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Rasmussen M, Jin JP. Mechanoregulation and function of calponin and transgelin. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:011302. [PMID: 38515654 PMCID: PMC10954348 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that chemical energy can be converted to mechanical force in biological systems by motor proteins such as myosin ATPase. It is also broadly observed that constant/static mechanical signals potently induce cellular responses. However, the mechanisms that cells sense and convert the mechanical force into biochemical signals are not well understood. Calponin and transgelin are a family of homologous proteins that participate in the regulation of actin-activated myosin motor activity. An isoform of calponin, calponin 2, has been shown to regulate cytoskeleton-based cell motility functions under mechanical signaling. The expression of the calponin 2 gene and the turnover of calponin 2 protein are both under mechanoregulation. The regulation and function of calponin 2 has physiological and pathological significance, as shown in platelet adhesion, inflammatory arthritis, arterial atherosclerosis, calcific aortic valve disease, post-surgical fibrotic peritoneal adhesion, chronic proteinuria, ovarian insufficiency, and tumor metastasis. The levels of calponin 2 vary in different cell types, reflecting adaptations to specific tissue environments and functional states. The present review focuses on the mechanoregulation of calponin and transgelin family proteins to explore how cells sense steady tension and convert the force signal to biochemical activities. Our objective is to present a current knowledge basis for further investigations to establish the function and mechanisms of calponin and transgelin in cellular mechanoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rasmussen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
| | - J.-P. Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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2
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Hsieh TB, Jin JP. Evolution and function of calponin and transgelin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1206147. [PMID: 37363722 PMCID: PMC10285543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1206147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calponin and transgelin (originally named SM22) are homologous cytoskeleton proteins that regulate actin-activated myosin motor functions in smooth muscle contraction and non-muscle cell motility during adhesion, migration, proliferation, phagocytosis, wound healing, and inflammatory responses. They are abundant cytoskeleton proteins present in multiple cell types whereas their physiological functions remain to be fully established. This focused review summarizes the evolution of genes encoding calponin and transgelin and their isoforms and discusses the structural similarity and divergence in vertebrate and invertebrate species in the context of functions in regulating cell motility. As the first literature review focusing on the evolution of the calponin-transgelin family of proteins in relevance to their structure-function relationship, the goal is to outline a foundation of current knowledge for continued investigations to understand the biological functions of calponin and transgelin in various cell types during physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Bou Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - J.-P. Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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3
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Zhou H, Ke J, Liu C, Zhu M, Xiao B, Wang Q, Hou R, Zheng Y, Wu Y, Zhou X, Chen X, Pan H. Potential prognostic and immunotherapeutic value of calponin 1: A pan-cancer analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1184250. [PMID: 37153789 PMCID: PMC10160448 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence has suggested a pro-oncogenic role of calponin 1 (CNN1) in the initiation of a variety of cancers. Despite this, CNN1 remains unknown in terms of its effects and mechanisms on angiogenesis, prognosis, and immunology in cancer. Materials and Methods: The expression of CNN1 was extracted and analyzed using the TIMER, UALCAN, and GEPIA databases. Meanwhile, we analyzed the diagnostic value of CNN1 by using PrognoScan and Kaplan-Meier plots. To elucidate the value of CNN1 in immunotherapy, we used the TIMER 2.0 database, TISIDB database, and Sangerbox database. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to analyze the expression pattern and bio-progression of CNN1 and the vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) in cancer. The expressions of CNN1 and VEGF in gastric cancer were confirmed using immunohistochemistry. We used Cox regression analysis to investigate the association between pathological characteristics, clinical prognosis, and CNN1 and VEGF expressions in patients with gastric cancer. Results: CNN1 expression was higher in normal tissues than it was in tumor tissues of most types of cancers. However, the expression level rebounds during the development of tumors. High levels of CNN1 indicate a poor prognosis for 11 tumors, which include stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). There is a relationship between CNN1 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and the marker genes NRP1 and TNFRSF14 of TILs are significantly related to CNN1 expression in gastric cancers. The GSEA results confirmed the lower expression of CNN1 in tumors when compared to normal tissues. However, CNN1 again showed an increasing trend during tumor development. In addition, the results also suggest that CNN1 is involved in angiogenesis. The immunohistochemistry results validated the GSEA result (take gastric cancer as an example). Cox analysis suggested that high CNN1 expression and high VEGF expression are closely associated with poor clinical prognosis. Conclusion: Our study has shown that CNN1 expression is aberrantly elevated in various cancers and positively correlates with angiogenesis and the immune checkpoint, contributing to cancer progression and poor prognosis. These results suggest that CNN1 could serve as a promising candidate for pan-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Zhou
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Ke
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Gaozhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gaozhou, China
| | - Changhua Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menglu Zhu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bijuan Xiao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Namyue Natural Medicine Co., Ltd., Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | | | - Yongqiang Wu
- Gaozhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gaozhou, China
| | | | - Xinlin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huafeng Pan, ; Xinlin Chen,
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Huafeng Pan, ; Xinlin Chen,
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4
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Zhao W, Sun J, Yao LY, Hang D, Li YQ, Chen CP, Zhou YW, Chen X, Tao T, Wei LS, Zheng YY, Ge X, Li CJ, Xin ZC, Pan Y, Wang XZ, He WQ, Zhang XN, Yao B, Zhu MS. MYPT1 reduction is a pathogenic factor of erectile dysfunction. Commun Biol 2022; 5:744. [PMID: 35879418 PMCID: PMC9314386 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is closely associated with smooth muscle dysfunction, but its underlying mechanisms remains incompletely understood. We here reported that the reduced expression of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), the main regulatory unit of myosin light chain phosphatase, was critical for the development of vasculogenic ED. Male MYPT1 knockout mice had reduced fertility and the penises displayed impaired erections as evidenced by reduced intracavernous pressure (ICP). The penile smooth muscles of the knockout mice displayed enhanced response to G-Protein Couple Receptor agonism and depolarization contractility and resistant relaxation. We further identified a natural compound lotusine that increased the MYPT1 expression by inhibiting SIAH1/2 E3 ligases-mediated protein degradation. This compound sufficiently restored the ICP and improved histological characters of the penile artery of Mypt1 haploinsufficiency mice. In diabetic ED mice (db/db), the decreased expression of MYPT1 was measured, and ICP was improved by lotusine treatment. We conclude that the reduction of MYPT1 is the major pathogenic factor of vasculogenic ED. The restoration of MYPT1 by lotusine improved the function of injured penile smooth muscles, and could be a novel strategy for ED therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang-Yu Yao
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Hang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye-Qiong Li
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhou
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Sha Wei
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zheng
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xie Ge
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Xin
- Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Zhu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Qi He
- Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-Na Zhang
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bing Yao
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- Jinling Hospital Department of Reproductive Medical Center affiliated Sch Med, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Jeong ES, Park BH, Lee S, Jang JH. Construction and Evaluation of Recombinant Chimeric Fibrillin and Elastin Fragment in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 29:176-183. [PMID: 34875983 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666211207110043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins physically interact with stem cells and regulate stem cell function. However, the large molecular weight of the natural ECM renders large-scale fabrication of a similar functional structure challenging. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to construct a low molecular weight and multifunctional chimeric form of recombinant ECM to stimulate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) for tissue repair. We engineered Fibrillin-1PF14 fused to an elastin-like polypeptide to develop a new biomimetic ECM for stem cell differentiation and investigated whether this recombinant chimeric Fibrillin-Elastin fragment (rcFE) was effective on human nasal inferior turbinate-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hTMSCs). METHODS hTMSCs were grown in the medium supplemented with rcFE, then the effect of the protein was confirmed through cell adhesion assay, proliferation assay, and real-time PCR. RESULTS rcFE enhanced the adhesion activity of hTMSCs by 2.7-fold at the optimal concentration, and the proliferation activity was 2.6-fold higher than that of the control group (non-treatment rcFE). In addition, when smooth muscle cell differentiation markers were identified by real-time PCR, Calponin increased about 6-fold, α-actin about 9-fold, and MYH11 about 10-fold compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Chimeric rcFE enhanced cellular functions such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and smooth muscle differentiation of hTMSCs, suggesting that the rcFE can facilitate the induction of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Seung Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212. Korea
| | - Bo-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212. Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212. Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeog Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212. Korea
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Ono S. Diversification of the calponin family proteins by gene amplification and repeat expansion of calponin-like motifs. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:199-205. [PMID: 34333878 PMCID: PMC8958760 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The calponin family proteins in vertebrates, including calponin and transgelin (also known as SM22 or NP25), regulate actin-myosin interaction and actin filament stability and are involved in regulation of muscle contractility and cell migration. Related proteins are also present in invertebrates and fungi. Animals have multiple genes encoding calponin family proteins with variable molecular features, which are often expressed in the same tissues or cells. However, functional studies of this class of proteins have been reported only in limited species. Through database searches, I found that the calponin family proteins were diversified in animals by gene amplification and repeat expansion of calponin-like (CLIK) motifs, which function as actin-binding sequences. Transgelin-like proteins with a single CLIK motif are the most primitive type and present in fungi and animals. In many animals, additional calponin family proteins containing multiple CLIK motifs, as represented by vertebrate calponins with three CLIK motifs, are present. Interestingly, in several invertebrate species, there are uncharacterized calponin-related proteins with highly expanded repeats of CLIK motifs (up to 23 repeats in mollusks). These variable molecular features of the calponin family proteins may be results of evolutionary adaptation to a broad range of cell biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Ono
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Zhao W, Wang P, He W, Tao T, Li H, Li Y, Jiang W, Sun J, Ge X, Chen X, Zheng Y, Wei L, Chen C, Wang Y, Li C, Chen H, Yao B, Tang W, Zhu M. MYPT1 Down-regulation by Lipopolysaccharide-SIAH1/2 E3 Ligase-Ubiquitin-Proteasomal Degradation Contributes to Colonic Obstruction of Hirschsprung Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:345-347.e6. [PMID: 31759145 PMCID: PMC6997446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Key Words
- anova, analysis of variance
- cir, circular
- d, dilated
- haec, hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis
- hd, hirschsprung disease
- long, longitudinal
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- n, narrow
- rlc, regulatory light chain
- snp, sodium nitroprusside
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Reproductive Medical Center, Jinling Hospital Affiliated Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - P Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - W He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - T Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - W Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - X Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - C Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - C Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Chen
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - B Yao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Jinling Hospital Affiliated Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - W Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - M Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and the Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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8
