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Eckert S, Eilers EJ, Jakobs R, Anaia RA, Aragam KS, Bloss T, Popp M, Sasidharan R, Schnitzler JP, Stein F, Steppuhn A, Unsicker SB, van Dam NM, Yepes S, Ziaja D, Müller C. Inter-laboratory comparison of plant volatile analyses in the light of intra-specific chemodiversity. Metabolomics 2023; 19:62. [PMID: 37351733 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessing intraspecific variation in plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) involves pitfalls that may bias biological interpretation, particularly when several laboratories collaborate on joint projects. Comparative, inter-laboratory ring trials can inform on the reproducibility of such analyses. OBJECTIVES In a ring trial involving five laboratories, we investigated the reproducibility of VOC collections with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and analyses by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). As model plant we used Tanacetum vulgare, which shows a remarkable diversity in terpenoids, forming so-called chemotypes. We performed our ring-trial with two chemotypes to examine the sources of technical variation in plant VOC measurements during pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical steps. METHODS Monoclonal root cuttings were generated in one laboratory and distributed to five laboratories, in which plants were grown under laboratory-specific conditions. VOCs were collected on PDMS tubes from all plants before and after a jasmonic acid (JA) treatment. Thereafter, each laboratory (donors) sent a subset of tubes to four of the other laboratories (recipients), which performed TD-GC-MS with their own established procedures. RESULTS Chemotype-specific differences in VOC profiles were detected but with an overall high variation both across donor and recipient laboratories. JA-induced changes in VOC profiles were not reproducible. Laboratory-specific growth conditions led to phenotypic variation that affected the resulting VOC profiles. CONCLUSION Our ring trial shows that despite large efforts to standardise each VOC measurement step, the outcomes differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our results reveal sources of variation in plant VOC research and may help to avoid systematic errors in similar experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Eckert
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J Eilers
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ruth Jakobs
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Redouan Adam Anaia
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Bloss
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Moritz Popp
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rohit Sasidharan
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Florian Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular Botany, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Sol Yepes
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Dominik Ziaja
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Dehghan A, Rounagh-Ardakani H, Mohammadzadeh A, Mohammadzadeh M, Mohammadzadeh M, Borzoui E. Induction of resistance, enzyme activity, and phytochemicals in canola plants treated with abscisic acid elevated based on nutrient availability: a case study on Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:17. [PMID: 37339102 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the important pests of cruciferous plants throughout the world including Iran. In the present study, we grew cultivated canola plants under different fertilizers or distilled water and sprayed them with 100 µM abscisic acid (ABA) or a control solution (NaOH dissolved in water) to study (i) the antibiosis parameters of B. brassicae on these plants; (ii) the antixenosis of B. brassicae adults on these plants; (iii) the plant's peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity; and (iv) the plant's total phenolic and glucosinolate content. The results of antibiosis experiments showed that ABA and fertilizers have a profound and negative effect on the performance of B. brassicae. In the antixenosis experiment, control plants attracted a significantly higher number of adult females in comparison to treated plants. Also, B. brassicae had lower performance and preference when they were reared on the ABA-treated fertilized plants with higher levels of phenolic and glucosinolate content. These results prompted us to hypothesize that fertilizers enable canola plants to trigger a higher level of secondary metabolites. Our findings reveal that the type and level of nutrient availability may have different impacts on how the plant regulates its defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Dehghan
- Department of Agriculture, Bam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bam, Iran
| | | | - Ali Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadzadeh
- Physiology and Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Borzoui
- Department of Plant Protection, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- AriaShimi Co, Tehran, Iran
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Epigenetic Changes Occurring in Plant Inbreeding. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065407. [PMID: 36982483 PMCID: PMC10048984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding is the crossing of closely related individuals in nature or a plantation or self-pollinating plants, which produces plants with high homozygosity. This process can reduce genetic diversity in the offspring and decrease heterozygosity, whereas inbred depression (ID) can often reduce viability. Inbred depression is common in plants and animals and has played a significant role in evolution. In the review, we aim to show that inbreeding can, through the action of epigenetic mechanisms, affect gene expression, resulting in changes in the metabolism and phenotype of organisms. This is particularly important in plant breeding because epigenetic profiles can be linked to the deterioration or improvement of agriculturally important characteristics.
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Chrétien LTS, Khalil A, Gershenzon J, Lucas-Barbosa D, Dicke M, Giron D. Plant metabolism and defence strategies in the flowering stage: Time-dependent responses of leaves and flowers under attack. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2841-2855. [PMID: 35611630 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants developing into the flowering stage undergo major physiological changes. Because flowers are reproductive tissues and resource sinks, strategies to defend them may differ from those for leaves. Thus, this study investigates the defences of flowering plants by assessing processes that sustain resistance (constitutive and induced) and tolerance to attack. We exposed the annual plant Brassica nigra to three distinct floral attackers (caterpillar, aphid and bacterial pathogen) and measured whole-plant responses at 4, 8 and 12 days after the attack. We simultaneously analysed profiles of primary and secondary metabolites in leaves and inflorescences and measured dry biomass of roots, leaves and inflorescences as proxies of resource allocation and regrowth. Regardless of treatments, inflorescences contained 1.2 to 4 times higher concentrations of primary metabolites than leaves, and up to 7 times higher concentrations of glucosinolates, which highlights the plant's high investment of resources into inflorescences. No induction of glucosinolates was detected in inflorescences, but the attack transiently affected the total concentration of soluble sugars in both leaves and inflorescences. We conclude that B. nigra evolved high constitutive rather than inducible resistance to protect their flowers; plants additionally compensated for damage by attackers via the regrowth of reproductive parts. This strategy may be typical of annual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille T S Chrétien
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Alix Khalil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE), Department of Biochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Dani Lucas-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Oduor AMO. Invasive plant species that experience lower herbivory pressure may evolve lower diversities of chemical defense compounds in the exotic range. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1382-1393. [PMID: 36000500 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Invasive plant species often escape from specialist herbivores and are more likely to be attacked by generalist herbivores in the exotic range. Consequently, the shifting defense hypothesis predicts that invasive plants will produce higher concentrations of qualitative defense compounds to deter dominant generalist herbivores in the exotic range. Here, I additionally propose a reduced chemical diversity hypothesis (RCDH), which predicts that reduced herbivory pressure will select for invasive plant genotypes that produce lower diversities of chemical defense compounds in the exotic range. METHODS I tested whether (1) invasive Brassica nigra populations express a lower diversity and an overall higher concentration of glucosinolate compounds than native-range B. nigra; (2) Brassica nigra individuals that express high diversities and concentrations of glucosinolate compounds are more attractive to specialist and deterrent to generalist herbivores; and (3) tissues of invasive B. nigra are less palatable than tissues of native-range B. nigra to the generalist herbivores Theba pisana and Helix aspersa. RESULTS Invasive B. nigra populations produced a significantly lower diversity of glucosinolate compounds, a marginally higher concentration of total glucosinolates, and a significantly higher concentration of sinigrin (the dominant glucosinolate). Leaf tissues of invasive B. nigra were significantly less palatable to T. pisana and marginally less so to H. aspersa. Brassica nigra individuals that expressed high concentrations of total glucosinolate compounds were visited by a low diversity of generalist herbivore species in the field. CONCLUSIONS In line with the RCDH, the lower diversity of glucosinolate compounds produced by invasive B. nigra populations likely resulted from selection imposed by reduced herbivory pressure in the exotic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayub M O Oduor
- Department of Applied Biology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Doghri M, Rodríguez VM, Kliebenstein DJ, Francisco M. Plant Responses Underlying Timely Specialized Metabolites Induction of Brassica Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:807710. [PMID: 35185956 PMCID: PMC8850993 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.807710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A large subset of plant stress-signaling pathways, including those related with chemical defense production, exhibit diurnal or circadian oscillations. However the extent to which diurnal or circadian time influences the stress mediated accumulation of plant specialized metabolites remains largely unknown. Because plant responses to physical stress (e.g., wounding) is considered a common component of mounting a response against a broad range of environmental stresses, including herbivory, we have utilized mechanical wounding as the stress stimulus to determine the direct contribution of time of day on the induced defenses of Brassica crops. We analyzed glucosinolates (GSLs) from leaves of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and turnip greens (Brassica rapa) following exposure to mechanical wounding at dawn (ZT0), mid-day (ZT4), and dusk (ZT8). Several GSLs differentially accumulated and their changes depended upon the time of day at wounding was performed. This response varied considerably between species. In a parallel experiment, we investigated whether diurnal activation of Brassica phytochemicals in response to wounding might prime plants against herbivore attack. Results showed that maximal response of plant chemical defense against larvae of the generalist pest Mamestra brassicae occurred at ZT0 in broccoli and ZT8 in turnip greens. Metabolome analysis for global trends of time dependent compounds showed that sulfur-containing phytochemicals, GSL hydrolysis products, auxin-signaling components, and other metabolites activators of plant disease resistance (nicotinamide and pipecolate) had important contributions to the responses of M. brassicae feeding behavior in broccoli at morning. Overall, the findings in this study highlight a significant role for time of day in the wound stress responsive metabolome, which can in turn affect plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Doghri
