PMC10266502 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has impaired young children's mental health, underscoring the need for research on protective factors. Using a cross-sectional design, we examined whether parental working memory (WM) buffered relations between COVID-19 hardships (home-life, economic, and quarantine) and child internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Female parents (N = 339; 83.19% White/Caucasian, 8.85% Black/African American, 3.54% Asian, 1.47% Native American, and 2.36% mixed race; 7.67% Hispanic/Latinx ethnicity) of children 2-5-years-old reported COVID-19 hardships and child internalizing and externalizing symptoms and completed a backward digit span task to measure WM. All types of COVID-19 hardships were positively related to child internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Higher parental WM weakened positive relations between all types of hardships and child internalizing symptoms, and between home-life and economic hardships and externalizing symptoms. Results suggest that parental WM, a malleable target for intervention, may buffer associations between the detrimental effects of COVID-19 and young children's mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R Kelm
- The Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore, Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Catherine M Diercks
- The Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore, Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Emily D Dunning
- The Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore, Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Erika Lunkenheimer
- The Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore, Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
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Li W, Nefs HT, Emmen RA, Woudstra MLJ, Branger MC, Wang L, Alink LR, Mesman J. Does parental autonomy support mediate the relation between parent and infant executive function? A study of mothers and fathers in the Netherlands and China. Infant Behav Dev 2023; 71:101833. [PMID: 36990019 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Parenting skills, such as Autonomy Support (AS), have been proposed as a potential mechanism explaining the intergenerational contiguity of Executive Function (EF). However, few studies have focused on mothers and fathers among non-Western families. The current study investigated the role of maternal and paternal AS in the relation between parental EF and infant EF at 14 months of age among 123 Dutch and 63 Chinese first-time mothers and fathers and their infants. Multiple-group structural equation models were built for mothers and fathers separately with country as a grouping variable. Results showed that parental AS did not mediate the relation between parent EF and infant EF at 14 months. Mean-level differences were found in parental AS, maternal EF, and infant inhibition across countries, while no country differences were found in the relation between parent EF, AS and infant EF. Our findings suggested that individual differences in early EF may not be stable enough to be reliably predicted from parental factors across the Netherlands and China.
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Examining the role of parents and teachers in executive function development in early and middle childhood: A systematic review. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2022.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li Z, Xu X, Xing X. The intergenerational transmission of executive function: The mediating effect of parental harsh discipline. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 136:106019. [PMID: 36608402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The important roles of parental EF in shaping children's EF is less clear, especially in Chinese families. Moreover, it is suggested that the negative parenting behavior may be important environmental mechanisms underlying the EF transmission. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the transmission of EF across generations and the mediating roles of parental harsh discipline in this transmission in a Chinese sample. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 311 Chinese preschool-aged children and their fathers and mothers were recruited from three public kindergartens in Beijing. METHODS The Chinese version of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A), Parent-child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTSPC) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschooler Version (BRIEF-P) were respectively used to assess parental EF, harsh discipline and children's EF. RESULTS Both paternal and maternal EF positively predicted children's EF (βpaternal = 0.16, p < .01; βmaternal = 0.42, p < .001), and maternal but not paternal psychological aggression (standardized indirect estimate = 0.03, p < .05) and corporal punishment (standardized indirect estimate = 0.02, p < .05) mediated the above transmission. CONCLUSIONS These findings broaden our understanding of the distal or proximal factors and processes that account for the development of child EF in Chinese culture. Interventions focusing on improving parental especially maternal parenting practices would be helpful to shape children's EF or to interrupt the transmission of poor EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Research Center for Child Development, College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopei Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Porreca A, Simonelli A, De Carli P, Barone L, Filippi B, Rigo P, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. A randomized wait-list controlled trial to investigate the role of cognitive mechanisms in parenting interventions on mothers with substance use disorder. Trials 2022; 23:588. [PMID: 35870942 PMCID: PMC9308363 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal substance use disorder (SUD) represents a risk condition for quality of parenting and child development. The current literature highlights the need to identify interventions that effectively enhance the quality of parenting and to better understand which mechanisms are involved in the process of change. The present study protocol describes a randomized wait-list controlled trial that aims to examine (1) the efficacy of the Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP-SD) in improving the quality of parenting (i.e., sensitive parenting and sensitive discipline) in mothers with SUD, (2) whether the intervention affects parental cognitive mechanisms (i.e., attentional disengagement to infant negative emotions, inhibitory control confronted with children’s affective expression, and parental reflective functioning), and (3) whether changes in these processes act as mechanisms of change, mediating the effect of the VIPP-SD program on quality of parenting. Moreover, the study aims (4) to explore whether the VIPP-SD has an effect on parenting stress and (5) to compare mothers with SUD to low-risk mothers on the outcome measures. Methods The study will involve 40 mothers with SUD and 20 low-risk mothers of children aged between 14 months and 6 years old. Mothers in the SUD group will be randomly divided into two groups, one receiving the intervention (SUD experimental group) and one undergoing treatment as usual (SUD control group). All the mothers will be assessed pre-test and post-test. Quality of parenting will be assessed through observed parenting behaviors, whereas parental cognitive mechanisms will be assessed through neuropsychological tasks and self-report measures. Discussion The results of the study will reveal whether an intervention that has been proven effective in other at-risk samples is also effective in improving parenting behaviors in the context of SUD. The results will also provide insight into potential cognitive mechanisms involved in the process of change. Trial registration ISRCTN registry ISRCTN63070968. Registered on 25 June 2021. Retrospectively registered Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-022-06420-8.
