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Wang H, Wang C, Fan G, Fu C, Huang Y, Liu X, Wang S, Wang K. Effects of different sowing dates on biomass allocation of various organs and allometric growth of Fagopyrum esculentum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1399155. [PMID: 38911984 PMCID: PMC11190297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1399155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The sowing date plays a crucial role in influencing the growth and reproduction of plants, with its specific impact on biomass allocation and allometric growth remaining unclear. Understanding these effects is essential for optimizing agricultural practices and enhancing crop productivity. Methods To investigate the effects of sowing dates on biomass allocation and allometric growth, a field experiment was conducted with sequential sowings of Fagopyrum esculentum from April 12th to August 11th in 2018. Biomass measurements were taken across various plant organs, and corresponding allocation calculations were made. A detailed analysis of the allometric growth relationship involving organ biomass variations was performed. Results The study revealed that the accumulation and allocation of organ biomass in buckwheat were significantly impacted by the sowing dates. Delayed planting led to reduced vegetative growth and increased biomass allocation towards reproduction. Allometric parameters such as exponent, constant, and individual size of buckwheat were notably affected by delayed planting. Interestingly, the allometric exponents governing the relationships between reproductive vs. vegetative biomass and belowground vs. aboveground biomass exhibited varying trends across different sowing dates. Discussion Notably, late sowings resulted in significantly higher reproductive biomass compared to early and middle sowings. These findings highlight the nuanced relationship between plant size and reproductive biomass under different sowing dates, emphasizing the critical role of planting timing in shaping mature plant sizes and reproductive outcomes. The study underscores the importance of considering sowing dates in agricultural practices to optimize plant growth and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Animal Husbandry, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Congwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Animal Husbandry, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Gaohua Fan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Changxing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Animal Husbandry, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Animal Husbandry, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Animal Husbandry, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Animal Husbandry, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunling Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Rohner PT, Jones JA, Moczek AP. Plasticity, symbionts and niche construction interact in shaping dung beetle development and evolution. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb245976. [PMID: 38449332 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity is an important product of evolutionary processes, allowing organisms to maintain high fitness in the face of environmental perturbations. Once evolved, plasticity also has the potential to influence subsequent evolutionary outcomes, for example, by shaping phenotypic variation visible to selection and facilitating the emergence of novel trait variants. Furthermore, organisms may not just respond to environmental conditions through plasticity but may also actively modify the abiotic and (sym)biotic environments to which they themselves respond, causing plasticity to interact in complex ways with niche construction. Here, we explore developmental mechanisms and evolutionary consequences of plasticity in horned dung beetles. First, we discuss how post-invasion evolution of plasticity in an introduced Onthophagus species facilitated rapid range expansion and concurrent local adaptation of life history and morphology to novel climatic conditions. Second, we discuss how, in addition to plastically responding to variation in nutritional conditions, dung beetles engage in behaviors that modify the environment that they themselves respond to during later development. We document that these environment-modifying behaviors mask heritable variation for life history traits within populations, thereby shielding genetic variants from selection. Such cryptic genetic variation may be released and become selectable when these behaviors are compromised. Together, this work documents the complex interactions between plasticity, symbionts and niche construction, and highlights the usefulness of an integrative Eco-Evo-Devo framework to study the varied mechanisms and consequences of plasticity in development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Rohner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN47405, USA
- Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joshua A Jones
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN47405, USA
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN47405, USA
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Kulbaba MW, Yoko Z, Hamilton JA. Chasing the fitness optimum: temporal variation in the genetic and environmental expression of life-history traits for a perennial plant. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1191-1204. [PMID: 37493041 PMCID: PMC10902883 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ability of plants to track shifting fitness optima is crucial within the context of global change, where increasing environmental extremes may have dramatic consequences for life history, fitness, and ultimately population persistence. However, tracking changing conditions relies on the relationship between genetic and environmental variance, where selection may favour plasticity, the evolution of genetic differences, or both depending on the spatial and temporal scale of environmental heterogeneity. METHODS Over three years, we compared the genetic and environmental components of phenological and life-history variation in a common environment for the spring perennial Geum triflorum. Populations were sourced from alvar habitats that exhibit extreme but predictable annual flood-desiccation cycles and prairie habitats that exhibit similar but less predictable variation in water availability. KEY RESULTS Heritability was generally higher for early life-history (emergence probability) relative to later life-history traits (total seed mass), indicating that traits associated with establishment are under stronger genetic control relative to later life-history fitness expressions, where plasticity may play a larger role. This pattern was particularly notable in seeds sourced from environmentally extreme but predictable alvar habitats relative to less predictable prairie environments. Fitness landscapes based on seed source origin, largely characterized by varying water availability and flower production, described selection as the degree of maladaptation of seed source environment relative to the prairie common garden environment. Plants from alvar populations were consistently closer to the fitness optimum across all years. Annually, the breadth of the fitness optimum expanded primarily along a moisture gradient, with inclusion of more populations onto the expanding optimum. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of temporally and spatially varying selection in life-history evolution, indicating plasticity may become a primary mechanism needed to track fitness for later life-history events within perennial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason W Kulbaba
- Our Lady of the Lake University, Department of Mathematics and Science, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA
- St Mary’s University, Biology Area, 14500 Bannister Road SE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2X 1Z4
| | - Zebadiah Yoko
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Jill A Hamilton
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University Park, PA 16801, USA
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Wade MJ, Sultan SE. Niche construction and the environmental term of the price equation: How natural selection changes when organisms alter their environments. Evol Dev 2023; 25:451-469. [PMID: 37530093 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Organisms construct their own environments and phenotypes through the adaptive processes of habitat choice, habitat construction, and phenotypic plasticity. We examine how these processes affect the dynamics of mean fitness change through the environmental change term of the Price Equation. This tends to be ignored in evolutionary theory, owing to the emphasis on the first term describing the effect of natural selection on mean fitness (the additive genetic variance for fitness of Fisher's Fundamental Theorem). Using population genetic models and the Price Equation, we show how adaptive niche constructing traits favorably alter the distribution of environments that organisms encounter and thereby increase population mean fitness. Because niche-constructing traits increase the frequency of higher-fitness environments, selection favors their evolution. Furthermore, their alteration of the actual or experienced environmental distribution creates selective feedback between niche constructing traits and other traits, especially those with genotype-by-environment interaction for fitness. By altering the distribution of experienced environments, niche constructing traits can increase the additive genetic variance for such traits. This effect accelerates the process of overall adaption to the niche-constructed environmental distribution and can contribute to the rapid refinement of alternative phenotypic adaptations to different environments. Our findings suggest that evolutionary biologists revisit and reevaluate the environmental term of the Price Equation: owing to adaptive niche construction, it contributes directly to positive change in mean fitness; its magnitude can be comparable to that of natural selection; and, when there is fitness G × E, it increases the additive genetic variance for fitness, the much-celebrated first term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wade
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Sonia E Sultan
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