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Daniel J. Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Martínez-Medina A, Mbaluto CM, Maedicke A, Weinhold A, Vergara F, van Dam NM. Leaf herbivory counteracts nematode-triggered repression of jasmonate-related defenses in tomato roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1762-1778. [PMID: 34618073 PMCID: PMC8566281 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Shoot herbivores may influence the communities of herbivores associated with the roots via inducible defenses. However, the molecular mechanisms and hormonal signaling underpinning the systemic impact of leaf herbivory on root-induced responses against nematodes remain poorly understood. By using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model plant, we explored the impact of leaf herbivory by Manduca sexta on the performance of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. By performing glasshouse bioassays, we found that leaf herbivory reduced M. incognita performance in the roots. By analyzing the root expression profile of a set of oxylipin-related marker genes and jasmonate root content, we show that leaf herbivory systemically activates the 13-Lipoxigenase (LOX) and 9-LOX branches of the oxylipin pathway in roots and counteracts the M. incognita-triggered repression of the 13-LOX branch. By using untargeted metabolomics, we also found that leaf herbivory counteracts the M. incognita-mediated repression of putative root chemical defenses. To explore the signaling involved in this shoot-to-root interaction, we performed glasshouse bioassays with grafted plants compromised in jasmonate synthesis or perception, specifically in their shoots. We demonstrated the importance of an intact shoot jasmonate perception, whereas having an intact jasmonate biosynthesis pathway was not essential for this shoot-to-root interaction. Our results highlight the impact of leaf herbivory on the ability of M. incognita to manipulate root defenses and point to an important role for the jasmonate signaling pathway in shoot-to-root signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Plant-Microorganism Interactions, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA‐CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Author for communication:
| | - Crispus M Mbaluto
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Maedicke
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fredd Vergara
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstraße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Wei X, Vrieling K, Kim HK, Mulder PPJ, Klinkhamer PGL. Application of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid lead to contrasting effects on the plant's metabolome and herbivory. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110784. [PMID: 33487359 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone applications are used to mimic herbivory and can induce plant defences. This study investigated (i) metabolomic changes in leaf tissues of Jacobaea vulgaris and J. aquatica after methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) applications and (ii) the effects on a leaf-chewing, a leaf-mining and a piercing-sucking herbivore. MeJA treated leaves showed clearly different metabolomic profiles than control leaves, while the differences in metabolomic profiles between SA treated leaves and control leaves were less clear. More NMR peaks increased than decreased after MeJA treatment while this pattern was reversed after SA treatment. The leaf-chewing (Mamestra brassicae) and the leaf-mining herbivores (Liriomyza trifolii) fed less on MeJA-treated leaves compared to control and SA-treated leaves while they fed equally on the latter two. In J. aquatica but not in J. vulgaris, SA treatment reduced feeding damage by the piercing-sucking herbivore (Frankliniella occidentalis). Based on the herbivory and metabolomic data after phytohormone application, we made speculations as follows: For all three herbivore species, plants with high levels of threonine and citric acid showed less herbivory while plants with high levels of glucose showed more herbivory. Herbivory by thrips was lower on plants with high levels of alanine while it was higher on plants with high levels of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. The plant compounds that related to feeding of piercing-sucking herbivore were further verified with previous independent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China; Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hye Kyong Kim
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- RIKILT-Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Science and Natural Products, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, P. O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Baek MW, Choi HR, Solomon T, Jeong CS, Lee OH, Tilahun S. Preharvest Methyl Jasmonate Treatment Increased the Antioxidant Activity and Glucosinolate Contents of Hydroponically Grown Pak Choi. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:131. [PMID: 33477720 PMCID: PMC7832332 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical hydroponics farming has emerged as an alternative solution to feed the continuously growing world population. Additionally, recent studies reported that the exogenous treatments of jasmonic acid influence the phytochemical composition of Brassicaceae. We conducted this study to determine the effect of preharvest methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of soil- and hydroponically grown pak choi. An aqueous solution of 0.5-mM MeJA was sprayed to saturation on the aerial plant part three days before harvest. The harvested pak choi was freeze-dried and then powdered to measure the antioxidant activity and the contents of chlorophylls (Chls), total phenolics and flavonoids, and glucosinolates (GSLs). The overall results revealed that pak choi grown in vertical hydroponics had higher total Chls and total phenolics than those grown in soil in the greenhouse, regardless of MeJA treatment. Nevertheless, the GSLs content and total flavonoids increased significantly due to MeJA treatment in both growing systems, and the highest values were recorded in hydroponically grown MeJA-treated pak choi. Similarly, the 2, 2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (ABTS), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were highest in hydroponically grown MeJA-treated pak choi. Taken together, the preharvest foliar treatment of MeJA can be used to improve the phytochemical composition of pak choi grown in both growing systems. Interestingly, the results strongly support the use of MeJA treatment in the vertical hydroponics growing system compared to the conventional growing system in the soil. This indicates that supplementing the vertical hydroponic growing system with preharvest MeJA treatment could be the best option to improve both the yield per square meter and the quality of pak choi. Besides, MeJA-treated pak choi could be used as a value-added horticultural commodity, as its antioxidant activity increased after treatment. Moreover, after further studies, MeJA could also be applied to other Brassica vegetables to improve their GSL contents and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Baek
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.W.B.); (H.R.C.); (C.S.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Han Ryul Choi
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.W.B.); (H.R.C.); (C.S.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Tifsehit Solomon
- Department of Biology, Wollega University, Nekemte 395, Ethiopia;
| | - Cheon Soon Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.W.B.); (H.R.C.); (C.S.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Shimeles Tilahun
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.W.B.); (H.R.C.); (C.S.J.)
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia
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Bhavanam S, Stout M. Seed Treatment With Jasmonic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate Induces Resistance to Insects but Reduces Plant Growth and Yield in Rice, Oryza sativa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:691768. [PMID: 34484259 PMCID: PMC8415220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
When applied exogenously to plants, jasmonates [i.e., jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)] increase plant resistance against herbivores, and their use in pest management has been suggested. For integration into pest management programs, the benefits of the resistance induced by jasmonates must outweigh the costs of jasmonates on plant growth and yield. A previous field study in rice found that seed treatment with MeJA reduced densities of the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, but also reduced plant growth. Yields from MeJA plots were similar to yields from control plots. Because this study was conducted under field conditions with natural levels of pest populations, it was unclear whether effects on growth and yield were due to direct effects of MeJA treatment on the plant or due to lower reductions in rice water weevil densities. Therefore, the present study was designed to characterize the effects of JA and MeJA seed treatment on rice plant growth and yield in a pest-free environment under greenhouse conditions. Seed treatment with 2.5 mM JA and 2.5 mM MeJA enhanced resistance in rice plants to rice water weevils when plants were exposed to weevils 30 days after planting. Seed treatment with MeJA reduced seedling emergence and plant height at 4 and 14 days after planting, respectively, compared to JA and control treatments. However, numbers of tillers per plant at 45 days after planting and days to heading were unaffected by jasmonate seed treatment. Of four yield components (panicles per plant, filled grains per panicle, percent unfilled grains, and filled grain mass) that were measured, only filled grain mass was reduced by seed treatment. Plants grown from MeJA-treated seeds showed 31% lower grain masses compared to plants grown from control-treated seeds. Thus, the effects of seed treatment with MeJA on plant growth were stronger immediately post-treatment and subsided over time, such that plant growth mostly recovered 6 weeks after treatment. At maturity, MeJA may reduce one but not all components of yield. Despite similar effects on rice water weevil resistance, the negative effects of JA seed treatment on plant growth and yield were smaller compared to MeJA seed treatment.