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Feng HZ, Wang H, Takahashi K, Jin JP. Double deletion of calponin 1 and calponin 2 in mice decreases systemic blood pressure with blunted length-tension response of aortic smooth muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 129:49-57. [PMID: 30707993 PMCID: PMC6486848 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calponin is a family of actin filament-associated regulatory proteins. Among its three isoforms, calponin 1 is smooth muscle specific and calponin 2 is expressed in smooth muscle and certain non-muscle cells. Previous studies showed that calponin 1 knockout mice had detectable changes in the contractility of urogenital smooth muscle whereas other smooth muscles were less affected. To investigate the possibility that calponins 1 and 2 have overlapping functions in smooth muscle, we examined the effect of double knockout of calponin 1 and calponin 2 genes (Cnn1 and Cnn2) on smooth muscle functions. The results showed for the first time that calponin 1 and calponin 2 double knockout in mice does not cause lethality. The double knockout mice showed decreased systemic blood pressure, decreased force development and blunted length tension response in endothelial-removed aortic rings. A compensatory increase of calponin 1 was found in smooth muscle of Cnn2-/- mice but not vice versa. Cnn1-/- and Cnn2-/- double knockout aortic smooth muscle exhibits faster relaxation than that of wild type control. Double deletion or co-suppression of calponin 1 and calponin 2 in vascular smooth muscle to blunt myogenic response may present a novel approach to develop new treatment for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhong Feng
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Katsuhito Takahashi
- Department of Genomics Oncology, Sarcoma Center, International Unniversity of Health and Welfare, Mita Hospital, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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9
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Ciuba K, Hawkes W, Tojkander S, Kogan K, Engel U, Iskratsch T, Lappalainen P. Calponin-3 is critical for coordinated contractility of actin stress fibers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17670. [PMID: 30518778 PMCID: PMC6281606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Contractile actomyosin bundles, stress fibers, contribute to morphogenesis, migration, and mechanosensing of non-muscle cells. In addition to actin and non-muscle myosin II (NMII), stress fibers contain a large array of proteins that control their assembly, turnover, and contractility. Calponin-3 (Cnn3) is an actin-binding protein that associates with stress fibers. However, whether Cnn3 promotes stress fiber assembly, or serves as either a positive or negative regulator of their contractility has remained obscure. Here, we applied U2OS osteosarcoma cells as a model system to study the function of Cnn3. We show that Cnn3 localizes to both NMII-containing contractile ventral stress fibers and transverse arcs, as well as to non-contractile dorsal stress fibers that do not contain NMII. Fluorescence-recovery-after-photobleaching experiments revealed that Cnn3 is a dynamic component of stress fibers. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and RNAi knockdown studies demonstrated that Cnn3 is not essential for stress fiber assembly. However, Cnn3 depletion resulted in increased and uncoordinated contractility of stress fibers that often led to breakage of individual actomyosin bundles within the stress fiber network. Collectively these results provide evidence that Cnn3 is dispensable for the assembly of actomyosin bundles, but that it is required for controlling proper contractility of the stress fiber network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Ciuba
- Insitute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, 0014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - William Hawkes
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, SE1 1UL, London, UK
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Section of Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Konstantin Kogan
- Insitute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, 0014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrike Engel
- Nikon Imaging Center at Heidelberg University and Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Thomas Iskratsch
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, SE1 1UL, London, UK
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Insitute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 56, 0014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Sisto M, Lorusso L, Ingravallo G, Tamma R, Nico B, Ribatti D, Ruggieri S, Lisi S. Reduced myofilament component in primary Sjögren's syndrome salivary gland myoepithelial cells. J Mol Histol 2018; 49:111-121. [PMID: 29302763 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a solitary poorly understood autoimmune inflammatory disease by involvement of the salivary and lacrimal glands resulting in dry mouth and dry eyes. Myoepithelial cells (MECs) are cells knowing for its hybrid epithelial and mesenchymal phenotype that are important components of the salivary gland (SGs) structure aiding the expulsion of saliva from acinar lobules. In this study we investigate possible alteration in the myofilament component of MECs in SGs specimens obtained from pSS patients in comparison with healthy subjects, to evaluate MECs hypothetical involvement in the pathogenesis of pSS. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and p63, as MECs markers, was evaluated in bioptic specimens from pSS and healthy labial SGs through immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses; the distribution of MECs markers was quantified using Aperio ScanScope and ImageScope software to provide quantitative assessments of staining levels. Our observations demonstrated that p63 nuclear labeling in pSS MECs is preserved whereas α-SMA cytoplasmic staining is strongly and significantly reduced when compared with healthy SGs; the digital images analysis quantification of the expression of labeled α-SMA and p63 protein in the healthy and pSS MECs salivary tissues, led to results suggesting a loss of mechanical support for acini and ducts in pSS, correlated, probably, with the reduction of salivary flow that features one important aspect of pSS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Sisto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Loredana Lorusso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), Pathology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Beatrice Nico
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70124, Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Ruggieri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lisi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", piazza Giulio Cesare 1, 70124, Bari, Italy
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11
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Matusovsky OS, Kachmar L, Ijpma G, Bates G, Zitouni N, Benedetti A, Lavoie JP, Lauzon AM. Peripheral Airway Smooth Muscle, but Not the Trachealis, Is Hypercontractile in an Equine Model of Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:718-27. [PMID: 26473389 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0180oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heaves is a naturally occurring equine disease that shares many similarities with human asthma, including reversible antigen-induced bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and remodeling. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the trachealis muscle is mechanically representative of the peripheral airway smooth muscle (ASM) in an equine model of asthma. Tracheal and peripheral ASM of heaves-affected horses under exacerbation, or under clinical remission of the disease, and control horses were dissected and freed of epithelium to measure unloaded shortening velocity (Vmax), stress (force/cross-sectional area), methacholine effective concentration at which 50% of the maximum response is obtained, and stiffness. Myofibrillar Mg(2+)-ATPase activity, actomyosin in vitro motility, and contractile protein expression were also measured. Horses with heaves had significantly greater Vmax and Mg(2+)-ATPase activity in peripheral airway but not in tracheal smooth muscle. In addition, a significant correlation was found between Vmax and the time elapsed since the end of the corticosteroid treatment for the peripheral airways in horses with heaves. Maximal stress and stiffness were greater in the peripheral airways of the horses under remission compared with controls and the horses under exacerbation, potentially due to remodeling. Actomyosin in vitro motility was not different between controls and horses with heaves. These data demonstrate that peripheral ASM is mechanically and biochemically altered in heaves, whereas the trachealis behaves as in control horses. It is therefore conceivable that the trachealis muscle may not be representative of the peripheral ASM in human asthma either, but this will require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg S Matusovsky
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linda Kachmar
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gijs Ijpma
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Genevieve Bates
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nedjma Zitouni
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- 2 Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,3 Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,4 Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- 5 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St.-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Lauzon
- 1 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,2 Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Liu L, Li E, Li F, Luo L, Zhao S, Kang R, Luo J, Zhao Z. Effect of Testosterone on the Phenotypic Modulation of Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle Cells in a Castrated Rat Model. Urology 2017; 103:273.e1-273.e6. [PMID: 28214569 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of testosterone (T) on the phenotypic modulation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM) cells in a castrated rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, castration, and castration with T supplementation (castration + T). Erectile function, histologic change, and biochemical markers were assessed for phenotypic modulation of CCSM cells in corporal tissue. Moreover, the primary rat CCSM cells were isolated and examined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Our data showed that serum T level, mean weight of the body, erectile function, and smooth muscle-to-collagen ratio were significantly decreased in the castration group compared with those in the control and castration + T groups. The expressions of CCSM cells' phenotypic markers, such as α-smooth muscle actin, calponin, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11, were markedly lower, whereas osteopontin protein expression was significantly higher in castrated rats than in control and castrated + T rats. In addition, the immunofluorescence staining of α-smooth muscle actin and calponin markedly decreased in the primary CCSM cells of the castrated rats compared with the intensity of the control and the castration + T rats. CONCLUSION CCSM cells undergo phenotype modulation in castrated rats, whereas T reversed the alterations. T may play a key role in the phenotype modulation of CCSM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhao Liu
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ermao Li
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Futian Li
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianmin Luo
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shankun Zhao
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ran Kang
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jintai Luo
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Yang HH, Zhai WJ, Kuo HC. The putative involvement of actin-binding proteins and cytoskeleton proteins in pathological mechanisms of ketamine cystitis-Revealed by a prospective pilot study using proteomic approaches. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 11. [PMID: 27863071 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ketamine-induced cystitis (KC) among chronic ketamine young abusers has increased dramatically and it has brought attention for Urologists. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism(s) of KC is still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to elucidate the possible pathophysiological mechanism(s) of KC through proteomic techniques. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Bladder tissues are obtained from seven patients with KC, seven patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, and five control subjects who underwent video-urodynamic study followed by augmentation enterocystoplasty to increase bladder capacity. 2DE/MS/MS-based approach, functional classifications, and network analyses are used for proteomic and bioinformatics analyses and protein validation is carried out by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Among the proteins identified, bioinformatics analyses revealed that several actin binding related proteins such as cofilin-1, myosin light polypeptide 9, filamin A, gelsolin, lamin A are involved in the apoptosis. Besides, the contractile proteins and cytoskeleton proteins such as myosin light polypeptide 9, filamin A, and calponin are found downregulated in KC bladders. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increased apoptosis in KC might be mediated by actin-binding proteins and a Ca2+ -activated protease. Rapid detrusor contraction in KC might be induced by contractile proteins and cytoskeleton proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jun Zhai
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
| | - Hann-Chorng Kuo
- Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
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14
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Brozovich FV, Nicholson CJ, Degen CV, Gao YZ, Aggarwal M, Morgan KG. Mechanisms of Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and the Basis for Pharmacologic Treatment of Smooth Muscle Disorders. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:476-532. [PMID: 27037223 PMCID: PMC4819215 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The smooth muscle cell directly drives the contraction of the vascular wall and hence regulates the size of the blood vessel lumen. We review here the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which agonists, therapeutics, and diseases regulate contractility of the vascular smooth muscle cell and we place this within the context of whole body function. We also discuss the implications for personalized medicine and highlight specific potential target molecules that may provide opportunities for the future development of new therapeutics to regulate vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Brozovich
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
| | - C J Nicholson
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
| | - C V Degen
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
| | - Yuan Z Gao
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
| | - M Aggarwal
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
| | - K G Morgan
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts (C.J.N., Y.Z.G., M.A., K.G.M.); Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (F.V.B.); and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria (C.V.D.)