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Rohner PT, Moczek AP. Vertically inherited microbiota and environment-modifying behaviors indirectly shape the exaggeration of secondary sexual traits in the gazelle dung beetle. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10666. [PMID: 37915805 PMCID: PMC10616735 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many organisms actively manipulate the environment in ways that feed back on their own development, a process referred to as developmental niche construction. Yet, the role that constructed biotic and abiotic environments play in shaping phenotypic variation and its evolution is insufficiently understood. Here, we assess whether environmental modifications made by developing dung beetles impact the environment-sensitive expression of secondary sexual traits. Gazelle dung beetles both physically modify their ontogenetic environment and structure their biotic interactions through the vertical inheritance of microbial symbionts. By experimentally eliminating (i) physical environmental modifications and (ii) the vertical inheritance of microbes, we assess the degree to which (sym)biotic and physical environmental modifications shape the exaggeration of several traits varying in their degree and direction of sexual dimorphism. We expected the experimental reduction of a larva's ability to shape its environment to affect trait size and scaling, especially for traits that are sexually dimorphic and environmentally plastic. We find that compromised developmental niche construction indeed shapes sexual dimorphism in overall body size and the absolute sizes of male-limited exaggerated head horns, the strongly sexually dimorphic fore tibia length and width, as well as the weakly dimorphic elytron length and width. This suggests that environmental modifications affect sex-specific phenotypic variation in functional traits. However, most of these effects can be attributed to nutrition-dependent plasticity in size and non-isometric trait scaling rather than body-size-independent effects on the developmental regulation of trait size. Our findings suggest that the reciprocal relationship between developing organisms, their symbionts, and their environment can have considerable impacts on sexual dimorphism and functional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Rohner
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and EvolutionUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Armin P. Moczek
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
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Lake TA, Briscoe Runquist RD, Flagel LE, Moeller DA. Chronosequence of invasion reveals minimal losses of population genomic diversity, niche expansion, and trait divergence in the polyploid, leafy spurge. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1680-1696. [PMID: 38020872 PMCID: PMC10660801 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid evolution may play an important role in the range expansion of invasive species and modify forecasts of invasion, which are the backbone of land management strategies. However, losses of genetic variation associated with colonization bottlenecks may constrain trait and niche divergence at leading range edges, thereby impacting management decisions that anticipate future range expansion. The spatial and temporal scales over which adaptation contributes to invasion dynamics remain unresolved. We leveraged detailed records of the ~130-year invasion history of the invasive polyploid plant, leafy spurge (Euphorbia virgata), across ~500 km in Minnesota, U.S.A. We examined the consequences of range expansion for population genomic diversity, niche breadth, and the evolution of germination behavior. Using genotyping-by-sequencing, we found some population structure in the range core, where introduction occurred, but panmixia among all other populations. Range expansion was accompanied by only modest losses in sequence diversity, with small, isolated populations at the leading edge harboring similar levels of diversity to those in the range core. The climatic niche expanded during most of the range expansion, and the niche of the range core was largely non-overlapping with the invasion front. Ecological niche models indicated that mean temperature of the warmest quarter was the strongest determinant of habitat suitability and that populations at the leading edge had the lowest habitat suitability. Guided by these findings, we tested for rapid evolution in germination behavior over the time course of range expansion using a common garden experiment and temperature manipulations. Germination behavior diverged from the early to late phases of the invasion, with populations from later phases having higher dormancy at lower temperatures. Our results suggest that trait evolution may have contributed to niche expansion during invasion and that distribution models, which inform future management planning, may underestimate invasion potential without accounting for evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Lake
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Lex E. Flagel
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- GencoveLong Island CityNew YorkUSA
| | - David A. Moeller
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
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Park DS, Xie Y, Ellison AM, Lyra GM, Davis CC. Complex climate-mediated effects of urbanization on plant reproductive phenology and frost risk. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2153-2165. [PMID: 36942966 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization can affect the timing of plant reproduction (i.e. flowering and fruiting) and associated ecosystem processes. However, our knowledge of how plant phenology responds to urbanization and its associated environmental changes is limited. Herbaria represent an important, but underutilized source of data for investigating this question. We harnessed phenological data from herbarium specimens representing 200 plant species collected across 120 yr from the eastern US to investigate the spatiotemporal effects of urbanization on flowering and fruiting phenology and frost risk (i.e. time between the last frost date and flowering). Effects of urbanization on plant reproductive phenology varied significantly in direction and magnitude across species ranges. Increased urbanization led to earlier flowering in colder and wetter regions and delayed fruiting in regions with wetter spring conditions. Frost risk was elevated with increased urbanization in regions with colder and wetter spring conditions. Our study demonstrates that predictions of phenological change and its associated impacts must account for both climatic and human effects, which are context dependent and do not necessarily coincide. We must move beyond phenological models that only incorporate temperature variables and consider multiple environmental factors and their interactions when estimating plant phenology, especially at larger spatial and taxonomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yingying Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Aaron M Ellison
- Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02135, USA
- Sound Solutions for Sustainable Science, Boston, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Goia M Lyra
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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D'Aguillo M, Donohue K. Changes in phenology can alter patterns of natural selection: the joint evolution of germination time and postgermination traits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:405-421. [PMID: 36600403 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The timing of a developmental transition (phenology) can influence the environment experienced by subsequent life stages. When phenology causes an organism to occupy a particular habitat as a consequence of the developmental cues used, it can act as a form of habitat tracking. Evolutionary theory predicts that habitat tracking can alter the strength, direction, and mode of natural selection on subsequently expressed traits. To test whether germination phenology altered natural selection on postgermination traits, we manipulated germination time by planting seedlings in seven germination cohorts spanning 2 yr. We measured selection on postgermination traits relating to drought, freezing, and heat tolerance using a diverse combination of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and naturally occurring ecotypes. Germination cohorts experienced variable selection: when dry, cold, and hot environments were experienced by seedlings, selection was intensified for drought, freezing, and heat tolerance, respectively. Reciprocally, postgermination traits modified the optimal germination time; genotypes had maximum fitness after germinating in environments that matched their physiological tolerances. Our results support the theoretical predictions of feedbacks between habitat tracking and traits expressed after habitat selection. In natural populations, whether phenological shifts alter selection on subsequently expressed traits will depend on the effectiveness of habitat tracking through phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D'Aguillo
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kathleen Donohue
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Choi B, Kim TM, Jeong S, Kim Y, Kim E. Effects of Seed Endophytic Bacteria on Life History and Reproductive Traits in a Cosmopolitan Weed, Capsella bursa-pastoris. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2642. [PMID: 36235508 PMCID: PMC9570735 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diverse bacteria inhabit plant seeds, and at least some of them can enhance plant performance at the early developmental stage. However, it is still inconclusive whether seed bacteria can influence post-germination traits and their contribution to plant fitness. To explore the evolutionary and ecological consequences of seed endophytic bacteria, we isolated four bacterial strains from the seeds of an annual weedy plant species, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and conducted a common garden experiment using seeds inoculated by isolated bacteria. Seeds infected by bacteria tended to germinate in spring rather than in autumn. Bacterial treatment also altered the expression of plant life history and reproductive traits, including flowering dates, rosette diameter at bolting, number of inflorescences, and fruit production. The results of the path analyses suggested that such effects of bacterial treatments were due to bacterial inoculation as well as germination delayed until spring. Spring germinants with bacterial infection showed a weaker association between post-germination traits and relative fitness than those without bacterial infection. These results suggest that seed bacteria likely affect the expression of post-germination traits directly or indirectly by delaying the germination season. An altered contribution of plant traits to relative fitness implies the influence of seed bacteria on the strength of natural selection.
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10
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New directions in tropical phenology. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:683-693. [PMID: 35680467 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Earth's most speciose biomes are in the tropics, yet tropical plant phenology remains poorly understood. Tropical phenological data are comparatively scarce and viewed through the lens of a 'temperate phenological paradigm' expecting phenological traits to respond to strong, predictably annual shifts in climate (e.g., between subfreezing and frost-free periods). Digitized herbarium data greatly expand existing phenological data for tropical plants; and circular data, statistics, and models are more appropriate for analyzing tropical (and temperate) phenological datasets. Phylogenetic information, which remains seldom applied in phenological investigations, provides new insights into phenological responses of large groups of related species to climate. Consistent combined use of herbarium data, circular statistical distributions, and robust phylogenies will rapidly advance our understanding of tropical - and temperate - phenology.