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Fattore S, Xiao Z, Godschalx AL, Röder G, Turlings TCJ, Le Bayon RC, Rasmann S. Bioturbation by endogeic earthworms facilitates entomopathogenic nematode movement toward herbivore-damaged maize roots. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21316. [PMID: 33277609 PMCID: PMC7718913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been extensively studied as potential biological control agents against root-feeding crop pests. Maize roots under rootworm attack have been shown to release volatile organic compounds, such as (E)-β-caryophyllene (Eβc) that guide EPNs toward the damaging larvae. As yet, it is unknown how belowground ecosystems engineers, such as earthworms, affect the biological control capacity of EPNs by altering the root Eβc-mediated tritrophic interactions. We here asked whether and how, the presence of endogeic earthworms affects the ability of EPNs to find root-feeding larvae of the beetle Diabrotica balteata. First, we performed a field mesocosm experiment with two diverse cropping systems, and revealed that the presence of earthworms increased the EPN infection potential of larvae near maize roots. Subsequently, using climate-controlled, olfactometer-based bioassays, we confirmed that EPNs response to Eβc alone (released from dispensers) was two-fold higher in earthworm-worked soil than in earthworm-free soil. Together our results indicate that endogeic earthworms, through burrowing and casting activities, not only change soil properties in a way that improves soil fertility but may also enhance the biocontrol potential of EPNs against root feeding pests. For an ecologically-sound pest reduction in crop fields, we advocate agricultural practices that favour earthworm community structure and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Fattore
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Zhenggao Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Adrienne L Godschalx
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Röder
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Renée-Claire Le Bayon
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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12
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Volf M, Weinhold A, Seifert CL, Holicová T, Uthe H, Alander E, Richter R, Salminen JP, Wirth C, van Dam NM. Branch-Localized Induction Promotes Efficacy of Volatile Defences and Herbivore Predation in Trees. J Chem Ecol 2020; 47:99-111. [PMID: 33180276 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Induction of plant defences can show various levels of localization, which can optimize their efficiency. Locally induced responses may be particularly important in large plants, such as trees, that show high variability in traits and herbivory rates across their canopies. We studied the branch-localized induction of polyphenols, volatiles (VOCs), and changes in leaf protein content in Carpinus betulus L., Quercus robur L., and Tilia cordata L. in a common garden experiment. To induce the trees, we treated ten individuals per species on one branch with methyl jasmonate. Five other individuals per species served as controls. We measured the traits in the treated branches, in control branches on treated trees, and in control trees. Additionally, we ran predation assays and caterpillar food-choice trials to assess the effects of our treatment on other trophic levels. Induced VOCs included mainly mono- and sesquiterpenes. Their production was strongly localized to the treated branches in all three tree species studied. Treated trees showed more predation events than control trees. The polyphenol levels and total protein content showed a limited response to the treatment. Yet, winter moth caterpillars preferred leaves from control branches over leaves from treated branches within C. betulus individuals and leaves from control Q. robur individuals over leaves from treated Q. robur individuals. Our results suggest that there is a significant level of localization in induction of VOCs and probably also in unknown traits with direct effects on herbivores. Such localization allows trees to upregulate defences wherever and whenever they are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Volf
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Carlo L Seifert
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Holicová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Henriette Uthe
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Alander
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Ronny Richter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, Institute for Geography, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 19a, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
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13
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Wang D, Wang Q, Sun X, Gao Y, Ding J. Potato Tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) Leaf Infestation Effects Performance of Conspecific Larvae on Harvested Tubers by Inducing Chemical Defenses. INSECTS 2020; 11:E633. [PMID: 32942700 PMCID: PMC7564594 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conspecific aboveground and belowground herbivores can interact with each other, mediated by plant secondary chemicals; however, little attention has been paid to the interaction between leaf feeders and tuber-feeders. Here, we evaluated the effect of the foliar feeding of P. operculella larvae on the development of conspecific larvae feeding on harvested tubers by determining the nutrition and defense metabolites in the whole plant (leaf, root and tuber). We found that leaf feeding negatively affected tuber larval performance by increasing the female larval developmental time and reducing the male pupal weight. In addition, aboveground herbivory increased α-chaconine and glycoalkaloids in tubers and α-solanine in leaves, but decreased α-chaconine and glycoalkaloids in leaves. Aboveground herbivory also altered the levels of soluble sugar, soluble protein, starch, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), as well as the C:N ratio in both leaves and tubers. Aboveground P. operculella infestations could affect the performance of conspecific larvae feeding on harvested tubers by inducing glycoalkaloids in the host plant. Our findings indicate that field leaf herbivory should be considered when assessing the quality of potato tubers and their responses to pests during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; (D.W.); (Q.W.); (X.S.)
| | - Qiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; (D.W.); (Q.W.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; (D.W.); (Q.W.); (X.S.)
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jianqing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; (D.W.); (Q.W.); (X.S.)
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14
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Hanik N, Best M, Schueller MJ, Tappero R, Ferrieri RA. Defense Priming in Nicotiana tabacum Accelerates and Amplifies 'New' C/N Fluxes in Key Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E851. [PMID: 32640641 PMCID: PMC7411752 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the struggle to survive herbivory by leaf-feeding insects, plants employ multiple strategies to defend themselves. One mechanism by which plants increase resistance is by intensifying their responsiveness in the production of certain defense agents to create a rapid response. Known as defense priming, this action can accelerate and amplify responses of metabolic pathways, providing plants with long-lasting resistance, especially when faced with waves of attack. In the work presented, short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum, to examine the temporal changes in 'new' C/N utilization in the biosynthesis of key amino acids (AAs). Responses were induced by using topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA). After a single treatment, metabolic partitioning of recently fixed carbon (designated 'new' carbon and reflected as 11C) increased through the shikimate pathway, giving rise to tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan. Amplification in 'new' carbon fluxes preceded changes in the endogenous (12C) pools of these AAs. Testing after serial JA treatments revealed that fluxes of 'new' carbon were accelerated, amplified and sustained over time at this higher rate, suggesting a priming effect. Similar results were observed with recently assimilated nitrogen (designated 'new' nitrogen reflected as 13N) with its partitioning into serine, glycine and glutamine, which play important roles supporting the shikimate pathway and downstream secondary metabolism. Finally, X-ray fluorescence imaging revealed that levels of the element Mn, an important co-factor for enzyme regulation in the shikimate pathway, increased within JA treated tissues, suggesting a link between plant metal ion regulation and C/N metabolic priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hanik
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcel Best
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source Division, Upton, NY 11973, USA;
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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15
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Paniagua Voirol LR, Weinhold A, Johnston PR, Fatouros NE, Hilker M. Legacy of a Butterfly's Parental Microbiome in Offspring Performance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00596-20. [PMID: 32276976 PMCID: PMC7267186 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00596-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An insect's phenotype can be influenced by the experiences of the parental generation. However, the effects of the parental symbiotic microbiome and host plant use on the offspring are unclear. We addressed this gap of knowledge by studying Pieris brassicae, a multivoltine butterfly species feeding on different brassicaceous plants across generations. We investigated how disturbance of the parental bacterial community by antibiotic treatment affects F1 larval traits. We tested the effects depending on whether F1 larvae are feeding on the same plant species as their parents or on a different one. The parental treatment alone had no impact on the biomass of F1 larvae feeding on the parental plant species. However, the parental treatment had a detrimental effect on F1 larval biomass when F1 larvae had a different host plant than their parents. This effect was linked to higher larval prophenoloxidase activity and greater downregulation of the major allergen gene (MA), a glucosinolate detoxification gene of P. brassicae Bacterial abundance in untreated adult parents was high, while it was very low in F1 larvae from either parental type, and thus unlikely to directly influence larval traits. Our results suggest that transgenerational effects of the parental microbiome on the offspring's phenotype become evident when the offspring is exposed to a transgenerational host plant shift.IMPORTANCE Resident bacterial communities are almost absent in larvae of butterflies and thus are unlikely to affect their host. In contrast, adult butterflies contain conspicuous amounts of bacteria. While the host plant and immune state of adult parental butterflies are known to affect offspring traits, it has been unclear whether also the parental microbiome imposes direct effects on the offspring. Here, we show that disturbance of the bacterial community in parental butterflies by an antibiotic treatment has a detrimental effect on those offspring larvae feeding on a different host plant than their parents. Hence, the study indicates that disturbance of an insect's parental microbiome by an antibiotic treatment shapes how the offspring individuals can adjust themselves to a novel host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Paniagua Voirol
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Weinhold
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul R Johnston
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Department of Plant Sciences, Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Garcia-Ibañez P, Moreno DA, Nuñez-Gomez V, Agudelo A, Carvajal M. Use of elicitation in the cultivation of Bimi® for food and ingredients. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2099-2109. [PMID: 31875967 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cruciferous foods rich in health-promoting metabolites are of particular interest to consumers as well as being a good source of bioactives-enriched ingredients. Several elicitors have been used to stimulate the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites in foods; however, little is known about the response of new hybrid varieties, such as Bimi®, under field-crop production conditions. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (200 μmol L-1 , SA), methyl jasmonate (100 μmol L-1 , MeJA), and their combination on Bimi plant organs (inflorescences and aerial vegetative tissues - stems and leaves). For this, the composition of the glucosinolates present in the tissues was evaluated. Also, aqueous extracts of the plant material, obtained with different times of extraction with boiling water, were studied. RESULTS The results indicate that the combined treatment (SA + MeJA) significantly increased the content of glucosinolates in the inflorescences and that MeJA was the most effective elicitor in leaves. Regarding the aqueous extracts, the greatest amount of glucosinolates was extracted at 30 min - except for the leaves elicited with MeJA, for which 15 min was optimal. CONCLUSION The elicitation in the field enriched leaves in glucobrassicin (GB), 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (MGB), and neoglucobrassicin (NGB) and stems and inflorescences in glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, GB, MGB, and NGB. In this way, this enhanced vegetable material favored the presence of bioactives in the extracts, which is of great interest regarding enriched foods and ingredients with added value obtained from them. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Garcia-Ibañez