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15
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Sleight VA, Thorne MAS, Peck LS, Arivalagan J, Berland S, Marie A, Clark MS. Characterisation of the mantle transcriptome and biomineralisation genes in the blunt-gaper clam, Mya truncata. Mar Genomics 2016; 27:47-55. [PMID: 26777791 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Myidae family are ecologically and economically important, but there is currently very little molecular data on these species. The present study sequenced and assembled the mantle transcriptome of Mya truncata from the North West coast of Scotland and identified candidate biomineralisation genes. RNA-Seq reads were assembled to create 20,106 contigs in a de novo transciptome, 18.81% of which were assigned putative functions using BLAST sequence similarity searching (cuttoff E-value 1E-10). The most highly expressed genes were compared to the Antarctic clam (Laternula elliptica) and showed that many of the dominant biological functions (muscle contraction, energy production, biomineralisation) in the mantle were conserved. There were however, differences in the constitutive expression of heat shock proteins, which were possibly due to the M. truncata sampling location being at a relatively low latitude, and hence relatively warm, in terms of the global distribution of the species. Phylogenetic analyses of the Tyrosinase proteins from M. truncata showed a gene expansion which was absent in L. elliptica. The tissue distribution expression patterns of putative biomineralisation genes were investigated using quantitative PCR, all genes showed a mantle specific expression pattern supporting their hypothesised role in shell secretion. The present study provides some preliminary insights into how clams from different environments - temperate versus polar - build their shells. In addition, the transcriptome data provides a valuable resource for future comparative studies investigating biomineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Sleight
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
| | - Michael A S Thorne
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Jaison Arivalagan
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France; UMR 7208 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC/IRD Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Sophie Berland
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Arul Marie
- UMR 7208 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC/IRD Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France
| | - Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
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16
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Russell TD, Jindal S, Agunbiade S, Gao D, Troxell M, Borges VF, Schedin P. Myoepithelial cell differentiation markers in ductal carcinoma in situ progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:3076-89. [PMID: 26343330 PMCID: PMC4630168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a preclinical model that investigates progression of early-stage ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and report that compromised myoepithelial cell differentiation occurs before transition to invasive disease. Human breast cancer MCF10DCIS.com cells were delivered into the mouse mammary teat by intraductal injection in the absence of surgical manipulations and accompanying wound-healing confounders. DCIS-like lesions developed throughout the mammary ducts with full representation of human DCIS histologic patterns. Tumor cells were incorporated into the normal mammary epithelium, developed ductal intraepithelial neoplasia and DCIS, and progressed to invasive carcinoma, suggesting the model provides a rigorous approach to study early stages of breast cancer progression. Mammary glands were evaluated for myoepithelium integrity with immunohistochemical assays. Progressive loss of the myoepithelial cell differentiation markers p63, calponin, and α-smooth muscle actin was observed in the mouse myoepithelium surrounding DCIS-involved ducts. p63 loss was an early indicator, calponin loss intermediate, and α-smooth muscle actin a later indicator of compromised myoepithelium. Loss of myoepithelial calponin was specifically associated with gain of the basal marker p63 in adjacent tumor cells. In single time point biopsies obtained from 16 women diagnosed with pure DCIS, a similar loss in myoepithelial cell markers was observed. These results suggest that further research is warranted into the role of myoepithelial cell p63 and calponin expression on DCIS progression to invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya D Russell
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Samiat Agunbiade
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Megan Troxell
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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17
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Flemming A, Huang QQ, Jin JP, Jumaa H, Herzog S. A Conditional Knockout Mouse Model Reveals That Calponin-3 Is Dispensable for Early B Cell Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128385. [PMID: 26046660 PMCID: PMC4457629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Calponins form an evolutionary highly conserved family of actin filament-associated proteins expressed in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Whereas calponin-1 and calponin-2 have already been studied to some extent, little is known about the role of calponin-3 under physiological conditions due to the lack of an appropriate animal model. Here, we have used an unbiased screen to identify novel proteins implicated in signal transduction downstream of the precursor B cell receptor (pre-BCR) in B cells. We find that calponin-3 is expressed throughout early B cell development, localizes to the plasma membrane and is phosphorylated in a Syk-dependent manner, suggesting a putative role in pre-BCR signaling. To investigate this in vivo, we generated a floxed calponin-3-GFP knock-in mouse model that enables tracking of cells expressing calponin-3 from its endogenous promoter and allows its tissue-specific deletion. Using the knock-in allele as a reporter, we show that calponin-3 expression is initiated in early B cells and increases with their maturation, peaking in the periphery. Surprisingly, conditional deletion of the Cnn3 revealed no gross defects in B cell development despite this regulated expression pattern and the in vitro evidence, raising the question whether other components may compensate for its loss in lymphocytes. Together, our work identifies calponin-3 as a putative novel mediator downstream of the pre-BCR. Beyond B cells, the mouse model we generated will help to increase our understanding of calponin-3 in muscle and non-muscle cells under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Flemming
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qi-Quan Huang
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jian-Ping Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institut of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Ono K, Obinata T, Yamashiro S, Liu Z, Ono S. UNC-87 isoforms, Caenorhabditis elegans calponin-related proteins, interact with both actin and myosin and regulate actomyosin contractility. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1687-98. [PMID: 25717181 PMCID: PMC4436780 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-10-1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two UNC-87 isoforms with seven calponin-like repeats are expressed widely in muscle and nonmuscle cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. They bind to actin and myosin and inhibit actomyosin motility in vitro. unc-87 mutation enhances contraction of nonstriated muscle in vivo, suggesting that UNC-87 isoforms are negative regulators of actomyosin contractility. Calponin-related proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotes and involved in signaling and cytoskeletal regulation. Calponin-like (CLIK) repeat is an actin-binding motif found in the C-termini of vertebrate calponins. Although CLIK repeats stabilize actin filaments, other functions of these actin-binding motifs are unknown. The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-87 gene encodes actin-binding proteins with seven CLIK repeats. UNC-87 stabilizes actin filaments and is essential for maintenance of sarcomeric actin filaments in striated muscle. Here we show that two UNC-87 isoforms, UNC-87A and UNC-87B, are expressed in muscle and nonmuscle cells in a tissue-specific manner by two independent promoters and exhibit quantitatively different effects on both actin and myosin. Both UNC-87A and UNC-87B have seven CLIK repeats, but UNC-87A has an extra N-terminal extension of ∼190 amino acids. Both UNC-87 isoforms bind to actin filaments and myosin to induce ATP-resistant actomyosin bundles and inhibit actomyosin motility. UNC-87A with an N-terminal extension binds to actin and myosin more strongly than UNC-87B. UNC-87B is associated with actin filaments in nonstriated muscle in the somatic gonad, and an unc-87 mutation causes its excessive contraction, which is dependent on myosin. These results strongly suggest that proteins with CLIK repeats function as a negative regulator of actomyosin contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ono
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Takashi Obinata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sawako Yamashiro
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology and Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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19
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Lu D, Zhang L, Bao D, Lu Y, Zhang X, Liu N, Ge W, Gao X, Li H, Zhang L. Calponin1 inhibits dilated cardiomyopathy development in mice through the εPKC pathway. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:146-53. [PMID: 24631115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calponin1 (CNN1) is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction in physiological situation and it also expresses abnormally in a variety of pathological situations. We found that the expression of CNN1 decreased significantly in the heart tissue of a cTnT(R141W) transgenic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) mouse model and an adriamycin (ADR)-induced DCM mouse model, suggesting that CNN1 is involved in the pathogenesis of DCM. However, the role of CNN1 on cardiac function, especially on pathogenesis of DCM, has not been clarified. In this study, we tested whether rescued expression of CNN1 could prevent the development of DCM and investigated its possible mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS The DCM phenotypes were significantly improved with the transgenic expression of CNN1 in the cTnT(R141W)×CNN1 double transgenic (DTG) mice, which was demonstrated by the survival, cardiac geometry and function analyses, as well as microstructural and ultrastructural observations based on echocardiography and histology examination. The expression of CNN1 could also resist the cardiac geometry breakage and dysfunction in the ADR-induced DCM mice model. Meanwhile, the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (εPKC) activator and inhibitor could reverse the activation of εPKC/ERK/mTOR pathway and DCM phenotypes in the cTnT(R141W) and cTnT(R141W)×CNN1 double transgenic (DTG) mice. CONCLUSIONS εPKC/ERK/mTOR pathway activation induced by the rescued expression of CNN1 contributed to the improvement of cardiac dysfunction and pathological changes observed in the DTG mice. CNN1 could be a therapeutic target to prevent the development of DCM and heart failure (HF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Dan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Yingdong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Wenping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China.