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Martínez-Berdeja A. Variation in dormancy and the timing of germination allows annuals to display different winter life histories in contrasting seasonal environments. A commentary on: 'Effects of primary seed dormancy on lifetime fitness of Arabidopsis thaliana in the field'. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:viii-x. [PMID: 35349632 PMCID: PMC9292594 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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12
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Wang S, Zhou D. Dynamic morphological plasticity in response to emergence timing in Abutilon theophrasti (Malvaceae). PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:118-129. [PMID: 37284429 PMCID: PMC10168065 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Selections on emergence time might be conflicting, suggesting the existence of the optimal emergence time for plants. However, we know little about this and how morphological plasticity contributes to the strategies of plants in response to emergence timing. To better understand this issue from a dynamic perspective, we conducted a field experiment by subjecting plants of Abutilon theophrasti to four emergence treatments (ET1 ~ ET4) and measuring a number of mass and morphological traits on them at different growth stages (I ~ IV). On day 50, 70, and/or final harvest, among all ET treatments, plants germinated in late spring (ET2) performed the best in total mass, spring germinants (ET1) and ET2 performed better in stem allocation, stem, and root diameters than later germinants (ET3 and ET4); summer germinants (ET3) had the highest reproductive mass and allocation, while late-summer germinants (ET4) had the greatest leaf mass allocation, with greater or canalized leaf number, and root length traits than others. Plants that emerged in late spring can maximize their growth potential, while those with either advanced or delayed emergence are still capable of adaptation via allocation and morphological plasticity. Early germinants (ET1 and ET2) preferred stem growth to leaf and reproductive growth, due to sufficient time for reproduction in the growth season. With limited time for growth, plants that emerged late may prefer to quicken leaf growth (indicated by increased leaf mass allocation and leaf number) at the cost of stem or root growth for the complete life cycle, reflecting both positive and negative effects of delayed emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- College of Forestry, Forest Ecology Research CenterGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Dao‐Wei Zhou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
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Sánchez-Ochoa D, González EJ, Arizmendi MDC, Koleff P, Martell-Dubois R, Meave JA, Pérez-Mendoza HA. Quantifying phenological diversity: a framework based on Hill numbers theory. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13412. [PMID: 35582616 PMCID: PMC9107786 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the great concern triggered by the environmental crisis worldwide, the loss of temporal key functions and processes involved in biodiversity maintenance has received little attention. Species are restricted in their life cycles by environmental variables because of their physiological and behavioral properties; thus, the timing and duration of species' presence and their activities vary greatly between species within a community. Despite the ecological relevance of such variation, there is currently no measure that summarizes the key temporal aspects of biological diversity and allows comparisons of community phenological patterns. Here, we propose a measure that synthesizes variability of phenological patterns using the Hill numbers-based attribute diversity framework. Methods We constructed a new phenological diversity measure based on the aforementioned framework through pairwise overlapping distances, which was supplemented with wavelet analysis. The Hill numbers approach was chosen as an adequate way to define a set of diversity values of different order q, a parameter that determines the sensitivity of the diversity measure to abundance. Wavelet transform analysis was used to model continuous variables from incomplete data sets for different phenophases. The new measure, which we call Phenological Hill numbers (PD), considers the decouplings of phenophases through an overlapping area value between pairs of species within the community. PD was first tested through simulations with varying overlap in phenophase magnitude and intensity and varying number of species, and then by using one real data set. Results PD maintains the diversity patterns of order q as in any other diversity measure encompassed by the Hill numbers framework. Minimum PD values in the simulated data sets reflect a lack of differentiation in the phenological curves of the community over time; by contrast, the maximum PD values reflected the most diverse simulations in which phenological curves were equally distributed over time. PD values were consistent with the homogeneous distribution of the intensity and concurrence of phenophases over time, both in the simulated and the real data set. Discussion PD provides an efficient, readily interpretable and comparable measure that summarizes the variety of phenological patterns observed in ecological communities. PD retains the diversity patterns of order q characteristic of all diversity measures encompassed by the distance-based Hill numbers framework. In addition, wavelet transform analysis proved useful for constructing a continuous phenological curve. This methodological approach to quantify phenological diversity produces simple and intuitive values for the examination of phenological diversity and can be widely applied to any taxon or community's phenological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sánchez-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Conservación de Anfibios y Reptiles, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Circuito de Posgrados, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar J. González
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Maria del Coro Arizmendi
- Laboratorio de Ecología, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México, Mexico
| | - Patricia Koleff
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl Martell-Dubois
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hibraim Adán Pérez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Conservación de Anfibios y Reptiles, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México, Mexico
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14
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Nielsen ME, Papaj DR. Why study plasticity in multiple traits? New hypotheses for how phenotypically plastic traits interact during development and selection. Evolution 2022; 76:858-869. [PMID: 35274745 PMCID: PMC9313899 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Organisms can often respond adaptively to a change in their environment through phenotypic plasticity in multiple traits, a phenomenon termed as multivariate plasticity. These different plastic responses could interact and affect each other's development as well as selection on each other, but the causes and consequences of these interactions have received relatively little attention. Here, we propose a new conceptual framework for understanding how different plastic responses can affect each other's development and why organisms should have multiple plastic responses. A plastic change in one trait could alter the phenotype of a second plastic trait by changing either the cue received by the organism (cue-mediated effect) or the response to that cue (response-mediated effect). Multivariate plasticity could benefit the organism either because the plastic responses work better when expressed together (synergy) or because each response is more effective under different environmental circumstances (complementarity). We illustrate these hypotheses with case studies, focusing on interactions between behavior and morphology, plastic traits that differ in their reversibility. Future empirical and theoretical research should investigate the consequences of these interactions for additional factors important for the evolution of plasticity, such as the limits and costs of plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Nielsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona85721,Zoology DepartmentStockholm UniversityStockholm11419Sweden
| | - Daniel R. Papaj
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizona85721
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15
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de Pedro M, Mayol M, González-Martínez SC, Regalado I, Riba M. Environmental patterns of adaptation after range expansion in Leontodon longirostris: The effect of phenological events on fitness-related traits. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:602-615. [PMID: 35067917 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Because of expected range shifts associated with climate change, there is a renewed interest in the evolutionary factors constraining adaptation, among which are genetic bottlenecks, drift, and increased mutational load after range expansion. Here we study adaptation in the short-lived species Leontodon longirostris showing reduced genetic diversity and increased genetic load along an expansion route. METHODS We assessed the phenological patterns of variation, and their effect on fitness-related traits, on 42 L. longirostris populations and six populations of the sister taxa L. saxatilis in a common garden located within the current range of both species. The comparison among L. longirostris populations allowed us to test for genetic clines consistent with local adaptation, whereas the comparison between taxa provided evidence for common adaptive features at the species level. RESULTS We found significant within-species variability for most traits, as well as differences with its close relative L. saxatilis. In general, seeds from drier, warmer, and unpredictable habitats showed overall lower and more restricted conditions for germination, seedlings emerged later and plants flowered earlier. Consequently, genotypes from arid and unpredictable environments attained smaller reproductive sizes and allocated more biomass to reproduction. Flowering time had the strongest direct effect on total plant size, but seedling emergence also showed an important indirect effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the crucial role of phenological patterns in shaping adaptive clines for major life-history stage transitions. Furthermore, the genetic load observed in L. longirostris does not seem to preclude adaptation to the climatic variability encountered along the expansion route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Mayol