- Aquaporins Group, Department of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Foods Lab, Department of Food Science Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego A Moreno
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Foods Lab, Department of Food Science Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vanessa Nuñez-Gomez
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Foods Lab, Department of Food Science Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Agatha Agudelo
- R&D Special Collaborative Projects, Sakata Seed Ibérica S.L.U., Valencia, Spain
- IBMCP, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Aquaporins Group, Department of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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17
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Bakhtiari M, Rasmann S. Variation in Below-to Aboveground Systemic Induction of Glucosinolates Mediates Plant Fitness Consequences under Herbivore Attack. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:317-329. [PMID: 32060668 DOI: 10.1101/810432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivore attack by constitutively producing toxic secondary metabolites, as well as by inducing them in response to herbivore feeding. Induction of secondary metabolites can cross plant tissue boundaries, such as from root to shoot. However, whether the potential for plants to systemically induce secondary metabolites from roots to shoots shows genetic variability, and thus, potentially, is under selection conferring fitness benefits to the plants is an open question. To address this question, we induced 26 maternal plant families of the wild species Cardamine hirsuta belowground (BG) using the wound-mimicking phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). We measured resistance against a generalist (Spodoptera littoralis) and a specialist (Pieris brassicae) herbivore species, as well as the production of glucosinolates (GSLs) in plants. We showed that BG induction increased AG resistance against the generalist but not against the specialist, and found substantial plant family-level variation for resistance and GSL induction. We further found that the systemic induction of several GSLs tempered the negative effects of herbivory on total seed set production. Using a widespread natural system, we thus confirm that BG to AG induction has a strong genetic component, and can be under positive selection by increasing plant fitness. We suggest that natural variation in systemic induction is in part dictated by allocation trade-offs between constitutive and inducible GSL production, as well as natural variation in AG and BG herbivore attack in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Bakhtiari
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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18
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Variation in Below-to Aboveground Systemic Induction of Glucosinolates Mediates Plant Fitness Consequences under Herbivore Attack. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:317-329. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Touw AJ, Verdecia Mogena A, Maedicke A, Sontowski R, van Dam NM, Tsunoda T. Both Biosynthesis and Transport Are Involved in Glucosinolate Accumulation During Root-Herbivory in Brassica rapa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1653. [PMID: 31998341 PMCID: PMC6970201 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The optimal defense theory predicts that plants invest most energy in those tissues that have the highest value, but are most vulnerable to attacks. In Brassica species, root-herbivory leads to the accumulation of glucosinolates (GSLs) in the taproot, the most valuable belowground plant organ. Accumulation of GSLs can result from local biosynthesis in response to herbivory. In addition, transport from distal tissues by specialized GSL transporter proteins can play a role as well. GSL biosynthesis and transport are both inducible, but the role these processes play in GSL accumulation during root-herbivory is not yet clear. To address this issue, we performed two time-series experiments to study the dynamics of transport and biosynthesis in local and distal tissues of Brassica rapa. We exposed roots of B. rapa to herbivory by the specialist root herbivore Delia radicum for 7 days. During this period, we sampled above- and belowground plant organs 12 h, 24 h, 3 days and 7 days after the start of herbivory. Next, we measured the quantity and composition of GSL profiles together with the expression of genes involved in GSL biosynthesis and transport. We found that both benzyl and indole GSLs accumulate in the taproot during root-herbivory, whereas we did not observe any changes in aliphatic GSL levels. The rise in indole GSL levels coincided with increased local expression of biosynthesis and transporter genes, which suggest that both biosynthesis and GSL transport play a role in the accumulation of GSLs during root herbivory. However, we did not observe a decrease in GSL levels in distal tissues. We therefore hypothesize that GSL transporters help to retain GSLs in the taproot during root-herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel J. Touw
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Arletys Verdecia Mogena
- Research and Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Anne Maedicke
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rebekka Sontowski
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tomonori Tsunoda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Shinshu University, Kamiina-County, Japan
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20
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Chen C, Harvey JA, Biere A, Gols R. Rain downpours affect survival and development of insect herbivores: the specter of climate change? Ecology 2019; 100:e02819. [PMID: 31310666 PMCID: PMC6899732 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the frequency, duration, and intensity of rainfall events are among the abiotic effects predicted under anthropogenic global warming. Heavy downpours may profoundly affect the development and survival of small organisms such as insects. Here, we examined direct (physically on the insects) and indirect (plant-mediated) effects of simulated downpours on the performance of caterpillars of two lepidopteran herbivores (Plutella xylostella and Pieris brassicae) feeding on black mustard (Brassica nigra) plants. Host plants were exposed to different rainfall regimes both before and while caterpillars were feeding on the plants in an attempt to separate direct and indirect (plant-mediated) effects of rainfall on insect survival and development. In two independent experiments, downpours were simulated as a single long (20 min) or as three short (5 min) daily events. Downpours had a strong negative direct effect on the survival of P. xylostella, but not on that of P. brassicae. Direct effects of downpours consistently increased development time of both herbivore species, whereas effects on body mass depended on herbivore species and downpour frequency. Caterpillar disturbance by rain and recorded microclimatic cooling by 5°C may explain extended immature development. Indirect, plant-mediated effects of downpours on the herbivores were generally small, despite the fact that sugar concentrations were reduced and herbivore induction of secondary metabolites (glucosinolates) was enhanced in plants exposed to rain. Changes in the frequency of precipitation events due to climate change may impact the survival and development of insect herbivores differentially. Broader effects of downpours on insects and other arthropods up the food chain could seriously impair and disrupt trophic interactions, ultimately destabilizing communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of EcologyDroevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological ScienceSection Animal EcologyVU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVThe Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of EcologyDroevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological ScienceSection Animal EcologyVU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVThe Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of EcologyDroevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
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21
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Robert CAM, Pellissier L, Moreira X, Defossez E, Pfander M, Guyer A, van Dam NM, Rasmann S. Correlated Induction of Phytohormones and Glucosinolates Shapes Insect Herbivore Resistance of Cardamine Species Along Elevational Gradients. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:638-648. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Ouassou M, Mukhaimar M, El Amrani A, Kroymann J, Chauveau O. [Biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates and ecological role of secondary modification pathways]. C R Biol 2019; 342:58-80. [PMID: 31088733 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Indole glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites derived from the amino acid tryptophan. They are part of a large group of sulfur-containing molecules almost exclusively found among Brassicales, which include the mustard family (Brassicaceae) with many edible plant species of major nutritional importance. These compounds mediate numerous interactions between these plants and their natural enemies and are therefore of major biological and economical interest. This literature review aims at taking stock of recent advances of our knowledge about the biosynthetic pathways of indole glucosinolates, but also about the defense strategies and ecological processes involving these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ouassou
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Maisara Mukhaimar
- National Agricultural Research Center (NARC)-Jenin/Gaza, Ministry of Agriculture, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Amal El Amrani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Chauveau
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Kiełkiewicz M, Barczak-Brzyżek A, Karpińska B, Filipecki M. Unravelling the Complexity of Plant Defense Induced by a Simultaneous and Sequential Mite and Aphid Infestation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E806. [PMID: 30781828 PMCID: PMC6412847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural and agricultural conditions, plants are attacked by a community of herbivores, including aphids and mites. The green peach aphid and the two-spotted spider mite, both economically important pests, may share the same plant. Therefore, an important question arises as to how plants integrate signals induced by dual herbivore attack into the optimal defensive response. We showed that regardless of which attacker was first, 24 h of infestation allowed for efficient priming of the Arabidopsis defense, which decreased the reproductive performance of one of the subsequent herbivores. The expression analysis of several defense-related genes demonstrated that the individual impact of mite and aphid feeding spread systematically, engaging the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. Interestingly, aphids feeding on the systemic leaf of the plant simultaneously attacked by mites, efficiently reduced the magnitude of the SA and JA activation, whereas mites feeding remotely increased the aphid-induced SA marker gene expression, while the JA-dependent response was completely abolished. We also indicated that the weaker performance of mites and aphids in double infestation essays might be attributed to aliphatic glucosinolates. Our report is the first to provide molecular data on signaling cross-talk when representatives of two distinct taxonomical classes within the phylum Arthropoda co-infest the same plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kiełkiewicz
- Department of Applied Entomology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Barczak-Brzyżek
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Karpińska
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Marcin Filipecki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Methyl Jasmonate Changes the Composition and Distribution Rather than the Concentration of Defence Compounds: a Study on Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. J Chem Ecol 2018; 45:136-145. [PMID: 30284188 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application on pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) concentration and composition of two closely related Jacobaea species. In addition, we examined whether MeJA application affected herbivory of the polyphagous leaf feeding herbivore Spodoptera exigua. A range of concentrations of MeJA was added to the medium of Jacobaea vulgaris and J. aquatica tissue culture plants grown under axenic conditions. PA concentrations were measured in roots and shoots using LC-MS/MS. In neither species MeJA application did affect the total PA concentration at the whole plant level. In J. vulgaris the total PA concentration decreased in roots but increased in shoots. In J. aquatica a similar non-significant trend was observed. In both Jacobaea species MeJA application induced a strong shift from senecionine- to erucifoline-like PAs, while the jacobine- and otosenine-like PAs remained largely unaffected. The results show that MeJA application does not necessarily elicits de novo synthesis, but rather leads to PA conversion combined with reallocation of certain PAs from roots to shoots. S. exigua preferred feeding on control leaves of J. aquatica over MeJA treated leaves, while for J. vulgaris both the control and MeJA treated leaves were hardly eaten. This suggests that the MeJA-induced increase of erucifoline-like PAs can play a role in resistance of J. aquatica to S. exigua. In J. vulgaris resistance to S. exigua may already be high due to the presence of jacobine-like PAs or other resistance factors.