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Mikaelian I, Cameron M, Dalmas DA, Enerson BE, Gonzalez RJ, Guionaud S, Hoffmann PK, King NMP, Lawton MP, Scicchitano MS, Smith HW, Thomas RA, Weaver JL, Zabka TS. Nonclinical Safety Biomarkers of Drug-induced Vascular Injury. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:635-57. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314525686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Better biomarkers are needed to identify, characterize, and/or monitor drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) in nonclinical species and patients. The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC), a precompetitive collaboration of pharmaceutical companies and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), formed the Vascular Injury Working Group (VIWG) to develop and qualify translatable biomarkers of DIVI. The VIWG focused its research on acute DIVI because early detection for clinical and nonclinical safety monitoring is desirable. The VIWG developed a strategy based on the premise that biomarkers of DIVI in rat would be translatable to humans due to the morphologic similarity of vascular injury between species regardless of mechanism. The histomorphologic lexicon for DIVI in rat defines degenerative and adaptive findings of the vascular endothelium and smooth muscles, and characterizes inflammatory components. We describe the mechanisms of these changes and their associations with candidate biomarkers for which advanced analytical method validation was completed. Further development is recommended for circulating microRNAs, endothelial microparticles, and imaging techniques. Recommendations for sample collection and processing, analytical methods, and confirmation of target localization using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are described. The methods described are anticipated to aid in the identification and qualification of translational biomarkers for DIVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Mikaelian
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Abbvie, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Raymond J. Gonzalez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co, Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Silvia Guionaud
- Shire, Hampshire International Business Park, Basingstoke, United Kingdom
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Chaterji S, Lam CH, Ho DS, Proske DC, Baker AB. Syndecan-1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89824. [PMID: 24587062 PMCID: PMC3934950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the role of syndecan-1 in modulating the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells in the context of endogenous inflammatory factors and altered microenvironments that occur in disease or injury-induced vascular remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS Vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) display a continuum of phenotypes that can be altered during vascular remodeling. While the syndecans have emerged as powerful and complex regulators of cell function, their role in controlling vSMC phenotype is unknown. Here, we isolated vSMCs from wild type (WT) and syndecan-1 knockout (S1KO) mice. Gene expression and western blotting studies indicated decreased levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), calponin, and other vSMC-specific differentiation markers in S1KO relative to WT cells. The spread area of the S1KO cells was found to be greater than WT cells, with a corresponding increase in focal adhesion formation, Src phosphorylation, and alterations in actin cytoskeletal arrangement. In addition, S1KO led to increased S6RP phosphorylation and decreased AKT and PKC-α phosphorylation. To examine whether these changes were present in vivo, isolated aortae from aged WT and S1KO mice were stained for calponin. Consistent with our in-vitro findings, the WT mice aortae stained higher for calponin relative to S1KO. When exposed to the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, WT vSMCs had an 80% reduction in syndecan-1 expression. Further, with TNF-α, S1KO vSMCs produced increased pro-inflammatory cytokines relative to WT. Finally, inhibition of interactions between syndecan-1 and integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 using the inhibitory peptide synstatin appeared to have similar effects on vSMCs as knocking out syndecan-1, with decreased expression of vSMC differentiation markers and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, receptors, and osteopontin. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results support that syndecan-1 promotes vSMC differentiation and quiescence. Thus, the presence of syndecan-1 would have a protective effect against vSMC dedifferentiation and this activity is linked to interactions with integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somali Chaterji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christoffer H. Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Derek S. Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Proske
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aaron B. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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22
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Roman HN, Zitouni NB, Kachmar L, Ijpma G, Hilbert L, Matusovskiy O, Benedetti A, Sobieszek A, Lauzon AM. Unphosphorylated calponin enhances the binding force of unphosphorylated myosin to actin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1830:4634-41. [PMID: 23747303 PMCID: PMC3740034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle has the distinctive ability to maintain force for long periods of time and at low energy costs. While it is generally agreed that this property, called the latch-state, is due to the dephosphorylation of myosin while attached to actin, dephosphorylated-detached myosin can also attach to actin and may contribute to force maintenance. Thus, we investigated the role of calponin in regulating and enhancing the binding force of unphosphorylated tonic muscle myosin to actin. METHODS To measure the effect of calponin on the binding of unphosphorylated myosin to actin, we used the laser trap assay to quantify the average force of unbinding (Funb) in the absence and presence of calponin or phosphorylated calponin. RESULTS Funb from F-actin alone (0.12±0.01pN; mean±SE) was significantly increased in the presence of calponin (0.20±0.02pN). This enhancement was lost when calponin was phosphorylated (0.12±0.01pN). To further verify that this enhancement of Funb was due to the cross-linking of actin to myosin by calponin, we repeated the measurements at high ionic strength. Indeed, the Funb obtained at a [KCl] of 25mM (0.21±0.02pN; mean±SE) was significantly decreased at a [KCl] of 150mM, (0.13±0.01pN). CONCLUSIONS This study provides direct molecular level-evidence that calponin enhances the binding force of unphosphorylated myosin to actin by cross-linking them and that this is reversed upon calponin phosphorylation. Thus, calponin might play an important role in the latch-state. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study suggests a new mechanism that likely contributes to the latch-state, a fundamental and important property of smooth muscle that remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horia Nicolae Roman
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nedjma B. Zitouni
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Linda Kachmar
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gijs Ijpma
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lennart Hilbert
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Applied Mathematics in Bioscience and Medicine, McGill University
| | - Oleg Matusovskiy
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Respiratory Epidemiology & Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Apolinary Sobieszek
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Smooth Muscle Lab at the Life Science Center, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Mitterweg 24
| | - Anne-Marie Lauzon
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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He W, Qiao Y, Peng Y, Zha J, Zhang C, Chen C, Chen C, Wang P, Yang X, Li C, Kamm KE, Stull JT, Zhu M. Altered contractile phenotypes of intestinal smooth muscle in mice deficient in myosin phosphatase target subunit 1. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1456-65, 1465.e1-5. [PMID: 23499953 PMCID: PMC3782749 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The regulatory subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase, MYPT1, has been proposed to control smooth muscle contractility by regulating phosphorylation of the Ca(2+)-dependent myosin regulatory light chain. We generated mice with a smooth muscle-specific deletion of MYPT1 to investigate its physiologic role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction. METHODS We used the Cre-loxP system to establish Mypt1-floxed mice, with the promoter region and exon 1 of Mypt1 flanked by 2 loxP sites. These mice were crossed with SMA-Cre transgenic mice to generate mice with smooth muscle-specific deletion of MYPT1 (Mypt1(SMKO) mice). The phenotype was assessed by histologic, biochemical, molecular, and physiologic analyses. RESULTS Young adult Mypt1(SMKO) mice had normal intestinal motility in vivo, with no histologic abnormalities. On stimulation with KCl or acetylcholine, intestinal smooth muscles isolated from Mypt1(SMKO) mice produced robust and increased sustained force due to increased phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain compared with muscle from control mice. Additional analyses of contractile properties showed reduced rates of force development and relaxation, and decreased shortening velocity, compared with muscle from control mice. Permeable smooth muscle fibers from Mypt1(SMKO) mice had increased sensitivity and contraction in response to Ca(2+). CONCLUSIONS MYPT1 is not essential for smooth muscle function in mice but regulates the Ca(2+) sensitivity of force development and contributes to intestinal phasic contractile phenotype. Altered contractile responses in isolated tissues could be compensated by adaptive physiologic responses in vivo, where gut motility is affected by lower intensities of smooth muscle stimulation for myosin phosphorylation and force development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei–Qi He
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan–Ning Qiao
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya–Jing Peng
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan–Min Zha
- Department of Gerontology, The First Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng–Hai Zhang
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai–Ping Chen
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Chao–Jun Li
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristine E. Kamm
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James T. Stull
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Min–Sheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
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24
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Ulmer B, Hagenlocher C, Schmalholz S, Kurz S, Schweickert A, Kohl A, Roth L, Sela-Donenfeld D, Blum M. Calponin 2 acts as an effector of noncanonical Wnt-mediated cell polarization during neural crest cell migration. Cell Rep 2013; 3:615-21. [PMID: 23499442 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate throughout the embryo to differentiate into cell types of all germ layers. Initial directed NCC emigration relies on planar cell polarity (PCP), which through the activity of the small GTPases RhoA and Rac governs the actin-driven formation of polarized cell protrusions. We found that the actin binding protein calponin 2 (Cnn2) was expressed in protrusions at the leading edge of migratory NCCs in chicks and frogs. Cnn2 knockdown resulted in NCC migration defects in frogs and chicks and randomized outgrowth of cell protrusions in NCC explants. Morphant cells showed central stress fibers at the expense of the peripheral actin network. Cnn2 acted downstream of Wnt/PCP, as migration defects induced by dominant-negative Wnt11 or inhibition of RhoA function were rescued by Cnn2 knockdown. These results suggest that Cnn2 modulates actin dynamics during NCC migration as an effector of noncanonical Wnt/PCP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Ulmer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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25