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Mattson JT, Thorne JC, Kover ST. [Formula: see text]Parental interaction style, child engagement, and emerging executive function in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Child Neuropsychol 2022; 28:853-877. [PMID: 34978272 PMCID: PMC10686097 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.2023122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are known to experience cognitive and neurobehavioral difficulties, including in areas of executive function and social skills development. Interventions for these challenges have focused on a number of areas, including parent-based training. Despite the general consensus that specific parenting styles consistent with an "authoritative" - warm but firm - parenting approach may influence behavioral self-regulation, it is not known what specific parental interaction styles are associated with child engagement and emerging executive function in this population. The current study used an observation-based behavioral coding scheme during parent-child play interactions and associated parent report-based executive function measures in children with FASD. Here, we demonstrate that parental interaction styles with increased responsive/child-oriented behavior and parental affect are associated with higher levels of child play engagement, while parental interaction that has increased achievement-orientation is associated with higher levels of emerging executive function in children with FASD. These findings help inform future studies on behavioral targets in parent-based training programs and highlight the importance of considering certain parental interaction styles during parent-child play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T. Mattson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John C. Thorne
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sara T. Kover
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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14
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Yiyi O, Jie P, Jiong L, Jinsheng T, Kun W, Jing L. Research on the influence of sports participation on school bullying among college students—Chain mediating analysis of emotional intelligence and self-esteem. Front Psychol 2022; 13:874458. [PMID: 36248587 PMCID: PMC9554478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purposes This paper aims to discuss the relationship between college students’ sports participation, school bullying, emotional intelligence and self-esteem. At the same time, it explores the intrinsic mechanisms of school bullying, in order to provide a reference for reducing bullying phenomenon among college students, and pave the way for college students to lead happy, healthy and confident lives. Methods A total of 1,317 students (725 male students, 592 female students, 21.31 ± 3.28 years old) from four universities in Southwest China were selected as subjects for this survey. They were selected by stratified random sampling, and the data needed was obtained using a structured questionnaire. The data was subsequently processed with statistical software SPSS19.0 and AMOS21.0. Results (1) Sports participation has a significant and positive correlation with emotional intelligence and self-esteem, likewise, it has a significant negative correlation with school bullying. Emotional intelligence has a marked positive correlation with self-esteem, at the same time it has a significant negative correlation with school bullying. In addition, self-esteem is strongly negative correlated with school bullying. (2) Sports participation has a direct effect on school bullying (ES = −0.271). Emotional intelligence (ES = −0.144) and self-esteem (ES = −0.065) also play a significant mediating role between sports participation and school bullying, and the chain mediating force of emotional intelligence—self-esteem also reaches a significant level (ES = −0.016). Conclusion Sports participation affects school bullying among college students not only directly but also indirectly, such as through emotional intelligence, the mediating role of self-esteem, and the chain mediating role of emotional intelligence to self-esteem. Apart from sports participation, emotional intelligence is another key factor that affects college students’ school bullying. Therefore, while attaching great importance to college students’ sport participation, schools should also provide courses aimed at developing students’ emotional intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Yiyi
- College of Physical Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Jie
- College of Physical Education, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, China
| | - Luo Jiong
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Teng Jinsheng
- College of Physical Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Kun
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jing
- College of Physical Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Li Jing,
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15
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Schneider W, Brooks-Gunn J. Geography of mobility and parenting behavior in low income families. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 130:105142. [PMID: 34112526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The geographic location of birth has implications for low-income children's upward economic mobility, as Chetty, Hendren, Kline, and Saez (2014) found in an examination of millions of income tax records from each county in the US. Additional work indicates that low income children in higher economic mobility counties have higher language scores and fewer behavioral problems (Donnelly et al., 2017). However, the processes by which the geography of opportunity influences parenting are less well-understood. OBJECTIVE This study examines whether living in higher intergenerational mobility counties is associated with less harsh parenting, material hardship, household violence and substance use, and low child supervision - parenting behaviors that increase the risk for child maltreatment - for low-income families. DATA Data come from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal birth cohort of low income families in 20 cities in the U.S (N ~, 2841; 76% lower (household income of $41,994 or less) and 24% higher-income) linked to county level data on intergenerational mobility from the Equality of Opportunity Project. METHODS We estimate OLS and Linear Probability regressions of the association between (1) exposure to county-level intergenerational mobility and (2) number of waves of exposure to county intergenerational mobility 1 standard deviation above the mean and maternal parenting behaviors. RESULTS A 1 standard deviation increase in county level intergenerational mobility is associated with decreases in harsh parenting, but not indicators of neglect. Longer exposure to high intergenerational mobility areas was associated with decreased maternal harsh parenting and risk for child maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS For low-income children, higher intergenerational mobility is associated with decreased risk of harsh parenting, particularly at younger ages, as is longer exposure to high intergenerational mobility areas. That lower-income families are less likely to live in economically mobile geographies may exacerbate inequalities among income groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Schneider
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of America.
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16
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Parent-Child Conflict Moderates the Relationship Between Executive Functioning and Child Disruptive Behaviors in Youth with T1D. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2022; 29:357-364. [PMID: 34985630 PMCID: PMC9893479 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-021-09838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Executive function (EF) skills, parent-child conflict, and high blood glucose (BG) may impact child externalizing behaviors. We examined these child and parent factors in families of 5-9 year olds with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D). Parents (N = 125) reported child EF, child externalizing behaviors, and conflict regarding T1D-specific tasks. We used self-monitoring BG uploads to calculate the percentage of time children had high BG (> 180 mg/dl). We entered data into a moderated path analysis using MPlus8. The path analysis revealed a positive direct effect for parent-reported child EF and child externalizing behavior (p < .01). Further, T1D-specific conflict moderated the positive association between parent-reported child EF and child externalizing behaviors (p < .05). Early screening of child EF, externalizing behavior, and family conflict may be particularly important in the recent-onset period of T1D. The introduction of T1D-related conflict after diagnosis may impact child externalizing behavior and limited child EF skills that pre-date diagnosis.