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Bakhtiari M, Glauser G, Rasmann S. Root JA Induction Modifies Glucosinolate Profiles and Increases Subsequent Aboveground Resistance to Herbivore Attack in Cardamine hirsuta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1230. [PMID: 30186300 PMCID: PMC6110943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alteration and induction of plant secondary metabolites after herbivore attack have been shown in almost all the studied plant species. Induction can be at the local site of damage, or systemic, such as from roots to shoots. In addition to immediate induction, previous herbivore bouts have been shown to "prime" the plants for a stronger and faster response only after a subsequent attack happens. Whereas several studies revealed a link between root herbivory and increased resistance against aboveground (AG) herbivory, the evidence of root defense priming against subsequent AG herbivory is currently lacking. To address this gap, we induced Cardamine hirsuta roots by applying jasmonic acid (JA), and, after a time lag, we subjected both control and JA-treated plants to AG herbivory by the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We addressed the effect of root JA addition on AG herbivore resistance by measuring larval weight gain and tested the effect of root induction on abundance and composition of glucosinolates (GSLs) in shoots, prior, and after subsequent herbivory. We observed a strong positive effect of root induction on the resistance against AG herbivory. The overall abundance and identity of GSLs was globally affected by JA induction and by herbivore feeding, independently, and we found a significant correlation between larval growth and the shoot GSL profiles only after AG herbivory, 11 days after induction in roots. Contrary to expectations of priming, we observed that JA induction in roots altered the GSLs profile in the leaves that was maintained through time. This initial modification was sufficient to maintain a lower caterpillar weight gain, even 11 days post-root induction. Altogether, we show that prior root defense induction increases AG insect resistance by modifying and maintaining variation in GSL profiles during insect feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Bakhtiari
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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26
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Nouri-Ganbalani G, Borzoui E, Shahnavazi M, Nouri A. Induction of Resistance Against Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) by Jasmonic Acid and Mealy Cabbage Aphid Feeding in Brassica napus L. Front Physiol 2018; 9:859. [PMID: 30050454 PMCID: PMC6052903 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), has become the most destructive insect pest of cruciferous plants, such as B. napus throughout the world including Iran. In this study, the induction of resistance was activated in oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.) using foliar application of jasmonic acid (JA) and mealy cabbage aphid either individually or in combination against diamondback moth. Induced resistance by inducers significantly reduced the population growth parameters, as well as the survival rate of immature P. xylostella. Also, the nutritional indices of P. xylostella were studied to evaluate the potential impact of induced resistance on the insect feeding behavior. The values of the efficiency of conversion of ingested food, the efficiency of conversion of digested food, relative consumption rate, and relative growth rate of P. xylostella on JA-treated plants were significantly reduced compared to control. These are because glucosinolates and proteinase inhibitors are induced following treatment of plants. Also, we found a significantly higher glucose oxidase activity in the salivary gland extracts of larvae fed on JA treatment. These results express that JA and/or Aphid application induces systemic defenses in oilseed rape that have a negative effect on P. xylostella fitness. These findings develop our knowledge the effects of induced defenses on P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadir Nouri-Ganbalani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ehsan Borzoui
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Maryam Shahnavazi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Density, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Nouri
- Institute of Higher Education of Sabalan Ardabil, Ardabil, Iran
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27
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van Dam NM, Wondafrash M, Mathur V, Tytgat TOG. Differences in Hormonal Signaling Triggered by Two Root-Feeding Nematode Species Result in Contrasting Effects on Aphid Population Growth. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Tsunoda T, Grosser K, Dam NM. Locally and systemically induced glucosinolates follow optimal defence allocation theory upon root herbivory. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Tsunoda
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji Tokyo Japan
| | - Katharina Grosser
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of BiodiversityFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Nicole M. Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of BiodiversityFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
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29
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Gols R, van Dam NM, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Raaijmakers CE, Bullock JM, Harvey JA. Seasonal and herbivore-induced dynamics of foliar glucosinolates in wild cabbage ( Brassica oleracea). CHEMOECOLOGY 2018; 28:77-89. [PMID: 29904237 PMCID: PMC5988764 DOI: 10.1007/s00049-018-0258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Levels of plant secondary metabolites are not static and often change in relation to plant ontogeny. They also respond to abiotic and biotic changes in the environment, e.g., they often increase in response to biotic stress, such as herbivory. In contrast with short-lived annual plant species, especially those with growing periods of less than 2-3 months, investment in defensive compounds of vegetative tissues in biennial and perennial species may also vary over the course of an entire growing season. In garden experiments, we investigated the dynamics of secondary metabolites, i.e. glucosinolates (GSLs) in the perennial wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea), which was grown from seeds originating from three populations that differ in GSL chemistry. We compared temporal long-term dynamics of GSLs over the course of two growing seasons and short-term dynamics in response to herbivory by Pieris rapae caterpillars in a more controlled greenhouse experiment. Long-term dynamics differed for aliphatic GSLs (gradual increase from May to December) and indole GSLs (rapid increase until mid-summer after which concentrations decreased or stabilized). In spring, GSL levels in new shoots were similar to those found in the previous year. Short-term dynamics in response to herbivory primarily affected indole GSLs, which increased during the 2-week feeding period by P. rapae. Herbivore-induced changes in the concentrations of aliphatic GSLs were population-specific and their concentrations were found to increase in primarily one population only. We discuss our results considering the biology and ecology of wild cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Verhoeven KJF, Verbon EH, van Gurp TP, Oplaat C, Ferreira de Carvalho J, Morse AM, Stahl M, Macel M, McIntyre LM. Intergenerational environmental effects: functional signals in offspring transcriptomes and metabolomes after parental jasmonic acid treatment in apomictic dandelion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:871-882. [PMID: 29034954 PMCID: PMC5741498 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Parental environments can influence offspring traits. However, the magnitude of the impact of parental environments on offspring molecular phenotypes is poorly understood. Here, we test the direct effects and intergenerational effects of jasmonic acid (JA) treatment, which is involved in herbivory-induced defense signaling, on transcriptomes and metabolomes in apomictic common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). In a full factorial crossed design with parental and offspring JA and control treatments, we performed leaf RNA-seq gene expression analysis, LC-MS metabolomics and total phenolics assays in offspring plants. Expression analysis, leveraged by a de novo assembled transcriptome, revealed an induced response to JA exposure that is consistent with known JA effects. The intergenerational effect of treatment was considerable: 307 of 858 detected JA-responsive transcripts were affected by parental JA treatment. In terms of the numbers of metabolites affected, the magnitude of the chemical response to parental JA exposure was c. 10% of the direct JA treatment response. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses both identified the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway as a target of intergenerational JA effects. Our results highlight that parental environments can have substantial effects in offspring generations. Transcriptome and metabolome assays provide a basis for zooming in on the potential mechanisms of inherited JA effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J. F. Verhoeven
- Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Droevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Eline H. Verbon
- Plant–Microbe InteractionsUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 6Utrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Thomas P. van Gurp
- Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Droevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Carla Oplaat
- Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Droevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Julie Ferreira de Carvalho
- Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Droevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Alison M. Morse
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and the Genetics InstituteUniversity of Florida2033 Mowry RoadGainesvilleFL32610USA
| | - Mark Stahl
- Center for Plant Molecular BiologyTübingen UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32TübingenD‐72076Germany
| | - Mirka Macel
- Molecular Interaction EcologyDepartment of Plant ScienceRadboud University NijmegenPO Box 9010Nijmegen6500 NLthe Netherlands
| | - Lauren M. McIntyre
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and the Genetics InstituteUniversity of Florida2033 Mowry RoadGainesvilleFL32610USA
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31
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Ponzio C, Papazian S, Albrectsen BR, Dicke M, Gols R. Dual herbivore attack and herbivore density affect metabolic profiles of Brassica nigra leaves. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1356-1367. [PMID: 28155236 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to dual herbivore attack are increasingly studied, but effects on the metabolome have largely been restricted to volatile metabolites and defence-related non-volatile metabolites. However, plants subjected to stress, such as herbivory, undergo major changes in both primary and secondary metabolism. Using a naturally occurring system, we investigated metabolome-wide effects of single or dual herbivory on Brassica nigra plants by Brevicoryne brassicae aphids and Pieris brassicae caterpillars, while also considering the effect of aphid density. Metabolomic analysis of leaf material showed that single and dual herbivory had strong effects on the plant metabolome, with caterpillar feeding having the strongest influence. Additionally, aphid-density-dependent effects were found in both the single and dual infestation scenarios. Multivariate analysis revealed treatment-specific metabolomic profiles, and effects were largely driven by alterations in the glucosinolate and sugar pools. Our work shows that analysing the plant metabolome as a single entity rather than as individual metabolites provides new insights into the subcellular processes underlying plant defence against multiple herbivore attackers. These processes appear to be importantly influenced by insect density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ponzio