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | | | | | - Miquel Riba
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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16
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Dong X. Evolution of Plant Niche Construction Traits in Biogeomorphic Landscapes. Am Nat 2022; 199:758-775. [DOI: 10.1086/719425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Escobar DFE, Rubio de Casas R, Morellato LPC. Many roads to success: different combinations of life‐history traits provide accurate germination timing in seasonally dry environments. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Rubio de Casas
- Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Granada Granada España
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Univ. de Granada Granada Spain
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18
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D'Aguillo M, Hazelwood C, Quarles B, Donohue K. Genetic Consequences of Biologically Altered Environments. J Hered 2021; 113:26-36. [PMID: 34534330 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolvable traits of organisms can alter the environment those organisms experience. While it is well appreciated that those modified environments can influence natural selection to which organisms are exposed, they can also influence the expression of genetic variances and covariances of traits under selection. When genetic variance and covariance change in response to changes in the evolving, modified environment, rates and outcomes of evolution also change. Here we discuss the basic mechanisms whereby organisms modify their environments, review how those modified environments have been shown to alter genetic variance and covariance, and discuss potential evolutionary consequences of such dynamics. With these dynamics, responses to selection can be more rapid and sustained, leading to more extreme phenotypes, or they can be slower and truncated, leading to more conserved phenotypes. Patterns of correlated selection can also change, leading to greater or less evolutionary independence of traits, or even causing convergence or divergence of traits, even when selection on them is consistent across environments. Developing evolutionary models that incorporate changes in genetic variances and covariances when environments themselves evolve requires developing methods to predict how genetic parameters respond to environments-frequently multifactorial environments. It also requires a population-level analysis of how traits of collections of individuals modify environments for themselves and/or others in a population, possibly in spatially explicit ways. Despite the challenges of elucidating the mechanisms and nuances of these processes, even qualitative predictions of how environment-modifying traits alter evolutionary potential are likely to improve projections of evolutionary outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D'Aguillo
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Caleb Hazelwood
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Philosophy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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19
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Castilla AR, Méndez-Vigo B, Marcer A, Martínez-Minaya J, Conesa D, Picó FX, Alonso-Blanco C. Ecological, genetic and evolutionary drivers of regional genetic differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:71. [PMID: 32571210 PMCID: PMC7310121 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disentangling the drivers of genetic differentiation is one of the cornerstones in evolution. This is because genetic diversity, and the way in which it is partitioned within and among populations across space, is an important asset for the ability of populations to adapt and persist in changing environments. We tested three major hypotheses accounting for genetic differentiation-isolation-by-distance (IBD), isolation-by-environment (IBE) and isolation-by-resistance (IBR)-in the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana across the Iberian Peninsula, the region with the largest genomic diversity. To that end, we sampled, genotyped with genome-wide SNPs, and analyzed 1772 individuals from 278 populations distributed across the Iberian Peninsula. RESULTS IBD, and to a lesser extent IBE, were the most important drivers of genetic differentiation in A. thaliana. In other words, dispersal limitation, genetic drift, and to a lesser extent local adaptation to environmental gradients, accounted for the within- and among-population distribution of genetic diversity. Analyses applied to the four Iberian genetic clusters, which represent the joint outcome of the long demographic and adaptive history of the species in the region, showed similar results except for one cluster, in which IBR (a function of landscape heterogeneity) was the most important driver of genetic differentiation. Using spatial hierarchical Bayesian models, we found that precipitation seasonality and topsoil pH chiefly accounted for the geographic distribution of genetic diversity in Iberian A. thaliana. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the interplay between the influence of precipitation seasonality on genetic diversity and the effect of restricted dispersal and genetic drift on genetic differentiation emerges as the major forces underlying the evolutionary trajectory of Iberian A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R Castilla
- Centre for Applied Ecology "Prof. Baeta Neves", InBIO, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Belén Méndez-Vigo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnald Marcer
- CREAF, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Bellaterra, E08193, Cerdanyola de Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E08193, Cerdanyola de Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - David Conesa
- Departament d'Estadística i Investigació Operativa, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Xavier Picó
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Briscoe Runquist RD, Gorton AJ, Yoder JB, Deacon NJ, Grossman JJ, Kothari S, Lyons MP, Sheth SN, Tiffin P, Moeller DA. Context Dependence of Local Adaptation to Abiotic and Biotic Environments: A Quantitative and Qualitative Synthesis. Am Nat 2020; 195:412-431. [PMID: 32097038 DOI: 10.1086/707322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how spatially variable selection shapes adaptation is an area of long-standing interest in evolutionary ecology. Recent meta-analyses have quantified the extent of local adaptation, but the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors in driving population divergence remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we combined a quantitative meta-analysis and a qualitative metasynthesis to (1) quantify the magnitude of local adaptation to abiotic and biotic factors and (2) characterize major themes that influence the motivation and design of experiments that seek to test for local adaptation. Using local-foreign contrasts as a metric of local adaptation (or maladaptation), we found that local adaptation was greater in the presence than in the absence of a biotic interactor, especially for plants. We also found that biotic environments had stronger effects on fitness than abiotic environments when ignoring whether those environments were local versus foreign. Finally, biotic effects were stronger at low latitudes, and abiotic effects were stronger at high latitudes. Our qualitative analysis revealed that the lens through which local adaptation has been examined differs for abiotic and biotic factors. It also revealed biases in the design and implementation of experiments that make quantitative results challenging to interpret and provided directions for future research.
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21
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Functional variants of DOG1 control seed chilling responses and variation in seasonal life-history strategies in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2526-2534. [PMID: 31964817 PMCID: PMC7007534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912451117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The seasonal timing of seed germination is critical for plant fitness in different climates. To germinate at the right time of year, seeds respond to seasonal environmental cues, such as cold temperatures. We characterized genetic variation in seed dormancy responses to cold across the geographic range of a widespread annual plant. Induction of secondary seed dormancy during winter conditions (which restricts germination to autumn) was positively correlated with flowering time, constructing winter and spring seasonal life-history strategies. Variation in seed chilling responses was strongly associated with functional variants of a known dormancy gene. These variants showed evidence of ancient diversification associated with Pleistocene glacial cycles, and were associated with climate gradients across the species’ geographical range. The seasonal timing of seed germination determines a plant’s realized environmental niche, and is important for adaptation to climate. The timing of seasonal germination depends on patterns of seed dormancy release or induction by cold and interacts with flowering-time variation to construct different seasonal life histories. To characterize the genetic basis and climatic associations of natural variation in seed chilling responses and associated life-history syndromes, we selected 559 fully sequenced accessions of the model annual species Arabidopsis thaliana from across a wide climate range and scored each for seed germination across a range of 13 cold stratification treatments, as well as the timing of flowering and senescence. Germination strategies varied continuously along 2 major axes: 1) Overall germination fraction and 2) induction vs. release of dormancy by cold. Natural variation in seed responses to chilling was correlated with flowering time and senescence to create a range of seasonal life-history syndromes. Genome-wide association identified several loci associated with natural variation in seed chilling responses, including a known functional polymorphism in the self-binding domain of the candidate gene DOG1. A phylogeny of DOG1 haplotypes revealed ancient divergence of these functional variants associated with periods of Pleistocene climate change, and Gradient Forest analysis showed that allele turnover of candidate SNPs was significantly associated with climate gradients. These results provide evidence that A. thaliana’s germination niche and correlated life-history syndromes are shaped by past climate cycles, as well as local adaptation to contemporary climate.