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17
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Zhang X, Gatzke-Kopp LM, Cole PM, Ram N. A dynamic systems account of parental self-regulation processes in the context of challenging child behavior. Child Dev 2022; 93:e501-e514. [PMID: 35635069 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To advance the understanding of how parental self-regulation contributes to their role in supporting children's development, this study proposes a model of the dynamic processes involved in parental self-regulation. Based on time-series data from 157 mothers and their 30- to 60-month-old children (49.7% female; 96% White; data collected June 2017-December 2019 in central Pennsylvania, U.S.) during a challenging wait task, the model was tested by examining the temporal relations among challenging child behavior, maternal physiology, and maternal responsiveness. Results were consistent with the hypothesized dynamic negative feedback processes and revealed their associations with the overall quality of parenting behaviors and experiences. Findings elucidate how parents adapt to competing external (attending to child) and internal (restoring parents' equilibrium) demands during parenting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa M Gatzke-Kopp
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pamela M Cole
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nilam Ram
- Departments of Communication and Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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18
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Andeweg SM, Bodrij FF, Prevoo MJ, Rippe RC, Alink LR. Reducing household chaos to improve parenting quality? An RCT. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Sanders MR, Mazzucchelli TG. Mechanisms of Change in Population-Based Parenting Interventions for Children and Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022; 51:277-294. [PMID: 35133932 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2025598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Developing an effective population-level system of evidence-based parenting support capable of shifting (at a population level) rates of child maltreatment and social, emotional, and behavioral problems in children requires an integrated theory of change. This paper presents a systems-contextual model of change and identifies modifiable mechanisms that can potentially explain population-level changes in parenting and child outcomes. METHOD Using the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program as an exemplar of a tiered, multi-level system of evidence-based parenting interventions, we discuss the putative mechanisms of change necessary to produce change in child behavior, parenting, practitioner behavior, and organizational changes to support the sustained implementation of an intervention. RESULTS A model of change is proposed that blends theoretical perspectives derived from social learning theory, self-regulation theory, applied behavior analysis, cognitive behavior principles, developmental theory, and principles derived from the fields of public health, implementation science, and economics to explain change in the behavior at the community wide level. Different types of interventions targeting different populations and mechanisms are used to illustrate how sustainable change in child and parent outcomes can be achieved. CONCLUSIONS Evidence supporting specific mechanisms and moderators of intervention effects are discussed as well as directions for future research on mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sanders
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Trevor G Mazzucchelli
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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20
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Black CFD. Partner Emotional Support and Child Problem Behaviors: The Indirect Role of Harsh Parenting for Young Mothers and Their Children. FAMILY PROCESS 2022; 61:375-390. [PMID: 33908029 PMCID: PMC8812210 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emotionally supportive partners promote the well-being of teenage mothers and their children as they navigate sensitive developmental periods. Yet, having focused on young parents' relationship dissolution, we know very little about benefits of partner supportiveness for the development of children's psychological adjustment or processes that may explain this association. Using five waves of Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study data (N = 771) and parallel process latent growth curve modeling, this study tested whether trajectories of partner supportiveness (measured by maternal reports of fathers' emotional support) directly mitigated trajectories of children's externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors (measured by maternal reports of problem behaviors) and/or whether such effects were indirectly linked through lower levels of maternal harsh parenting (measured by observational ratings of mother-child interactions). Results suggest that higher levels of partner supportiveness at birth were associated with child externalizing and internalizing trajectories that started at lower levels and demonstrated slower improvements across time. Lower starting levels of maternal harsh parenting when children were three years old partially explained associations between partner supportiveness at birth and lower levels of child externalizing symptoms at age three. Lessons gleaned from this study are discussed in context of young families' strengths and applied to practice-based settings.
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21
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Roberts AL, Sumner JA, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD, Grodstein F, Rich-Edwards J, Weisskopf MG. Childhood Abuse and Cognitive Function in a Large Cohort of Middle-Aged Women. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2022; 27:100-113. [PMID: 33161764 PMCID: PMC10281011 DOI: 10.1177/1077559520970647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive function at middle age is of particular public health interest, as it strongly predicts later dementia. Children who have experienced abuse subsequently have worse cognitive function than those who have not. However, it remains unclear whether the association of abuse with cognitive function persists into middle age. In 2014-2016, 14,151 women ages 49-69 years who had previously responded to a childhood abuse questionnaire completed a cognitive battery. In models adjusted for childhood socioeconomic status and head trauma, combined physical, emotional, and sexual abuse was associated with lower scores on both Learning/Working Memory (severe abuse, lower scores similar to that observed in women 4.8 years older in our data) and Psychomotor Speed/Attention (severe abuse, lower scores similar to that observed in women to 2.9 years older in our data). Adjustment for adulthood socioeconomic status and health factors (e.g., smoking, hypertension) slightly attenuated associations. In exploratory analyses further adjusted for psychological distress, associations were attenuated. Women exposed versus unexposed to childhood abuse had poorer cognitive function at mid-life. Associations were particularly strong for learning and working memory and were not accounted for by adulthood health factors. Childhood abuse should be investigated as a potential risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Roberts
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Karestan C Koenen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet Rich-Edwards
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Chimed-Ochir U, Bai L, Whitesell CJ, Teti DM. The role of household chaos on levels and trajectories of socioemotional behavior in the second year. Dev Psychol 2022; 58:311-324. [PMID: 34928631 PMCID: PMC9585967 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The second year of life is a time of formative developmental change as basic behavioral systems undergo rapid integration and expansion. This study examined the developmental trajectories of social-emotional (SoE) outcomes and the effects of infant sex and household chaos (HC) on the development of SoE outcomes across the second year of life. The participating families (N = 143) were ethnically homogenous (88% Caucasian) but economically diverse (31% low-to-very-low income). Mothers reported on their children's SoE outcomes including externalizing, internalizing, dysregulating problem behaviors as well as SoE competence when infants (54% girls) were 12, 18, and 24 months old. At each age point, HC was assessed through observations during home visits and compliance to the study protocols. Multilevel modeling revealed increasing developmental trajectories in all of the domains of SoE outcomes across the second year of life, reflecting the premise that these behavioral systems continue to form and become increasingly part of the infant's behavioral repertoire as development unfolds. However, compared to infants in less chaotic homes, infants in more chaotic households experienced steeper increases in both externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors across the second year, and girls showed higher levels of internalizing problem behaviors compared to boys. Results emphasize the increasing trajectories of problem behaviors in relation to ongoing chaotic caregiving environment among infants as young as 2 years of age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liu Bai
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies
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23
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Im J, Ispa JM. Caregivers' Executive Function and Negative Childrearing Practices: The Moderating Role of Authoritarian Childrearing Beliefs. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2021; 183:64-77. [PMID: 34889721 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2021.2007349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In accord with social information processing theory, executive function and childrearing beliefs may play significant roles in preventing negative childrearing practices. Still, the interplay of these two components is not well understood. The current study tested the moderating role of authoritarian childrearing beliefs in the relation between caregiver executive function and negative childrearing practices. The sample included 50 predominantly low-income caregivers of children between 3 and 5 years of age. The results indicated that executive function was significantly and inversely related to inconsistent and hostile childrearing practices only among caregivers who reported high levels of authoritarian childrearing beliefs. Executive function and childrearing practices were unrelated among caregivers who reported low levels of authoritarian childrearing beliefs. The findings suggest that intervention programs for caregivers may need to target childrearing beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Im
- Center for Children and Families Across Cultures, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jean M Ispa
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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24
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Cui L, Zhang X, Han ZR. Perceived Child Difficultness, Emotion Dysregulation, and Emotion-Related Parenting among Chinese Parents. FAMILY PROCESS 2021; 60:1403-1417. [PMID: 33544435 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the integrative effects of parents' perceptions of child difficultness and parental emotion dysregulation on emotion-related parenting among a group of Chinese parents of school-age children. One hundred and fifty parent-child dyads (121 biological mothers and 29 biological fathers as primary caregivers; Mage = 39.22 years) from urban Beijing, China participated in the study. Parents reported on their own emotion dysregulation and their children's difficultness, as well as their emotion socialization practices. Children (Mage = 8.54 years; ranged from 6 to 12 years) reported on their parents' use of psychological control strategies. Main and interactive effects were tested using path analysis. Results indicated that parents' perceived child difficultness was negatively associated with supportive reactions to children's expression of negative emotions, and parental emotion dysregulation was positively associated with unsupportive reactions. When parents perceived their children to be difficult and also reported emotion regulation difficulties of their own, they showed the highest levels of psychological control (child reports). These findings suggest differential effects of parent cognition and emotion on supportive and unsupportive reactions to children's negative emotions. Both cognition and emotion play important roles in relation to parents' use of psychological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Cui