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Papazian
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benedicte R Albrectsen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Fei M, Harvey JA, Yin Y, Gols R. Oviposition Preference for Young Plants by the Large Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris brassicae ) Does not Strongly Correlate with Caterpillar Performance. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:617-629. [PMID: 28620771 PMCID: PMC5501907 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of temporal variation in the quality of short-lived annual plants on oviposition preference and larval performance of insect herbivores has thus far received little attention. This study examines the effects of plant age on female oviposition preference and offspring performance in the large cabbage white butterfly Pieris brassicae. Adult female butterflies lay variable clusters of eggs on the underside of short-lived annual species in the family Brassicaceae, including the short-lived annuals Brassica nigra and Sinapis arvensis, which are important food plants for P. brassicae in The Netherlands. Here, we compared oviposition preference and larval performance of P. brassicae on three age classes (young, mature, and pre-senescing) of B. nigra and S. arvensis plants. Oviposition preference of P. brassicae declined with plant age in both plant species. Whereas larvae performed similarly on all three age classes in B. nigra, preference and performance were weakly correlated in S. arvensis. Analysis of primary (sugars and amino acids) and secondary (glucosinolates) chemistry in the plant shoots revealed that differences in their quality and quantity were more pronounced with respect to tissue type (leaves vs. flowers) than among different developmental stages of both plant species. Butterflies of P. brassicae may prefer younger and smaller plants for oviposition anticipating that future plant growth and size is optimally synchronized with the final larval instar, which contributes >80% of larval growth before pupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fei
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Almuziny M, Decker C, Wang D, Gerard P, Tharayil N. Nutrient Supply and Simulated Herbivory Differentially Alter the Metabolite Pools and the Efficacy of the Glucosinolate-Based Defense System in Brassica Species. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:129-142. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Major effects of glucosinolates and minor effects of erucic acid on predation of Brassica seeds by mice. Basic Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Mechanisms and ecological implications of plant-mediated interactions between belowground and aboveground insect herbivores. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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36
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Biere A, Goverse A. Plant-Mediated Systemic Interactions Between Pathogens, Parasitic Nematodes, and Herbivores Above- and Belowground. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:499-527. [PMID: 27359367 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants are important mediators of interactions between aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) pathogens, arthropod herbivores, and nematodes (phytophages). We highlight recent progress in our understanding of within- and cross-compartment plant responses to these groups of phytophages in terms of altered resource dynamics and defense signaling and activation. We review studies documenting the outcome of cross-compartment interactions between these phytophage groups and show patterns of cross-compartment facilitation as well as cross-compartment induced resistance. Studies involving soilborne pathogens and foliar nematodes are scant. We further highlight the important role of defense signaling loops between shoots and roots to activate a full resistance complement. Moreover, manipulation of such loops by phytophages affects systemic interactions with other plant feeders. Finally, cross-compartment-induced changes in root defenses and root exudates extend systemic defense loops into the rhizosphere, enhancing or reducing recruitment of microbes that induce systemic resistance but also affecting interactions with root-feeding phytophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Aska Goverse
- Lab of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Wei L, Jian H, Lu K, Filardo F, Yin N, Liu L, Qu C, Li W, Du H, Li J. Genome-wide association analysis and differential expression analysis of resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot in Brassica napus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1368-80. [PMID: 26563848 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is one of the most important oil crops in the world, and stem rot caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum results in major losses in yield and quality. To elucidate resistance genes and pathogenesis-related genes, genome-wide association analysis of 347 accessions was performed using the Illumina 60K Brassica SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array. In addition, the detached stem inoculation assay was used to select five highly resistant (R) and susceptible (S) B. napus lines, 48 h postinoculation with S. sclerotiorum for transcriptome sequencing. We identified 17 significant associations for stem resistance on chromosomes A8 and C6, five of which were on A8 and 12 on C6. The SNPs identified on A8 were located in a 409-kb haplotype block, and those on C6 were consistent with previous QTL mapping efforts. Transcriptome analysis suggested that S. sclerotiorum infection activates the immune system, sulphur metabolism, especially glutathione (GSH) and glucosinolates in both R and S genotypes. Genes found to be specific to the R genotype related to the jasmonic acid pathway, lignin biosynthesis, defence response, signal transduction and encoding transcription factors. Twenty-four genes were identified in both the SNP-trait association and transcriptome sequencing analyses, including a tau class glutathione S-transferase (GSTU) gene cluster. This study provides useful insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant's response to S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wei
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongju Jian
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fiona Filardo
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF), Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Old, Australia
| | - Nengwen Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liezhao Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cunmin Qu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai Du
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Shannon RWR, Félix AE, Poppy GM, Newland PL, van Dam NM, Hanley ME. Something in the air? The impact of volatiles on mollusc attack of oilseed rape seedlings. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:1073-82. [PMID: 27009912 PMCID: PMC4866317 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mounting concerns about balancing food security with the environmental impacts of agro-chemical use underpin the need to better understand the mechanisms by which crop plants, particularly during the vulnerable seedling stage, attract or repel herbivores. METHODS The feeding preferences of the mollusc Helix aspersa were determined for several oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cultivars and a rank order of acceptability was established. This was compared with glucosinolate concentrations and volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles to determine whether seedling acceptability to molluscs was linked to either form of defence. KEY RESULTS While VOC profiles for each oilseed rape cultivar could be separated by canonical discriminant analysis and associated with mollusc feeding preferences, glucosinolate profiles were unrelated to snail feeding behaviour. A mixture of monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-myrcene and δ-3-carene) was identified as a putative attractant, while a blend of the green leaf volatiles 3-hexen-1-ol, 3-hexen-1-ol acetate and the monoterpene α-terpinene was identified as a putative repellent mix. Added to the VOC profile of oilseed rape seedlings, the 'repellent' mix reduced mollusc selection, while the 'attractant' mix had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Despite the widespread assumption that seedling selection by generalist herbivores is governed by chemical defence and taste, we show that olfactory cues may be more important. Oilseed rape may be atypical of wild plants, but our ability to identify repellent volatile organic compounds that can influence snail olfactory selection points to new methods for crop protection using modified VOC profiles during the vulnerable seedling stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W R Shannon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK, Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK,
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Félix
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Guy M Poppy
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Philip L Newland
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany and Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mick E Hanley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK,
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Aziz M, Nadipalli RK, Xie X, Sun Y, Surowiec K, Zhang JL, Paré PW. Augmenting Sulfur Metabolism and Herbivore Defense in Arabidopsis by Bacterial Volatile Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:458. [PMID: 27092166 PMCID: PMC4824779 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an element necessary for the life cycle of higher plants. Its assimilation and reduction into essential biomolecules are pivotal factors determining a plant's growth and vigor as well as resistance to environmental stress. While certain soil microbes can enhance ion solubility via chelating agents or oxidation, microbial regulation of plant-sulfur assimilation has not been reported. With an increasing understanding that soil microbes can activate growth and stress tolerance in plants via chemical signaling, the question arises as to whether such beneficial bacteria also regulate sulfur assimilation. Here we report a previously unidentified mechanism by which the growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (GB03) transcriptionally activates genes responsible for sulfur assimilation, increasing sulfur uptake and accumulation in Arabidopsis. Transcripts encoding for sulfur-rich aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates are also GB03 induced. As a result, GB03-exposed plants with elevated glucosinolates exhibit greater protection against the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm, BAW). In contrast, a previously characterized glucosinolate mutant compromised in the production of both aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates is also compromised in terms of GB03-induced protection against insect herbivory. As with in vitro studies, soil-grown plants show enhanced glucosinolate accumulation and protection against BAW feeding with GB03 exposure. These results demonstrate the potential of microbes to enhance plant sulfur assimilation and emphasize the sophisticated integration of microbial signaling in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, LubbockTX, USA
- Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, DentonTX, USA
| | | | - Xitao Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, LubbockTX, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, LubbockTX, USA
| | - Kazimierz Surowiec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, LubbockTX, USA
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Paul W. Paré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, LubbockTX, USA
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40