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22
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Cochrane A. Temperature thresholds for germination in 20 short-range endemic plant species from a Greenstone Belt in southern Western Australia. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22 Suppl 1:103-112. [PMID: 30556244 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of climate-driven effects on seed traits such as germination has gained momentum over the past decade as the impact of global warming becomes more apparent on the health and survival of plant diversity. Seed response to warming was evaluated in a suite of short-range endemic species from the biodiverse Greenstone Belt of southern Western Australia. The temperature dimensions for germination in 20 woody perennials were identified using small unreplicated samples over 6 weeks on a temperature gradient plate (constant and fluctuating temperatures between 5 and 40 °C). These data were subsequently modelled against current and forecast (2070) mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures to illustrate seasonal changes to germination timing and final percentage germination. All but one species attained full germination in at least one cell on the gradient plate. Modelling of the data suggested only minimal changes to percentage germination despite a forecast rise in diurnal temperatures over the next 50 years. Nine species were predicted to experience declines of between <1% and 7%, whilst 11 species were predicted to increase their germination by <1% to 3%. Overall, the speed of germination is predicted to increase but the timing of germination for most species shifts seasonally (both advances and delays) as a result of changing diurnal temperatures. The capacity of this suite of species to cope with warmer temperatures during a critical early life stage shows a degree of adaptation to heterogeneous environments. Predicting the effects of global change on terrestrial plant communities is crucial to managing and conserving plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cochrane
- Biodiversity Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia
- Ecology, Evolution and Genetics, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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23
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Bell AM, Hellmann JK. An Integrative Framework for Understanding the Mechanisms and Multigenerational Consequences of Transgenerational Plasticity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2019; 50:97-118. [PMID: 36046014 PMCID: PMC9427003 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Transgenerational plasticity (TGP) occurs when the environment experienced by a parent influences the development of their offspring. In this article, we develop a framework for understanding the mechanisms and multi-generational consequences of TGP. First, we conceptualize the mechanisms of TGP in the context of communication between parents (senders) and offspring (receivers) by dissecting the steps between an environmental cue received by a parent and its resulting effects on the phenotype of one or more future generations. Breaking down the problem in this way highlights the diversity of mechanisms likely to be involved in the process. Second, we review the literature on multigenerational effects and find that the documented patterns across generations are diverse. We categorize different multigenerational patterns and explore the proximate and ultimate mechanisms that can generate them. Throughout, we highlight opportunities for future work in this dynamic and integrative area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Bell
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer K Hellmann
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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24
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Gilbert SF. Developmental symbiosis facilitates the multiple origins of herbivory. Evol Dev 2019; 22:154-164. [PMID: 31332951 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Developmental bias toward particular evolutionary trajectories can be facilitated through symbiosis. Organisms are holobionts, consisting of zygote-derived cells and a consortia of microbes, and the development, physiology, and immunity of animals are properties of complex interactions between the zygote-derived cells and microbial symbionts. Such symbionts can be agents of developmental plasticity, allowing an organism to develop in particular directions. This plasticity can lead to genetic assimilation either through the incorporation of microbial genes into host genomes or through the direct maternal transmission of the microbes. Such plasticity can lead to niche construction, enabling the microbes to remodel host anatomy and/or physiology. In this article, I will focus on the ability of symbionts to bias development toward the evolution of herbivory. I will posit that the behavioral and morphological manifestations of herbivorous phenotypes must be preceded by the successful establishment of a community of symbiotic microbes that can digest cell walls and detoxify plant poisons. The ability of holobionts to digest plant materials can range from being a plastic trait, dependent on the transient incorporation of environmental microbes, to becoming a heritable trait of the holobiont organism, transmitted through the maternal propagation of symbionts or their genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
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25
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Zan Y, Carlborg Ö. A Polygenic Genetic Architecture of Flowering Time in the Worldwide Arabidopsis thaliana Population. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:141-154. [PMID: 30388255 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an empirical study of the polygenic basis underlying the evolution of complex traits. Flowering time variation measured at 10 and 16°C in the 1,001-genomes Arabidopsis thaliana collection of natural accessions were used as a model. The polygenic architecture of flowering time was defined as the 48 loci that were significantly associated with flowering time-at 10 and/or 16°C and/or their difference-in this population. Contributions from alleles at flowering time associated loci to global and local adaptation were explored by evaluating their distribution across genetically and geographically defined subpopulations across the native range of the species. The dynamics in the genetic architecture of flowering time in response to temperature was evaluated by estimating how the effects of these loci on flowering changed with growth temperature. Overall, the genetic basis of flowering time was stable-about 2/3 of the flowering time loci had similar effects at 10°C and 16°C-but many loci were involved in gene by temperature interactions. Globally present alleles, mostly of moderate effect, contributed to the differences in flowering times between the subpopulations via subtle changes in allele frequencies. More extreme local adaptations were, on several occasions, due to regional alleles with relatively large effects, and their linkage disequilibrium-patterns suggest coevolution of functionally connected alleles within local populations. Overall, these findings provide a significant contribution to our understanding about the possible modes of global and local evolution of a complex adaptive trait in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Örjan Carlborg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Saltz JB. Gene–Environment Correlation in Humans: Lessons from Psychology for Quantitative Genetics. J Hered 2019; 110:455-466. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Evolutionary biologists have long been aware that the effects of genes can reach beyond the boundary of the individual, that is, the phenotypic effects of genes can alter the environment. Yet, we rarely apply a quantitative genetics approach to understand the causes and consequences of genetic variation in the ways that individuals choose and manipulate their environments, particularly in wild populations. Here, I aim to stimulate research in this area by reviewing empirical examples of such processes from the psychology literature. Indeed, psychology researchers have been actively investigating genetic variation in the environments that individuals experience—a phenomenon termed “gene–environment correlation” (rGE)—since the 1970s. rGE emerges from genetic variation in individuals’ behavior and personality traits, which in turn affects the environments that they experience. I highlight concepts and examples from this literature, emphasizing the relevance to quantitative geneticists working on wild, nonhuman organisms. I point out fruitful areas of crossover between these disciplines, including how quantitative geneticists can test ideas about rGE in wild populations.
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27
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D’Aguillo MC, Edwards BR, Donohue K. Can the Environment have a Genetic Basis? A Case Study of Seedling Establishment in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Hered 2019; 110:467-478. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe timing of seed germination determines the environment experienced by a plant’s most vulnerable life stage—the seedling. Germination is environmentally cued, and genotypes can differ in their sensitivity to environmental cues. When genotypes differ in their response to cues, and when cues accurately predict the postgermination environment, the postgermination environment experienced by seedlings can itself have a genetic basis and potential to evolve. We tested for genetic differences in the postgermination environment using Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes that vary in seed dormancy, a trait known to alter germination time. We dispersed seeds into the field in 5 seasonal cohorts over 1.5 years, observed germination timing for 5297 individuals, and measured the soil temperature and moisture experienced by individuals throughout their life cycle. We found that genotypes differed in the environments they experienced during seedling establishment. This environmental variation occurred because genotypes differed in their environmental sensitivity to germination cues, and pregermination cues were correlated with postgermination environments. Seeds exhibited temporal habitat selection by germinating into a nonrandom subset of environmental conditions available, and seed dormancy increased the consistency of habitat selection. Strikingly, the postgermination environment affected fitness by altering the probability of seedling survival such that genotypes that engaged in stronger habitat selection were less likely to reach reproduction. Our results suggest that environmentally cued development may be a widespread mechanism by which genotypes can differ in the environment they experience, introducing the possibility that the environment itself can be inherited and can evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianne R Edwards
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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28
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Briscoe Runquist RD, Lake T, Tiffin P, Moeller DA. Species distribution models throughout the invasion history of Palmer amaranth predict regions at risk of future invasion and reveal challenges with modeling rapidly shifting geographic ranges. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2426. [PMID: 30787301 PMCID: PMC6382853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) is an annual plant native to the desert Southwest of the United States and Mexico and has become invasive and caused large economic losses across much of the United States. In order to examine the temporal and spatial dynamics of past invasion, and to predict future invasion, we developed a broad array of species distribution models (SDMs). In particular, we constructed sequential SDMs throughout the invasion history and asked how well those predicted future invasion (1970 to present). We showed that invasion occurred from a restricted set of environments in the native range to a diverse set in the invaded range. Spatial autocorrelation analyses indicated that rapid range expansion was facilitated by stochastic, long-distance dispersal events. Regardless of SDM approach, all SDMs built using datasets from early in the invasion (1970–2010) performed poorly and failed to predict most of the current invaded range. Together, these results suggest that climate is unlikely to have influenced early stages of range expansion. SDMs that incorporated data from the most recent sampling (2011–2017) performed considerably better, predicted high suitability in regions that have recently become invaded, and identified mean annual temperature as a key factor limiting northward range expansion. Under future climates, models predicted both further northward range expansion and significantly increased suitability across large portions of the U.S. Overall, our results indicate significant challenges for SDMs of invasive species far from climate equilibrium. However, our models based on recent data make more robust predictions for northward range expansion of A. palmeri with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Briscoe Runquist
- University of Minnesota, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, 55108, MN, USA.