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute for Social Development at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Xutong Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zhuo Rachel Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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25
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Kolijn L, van den Bulk BG, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Huffmeijer R. Does maternal inhibitory control mediate effects of a parenting intervention on maternal sensitive discipline? Evidence from a randomized-controlled trial. Infant Ment Health J 2021; 42:749-766. [PMID: 34747022 PMCID: PMC9298199 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The quality of parenting greatly impacts child development, highlighting the importance of support programs that effectively improve parenting. Studies on successful intervention programs define their efficacy by gains in parenting and/or child development. However, much remains unknown about the internal processes that explain how parenting interventions bring about their effects. The aims of the current randomized‐controlled study were to test whether the Video‐feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP‐SD) improved maternal inhibitory control (1) and whether inhibitory control mediated any effects of VIPP‐SD on maternal sensitive discipline (2). In total, 66 mothers of whom a random 33% received the VIPP‐SD and the others a “dummy” intervention participated in pre‐ and post‐intervention assessments. Sensitive discipline was observed during a semi‐structured limit‐setting situation and inhibitory control was measured using a stop‐signal task. Contrary to expectations, inhibitory control improved over time in the control group and sensitive discipline did not show the expected increase in the intervention group. Results did not support mediation. We suggest that the intervention may have induced cognitive restructuring of parenting schemas, delaying improvements in post‐intervention inhibitory control and sensitive discipline. Factors that may be involved in parents’ susceptibility to interventions require attention in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kolijn
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, and Amsterdam Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marian J Bakermans-Kranenburg
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, and Amsterdam Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rens Huffmeijer
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Milligan K, Rodrigues ER, Daari-Herman L, Urbanoski KA. Parental Reflective Function in Substance Use Disorder: Individual Differences and Intervention Potential. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Dawe S, Harnett P, Gullo MJ, Eggins E, Barlow J. Moderators and mediators of outcomes of parents with substance use problems: further evaluation of the Parents under Pressure programme. Addiction 2021; 116:3206-3218. [PMID: 34033205 PMCID: PMC8518422 DOI: 10.1111/add.15579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Family-focused interventions can improve family functioning when parents have substance use problems. However, there has been little focus upon potential predictors of change and analysis of mechanisms of change. This study aims to identify mediators and moderators of change in a pragmatic, multi-site, randomized controlled trial of the Parents under Pressure (PuP) programme, a family-focused intervention for parents with substance use and other problems, and treatment-as-usual (TAU). DESIGN Secondary analysis of data: multi-level modelling was used to investigate moderators of treatment outcome; mediation was tested with cross-lagged models. SETTING Community-based family support services in the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Parents (n = 100) attending community-based addiction services with children aged 2.5 years or younger. MEASUREMENTS Predictors of the primary outcome, child abuse potential, were: baseline child age and gender, composite family risk score, parental substance use and parental emotional dysregulation. Mediation was tested across three time-points with the observed variables parental emotion dysregulation and child abuse potential. FINDINGS Increased child age [Z = 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.01, 0.33] at baseline was associated with greater reductions in child abuse potential for PuP programme participants compared with TAU. Poorer parental emotional regulation (Z = 2.48, 95% CI = -2.76, -0.32) was associated with greater reductions in child abuse potential for all participants. Parental substance use (either recent use or primary substance of concern) did not alter any treatment effects on child abuse potential. The mediation analysis showed that PuP produced greater improvements in emotional regulation at post-treatment (P < 0.001) compared with TAU, which predicted lower child abuse potential at 6-month follow up (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS For UK parents enrolled in a family-focused intervention, baseline measurements of higher child age appear to be associated with greater reductions in child abuse potential at 6-month follow-up in PuP participants compared with treatment as usual (TAU). Poorer parental emotional regulation and, potentially, higher family risk, appears to be associated with greater reductions in child abuse potential at 6-month follow-up in PuP and TAU. Emotional regulation appeared to act as a mediator as improvements in parental emotional regulation post-treatment appeared to be associated with greater reductions in child abuse potential at 6-month follow up. Notably, participation in the PuP programme led to better parental emotional regulation compared with TAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Dawe
- School of PsychologyGriffith UniversityBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Paul Harnett
- School of Criminology and Criminal JusticeGriffith UniversityBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Matthew J. Gullo
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use ResearchUniversity of QueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Jane Barlow
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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28
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Nordenswan E, Deater-Deckard K, Karrasch M, Laine M, Kataja EL, Holmberg E, Eskola E, Hakanen H, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Korja R. Maternal Executive Functioning, Emotional Availability and Psychological Distress During Toddlerhood: A FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:735734. [PMID: 34690890 PMCID: PMC8533223 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functioning (EF) is one of the building blocks in parental caregiving behavior, and contextual variables have been reported to moderate the link between EF and caregiving behavior. Although psychological distress due to various factors is prevalent during early parenthood and is negatively associated with adult EF, it is not known whether psychological distress influences the maternal EF/caregiving link. This study explored the association between maternal EF and caregiving behavior (more specifically, Emotional Availability/EA), and whether single and cumulative maternal psychological distress domains moderated the EF/EA association in a general population sample of 137 Finnish birth cohort mothers with 2.5-year-old children. EF was measured with a composite of five computerized Cogstate tasks, EA with the Emotional Availability Scales, and three psychological distress domains with self-report questionnaires (depression: EPDS, anxiety: SCL-90, insomnia: AIS). Better EF was significantly associated with more positive, sensitive caregiving, but this association was no longer significant when controlling for education level. Neither individual nor cumulative distress domains moderated the EF/EA association significantly, although the observed moderation effects were in the expected direction. These findings suggest that EF should be recognized alongside socioemotional factors as variables that are associated with parental caregiving behavior during toddlerhood. Furthermore, if the non-significant moderation results are replicated, they indicate that mothers in community samples are not at great risk for psychological distress that would compromise their capacity to utilize their EF while caring for their child. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, as well as to examine these associations among fathers and in samples that have higher levels of chronic stressors. Studies with more diverse samples in terms of distress levels and EF performance would provide further insight into early childhood parenting and its risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Nordenswan
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Mira Karrasch
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Laine
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva-Leena Kataja
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva Holmberg
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva Eskola
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hetti Hakanen
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Korja
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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29
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Stressed out and fed up: The effect of stress on maternal feeding behaviors and the moderating role of executive function. Appetite 2021; 168:105762. [PMID: 34666137 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress is associated with a range of unhealthy eating habits, yet few studies have examined how stress may influence the intergenerational transmission of eating habits from parents to their children. Specifically, there is a lack of data regarding the role of stress on feeding practices. Moreover, most work investigating the associations between parental stress and their feeding behaviors has been correlational, limiting our understanding of causality. In the current study, we used an experimental design, induced high and low stress in mothers using a standard laboratory stressor, and observed mother-child interactions during a snack break. We also examined the potential role of maternal executive functioning (EF) for buffering the effects of stress on maternal feeding behaviors. Levels of maternal stress were manipulated with the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST) in a community sample (N = 80 dyads, Child Mage = 41.89 months, female = 43). We measured maternal EF with a series of computerized tasks. Maternal feeding behaviors were coded for controlling behaviors, which included pressuring and restricting behaviors. Results indicate a main effect of stress on controlling feeding behaviors, such that mothers in the high-stress condition exhibited higher levels of controlling behaviors. The effect of stress on controlling feeding behaviors was ameliorated among mothers with higher levels of EF after controlling for child age and income. Results provide causal evidence for the role of stress on feeding behaviors and suggest EF as a factor to be considered in the treatment and prevention of diet-related illnesses.