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Paudel JR, Amirizian A, Krosse S, Giddings J, Ismail SAA, Xia J, Gloer JB, van Dam NM, Bede JC. Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and nitrate fertilization on glucosinolate biosynthesis in mechanically damaged Arabidopsis plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:68. [PMID: 27001610 PMCID: PMC4802917 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels predicted to occur before the end of the century will impact plant metabolism. In addition, nitrate availability will affect metabolism and levels of nitrogen-containing defense compounds, such as glucosinolates (GSLs). We compared Arabidopsis foliar metabolic profile in plants grown under two CO2 regimes (440 vs 880 ppm), nitrate fertilization (1 mM vs 10 mM) and in response to mechanical damage of rosette leaves. RESULTS Constitutive foliar metabolites in nitrate-limited plants show distinct global patterns depending on atmospheric CO2 levels; in contrast, plants grown under higher nitrate fertilization under elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions have a unique metabolite signature. Nitrate fertilization dampens the jasmonate burst in response to wounding in plants grown at elevated CO2 levels. Leaf GSL profile mirrors the jasmonate burst; in particular, indole GSLs increase in response to damage in plants grown at ambient CO2 but only in nitrate-limited plants grown under elevated CO2 conditions. CONCLUSIONS This may reflect a reduced capacity of C3 plants grown under enriched CO2 and nitrate levels to signal changes in oxidative stress and has implications for future agricultural management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamuna Risal Paudel
- />Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Alexandre Amirizian
- />Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Sebastian Krosse
- />Molecular Interaction Ecology, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jessica Giddings
- />Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Shoieb Akaram Arief Ismail
- />Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- />Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
- />Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - James B. Gloer
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- />Molecular Interaction Ecology, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Current Address: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 52, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jacqueline C. Bede
- />Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Canada
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Wang M, Bezemer TM, van der Putten WH, Biere A. Effects of the Timing of Herbivory on Plant Defense Induction and Insect Performance in Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) Depend on Plant Mycorrhizal Status. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:1006-17. [PMID: 26552915 PMCID: PMC4670619 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants often are exposed to antagonistic and symbiotic organisms both aboveground and belowground. Interactions between above- and belowground organisms may occur either simultaneously or sequentially, and jointly can determine plant responses to future enemies. However, little is known about time-dependency of such aboveground-belowground interactions. We examined how the timing of a 24 h period of aboveground herbivory by Spodoptera exigua (1-8 d prior to later arriving conspecifics) influenced the response of Plantago lanceolata and the performance of later arriving conspecifics. We also examined whether these induced responses were modulated by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Funneliformis mosseae. The amount of leaf area consumed by later arriving herbivores decreased with time after induction by early herbivores. Mycorrhizal infection reduced the relative growth rate (RGR) of later arriving herbivores, associated with a reduction in efficiency of conversion of ingested food rather than a reduction in relative consumption rates. In non-mycorrhizal plants, leaf concentrations of the defense compound catalpol showed a linear two-fold increase during the eight days following early herbivory. By contrast, mycorrhizal plants already had elevated levels of leaf catalpol prior to their exposure to early herbivory and did not show any further increase following herbivory. These results indicate that AMF resulted in a systemic induction, rather than priming of these defenses. AMF infection significantly reduced shoot biomass of Plantago lanceolata. We conclude that plant responses to future herbivores are not only influenced by exposure to prior aboveground and belowground organisms, but also by when these prior organisms arrive and interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Wang
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8132, 6700 ES, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Green JP, Foster R, Wilkins L, Osorio D, Hartley SE. Leaf Colour as a Signal of Chemical Defence to Insect Herbivores in Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136884. [PMID: 26353086 PMCID: PMC4564265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf colour has been proposed to signal levels of host defence to insect herbivores, but we lack data on herbivory, leaf colour and levels of defence for wild host populations necessary to test this hypothesis. Such a test requires measurements of leaf spectra as they would be sensed by herbivore visual systems, as well as simultaneous measurements of chemical defences and herbivore responses to leaf colour in natural host-herbivore populations. In a large-scale field survey of wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea) populations, we show that variation in leaf colour and brightness, measured according to herbivore spectral sensitivities, predicts both levels of chemical defences (glucosinolates) and abundance of specialist lepidopteran (Pieris rapae) and hemipteran (Brevicoryne brassicae) herbivores. In subsequent experiments, P. rapae larvae achieved faster growth and greater pupal mass when feeding on plants with bluer leaves, which contained lower levels of aliphatic glucosinolates. Glucosinolate-mediated effects on larval performance may thus contribute to the association between P. rapae herbivory and leaf colour observed in the field. However, preference tests found no evidence that adult butterflies selected host plants based on leaf coloration. In the field, B. brassicae abundance varied with leaf brightness but greenhouse experiments were unable to identify any effects of brightness on aphid preference or performance. Our findings suggest that although leaf colour reflects both levels of host defences and herbivore abundance in the field, the ability of herbivores to respond to colour signals may be limited, even in species where performance is correlated with leaf colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Green
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Foster
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Wilkins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Osorio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Zang YX, Ge JL, Huang LH, Gao F, Lv XS, Zheng WW, Hong SB, Zhu ZJ. Leaf and root glucosinolate profiles of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) as a systemic response to methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 16:696-708. [PMID: 26238545 PMCID: PMC4534547 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSs) are an important group of defensive phytochemicals mainly found in Brassicaceae. Plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) are major regulators of plant response to pathogen attack. However, there is little information about the interactive effect of both elicitors on inducing GS biosynthesis in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). In this study, we applied different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and/or SA onto the leaf and root of Chinese cabbage to investigate the time-course interactive profiles of GSs. Regardless of the site of the elicitation and the concentrations of the elicitors, the roots accumulated much more GSs and were more sensitive and more rapidly responsive to the elicitors than leaves. Irrespective of the elicitation site, MeJA had a greater inducing and longer lasting effect on GS accumulation than SA. All three components of indole GS (IGS) were detected along with aliphatic and aromatic GSs. However, IGS was a major component of total GSs that accumulated rapidly in both root and leaf tissues in response to MeJA and SA elicitation. Neoglucobrassicin (neoGBC) did not respond to SA but to MeJA in leaf tissue, while it responded to both SA and MeJA in root tissue. Conversion of glucobrassicin (GBC) to neoGBC occurred at a steady rate over 3 d of elicitation. Increased accumulation of 4-methoxy glucobrassicin (4-MGBC) occurred only in the root irrespective of the type of elicitors and the site of elicitation. Thus, accumulation of IGS is a major metabolic hallmark of SA- and MeJA-mediated systemic response systems. SA exerted an antagonistic effect on the MeJA-induced root GSs irrespective of the site of elicitation. However, SA showed synergistic and antagonistic effects on the MeJA-induced leaf GSs when roots and leaves are elicitated for 3 d, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-xiang Zang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Research Center of Bio-Breeding Industry, School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Jia-li Ge
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Research Center of Bio-Breeding Industry, School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Ling-hui Huang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Research Center of Bio-Breeding Industry, School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Research Center of Bio-Breeding Industry, School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Xi-shan Lv
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Research Center of Bio-Breeding Industry, School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Wei-wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Research Center of Bio-Breeding Industry, School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, China;
| | - Seung-beom Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058-1098, USA
| | - Zhu-jun Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Research Center of Bio-Breeding Industry, School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, China;
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Milano NJ, Barber NA, Adler LS. Conspecific and Heterospecific Aboveground Herbivory Both Reduce Preference by a Belowground Herbivore. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:317-324. [PMID: 26313185 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores damage plants both above- and belowground, and interactions in each realm can influence the other via shared hosts. While effects of leaf damage on aboveground interactions have been well-documented, studies examining leaf damage effects on belowground interactions are limited, and mechanisms for these indirect interactions are poorly understood. We examined how leaf herbivory affects preference of root-feeding larvae [Acalymma vittatum F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)] in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). We manipulated leaf herbivory using conspecific adult A. vittatum and heterospecific larval Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) herbivores in the greenhouse and the conspecific only in the field, allowing larvae to choose between roots of damaged and undamaged plants. We also examined whether leaf herbivory induced changes in defensive cucurbitacin C in leaves and roots. We hypothesized that induced changes in roots would deter larvae, and that effects would be stronger for damage by conspecifics than the unrelated caterpillar because the aboveground damage could be a cue to plants indicating future root damage by the same species. In both the greenhouse and field, plants with damaged leaves recruited significantly fewer larvae to their roots than undamaged plants. Effects of conspecific and heterospecific damage did not differ. Leaf damage did not induce changes in leaf or root cucurbitacin C, but did reduce root biomass. While past work has suggested that systemic induction by aboveground herbivory increases resistance in roots, our results suggest that decreased preference by belowground herbivores in this system may be because of reduced root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Milano
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 611 North Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003
| | - N A Barber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 155 Castle Dr., DeKalb, IL 60115.