| | - Thomas Lake
- University of Minnesota, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, 55108, MN, USA
| | - Peter Tiffin
- University of Minnesota, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, 55108, MN, USA
| | - David A Moeller
- University of Minnesota, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, 55108, MN, USA
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Abstract
The propagation of most flowering plant species is determined by the success of seed germination, which is of both economic and ecologic importance. Mitochondria are the energy resource and crucial organelles for plant seed germination. Studying the underlying mechanism is important for us to understand the basic principles of plant development and improve crop yields. Here we identify HSP24.7 as a central activator for temperature-dependent seed germination. HSP24.7 modulates cytochrome C/C1 production in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and induces the generation of reactive oxygen species, which accelerates seed germination. Our work provides a comprehensive framework of how mitochondria regulate seed germination in response to the dynamics of environmental temperature. Seed germination is an energy demanding process that requires functional mitochondria upon imbibition. However, how mitochondria fine tune seed germination, especially in response to the dynamics of environmental temperature, remains largely unknown at the molecular level. Here, we report a mitochondrial matrix-localized heat shock protein GhHSP24.7, that regulates seed germination in a temperature-dependent manner. Suppression of GhHSP24.7 renders the seed insensitive to temperature changes and delays germination. We show that GhHSP24.7 competes with GhCCMH to bind to the maturation subunit protein GhCcmFc to form cytochrome C/C1 (CytC/C1) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. GhHSP24.7 modulates CytC/C1 production to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which consequently accelerates endosperm rupture and promotes seed germination. Overexpression of GhHSP24.7’s homologous genes can accelerate seed germination in Arabidopsis and tomato, indicating its conserved function across plant species. Therefore, HSP24.7 is a critical factor that positively controls seed germination via temperature-dependent ROS generation.
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Taylor MA, Cooper MD, Schmitt J. Phenological and fitness responses to climate warming depend upon genotype and competitive neighbourhood in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Snell-Rood EC, Steck MK. Behaviour shapes environmental variation and selection on learning and plasticity: review of mechanisms and implications. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Gómez R, Méndez-Vigo B, Marcer A, Alonso-Blanco C, Picó FX. Quantifying temporal change in plant population attributes: insights from a resurrection approach. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply063. [PMID: 30370042 PMCID: PMC6198925 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolution in annual plants can be quantified by comparing phenotypic and genetic changes between past and contemporary individuals from the same populations over several generations. Such knowledge will help understand the response of plants to rapid environmental shifts, such as the ones imposed by global climate change. To that end, we undertook a resurrection approach in Spanish populations of the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana that were sampled twice over a decade. Annual weather records were compared to their historical records to extract patterns of climatic shifts over time. We evaluated the differences between samplings in flowering time, a key life-history trait with adaptive significance, with a field experiment. We also estimated genetic diversity and differentiation based on neutral nuclear markers and nucleotide diversity in candidate flowering time (FRI and FLC) and seed dormancy (DOG1) genes. The role of genetic drift was estimated by computing effective population sizes with the temporal method. Overall, two climatic scenarios were detected: intense warming with increased precipitation and moderate warming with decreased precipitation. The average flowering time varied little between samplings. Instead, within-population variation in flowering time exhibited a decreasing trend over time. Substantial temporal changes in genetic diversity and differentiation were observed with both nuclear microsatellites and candidate genes in all populations, which were interpreted as the result of natural demographic fluctuations. We conclude that drought stress caused by moderate warming with decreased precipitation may have the potential to reduce within-population variation in key life-cycle traits, perhaps as a result of stabilizing selection on them, and to constrain the genetic differentiation over time. Besides, the demographic behaviour of populations probably accounts for the substantial temporal patterns of genetic variation, while keeping rather constant those of phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Belén Méndez-Vigo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnald Marcer
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Xavier Picó
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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33
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LaRue EA, Holland JD, Emery NC. Environmental predictors of dispersal traits across a species’ geographic range. Ecology 2018; 99:1857-1865. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. LaRue
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University 715 W. State Street West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Holland
- Department of Entomology Purdue University 901 W. State Street West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Nancy C. Emery
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder Box 0334 Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
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Saltz JB, Bell AM, Flint J, Gomulkiewicz R, Hughes KA, Keagy J. Why does the magnitude of genotype-by-environment interaction vary? Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6342-6353. [PMID: 29988442 PMCID: PMC6024136 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype-by-environment interaction (G × E), that is, genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity, is a central concept in ecology and evolutionary biology. G×E has wide-ranging implications for trait development and for understanding how organisms will respond to environmental change. Although G × E has been extensively documented, its presence and magnitude vary dramatically across populations and traits. Despite this, we still know little about why G × E is so evident in some traits and populations, but minimal or absent in others. To encourage synthetic research in this area, we review diverse hypotheses for the underlying biological causes of variation in G × E. We extract common themes from these hypotheses to develop a more synthetic understanding of variation in G × E and suggest some important next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison M. Bell
- University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Jonathan Flint
- University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCalifornia
| | | | | | - Jason Keagy
- University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
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Marcer A, Vidigal DS, James PMA, Fortin MJ, Méndez-Vigo B, Hilhorst HWM, Bentsink L, Alonso-Blanco C, Picó FX. Temperature fine-tunes Mediterranean Arabidopsis thaliana life-cycle phenology geographically. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:148-156. [PMID: 28241389 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To understand how adaptive evolution in life-cycle phenology operates in plants, we need to unravel the effects of geographic variation in putative agents of natural selection on life-cycle phenology by considering all key developmental transitions and their co-variation patterns. We address this goal by quantifying the temperature-driven and geographically varying relationship between seed dormancy and flowering time in the annual Arabidopsis thaliana across the Iberian Peninsula. We used data on genetic variation in two major life-cycle traits, seed dormancy (DSDS50) and flowering time (FT), in a collection of 300 A. thaliana accessions from the Iberian Peninsula. The geographically varying relationship between life-cycle traits and minimum temperature, a major driver of variation in DSDS50 and FT, was explored with geographically weighted regressions (GWR). The environmentally varying correlation between DSDS50 and FT was analysed by means of sliding window analysis across a minimum temperature gradient. Maximum local adjustments between minimum temperature and life-cycle traits were obtained in the southwest Iberian Peninsula, an area with the highest minimum temperatures. In contrast, in off-southwest locations, the effects of minimum temperature on DSDS50 were rather constant across the region, whereas those of minimum temperature on FT were more variable, with peaks of strong local adjustments of GWR models in central and northwest Spain. Sliding window analysis identified a minimum temperature turning point in the relationship between DSDS50 and FT around a minimum temperature of 7.2 °C. Above this minimum temperature turning point, the variation in the FT/DSDS50 ratio became rapidly constrained and the negative correlation between FT and DSDS50 did not increase any further with increasing minimum temperatures. The southwest Iberian Peninsula emerges as an area where variation in life-cycle phenology appears to be restricted by the duration and severity of the hot summer drought. The temperature-driven varying relationship between DSDS50 and FT detected environmental boundaries for the co-evolution between FT and DSDS50 in A. thaliana. In the context of global warming, we conclude that A. thaliana phenology from the southwest Iberian Peninsula, determined by early flowering and deep seed dormancy, might become the most common life-cycle phenotype for this annual plant in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marcer
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - D S Vidigal
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P M A James
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - M-J Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B Méndez-Vigo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - H W M Hilhorst
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - F X Picó
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