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30
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Amiel Castro R, Kunovac Kallak T, Sundström Poromaa I, Willebrand M, Lager S, Ehlert U, Skalkidou A. Pregnancy-related hormones and COMT genotype: Associations with maternal working memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105361. [PMID: 34333317 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Women experience different degrees of subjective cognitive changes during pregnancy. The exact mechanism underlying these changes is unknown, although endocrine alterations and genetics may be contributing factors. We investigated whether multiple pregnancy-related hormones were associated with working memory function assessed with the Digit Span Test (DST) in late pregnancy. Moreover, we examined whether the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype, previously related to working memory, was an effect modifier in this association. In this population-based panel study, we recorded psychiatric history, medication use, socio-demographic characteristics, and psychological well-being, gathered blood and saliva samples, and administered the DST at gestational weeks 35-39 (N = 216). We conducted multivariate linear regressions with DST as outcome, with different hormones and COMT genotype, adjusting for covariates including maternal age, BMI, education, depressive symptoms, and parity. We repeated these analyses excluding women with elevated depressive symptoms. Higher DST total scores were associated with increased free estradiol concentrations (B = 0.01, p = 0.03; B = 0.01, p = 0.02) in all participants and in participants without depressive symptoms, respectively, whereas DST forward was positively associated with free estradiol only in women without depressive symptoms (B = 0.01, p = 0.04). Lower total testosterone concentrations (B = -0.03, p = 0.01) enhanced DST backward performance in non-depressed women. Maternal higher education was significantly associated with the DST subscales in all participants. No significant differences emerged when considering the COMT genotype. Our results suggest differential associations of free estradiol and total testosterone levels with working memory function in late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Amiel Castro
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Binzmühlestrasse 14/26, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Theodora Kunovac Kallak
- Uppsala University, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14B, 1 tr, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Sundström Poromaa
- Uppsala University, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14B, 1 tr, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mimmie Willebrand
- Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, Akademiska sjukhuset 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Lager
- Uppsala University, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14B, 1 tr, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Binzmühlestrasse 14/26, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alkistis Skalkidou
- Uppsala University, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14B, 1 tr, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
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Andrews K, Dunn JR, Prime H, Duku E, Atkinson L, Tiwari A, Gonzalez A. Effects of household chaos and parental responsiveness on child executive functions: a novel, multi-method approach. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:147. [PMID: 34548106 PMCID: PMC8456676 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Executive functions can be adversely affected by contextual risks in the home environment including chaos and parenting challenges. Furthermore, household chaos negatively influences parenting practices. Few studies, however, have examined the role of parenting in the association between household chaos and child executive functions. Methods Using a sample of 128 school-aged children (mean = 61.9 months, SD = 2.0, range 58–68 months) and their mothers, the present study examined direct and indirect effects (via parental responsiveness) of household chaos on child executive functioning. Multi-measures were used including performance-based assessments, behavioural observations, questionnaires, and video-home tours. Results Household chaos had both a direct effect on child executive functions (β = − .31, 95% CI [− .58, − .04]) and an indirect effect (β = − .05, 95% [− .13, − .01]) via parental responsiveness. Further, the indirect effect was only significant for household instability. Conclusion These findings indicate that parental responsiveness may be compromised by household chaos, with implications for the executive functions of school-aged children. Preventative strategies are needed to improve the stability in the home and strengthen parenting practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta Andrews
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, MIP 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - James R Dunn
- Department of Health, Aging, and Society, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Heather Prime
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Eric Duku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, MIP 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Leslie Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Ashwini Tiwari
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, MIP 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. .,Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Crouch JL, Davila AL, Holzman JB, Hiraoka R, Rutledge E, Bridgett DJ, Milner JS, Skowronski JJ. Perceived Executive Functioning in Parents at Risk for Child Physical Abuse. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:8874-8884. [PMID: 31130041 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519851185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that deficits in executive functioning are associated with negative parenting behaviors. However, limited research has examined the link between executive functioning and risk for child physical abuse (CPA) perpetration. Early studies examining executive functioning in parents at risk for perpetrating CPA relied on performance-based measures, which are designed to occur under carefully controlled conditions and may not capture difficulties experienced under less optimal conditions (e.g., during chaotic caregiving situations). Moreover, prior studies examining executive functioning in parents at risk for perpetrating CPA have relied on small samples comprised of only mothers. To advance our understanding of the linkage between executive functioning and CPA risk, the present study examined perceived deficits in executive functioning in a sample of general population mothers and fathers (N = 98) using a standardized self-report measure of executive functioning, namely, the adult version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-A). Parents were classified as low CPA risk or high CPA risk using the Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Compared with low-risk parents, high-risk parents had higher rates of clinical elevations on several BRIEF-A subscales, namely, Working Memory Problems, Emotional Control Difficulties, and Difficulties Shifting Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors. These findings highlight the potential importance of assessing and strengthening executive functioning in interventions designed to reduce risk of parent-to-child aggression.