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Zderic SA, Chacko S. Alterations in the contractile phenotype of the bladder: lessons for understanding physiological and pathological remodelling of smooth muscle. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:203-17. [PMID: 21707917 PMCID: PMC3289974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The contractile properties of the urinary bladder are changed by the conditions of normal development and partial bladder outlet obstruction. This change in the contractile phenotype is accompanied by changes in the regulatory cascades and filaments that regulate contractility. This review focuses on such changes during the course of normal development and in response to obstruction. Our goal is to discuss the experimental evidence that has accumulated from work in animal models and correlate these findings with the human voiding phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Zderic
- The John W Duckett Jr Center for Pediatric Urology at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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26
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McDonald SJ, Dooley PC, McDonald AC, Schuijers JA, Ward AR, Grills BL. Transient expression of myofibroblast-like cells in rat rib fracture callus. Acta Orthop 2012; 83:93-8. [PMID: 22248170 PMCID: PMC3278664 DOI: 10.3109/17453674.2011.652891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have previously shown that early fracture callus of rat rib has viscoelastic and contractile properties resembling those of smooth muscle. The cells responsible for this contractility have been hypothesized to be myofibroblast-like in nature. In soft-tissue healing, force generated by contraction of myofibroblasts promotes healing. Accordingly, we tried to identify myofibroblast-like cells in early fibrous callus. ANIMALS AND METHODS Calluses from rat rib fractures were removed 7, 14, and 21 days after fracture and unfractured ribs acted as controls. All tissues were analyzed using qPCR and immunohistochemistry. We analyzed expression of smooth muscle- and myofibroblast-associated genes and proteins including alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), non-muscle myosin, fibronectin extra domain A variant (EDA-fibronectin), OB-cadherin, connexin-43, basic calponin (h1CaP), and h-caldesmon. RESULTS In calluses at 7 days post-fracture, there were statistically significant increases in expression of αSMA mRNA (2.5 fold), h1CaP mRNA (2.1 fold), EDA-fibronectin mRNA (14 fold), and connexin-43 mRNA (1.8 fold) compared to unfractured ribs, and by 21 days post-fracture mRNA expression in calluses had decreased to levels approaching those in unfractured rib. Immunohistochemistry of 7 day fibrous callus localized calponin, EDA-fibronectin and co-immunolabeling of OB-cadherin and αSMA (thus confirming a myofibroblastic phenotype) within various cell populations. INTERPRETATION This study provides further evidence that early rat rib callus is not only smooth muscle-like in nature but also contains a notable population of cells that have a distinct myofibroblastic phenotype. The presence of these cells indicates that in vivo contraction of early callus is a mechanism that may occur in fractures so as to facilitate healing, as it does in soft tissue wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J McDonald
- Tissue and Cell Biology Group, Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip C Dooley
- Tissue and Cell Biology Group, Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron C McDonald
- Tissue and Cell Biology Group, Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Johannes A Schuijers
- Tissue and Cell Biology Group, Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex R Ward
- Tissue and Cell Biology Group, Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian L Grills
- Tissue and Cell Biology Group, Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Gao H, Steffen MC, Ramos KS. Osteopontin regulates α-smooth muscle actin and calponin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:155-61. [PMID: 22032345 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
vSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells) lose differentiation markers and gain uncontrolled proliferative activity during the early stages of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that OPN (osteopontin) mRNA and protein levels increase significantly on induction of proliferative activity by allylamine (an atherogenic amine) and that this response can be inhibited by OPN antibodies. We have investigated the role of OPN in vSMC differentiation. Primary cultures of aortic mouse vSMCs were transfected with an OPN expression plasmid and several vSMC differentiation markers including α-SM actin (α-smooth muscle actin), SM22-α, tropomyosin and calponin were monitored in this cellular model. α-SM actin and calponin protein levels were significantly decreased by OPN overexpression. Down-regulation of α-SM actin and calponin was also observed on extracellular treatment of mouse vSMCs with recombinant OPN. In addition, calponin mRNA was significantly decreased under serum-restricted conditions when OPN mRNA was dramatically increased, while α-SM actin mRNA remained unchanged. These data indicate that OPN down-regulates α-SM actin and calponin expression through an extracellular signalling pathway. Functional connectivity between OPN and vSMC differentiation markers has been established. Since vSMCs lose differentiation features during early atherosclerosis, a mechanistic basis for OPN functions as a critical regulator of proliferative cardiovascular disease has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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28
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Sharma AK, Bury MI, Marks AJ, Fuller NJ, Meisner JW, Tapaskar N, Halliday LC, Matoka DJ, Cheng EY. A nonhuman primate model for urinary bladder regeneration using autologous sources of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2011; 29:241-50. [PMID: 21732482 DOI: 10.1002/stem.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal models that have been used to examine the regenerative capacity of cell-seeded scaffolds in a urinary bladder augmentation model have ultimately translated poorly in the clinical setting. This may be due to a number of factors including cell types used for regeneration and anatomical/physiological differences between lower primate species and their human counterparts. We postulated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could provide a cell source for partial bladder regeneration in a newly described nonhuman primate bladder (baboon) augmentation model. Cell-sorted CD105(+) /CD73(+) /CD34(-) /CD45(-) baboon MSCs transduced with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were seeded onto small intestinal submucosa (SIS) scaffolds. Baboons underwent an approximate 40%-50% cystectomy followed by augmentation cystoplasty with the aforementioned scaffolds or controls and finally enveloped with omentum. Bladders from sham, unseeded SIS, and MSC/SIS scaffolds were subjected to trichrome, H&E, and immunofluorescent staining 10 weeks postaugmentation. Immunofluorescence staining for muscle markers combined with an anti-GFP antibody revealed that >90% of the cells were GFP(+) /muscle marker(+) and >70% were GFP(+) /Ki-67(+) demonstrating grafted cells were present and actively proliferating within the grafted region. Trichrome staining of MSC/SIS-augmented bladders exhibited typical bladder architecture and quantitative morphometry analyses revealed an approximate 32% and 52% muscle to collagen ratio in unseeded versus seeded animals, respectively. H&E staining revealed a lack of infiltration of inflammatory cells in grafted animals and in corresponding kidneys and ureters. Simple cystometry indicated recovery between 28% and 40% of native bladder capacity. Data demonstrate MSC/SIS composites support regeneration of bladder tissue and validate this new bladder augmentation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Sharma
- Division of Pediatric Urology; Children's Memorial Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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29
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Chuang SM, Juan YS, Long CY, Huang CH, Levin RM, Liu KM. The effect of L-arginine on bladder dysfunction following ovariectomy in a rabbit model. Int Urogynecol J 2011; 22:1381-8. [PMID: 21660538 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-011-1468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS The present study was designed to investigate the effect of nitric oxide precursor, L: -arginine, on bladder function following ovariectomy. METHODS Twenty-eight New Zealand white female rabbits were separated into seven groups. Groups 1 to 6 underwent ovariectomy surgery. Among them, groups 1 and 2 received ovariectomy without treating with L-arginine. Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 were given high L-arginine diet and were sacrificed 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after ovariectomy, respectively. Group 7 served as the control group. The effects of L: -arginine on the contractility of bladder tissues were determined in response to various stimulations. In addition, L-arginine effects on the expression of Rho kinase (ROK), protein kinase C potentiated inhibitor (CPI-17), caldesmon (CaD), and calponin (CaP) were studied by immunoblotting. RESULTS Ovariectomy significantly decreases contractile response to all forms of stimulation. Feeding rabbits L: -arginine significantly increases contractile response at 1 day following ovariectomy, but the response decreases to the control level by 14 days. Ovariectomy increases the expressions of both isoforms of CaD, CaP, and CPI-17; L-arginine treatment induces ROK underexpression, while CaP is overexpressed in the early few days of ovariectomy but returns to the control level at 2 weeks after ovariectomy. CONCLUSIONS Ovariectomy appreciably reduced bladder contractility. Treatment with L-arginine reversed the ovariectomy-induced bladder dysfunction. Decreased bladder contractile response was observed in the early days following ovariectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mien Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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30
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Beamish JA, He P, Kottke-Marchant K, Marchant RE. Molecular regulation of contractile smooth muscle cell phenotype: implications for vascular tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 16:467-91. [PMID: 20334504 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) behavior is reviewed, with particular emphasis on stimuli that promote the contractile phenotype. SMCs can shift reversibly along a continuum from a quiescent, contractile phenotype to a synthetic phenotype, which is characterized by proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. This phenotypic plasticity can be harnessed for tissue engineering. Cultured synthetic SMCs have been used to engineer smooth muscle tissues with organized ECM and cell populations. However, returning SMCs to a contractile phenotype remains a key challenge. This review will integrate recent work on how soluble signaling factors, ECM, mechanical stimulation, and other cells contribute to the regulation of contractile SMC phenotype. The signal transduction pathways and mechanisms of gene expression induced by these stimuli are beginning to be elucidated and provide useful information for the quantitative analysis of SMC phenotype in engineered tissues. Progress in the development of tissue-engineered scaffold systems that implement biochemical, mechanical, or novel polymer fabrication approaches to promote contractile phenotype will also be reviewed. The application of an improved molecular understanding of SMC biology will facilitate the design of more potent cell-instructive scaffold systems to regulate SMC behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Beamish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, USA