| | - L S Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 611 North Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003
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Nikooei M, Fathipour Y, Jalali Javaran M, Soufbaf M. How Different Genetically Manipulated Brassica Genotypes Affect Life Table Parameters of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:515-524. [PMID: 26470162 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fitness of Plutella xylostella L. on different genetically manipulated Brassica plants, including canola's progenitor (Brassica rapa L.), two cultivated canola cultivars (Opera and RGS003), one hybrid (Hyula401), one gamma-ray mutant-RGS003, and one transgenic (PF) genotype was compared using two-sex and female-based life table parameters. All experiments were conducted in a growth chamber at 25±1°C, 65±5% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. There were significant differences in duration of different life stages of P. xylostella on different plant genotypes. The shortest (13.92 d) and longest (24.61 d) total developmental time were on Opera and PF, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase of P. xylostella ranged between 0.236 (Opera) and 0.071 day(-1) (PF). The highest (60.79 offspring) and lowest (7.88 offspring) net reproductive rates were observed on Opera and PF, respectively. Comparison of intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rates, finite rate of increase, mean generation time, fecundity, and survivorship of P. xylostella on the plant genotypes suggested that this pest performed well on cultivars (RGS003 and Opera) and performed poorly on the other manipulated genotypes especially on mutant-RGS003 and PF. Glucosinolate levels were significantly higher in damaged plants than undamaged ones and the lowest and highest concentrations of glucosinolates were found in transgenic genotype and canola's progenitor, respectively. Interestingly, our results showed that performance and fitness of this pest was better on canola's progenitor and cultivated plants, which had high levels of glucosinolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Nikooei
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Fathipour
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mokhtar Jalali Javaran
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Soufbaf
- Agricultural, Medical and Industrial Research School, P. O. Box 31485-498, Karaj, Iran
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46
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Ahuja I, van Dam NM, Winge P, Trælnes M, Heydarova A, Rohloff J, Langaas M, Bones AM. Plant defence responses in oilseed rape MINELESS plants after attack by the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:579-92. [PMID: 25563968 PMCID: PMC4286410 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Brassicaceae family is characterized by a unique defence mechanism known as the 'glucosinolate-myrosinase' system. When insect herbivores attack plant tissues, glucosinolates are hydrolysed by the enzyme myrosinase (EC 3.2.1.147) into a variety of degradation products, which can deter further herbivory. This process has been described as 'the mustard oil bomb'. Additionally, insect damage induces the production of glucosinolates, myrosinase, and other defences. Brassica napus seeds have been genetically modified to remove myrosinase-containing myrosin cells. These plants are termed MINELESS because they lack myrosin cells, the so-called toxic mustard oil mines. Here, we examined the interaction between B. napus wild-type and MINELESS plants and the larvae of the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae. No-choice feeding experiments showed that M. brassicae larvae gained less weight and showed stunted growth when feeding on MINELESS plants compared to feeding on wild-type plants. M. brassicae feeding didn't affect myrosinase activity in MINELESS plants, but did reduce it in wild-type seedlings. M. brassicae feeding increased the levels of indol-3-yl-methyl, 1-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl, and total glucosinolates in both wild-type and MINELESS seedlings. M. brassicae feeding affected the levels of glucosinolate hydrolysis products in both wild-type and MINELESS plants. Transcriptional analysis showed that 494 and 159 genes were differentially regulated after M. brassicae feeding on wild-type and MINELESS seedlings, respectively. Taken together, the outcomes are very interesting in terms of analysing the role of myrosin cells and the glucosinolate-myrosinase defence system in response to a generalist cabbage moth, suggesting that similar studies with other generalist or specialist insect herbivores, including above- and below-ground herbivores, would be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nicole Marie van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Trælnes
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aysel Heydarova
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens Rohloff
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mette Langaas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle Magnar Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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47
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Moshgani M, Kolvoort E, de Jong T. Pronounced effects of slug herbivory on seedling recruitment of Brassica cultivars and accessions, especially those with low levels of aliphatic glucosinolates. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Enhancing Plant Resistance at the Seed Stage: Low Concentrations of Methyl Jasmonate Reduce the Performance of the Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta but do not Alter the Behavior of its Predator Chrysoperla externa. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:1090-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li SJ, Ren SL, Xue X, Ren SX, Cuthbertson AGS, van Dam NM, Qiu BL. Efficiency of plant induced volatiles in attracting Encarsia formosa and Serangium japonicum, two dominant natural enemies of whitefly Bemisia tabaci in China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1604-10. [PMID: 24488542 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a globally distributed and most destructive pest to agriculture. Owing to increasing chemical resistance, a long-lasting strategy to manage this pest must involve biological control. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) usually play a profoundly important role in the foraging behaviour of natural enemies. Here, the effects of HIPVs from Chinese broccoli on the foraging behaviour of two dominant natural enemy species of B. tabaci in China, Encarsia formosa and Serangium japonicum, were investigated using a four-arm olfactometer, and exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) was used to induce plant volatiles to mimic the damage of the herbivore pest. RESULTS The parasitoid E. formosa was found to be more attracted by the volatiles from JA-induced broccoli than those from control plants. The residence times of E. formosa in the final-choice areas closed to volatiles from shoot JA (SJA)- and root JA (RJA)-induced plants were 119.8 ± 35.2 s and 99.8 ± 34.7 s respectively in the dual-choice experiments, and 123.8 ± 32.0 s and 102.3 ± 28.7 s respectively in the three-choice experiment. All are significantly longer than those spent in the final-choice area closed to volatiles from control plants (CON). JA-induced volatiles were also only a little more attractive to the predator S. japonicum. However, there was no significant difference between each of the two natural enemies in residence time spent in the final-choice areas closed to SJA, RJA or CON volatiles in both the dual- and three-choice experiments. Furthermore, the number of times that the parasitoid or predator entered the SJA, RJA and CON final-choice areas was not significantly different in any of the experiments. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that RJA- and SJA-induced plant volatiles have higher efficiencies in attracting the natural enemies of whitefly B. tabaci. The attractive efficiencies varied according to the plant volatiles that JA induced, and also depended on the natural enemy species. The parasitoid E. formosa seems to be more sensitive to and attracted by the induced volatiles than the predator S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jian Li
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Ku KM, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA. Optimization of methyl jasmonate application to broccoli florets to enhance health-promoting phytochemical content. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:2090-6. [PMID: 24338840 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spray treatment of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has been shown to increase glucosinolate (GS) concentrations and health-promoting activity in Brassica vegetables. Since there is no reported standardized protocol, several MeJA treatment studies have been conducted to maximize human health bioactivity using the F1 broccoli cultivar 'Green Magic'. RESULTS Foliar MeJA application 4 days prior to harvest of broccoli at commercial maturity resulted in enhanced total GS concentrations. Although a single application of 250 µmol L(-1) MeJA maximized GS concentrations in broccoli florets, two days of consecutive treatments (4 and 3 days prior to harvest) of 250 µmol L(-1) MeJA further enhanced neoglucobrassicin concentrations and floret extract quinone reductase (QR)-inducing activity. With increasing concentrations of MeJA in spray applications to broccoli florets, concentrations of the glucosinolates glucoraphanin, gluconasturtiin and neoglucobrassicin and the isothiocyanate sulforaphane as well as anticancer and anti-inflammatory bioactivities as measured by QR induction and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production respectively were significantly increased. Concentrations of these phytochemicals showed strong positive correlations with QR-inducing and NO-inhibitory activities. CONCLUSION These application protocols were found to maximize GS and GS hydrolysis product concentrations and putatively enhance the health-promoting properties of broccoli heads for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mo Ku
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801-3838, USA
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