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33
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Chen WY, Lee Y. Mother's exposure to domestic and community violence and its association with child's behavioral outcomes. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:2623-2638. [PMID: 33465244 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential cumulative effect of maternal exposure to violence both at home and in community on children. This study used the data (N = 2506) from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. We found that maternal nonphysical victimization, either by witnessing violence in the community or by experiencing psychological domestic violence, had a direct negative effect on children's depression and anxiety. Maternal nonphysical victimization also indirectly elevated child's aggression through mother's use of psychological and physical aggression toward the child. Witnessing community violence by mothers, directly and indirectly, worsened the child's withdrawal behaviors through the mother's psychological aggression toward the child. Mother's direct victimization by community violence and physical domestic violence was not related to child's behavioral outcomes after controlling for other risk factors. This study points to important considerations for devising intervention and prevention for mothers and children. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yi Chen
- Department of Graduate Social Work, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yookyong Lee
- Department of Social Work, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Taubman-Ben-Ari O, Ben-Yaakov O, Chasson M. Parenting stress among new parents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 117:105080. [PMID: 33930664 PMCID: PMC9754858 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of COVID-19 has forced parents to deal with a challenging crisis, which may have increased their stress levels, negatively affecting their parenting and putting their infants at risk of abuse. OBJECTIVE To examine the contribution of the pandemic to parenting stress, exploring differences in parenting stress among new parents before and during the crisis, the role of background and personal variables, and the possibility that the study phase moderated the associations of gender and personal resources with parenting stress. METHOD Israeli parents (n = 1591) whose first child was 3-12 months old were recruited twice through social media: in 2019, before the spread of COVID-19 (n = 985); and in March 2020, during the pandemic (n = 606). RESULTS Sociodemographic variables, perception of the childbirth as traumatic, lower meaning in life, higher search for meaning, less marital satisfaction, and study phase all contributed to greater parenting stress. In addition, the association between gender and stress was moderated by study phase, with fathers reporting a greater increase in stress during the pandemic. Moreover, only during the pandemic did fathers report higher parenting stress than mothers. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the vulnerability of new parents of young infants to parenting stress during the crisis, and the special attention which should be paid to fathers. They indicate the value of strengthening meaning in life and preserving good marital relationships as resources that help to cope with the heightened parenting stress at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ofir Ben-Yaakov
- The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
| | - Miriam Chasson
- The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
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35
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Chen SH, Deng XF, Zhang E, Wang LK, Liu CH. Self-Regulatory Development in Children from Chinese Immigrant Families: Evidence for Commonality and Specificity. Child Dev 2021; 92:e1126-e1137. [PMID: 34138465 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A central theme of acculturative specificity is the heterogeneity of the immigrant experience. This study integrated this application of the Specificity Principle with intergenerational transmission models of self-regulation and identified both common and specific pathways in the self-regulatory development of Chinese American children in immigrant families (N = 169, Mage = 9.2 years). Consistent with intergenerational transmission models, results indicated associations between parents' and children's effortful control, with the mediation of these associations via authoritarian parenting. Parental education, family income, and children's bilingual proficiency were also uniquely associated with children's executive function and effortful control. Together, findings provide new directions for research with ethnic minority immigrant families, and underscore the utility of within-group approaches in advancing research on ethnic minority children's development.
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36
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Nutrition, Cognition, and Social Emotion among Preschoolers in Poor, Rural Areas of South Central China: Status and Correlates. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041322. [PMID: 33923756 PMCID: PMC8074246 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing empirical evidence suggests that the prevalence of undernutrition in remote and poor, rural areas is still high among Chinese children. While evidence reveals that undernutrition may detrimentally affect child development, studies focusing on rural Chinese preschoolers are sparse. Using the baseline survey of a preschool's free nutritious lunch pilot program, this study examined the relationship between child undernutrition and developmental outcomes among a preschool-aged sample in poor, rural areas of China. We conducted the baseline survey in Hunan province in south central China in September 2018. A total of 1293 preschoolers living in two (then) nationally designated poverty counties in rural Hunan served as our study sample. Children's nutritional statuses were measured using height-for-age z-score, weight-for-age z-score, and anemia, while their cognitive and socio-emotional skills were assessed using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), respectively. We find that 33% of sample preschoolers were anemic, whereas the incidences of stunting and wasting were 11% and 2%, respectively. About 54% of the sample children had delay in at least one of the developmental domains measured in this study. Our findings provide suggestive evidence supporting that children from certain backgrounds tend to experience worse nutritional and developmental outcomes than their counterparts. After controlling for socioeconomic status, we observed that both anemia and stunting were negatively associated with children's cognitive performance; however, they were not associated with socio-emotional performance. As such, this study suggests that free lunch programs have the potential to change children's developmental trajectory in preschool. We believe that our results will contribute to the debate surrounding whether the nutritious lunch program in China should be expanded to the preschool education level.
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37
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PCIT engagement and persistence among child welfare-involved families: Associations with harsh parenting, physiological reactivity, and social cognitive processes at intake. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 34:1618-1635. [PMID: 33766186 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parent-Child interaction therapy (PCIT) has been shown to improve positive, responsive parenting and lower risk for child maltreatment (CM), including among families who are already involved in the child welfare system. However, higher risk families show higher rates of treatment attrition, limiting effectiveness. In N = 120 child welfare families randomized to PCIT, we tested behavioral and physiological markers of parent self-regulation and socio-cognitive processes assessed at pre-intervention as predictors of retention in PCIT. Results of multinomial logistic regressions indicate that parents who declined treatment displayed more negative parenting, greater perceptions of child responsibility and control in adult-child transactions, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) increases to a positive dyadic interaction task, and RSA withdrawal to a challenging, dyadic toy clean-up task. Increased odds of dropout during PCIT's child-directed interaction phase were associated with greater parent attentional bias to angry facial cues on an emotional go/no-go task. Hostile attributions about one's child predicted risk for dropout during the parent-directed interaction phase, and readiness for change scores predicted higher odds of treatment completion. Implications for intervening with child welfare-involved families are discussed along with study limitations.
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38
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Woods KE, Mazursky-Horowitz H, Thomas SR, Dougherty LR, Chronis-Tuscano A. The Unique Effects of Maternal ADHD Symptoms and Emotion Dysregulation on Parenting Behavior. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:672-684. [PMID: 30762448 DOI: 10.1177/1087054719829820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Separate literatures have examined the associations between maternal ADHD symptoms and parenting and maternal emotion regulation (ER) and parenting. This study examined the effects of both maternal ADHD symptoms and ER on parenting. Method: This cross-sectional study used a multi-method evaluation of parenting behavior to examine the independent and interactive effects of maternal ADHD symptoms and ER on self-reported and observed parenting among 79 demographically diverse families of 5- to 10-year-old children. Results: There were significant main effects of maternal ER difficulties on negative parenting and of maternal ADHD symptoms on harsh responses to children's negative emotions. Maternal ADHD symptoms and ER were not significantly associated with positive parenting behavior. No interaction effects were observed. Conclusion: Maternal ADHD symptoms and emotion dysregulation may uniquely contribute to parenting difficulties. Maternal ADHD symptoms were associated with difficulties responding to children's negative emotions, whereas maternal ER was associated with difficulties with discipline practices.