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31
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Kim HR, Appel S, Vetterkind S, Gangopadhyay SS, Morgan KG. Smooth muscle signalling pathways in health and disease. J Cell Mol Med 2009. [PMID: 19120701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle contractile activity is a major regulator of function of the vascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system and the genitourinary systems. Malfunction of contractility in these systems leads to a host of clinical disorders, and yet, we still have major gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which contractility of the differentiated smooth muscle cell is regulated. This review will summarize recent advances in the molecular understanding of the regulation of smooth muscle myosin activity via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of myosin, the regulation of the accessibility of actin to myosin via the actin-binding proteins calponin and caldesmon, and the remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton. Understanding of the molecular 'players' should identify target molecules that could point the way to novel drug discovery programs for the treatment of smooth muscle disorders such as cardiovascular disease, asthma, functional bowel disease and pre-term labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Lin JJ, Li Y, Eppinga RD, Wang Q, Jin J. Chapter 1 Roles of Caldesmon in Cell Motility and Actin Cytoskeleton Remodeling. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 274:1-68. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)02001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kim HR, Appel S, Vetterkind S, Gangopadhyay SS, Morgan KG. Smooth muscle signalling pathways in health and disease. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:2165-80. [PMID: 19120701 PMCID: PMC2692531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle contractile activity is a major regulator of function of the vascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system and the genitourinary systems. Malfunction of contractility in these systems leads to a host of clinical disorders, and yet, we still have major gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which contractility of the differentiated smooth muscle cell is regulated. This review will summarize recent advances in the molecular understanding of the regulation of smooth muscle myosin activity via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of myosin, the regulation of the accessibility of actin to myosin via the actin-binding proteins calponin and caldesmon, and the remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton. Understanding of the molecular 'players' should identify target molecules that could point the way to novel drug discovery programs for the treatment of smooth muscle disorders such as cardiovascular disease, asthma, functional bowel disease and pre-term labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - S Appel
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | - S Vetterkind
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston UniversityBoston, MA, USA
| | | | - K G Morgan
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston UniversityBoston, MA, USA
- Boston Biomedical Research InstituteWatertown, MA, USA
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Somara S, Bitar KN. Direct association of calponin with specific domains of PKC-alpha. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G1246-54. [PMID: 18948438 PMCID: PMC2604804 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90461.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Calponin contributes to the regulation of smooth muscle contraction through its interaction with F-actin and inhibition of the actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity of phosphorylated myosin. Previous studies have shown that the contractile agonist acetylcholine induced a direct association of translocated calponin and PKC-alpha in the membrane. In the present study, we have determined the domain of PKC-alpha involved in direct association with calponin. In vitro binding assay was carried out by incubating glutathione S-transferase-calponin aa 92-229 with His-tagged proteins of individual domains and different combinations of domains of PKC-alpha. Calponin was found to bind directly to the full-length PKC-alpha. Calponin bound to C2 and C4 domains but not to C1 and C3 domains of PKC-alpha. When incubated with proteins of different combination of domains, calponin bound to C2-C3, C3-C4, and C2-C3-C4 but not to C1-C2 or C1-C2-C3. To determine whether these in vitro bindings mimic the in vivo associations, and in vivo binding assay was performed by transfecting colonic smooth muscle cells with His-tagged proteins of individual domains and different combinations of domains of PKC-alpha. Coimmunoprecipitation of calponin with His-tagged truncated forms of PKC-alpha showed that C1-C2, C1-C2-C3, C2-C3, and C3-C4 did not associate with calponin. Calponin associated only with full-length PKC-alpha and with C2-C3-C4 in cells in the resting state, and this association increased upon stimulation with acetylcholine. These data suggest that calponin bound to fragments that may mimic the active form of PKC-alpha and that the functional association of PKC-alpha with calponin requires both C2 and C4 domains during contraction of colonic smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Somara
- Division of Pediatrics-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5656, USA
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Jin L, Yoshida T, Ho R, Owens GK, Somlyo AV. The actin-associated protein Palladin is required for development of normal contractile properties of smooth muscle cells derived from embryoid bodies. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:2121-30. [PMID: 19015263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Palladin is a widely expressed actin-associated protein localized at stress fibers, focal adhesions, and other actin-based structures, playing a significant role in cell adhesion and cell motility. Knockout of Palladin in mice is embryonic lethal, demonstrating the importance of Palladin in development yet its role in the vasculature is not known. In the present study, smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers, such as myosin, actin, caldesmon, calponin, and LPP, were down-regulated in embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from embryonic stem cells lacking Palladin. Transgenic embryonic stem cell lines were generated that stably expressed a puromycin-resistance gene under the control of a SM alpha-actin (SMA) promoter. Negative selection was then used to purify SMCs from EBs. Purified SMCs expressing multiple SMC markers were designated APSCs (SMA-puromycin-selected cells). Palladin null APSCs express significantly less myosin, actin, calponin, and h-caldesmon. The filamentous (F) to globular (G) actin ratio, known to regulate myocardin family transcription factors, was also decreased. Palladin null APSCs showed increased cell adhesion and decreased cell motility. Importantly, Palladin null APSCs within collagen gels generated less maximum contractile force when stimulated with endothelin-1, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), and thrombin. Myosin light chains (MLC20) were phosphorylated by lysophosphatidic acid to the same extent in Palladin null and wild type APSCs but myosin content/total protein was reduced by >50%, consistent with the observed decreases in contractility. All together, these results suggest that Palladin is essential for expression of the full complement of contractile proteins necessary for optimal force development of SMCs derived from EBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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36
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Abstract
Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein expressed in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Calponin is an inhibitor of the actin-activated myosin ATPase. Three isoforms of calponin have been found in the vertebrates. Whereas the role of calponin in regulating smooth muscle contractility has been extensively investigated, the function and regulation of calponin in non-muscle cells is much less understood. Based on recent progresses in the field, this review focuses on the studies of calponin in non-muscle cells, especially its regulation by cytoskeleton tension and function in cell motility. The ongoing research has demonstrated that calponin plays a regulatory role in non-muscle cell motility. Therefore, non-muscle calponin is an attractive target for the control of cell proliferation, migration and phagocytosis, and the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Wu
- Section of Molecular Cardiology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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37
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Rensen SS, Niessen PM, van Deursen JM, Janssen BJ, Heijman E, Hermeling E, Meens M, Lie N, Gijbels MJ, Strijkers GJ, Doevendans PA, Hofker MH, De Mey JGR, van Eys GJ. Smoothelin-B deficiency results in reduced arterial contractility, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Circulation 2008; 118:828-36. [PMID: 18678771 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.743690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoothelins are actin-binding proteins that are abundantly expressed in healthy visceral (smoothelin-A) and vascular (smoothelin-B) smooth muscle. Their expression is strongly associated with the contractile phenotype of smooth muscle cells. Analysis of mice lacking both smoothelins (Smtn-A/B(-/-) mice) previously revealed a critical role for smoothelin-A in intestinal smooth muscle contraction. Here, we report on the generation and cardiovascular phenotype of mice lacking only smoothelin-B (Smtn-B(-/-)). METHODS AND RESULTS Myograph studies revealed that the contractile capacity of the saphenous and femoral arteries was strongly reduced in Smtn-B(-/-) mice, regardless of the contractile agonist used to trigger contraction. Arteries from Smtn-A/B(-/-) compound mutant mice exhibited a similar contractile deficit. Smtn-B(-/-) arteries had a normal architecture and expressed normal levels of other smooth muscle cell-specific genes, including smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and smooth muscle-calponin. Decreased contractility of Smtn-B(-/-) arteries was paradoxically accompanied by increased mean arterial pressure (20 mm Hg) and concomitant cardiac hypertrophy despite normal parasympathetic and sympathetic tone in Smtn-B(-/-) mice. Magnetic resonance imaging experiments revealed that cardiac function was not changed, whereas distension of the proximal aorta during the cardiac cycle was increased in Smtn-B(-/-) mice. However, isobaric pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure measurements indicated normal aortic distensibility. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results identify smoothelins as key determinants of arterial smooth muscle contractility and cardiovascular performance. Studies on mutations in the Smtn gene or alterations in smoothelin levels in connection to hypertension in humans are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander S Rensen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Schaafsma D, Gosens R, Zaagsma J, Halayko AJ, Meurs H. Rho kinase inhibitors: A novel therapeutical intervention in asthma? Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:398-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Yamamura H, Hirano N, Koyama H, Nishizawa Y, Takahashi K. Loss of smooth muscle calponin results in impaired blood vessel maturation in the tumor-host microenvironment. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:757-63. [PMID: 17391313 PMCID: PMC11159921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between malignant cells and the microenvironment of the local host tissue play a critical role in tumor growth, metastasis and their response to treatment modalities. We investigated the roles of smooth muscle calponin (Cnn1, also called calponin h1 or basic calponin) in the development of tumor vascul ature in vivo by analyzing mutant mice lacking the Cnn1 gene. Here we show that loss of Cnn1 in host mural cells prevents maturation of tumor vasculature. In vitro studies showed that platelet-derived growth factor B-induced vascular smooth muscle migration was downregulated by the Cnn1-deficiency, and forced expression of Cnn1 restored migration. Moreover, destruction of established tumor mass by treatment with an antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody was markedly enhanced in Cnn1-deficient mice. These data, coupled with the knowledge that structural fragility of normal blood vessels is caused by loss of the Cnn1 gene, suggest that Cnn1 plays an important role in the maturation of blood vessels, and may have implications for therapeutic strategies targeting tumor vasculature for treatment of human cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/analysis