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Saastamoinen M, Bocedi G, Cote J, Legrand D, Guillaume F, Wheat CW, Fronhofer EA, Garcia C, Henry R, Husby A, Baguette M, Bonte D, Coulon A, Kokko H, Matthysen E, Niitepõld K, Nonaka E, Stevens VM, Travis JMJ, Donohue K, Bullock JM, Del Mar Delgado M. Genetics of dispersal. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:574-599. [PMID: 28776950 PMCID: PMC5811798 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is a process of central importance for the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of populations and communities, because of its diverse consequences for gene flow and demography. It is subject to evolutionary change, which begs the question, what is the genetic basis of this potentially complex trait? To address this question, we (i) review the empirical literature on the genetic basis of dispersal, (ii) explore how theoretical investigations of the evolution of dispersal have represented the genetics of dispersal, and (iii) discuss how the genetic basis of dispersal influences theoretical predictions of the evolution of dispersal and potential consequences. Dispersal has a detectable genetic basis in many organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals. Generally, there is evidence for significant genetic variation for dispersal or dispersal‐related phenotypes or evidence for the micro‐evolution of dispersal in natural populations. Dispersal is typically the outcome of several interacting traits, and this complexity is reflected in its genetic architecture: while some genes of moderate to large effect can influence certain aspects of dispersal, dispersal traits are typically polygenic. Correlations among dispersal traits as well as between dispersal traits and other traits under selection are common, and the genetic basis of dispersal can be highly environment‐dependent. By contrast, models have historically considered a highly simplified genetic architecture of dispersal. It is only recently that models have started to consider multiple loci influencing dispersal, as well as non‐additive effects such as dominance and epistasis, showing that the genetic basis of dispersal can influence evolutionary rates and outcomes, especially under non‐equilibrium conditions. For example, the number of loci controlling dispersal can influence projected rates of dispersal evolution during range shifts and corresponding demographic impacts. Incorporating more realism in the genetic architecture of dispersal is thus necessary to enable models to move beyond the purely theoretical towards making more useful predictions of evolutionary and ecological dynamics under current and future environmental conditions. To inform these advances, empirical studies need to answer outstanding questions concerning whether specific genes underlie dispersal variation, the genetic architecture of context‐dependent dispersal phenotypes and behaviours, and correlations among dispersal and other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Saastamoinen
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Greta Bocedi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - Julien Cote
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique UMR5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Legrand
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher W Wheat
- Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emanuel A Fronhofer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Garcia
- CIBIO-InBIO, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Roslyn Henry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, U.K.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH89XP, U.K
| | - Arild Husby
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michel Baguette
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France.,Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Dries Bonte
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Coulon
- PSL Research University, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés, 34293 Montpellier, France.,CESCO UMR 7204, Bases écologiques de la conservation, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Matthysen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kristjan Niitepõld
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Etsuko Nonaka
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virginie M Stevens
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Justin M J Travis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | | | - James M Bullock
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, U.K
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Saltz JB. Genetic variation in social environment construction influences the development of aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 118:340-347. [PMID: 27848947 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals are not merely subject to their social environments; they choose and create them, through a process called social environment (or social niche) construction. When genotypes differ in social environment-constructing behaviors, different genotypes are expected to experience different social environments. As social experience often affects behavioral development, quantitative genetics and psychology theories predict that genetic variation in social environment construction should have an important role in determining phenotypic variation; however, this hypothesis has not been tested directly. I identify multiple mechanisms of social environment construction that differ among natural genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster and investigate their consequences for the development of aggressive behavior. Male genotypes differed in the group sizes that they preferred and in their aggressive behavior; both of these behaviors influenced social experience, demonstrating that these behaviors function as social environment-constructing traits. Further, the effects of social experience-as determined in part by social environment construction-carried over to affect focal male aggression at a later time and with a new opponent. These results provide manipulative experimental support for longstanding hypotheses in psychology, that genetic variation in social environment construction has a causal role in behavioral development. More broadly, these results imply that studies of the genetic basis of complex traits should be expanded to include mechanisms by which genetic variation shapes the environments that individuals experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Saltz
- Biosciences at Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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39
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Emery NJ, Henwood MJ, Offord CA, Wardle GM. Right here, right now: Populations of
Actinotus helianthi
differ in their early performance traits and interactions. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Emery
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Heydon‐Laurence Building (A08) Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
- The Australian PlantBank Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust The Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan Mount Annan New South Wales 2567 Australia
| | - Murray J. Henwood
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Heydon‐Laurence Building (A08) Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Catherine A. Offord
- The Australian PlantBank Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust The Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan Mount Annan New South Wales 2567 Australia
| | - Glenda M. Wardle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Heydon‐Laurence Building (A08) Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
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Burghardt LT, Metcalf CJE, Donohue K. A cline in seed dormancy helps conserve the environment experienced during reproduction across the range of Arabidopsis thaliana. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:47-59. [PMID: 26744481 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Understanding the factors shaping range limits is critical given current changes in climate as well as human-mediated introduction of species into novel environments. Phenological responses to climate influence range limits by allowing plants to avoid conditions that decrease population growth rates. Studying these processes is a challenge due to the joint contributions of both genetic and environmental variation to phenology. METHODS Using a previously developed model that predicts phenology of three dormancy "genotypes" in four locations spanning the European range of Arabidopsis thaliana, we examined how variation in seed dormancy influences the environmental conditions experienced by reproductive individuals and how those conditions influence reproductive potential. We calculated two metrics: temperature experienced during reproduction and the length of thermal window available for reproduction. KEY RESULTS Seed dormancy levels determine whether a spring-flowering life cycle is expressed and thus determine the reproductive environment. A genetic cline in seed dormancy across the range reduces differences in reproductive environment and increases the thermal opportunity for reproduction before conditions become unfavorable for survival. Counter-intuitively, these putatively local genotypes are predicted to reproduce in slightly cooler conditions in the south than in the north, suggesting that maternal environmental effects on average could induce deeper dormancy in southern seeds reinforcing the observed genetic cline. However, within a location, we found large individual level differences. CONCLUSIONS Phenological adjustments of early life stages can contribute to the maintenance of consistent reproductive environments experienced by individual plants across ranges despite variable environmental conditions over time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana T Burghardt
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338 Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - C Jessica E Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 USA
| | - Kathleen Donohue
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338 Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
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43
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Wolinsky E, Libby E. Evolution of regulated phenotypic expression during a transition to multicellularity. Evol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-015-9814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Odling-Smee J. Niche Inheritance: A Possible Basis for Classifying Multiple Inheritance Systems in Evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1162/biot.2007.2.3.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hamilton JA, Okada M, Korves T, Schmitt J. The role of climate adaptation in colonization success inArabidopsis thaliana. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2253-63. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill A. Hamilton