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39
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Zaidman-Zait A, Shilo I. Parental ADHD Symptoms and Inhibitory Control in Relation to Parenting Among Mothers of Children With and Without ADHD. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:389-402. [PMID: 30442044 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718808063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The study examined how the interplay between maternal ADHD symptoms and maternal inhibitory control and child ADHD is related to parenting behaviors. Method: The sample included 141 mothers and their 8- to 12-year-old children, 61 children with ADHD and 80 without. Parenting was measured using self-reports (i.e., overreactive and lax parenting) and observation (i.e., negative and supportive parenting). Maternal inhibitory control was measured using a neurocognitive task. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to predict parenting, controlling for child sex, conduct behaviors, and parenting distress. Results: Interactions between maternal ADHD symptoms and maternal inhibitory control suggested that hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were linked to parenting negativity only when inhibitory control was low, and maternal inattention symptoms were related to lax parenting only when maternal inhibitory control was high or when children did not have ADHD. Conclusion: Results indicate the importance of maternal regulation processes in the mechanisms linking maternal ADHD with parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Zaidman-Zait
- Tel Aviv University, Israel.,The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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40
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Jespersen JE, Morris AS, Hubbs-Tait L, Washburn IJ. Evaluation of a Parent Education Program Emphasizing Responsive Parenting and Mindfulness: An Inclusive Randomized Controlled Trial. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-021-09597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Bayly BL, Bierman KL. Profiles of Dysregulation Moderate the Impact of Preschool Teacher-Student Relationships on Elementary School Functioning. EARLY EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2021; 33:164-182. [PMID: 34898959 PMCID: PMC8655434 DOI: 10.1080/10409289.2020.1865785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Children's readiness to handle the expectations of elementary school depends heavily on their self-regulation skills. Self-regulation includes both cognitive and behavioral elements; however, past studies have typically looked at cognitive and behavioral self-regulation in isolation or as a composite score rather than examining self-regulation profiles. Conceptually, a profile characterized by pervasive cognitive and behavioral self-regulation difficulties may have different developmental roots than a profile limited to behavioral regulation difficulties and children displaying these different profiles likely require different intervention supports. In the current study, latent profile analysis (LPA) with cognitive and behavioral self-regulation indicators revealed four unique self-regulation profiles for preschool children (N=566): Pervasive Dysregulation (cognitively and behaviorally dysregulated), Behavioral Dysregulation (behaviorally dysregulated only), Average Self-Regulation, and High Self-Regulation. Latent moderational analyses testing the interaction between latent profile membership and preschool teacher-student relationship indicated that while both the Pervasive and Behavioral Dysregulation group were at increased risk for less desirable kindergarten and 2nd grade outcomes, this risk was offset to a greater extant for children from the Behavioral Dysregulation profile when they experienced a close, non-conflictual teacher-student relationship in preschool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Bayly
- Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, Pennsylvania State University
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42
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Deater-Deckard K, Chary M, McQuillan ME, Staples AD, Bates JE. Mothers' sleep deficits and cognitive performance: Moderation by stress and age. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241188. [PMID: 33411778 PMCID: PMC7790244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are well-known associations between stress, poor sleep, and cognitive deficits, but little is known about their interactive effects, which the present study explored in a sample of mothers of toddlers. Since certain types of cognitive decline start during the 20s and continue into later ages, we also explored whether mothers’ age interacted with stress and sleep in the prediction of cognitive functioning. We hypothesized that poorer sleep [measured using one week of 24-hour wrist actigraphy data] and having more chronic stressors [e.g., life events, household chaos, work/family role conflict] would be linked with poorer cognitive performance [both executive function and standardized cognitive ability tasks], and that the interactive combination of poorer sleep and more stressors would account for the effect. We also explored whether this process operated differently for younger versus older women. In a socioeconomically and geographically diverse community sample of 227 women with toddler-age children [age, M = 32.73 yrs, SD = 5.15 yrs], poorer cognitive performance was predicted by greater activity during the sleep period, shorter sleep duration, and lower night-to-night consistency in sleep; it was not associated with higher levels of stress. The interactive effects hypothesis was supported for sleep activity [fragmented sleep] and sleep timing [when mothers went to bed]. The combination of more exposure to stressors and frequent night waking was particularly deleterious for older women’s performance. For younger women, going to bed late was associated with poorer performance if they were experiencing high levels of stress; for those experiencing low levels of stress, going to bed late was associated with better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby Deater-Deckard
- University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mamatha Chary
- University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Maureen E. McQuillan
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Angela D. Staples
- Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John E. Bates
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
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La Barrie D, Hardy RA, Clendinen C, Jain J, Bradley B, Teer AP, Michopoulos V, Vance LA, Hinrichs R, Jovanovic T, Fani N. Maternal influences on binge eating behaviors in children. Psychiatry Res 2021; 295:113600. [PMID: 33290943 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating in childhood has been linked to adverse future health outcomes. Parental factors, such as parents' emotion regulation and executive functioning, are likely to influence children's self-regulatory behaviors, including eating. Executive functioning describes a range of higher-order cognitive functions such as planning, abstraction, inhibitory control and working memory, which involves the ability to learn, update and manipulate new information while managing distractions. No studies have examined associations between maternal emotion regulation and executive functioning and the child's maladaptive eating patterns, which was the goal of the present study. Forty-eight mother and child pairs completed self-report clinical measures of emotion dysregulation and attentional control, and mothers completed a brief neuropsychological battery, which included executive functioning measures. Child's disordered eating was measured with the Child Binge Eating Disorder Scale. Linear regression results indicated that mother's performance on a working memory task and child's emotion dysregulation was significantly associated with child's binge eating symptoms (R 2 = 0.34). These data, which reveal that maternal executive functioning is associated with self-regulatory behaviors in children, indicate a possible mechanism through which maladaptive eating behaviors may emerge early in development. This relationship merits further exploration in larger-scale prospective intergenerational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique La Barrie
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States.
| | - Raven A Hardy
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States.
| | - Cherita Clendinen
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States.
| | - Jahnvi Jain
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States.
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States; Atlanta VA Medical Center, United States.
| | - Andrew P Teer
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States.