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Becaplermin
- Blood Vessels/drug effects
- Blood Vessels/metabolism
- Blood Vessels/pathology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth/chemistry
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/analysis
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/immunology
- Calponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Yamamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathophysiology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Osaka City, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
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40
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Dykes AC, Wright GL. Down-regulation of calponin destabilizes actin cytoskeletal structure in A7r5 cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:225-32. [PMID: 17487264 DOI: 10.1139/y07-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of changes in the expression levels of h1 calponin (CaP) on actin cytoskeletal organization were studied in control and phorbol-ester-treated A7r5 smooth muscle cells. Protein association and expression in control and stimulated A7r5 smooth muscle cells were evaluated by Western blotting, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy in cells treated with either 2 x 10(-6 ) mol/L TGF-beta 1 or 2 x 10(-)5 mol/L PDGF-BB to alter h1 calponin expression. Single immunostained samples showed that CaP and alpha-actin, localized in fibers in unstimulated control A7r5 smooth muscle cells, were translocated to podosomes following treatment with phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). Confocal colocalization imaging and FRET analysis both indicated substantial association of CaP with alpha-actin in stress fibers of control cells and in podosomes of PDBu-treated cells. PKC alpha, which showed evidence of only slight association with CaP in control cells, exhibited markedly increased (293%) association in PDBu-contracted cells. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB down-regulated CaP to non-detectable levels, whereas transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 up-regulated (424%) the expression of CaP without affecting the levels of alpha-actin or PKC alpha. PDGF-BB resulted in a significant loss in alpha-actin stress fibers (-47%) and reduced podosome formation (-69%). By comparison, TGF-beta 1 had no effect on stress fibers in control cells but also reduced (-70%) podosome formation. The results suggest that CaP could play a major role in the stabilization of actin stress fibers in resting cells and may contribute to podosome formation in PDBu-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava C Dykes
- The Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1542 Spring Valley Drive, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
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41
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Babu GJ, Celia G, Rhee AY, Yamamura H, Takahashi K, Brozovich FV, Osol G, Periasamy M. Effects of h1-calponin ablation on the contractile properties of bladder versus vascular smooth muscle in mice lacking SM-B myosin. J Physiol 2006; 577:1033-42. [PMID: 16973711 PMCID: PMC1890375 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.118828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional significance of smooth muscle-specific h1-calponin up-regulation in the smooth muscle contractility of SM-B null mice was studied by generating double knockout mice lacking both h1-calponin and SM-B myosin. The double knockout mice appear healthy, reproduce well and do not show any smooth muscle pathology. Loss of h1-calponin in the SM-B null mice bladder resulted in increased maximal shortening velocity (V(max)) and steady-state force generation. The force dilatation pressure, which was decreased in the SM-B null mesenteric vessels, was restored to wild-type levels in the double knockout vessels. In contrast, the half-time to maximal constriction was significantly increased in the double knockout vessels similar to that of SM-B null mice and indicating decreased shortening velocity in the double knockout vessels. Biochemical analyses showed that there is a significant reduction in smooth muscle alpha-actin levels, whereas h-caldesmon levels are increased in the double knockout bladder and mesenteric vessels, suggesting that these changes may also partly contribute to the altered contractile function. Taken together, our studies suggest that up-regulation of h1-calponin in the SM-B null mice may be necessary to maintain a reduced level of cross-bridge cycling over time in the absence of SM-B myosin and play an important role in regulating the smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal J Babu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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42
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Hoffman LM, Jensen CC, Kloeker S, Wang CLA, Yoshigi M, Beckerle MC. Genetic ablation of zyxin causes Mena/VASP mislocalization, increased motility, and deficits in actin remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 172:771-82. [PMID: 16505170 PMCID: PMC2063708 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200512115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesions are specialized regions of the cell surface where integrin receptors and associated proteins link the extracellular matrix to the actin cytoskeleton. To define the cellular role of the focal adhesion protein zyxin, we characterized the phenotype of fibroblasts in which the zyxin gene was deleted by homologous recombination. Zyxin-null fibroblasts display enhanced integrin-dependent adhesion and are more migratory than wild-type fibroblasts, displaying reduced dependence on extracellular matrix cues. We identified differences in the profiles of 75- and 80-kD tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in the zyxin-null cells. Tandem array mass spectrometry identified both modified proteins as isoforms of the actomyosin regulator caldesmon, a protein known to influence contractility, stress fiber formation, and motility. Zyxin-null fibroblasts also show deficits in actin stress fiber remodeling and exhibit changes in the molecular composition of focal adhesions, most notably by severely reduced accumulation of Ena/VASP proteins. We postulate that zyxin cooperates with Ena/VASP proteins and caldesmon to influence integrin-dependent cell motility and actin stress fiber remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Hoffman
- The Huntsman Cancer Institute and the Department of Biology,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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43
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Hossain MM, Crish JF, Eckert RL, Lin JJC, Jin JP. h2-Calponin is regulated by mechanical tension and modifies the function of actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:42442-53. [PMID: 16236705 PMCID: PMC1405912 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calponin is an extensively studied actin-binding protein, but its function is not well understood. Among three isoforms of calponin, h2-calponin is found in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. The present study demonstrates that epidermal keratinocytes and fibroblast cells express significant amounts of h2-calponin. The expression of h2-calponin is cell anchorage-dependent. The levels of h2-calponin decrease when cells are rounded up and remain low when cells are prevented from adherence to a culture dish. h2-calponin expression resumes after the floating cells are allowed to form a monolayer in plastic dish. Cell cultures on polyacrylamide gels of different stiffness demonstrated that h2-calponin expression is affected by the mechanical properties of the culture matrix. When cells are cultured on soft gel that applies less traction force to the cell and, therefore, lower mechanical tension in the cytoskeleton, the level of h2-calponin is significantly lower than that in cells cultured on hard gel or rigid plastic dish. Force-expression of h2-calponin enhanced the resistance of the actin filaments to cytochalasin B treatment. Keratinocyte differentiation is accompanied by a mechanical tension-related up-regulation of h2-calponin. Lowering the tension of actin cytoskeleton by inhibiting non-muscle myosin II ATPase decreased h2-calponin expression. In contrast to the mechanical tension regulation of endogenous h2-calponin, the expression of h2-calponin using a cytomegalovirus promotor was independent of the stiffness of culture matrix. The results suggest that h2-calponin represents a novel manifestation of mechanical tension responsive gene regulation that may modify cytoskeleton function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moazzem Hossain
- Section of Molecular Cardiology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Northwestern University Fienberg School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
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Takiguchi K, Matsumura F. Role of the basic C-terminal half of caldesmon in its regulation of F-actin: comparison between caldesmon and calponin. J Biochem 2005; 138:805-13. [PMID: 16428310 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvi181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that caldesmon (CaD), together with tropomyosin (TM), effectively protects actin filaments from gelsolin, an actin-severing protein. To elucidate the structure/function relationship of CaD, we dissected the functional domain of CaD required for the protection. The basic C-terminal half of rat nonmuscle CaD (D3) inhibits gelsolin activity to the same degree as intact CaD, although a smaller C-terminal region of D3 does not. This smaller C-terminal region contains the minimum regulatory domain responsible for the inhibition of actomyosin ATPase, and for the binding to actin, calmodulin and TM. These results suggest that the domain responsible for the inhibition of gelsolin activity lies outside the minimum regulatory domain, and that the positive charge possessed by the C-terminal half of CaD is important for its interaction with actin. Moreover, while the D3 fragment promotes the aggregation of F-actin into bundles as reported previously, this bundle formation is inhibited by the acidic N-terminal half of CaD, as well as by poly-l-glutamate. It seems likely that the acidic N-terminal half of CaD neutralizes the superfluous basic feature of the C-terminal half. A comparison between D3 and calponin, another actin-binding protein that is also basic and has similar actin-regulatory activities, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingo Takiguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Labs/Busch Campus, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