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Miki Okada
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Tonia Korves
- Data Analytics Department; The MITRE Corporation; 202 Burlington Rd, Bedford MA 01730 USA
| | - Johanna Schmitt
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
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Lasky JR, Des Marais DL, Lowry DB, Povolotskaya I, McKay JK, Richards JH, Keitt TH, Juenger TE. Natural variation in abiotic stress responsive gene expression and local adaptation to climate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2283-96. [PMID: 24850899 PMCID: PMC4137704 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression varies widely in natural populations, yet the proximate and ultimate causes of this variation are poorly known. Understanding how variation in gene expression affects abiotic stress tolerance, fitness, and adaptation is central to the field of evolutionary genetics. We tested the hypothesis that genes with natural genetic variation in their expression responses to abiotic stress are likely to be involved in local adaptation to climate in Arabidopsis thaliana. Specifically, we compared genes with consistent expression responses to environmental stress (expression stress responsive, "eSR") to genes with genetically variable responses to abiotic stress (expression genotype-by-environment interaction, "eGEI"). We found that on average genes that exhibited eGEI in response to drought or cold had greater polymorphism in promoter regions and stronger associations with climate than those of eSR genes or genomic controls. We also found that transcription factor binding sites known to respond to environmental stressors, especially abscisic acid responsive elements, showed significantly higher polymorphism in drought eGEI genes in comparison to eSR genes. By contrast, eSR genes tended to exhibit relatively greater pairwise haplotype sharing, lower promoter diversity, and fewer nonsynonymous polymorphisms, suggesting purifying selection or selective sweeps. Our results indicate that cis-regulatory evolution and genetic variation in stress responsive gene expression may be important mechanisms of local adaptation to climatic selective gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Lasky
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at AustinEarth Institute and Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University
| | | | - David B Lowry
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Inna Povolotskaya
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John K McKay
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University
| | | | - Timothy H Keitt
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
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Han X, Hui C. Niche construction on environmental gradients: the formation of fitness valley and stratified genotypic distributions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99775. [PMID: 24915290 PMCID: PMC4051751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of niche construction can alter the trajectory of natural selection through organism-environment feedback. As such, the mechanism and impact of niche construction can be better investigated along environmental gradients. Here we investigate how the process of niche construction affects the distribution of genotypes and fitness landscape along an environmental gradient under three selection regimes, namely heterozygote superiority, genetic loci which dictates niche construction ability being either selectively neutral or non-neutral. Using a spatially explicit cellular automaton, we show that niche construction can stratify genetic diversity by forming band-like distributions consisting of different genotypic compositions and promote reproduction isolation by forming a divide with reduced average fitness along the gradients, termed a fitness valley. The band structure and the presence of a fitness valley depend on heterogeneous environments, resource-dependent fitness and the selection acting on the gene loci affecting the niche-constructing ability. Our work adds to the growing body of evidence on criticizing species distribution models which assume that the environment alone can determine species distributions. Based on the results, we argue that conservation planning should target preserving or restoring environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuo Han
- School of Applied Mathematics, Guangdong University of Technology, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
- Mathematical and Physical Biosciences, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, South Africa
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Scott-Phillips TC, Laland KN, Shuker DM, Dickins TE, West SA. The niche construction perspective: a critical appraisal. Evolution 2014; 68:1231-43. [PMID: 24325256 PMCID: PMC4261998 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Niche construction refers to the activities of organisms that bring about changes in their environments, many of which are evolutionarily and ecologically consequential. Advocates of niche construction theory (NCT) believe that standard evolutionary theory fails to recognize the full importance of niche construction, and consequently propose a novel view of evolution, in which niche construction and its legacy over time (ecological inheritance) are described as evolutionary processes, equivalent in importance to natural selection. Here, we subject NCT to critical evaluation, in the form of a collaboration between one prominent advocate of NCT, and a team of skeptics. We discuss whether niche construction is an evolutionary process, whether NCT obscures or clarifies how natural selection leads to organismal adaptation, and whether niche construction and natural selection are of equivalent explanatory importance. We also consider whether the literature that promotes NCT overstates the significance of niche construction, whether it is internally coherent, and whether it accurately portrays standard evolutionary theory. Our disagreements reflect a wider dispute within evolutionary theory over whether the neo-Darwinian synthesis is in need of reformulation, as well as different usages of some key terms (e.g., evolutionary process).
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Manzano-Piedras E, Marcer A, Alonso-Blanco C, Picó FX. Deciphering the adjustment between environment and life history in annuals: lessons from a geographically-explicit approach in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87836. [PMID: 24498381 PMCID: PMC3912251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role that different life-history traits may have in the process of adaptation caused by divergent selection can be assessed by using extensive collections of geographically-explicit populations. This is because adaptive phenotypic variation shifts gradually across space as a result of the geographic patterns of variation in environmental selective pressures. Hence, large-scale experiments are needed to identify relevant adaptive life-history traits as well as their relationships with putative selective agents. We conducted a field experiment with 279 geo-referenced accessions of the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana collected across a native region of its distribution range, the Iberian Peninsula. We quantified variation in life-history traits throughout the entire life cycle. We built a geographic information system to generate an environmental data set encompassing climate, vegetation and soil data. We analysed the spatial autocorrelation patterns of environmental variables and life-history traits, as well as the relationship between environmental and phenotypic data. Almost all environmental variables were significantly spatially autocorrelated. By contrast, only two life-history traits, seed weight and flowering time, exhibited significant spatial autocorrelation. Flowering time, and to a lower extent seed weight, were the life-history traits with the highest significant correlation coefficients with environmental factors, in particular with annual mean temperature. In general, individual fitness was higher for accessions with more vigorous seed germination, higher recruitment and later flowering times. Variation in flowering time mediated by temperature appears to be the main life-history trait by which A. thaliana adjusts its life history to the varying Iberian environmental conditions. The use of extensive geographically-explicit data sets obtained from field experiments represents a powerful approach to unravel adaptive patterns of variation. In a context of current global warming, geographically-explicit approaches, evaluating the match between organisms and the environments where they live, may contribute to better assess and predict the consequences of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Manzano-Piedras
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Arnald Marcer
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Xavier Picó
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
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Libby E, Rainey PB. Eco-evolutionary feedback and the tuning of proto-developmental life cycles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82274. [PMID: 24367511 PMCID: PMC3867345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms depend on developmental programs to coordinate growth and differentiation from single cells, but the origins of development are unclear. A possible starting point is stochastic phenotypic variation generated by molecular noise. Given appropriate environmental conditions, noise-driven differentiation could conceivably evolve so as to come under regulatory control; however, abiotic conditions are likely to be restrictive. Drawing from an experimental system, we present a model in which environmental fluctuations are coupled to population growth. We show that this coupling generates stable selection for a single optimal strategy that is largely insensitive to environmental conditions, including the number of competitors, carrying capacity of the environment, difference in growth rates among phenotypic variants, and population density. We argue that this optimal strategy establishes stabilizing conditions likely to improve the quality and reliability of information experienced by evolving organisms, thus increasing opportunity for the evolutionary emergence of developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Libby
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul B. Rainey
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
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