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - L Alexander Vance
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | - Rebecca Hinrichs
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States.
| | | | - Negar Fani
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of mental health problems among preschoolers in rural China and examine the relationship between dietary diversity and mental health. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey analysis was performed. Child mental health was assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Child dietary diversity was assessed with the dietary diversity score (DDS), which was calculated based on nine food groups using a 24-h recall method. Data were analysed using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models. SETTING Two nationally designated poverty counties in Hunan Province of China. PARTICIPANTS Preschoolers (n 1334) aged 3-5 years, preschools (n 26). RESULTS Of 950 preschoolers with data on both dietary diversity and mental health, 663 (70 %) were classified as having at least one kind of mental health problem. The prevalences of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, symptoms of hyperactive/inattention, peer relationship problems and poor prosocial behaviour were 39, 27, 23, 12 and 26 %, respectively. Male preschoolers showed higher risks of having mental health problems than their female counterparts on each SDQ subscale except for conduct problems. Moreover, a higher DDS was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of having symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems and prosocial behaviour problems after adjustment for confounders (preschoolers' age, gender, cognitive ability, parental migration status, primary caregiver's education and household socio-economic status). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of mental health problems was high among preschoolers in rural China. Improving child dietary diversity might be an important strategy to consider in the design of interventions to improve child mental health.
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45
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Hong Y, McCormick SA, Deater-Deckard K, Calkins SD, Bell MA. Household Chaos, Parental Responses to Emotion, and Child Emotion Regulation in Middle Childhood. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 30:786-805. [PMID: 34334970 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parents' responses to children's negative emotional states play a key role in the socialization of emotion regulation skills in childhood. Much of the prior research on child ER has focused on early development using cross-sectional designs. The current study addresses these gaps by using a longitudinal design to examine individual differences of ER at two times points in middle childhood. We examined the development of children's ER by testing hypotheses about the interplay of parent response to emotions and household chaos in the prediction of individual differences in children's ER. Participants were the mothers of children at 6 and 9 years of age among 224 families in a socioeconomically diverse sample that was part of an ongoing longitudinal study. Mothers completed questionnaires regarding themselves, their children, and their home environment. Mothers' reports of better child ER at both time points were positively associated with mothers' more supportive responses and negatively associated with mothers' less non-supportive responses, as well as lower household chaos. Chaos statistically moderated the link between non-supportive parental responses to emotion and child ER, but only at 6 years of age. The strength of the link between child ER and non-supportive parental responses to emotions was strong only at lower levels of household chaos. At the beginning of middle childhood, family processes linking parent responses to child emotions and children's developing ER may not function at higher levels of household chaos.
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Chen SH, Cohodes E, Bush NR, Lieberman AF. Child and caregiver executive function in trauma-exposed families: Relations with children’s behavioral and cognitive functioning. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 200:104946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Friedman LM, Dvorsky MR, McBurnett K, Pfiffner LJ. Do Parents' ADHD Symptoms Affect Treatment for their Children? The Impact of Parental ADHD on Adherence to Behavioral Parent Training for Childhood ADHD. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1425-1437. [PMID: 32813210 PMCID: PMC7567125 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nearly half of all youth with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have at least one parent who also meets criteria for the disorder, and intergenerational ADHD is a significant risk factor for poor outcomes following evidence-based behavioral parent training (BPT) programs. Given that BPT is predicated on consistent parental involvement, symptoms of ADHD in parents may be a significant barrier to effective engagement with BPT treatment. In the present investigation, we examine the effect of parental ADHD symptoms on BPT treatment engagement for children with ADHD-predominantly inattentive presentation (N = 148, ages 7-11). We examine the following parent- and clinician-rated treatment engagement domains: between-session skill adherence, in-session participation, perceived skill understanding, treatment-engagement attitudes, and session attendance. Parent- and clinician-rated between-session adherence was the only treatment engagement domain related significantly to parental ADHD symptoms. This finding was robust and remained even after accounting for symptoms of parental anxiety and depression, child ADHD symptom severity, and various sociodemographic factors (parental education level, household income, employment status, and being a single parent). These findings suggest that targeting parental ADHD symptoms in the context of parenting interventions may be a promising approach for improving adherence and treatment outcomes for BPT interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith McBurnett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
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48
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Maternal working memory, emotion regulation, and responsivity to infant distress. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Jacques DT, Sturge-Apple ML, Davies PT, Cicchetti D. Maternal alcohol dependence and harsh caregiving across parenting contexts: The moderating role of child negative emotionality. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:1509-1523. [PMID: 31735197 PMCID: PMC7231671 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parental alcohol dependence is a significant risk factor for harsh caregiving behaviors; however, it is unknown whether and how harsh caregiving changes over time and across parenting contexts for alcohol-dependent mothers. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no studies have examined whether and how distinct dimensions of child characteristics, such as negative emotionality modulate harsh caregiving among alcohol-dependent mothers. Guided by parenting process models, the present study examined how two distinct domains of children's negative emotionality-fear and frustration-moderate the association between maternal alcohol dependence and maternal harshness across discipline and free-play contexts. A high-risk sample of 201 mothers and their two-year-old children were studied over a one-year period. Results from latent difference score analyses indicated that harsh parenting among alcohol-dependent mothers increased over time in the more stressful discipline context, but not in the parent-child play context. This effect was maintained even after controlling for other parenting risk factors, including other forms of maternal psychopathology. Furthermore, this increase in harsh parenting was specific to alcohol-dependent mothers whose children were displaying high levels of anger and frustration. Findings provide support for specificity in conceptualizations of child negative emotionality and parenting contexts as potential determinants of maladaptive caregiving among alcohol-dependent mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick T Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Mothers' and fathers' self-regulation capacity, dysfunctional attributions and hostile parenting during early adolescence: A process-oriented approach. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:229-241. [PMID: 30773151 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The parent-child relationship undergoes substantial reorganization over the transition to adolescence. Navigating this change is a challenge for parents because teens desire more behavioral autonomy as well as input in decision-making processes. Although it has been demonstrated that changes in parental socialization approaches facilitates adolescent adjustment, very little work has been devoted to understanding the underlying mechanisms supporting parents' abilities to adjust caregiving during this period. Guided by self-regulation models of parenting, the present study examined how parental physiological and cognitive regulatory capacities were associated with hostile and insensitive parent conflict behavior over time. From a process-oriented perspective, we tested the explanatory role of parents' dysfunctional child-oriented attributions in this association. A sample of 193 fathers, mothers, and their early adolescent (ages 12-14) participated in laboratory-based research assessments spaced approximately 1 year apart. Parental physiological regulation was measured using square root of the mean of successive differences during a conflict task; cognitive regulation was indicated by set-shifting capacity. Results showed that parental difficulties in vagal regulation during parent-adolescent conflict were associated with increased hostile conflict behavior over time; however, greater set-shifting capacity moderated this association for fathers only. In turn, father's dysfunctional attributions regarding adolescent behavior mediated the moderating effect. The results highlight how models of self-regulation and social cognition may explain the determinants of hostile parenting with differential implications for fathers during adolescence.
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