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45
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Taniguchi S. Suppression of cancer phenotypes through a multifunctional actin-binding protein, calponin, that attacks cancer cells and simultaneously protects the host from invasion. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:738-46. [PMID: 16271067 PMCID: PMC11160040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative and/or qualitative alteration of actin cytoskeletal molecules, involved in the regulation of cellular dynamic functions, should be intimately related with cancer phenotypes. Based on several lines of experimental evidence from our group, and others, this report proposes a strategy to simultaneously attack cancer cells and protect the host from cancer invasion, with one molecule. Calponin h1, an actin-stabilizing protein that is also intimately related to signal transduction, is very often suppressed in vascular smooth muscle cells of malignant human tumors and in mesothelial cells by coexisting cancer cells. We generated mice deficient for calponin h1, exhibiting fragility in blood vessels and peritoneal membranes. Hematogenous cancer metastasis occurred more easily in the calponin h1-deficient mice than in wild-type mice, and the peritoneal dissemination was extremely enhanced. The fragility was rescued by the exogenous introduction of the calponin h1 gene into mesothelial cells of the peritoneum. Furthermore, calponin h1 gene transfer into several transformed cell lines resulted in a suppression of malignancy. The peritoneal dissemination of intraperitoneally-injected B16-F10 cells was suppressed by the calponin h1 gene, given to target both cancer cells and the mesothelial cells of the host. The multifunctional nature of the molecule, as a machinery player of cytoskeleton and mediator of signal transduction, probably resulted in a favorable recipient-discriminating effect on cancerous and normal cells. Thus, we believe that if we use adequate multifunctional molecules for therapy, it is possible to simultaneously suppress cancer phenotypes and protect normal cells from the attack of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun'ichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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46
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Hubschmid U, Leong-Morgenthaler PM, Basset-Dardare A, Ruault S, Frey P. In vitro growth of human urinary tract smooth muscle cells on laminin and collagen type I-coated membranes under static and dynamic conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:161-71. [PMID: 15738671 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates in vitro growth of human urinary tract smooth muscle cells under static conditions and mechanical stimulation. The cells were cultured on collagen type I- and laminin-coated silicon membranes. Using a Flexcell device for mechanical stimulation, a cyclic strain of 0-20% was applied in a strain-stress-time model (stretch, 104 min relaxation, 15 s), imitating physiological bladder filling and voiding. Cell proliferation and alpha-actin, calponin, and caldesmon phenotype marker expression were analyzed. Nonstretched cells showed significant better growth on laminin during the first 8 days, thereafter becoming comparable to cells grown on collagen type I. Cyclic strain significantly reduced cell growth on both surfaces; however, better growth was observed on laminin. Neither the type of surface nor mechanical stimulation influenced the expression pattern of phenotype markers; alpha-actin was predominantly expressed. Coating with the extracellular matrix protein laminin improved in vitro growth of human urinary tract smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hubschmid
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Urology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Karagiannis P, Babu GJ, Periasamy M, Brozovich FV. Myosin heavy chain isoform expression regulates shortening velocity in smooth muscle: studies using an SMB KO mouse line. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2005; 25:149-58. [PMID: 15360130 DOI: 10.1023/b:jure.0000035879.87045.4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of smooth muscle are thought to be partially determined by the level of the expression of the 7 amino acid insert, SMB, in the myosin heavy chain, as SMB is generally expressed at higher levels in faster smooth muscle. In this study, we determined the role of this insert on shortening velocity and force regeneration following rapid reduction in muscle length (k(step)) in bladder tissue from a transgenic mouse line expressing the insert at three different levels: wild type (WT, +/+, SMB/SMB), an SMA homozygous type (SMB KO, -/-), and a heterozygous type (+/-, SMB/SMA). Smooth muscle from +/+ bladder shorten faster than both the +/- and -/- bladder smooth muscle when activated with Ca2+, consistent with SMB determining the shortening velocity of smooth muscle. The addition of Pi to the fully activated skinned bladder strips did not affect the rate of shortening for either the +/+ or -/- bladder types but did significantly decrease the rate of shortening for the +/- type. In contrast, the addition of ADP to fully Ca2+ activated bladder strips increased the rate of shortening for all three bladder types. However after thiophosphorylation, ADP slowed the shortening velocity. These data are consistent with shortening velocity being determined by the level of activation (or crossbridge attachment) in smooth muscle. The rates of force regeneration according to the k(step) protocol showed no differences between bladder types and also proved insensitive to either Pi or ADP. These data suggest that the rates of force regeneration were determined not only by the kinetics of the crossbridge cycle, but also by factors outside the contractile apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karagiannis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Medicine (Cardiology), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106, USA
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Zimmerman RA, Tomasek JJ, McRae J, Haaksma CJ, Schwartz RJ, Lin HK, Cowan RL, Jones AN, Kropp BP. Decreased expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin results in decreased contractile function of the mouse bladder. J Urol 2004; 172:1667-72. [PMID: 15371786 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000139874.48574.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMalphaA) is an important actin isoform for functional contractility in the mouse bladder. Alterations in the expression of SMalphaA have been associated with a variety of bladder pathological conditions. Recently, a SMalphaA-null mouse was generated and differences in vascular tone and contractility were observed between wild-type and SMalphaA-null mice suggesting alterations in function of vascular smooth muscle. We used SMalphaA-null mice to explore the hypothesis that SMalphaA is necessary for normal bladder function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were used to confirm the absence of SMalphaA transcript and protein in the bladder of SMalphaA-null mice. In vitro bladder contractility compared between bladder rings harvested from wild-type and SMalphaA-null mice was determined by force measurement following electrical field stimulation (EFS), and exposure to chemical agonists and antagonists including KCl, carbachol, atropine and tetrodotoxin. Resulting force generation profiles for each tissue and agent were analyzed. RESULTS There was no detectable SMalphaA transcript and protein expression in the bladder of SMalphaA-null mice. Nine wild-type and 9 SMalphaA-null mice were used in the contractility study. Bladders from SMalphaA-null mice generated significantly less force than wild-type mice in response to EFS after KCl. Similarly, bladders from SMalphaA-null mice generated less force than wild-type mice in response to pretreatment EFS, and EFS after carbachol and atropine, although the difference was not significant. Surprisingly, the bladders in SMalphaA-null mice appeared to function normally and showed no gross or histological abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS SMalphaA appears to be necessary for the bladder to be able to generate normal levels of contractile force. No functional deficits were observed in the bladders of these animals but no stress was placed on these bladders. To our knowledge this study represents the first report to demonstrate the importance of expression of SMalphaA in force generation in the bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Zimmerman
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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Takahashi R, Nishimura J, Hirano K, Seki N, Naito S, Kanaide H. Ca2+ sensitization in contraction of human bladder smooth muscle. J Urol 2004; 172:748-52. [PMID: 15247775 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000130419.32165.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of Ca2+ sensitization in the contraction of human bladder urinary smooth muscle (UBSM) was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simultaneous measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and tension in fura-2 loaded intact strips and receptor coupled strips permeabilized with alpha-toxin were applied. Protein expressions was confirmed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS In intact fura-2 loaded strips 1 microM carbachol (CCh) induced a greater contraction and a lower [Ca2+]i elevation than that induced by 60 mM K depolarization. In alpha-toxin permeabilized strips 1 microM CCh induced contraction at constant [Ca2+]i and produced a leftward shift in the [Ca2+]i-tension relationship. RhoA, Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) I, ROCK II and CPI-17 proteins were expressed in human UBSM. In intact fura-2 loaded strips the application of 3 microM Y-27632, a ROCK inhibitor, or 3 microM bisindolylmaleimide I (GF109203X), a protein kinase C inhibitor, during the sustained phase of contraction induced by 1 microM CCh induced relaxation without changing [Ca2+]i. In alpha-toxin permeabilized strips the application of 3 microM Y-27632 or 3 microM GF109203X during the sustained contraction induced by 0.3 microM Ca plus 10 microM guanosine triphosphate and 1 microM CCh induced relaxation at constant [Ca2+]i. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that in human UBSM CCh induces contraction, not only by increasing [Ca2+]i, but also by increasing the Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus in a ROCK and protein kinase C dependent manner. Antagonism of Ca2+ sensitization pathways may represent an alternative target in the treatment of overactive bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Andersson KE, Arner A. Urinary bladder contraction and relaxation: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:935-86. [PMID: 15269341 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The detrusor smooth muscle is the main muscle component of the urinary bladder wall. Its ability to contract over a large length interval and to relax determines the bladder function during filling and micturition. These processes are regulated by several external nervous and hormonal control systems, and the detrusor contains multiple receptors and signaling pathways. Functional changes of the detrusor can be found in several clinically important conditions, e.g., lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and bladder outlet obstruction. The aim of this review is to summarize and synthesize basic information and recent advances in the understanding of the properties of the detrusor smooth muscle, its contractile system, cellular signaling, membrane properties, and cellular receptors. Alterations in these systems in pathological conditions of the bladder wall are described, and some areas for future research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Erik Andersson
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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