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Ali J, Mukarram M, Ojo J, Dawam N, Riyazuddin R, Ghramh HA, Khan KA, Chen R, Kurjak D, Bayram A. Harnessing Phytohormones: Advancing Plant Growth and Defence Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14307. [PMID: 38705723 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Phytohormones, pivotal regulators of plant growth and development, are increasingly recognized for their multifaceted roles in enhancing crop resilience against environmental stresses. In this review, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of current research on utilizing phytohormones to enhance crop productivity and fortify their defence mechanisms. Initially, we introduce the significance of phytohormones in orchestrating plant growth, followed by their potential utilization in bolstering crop defences against diverse environmental stressors. Our focus then shifts to an in-depth exploration of phytohormones and their pivotal roles in mediating plant defence responses against biotic stressors, particularly insect pests. Furthermore, we highlight the potential impact of phytohormones on agricultural production while underscoring the existing research gaps and limitations hindering their widespread implementation in agricultural practices. Despite the accumulating body of research in this field, the integration of phytohormones into agriculture remains limited. To address this discrepancy, we propose a comprehensive framework for investigating the intricate interplay between phytohormones and sustainable agriculture. This framework advocates for the adoption of novel technologies and methodologies to facilitate the effective deployment of phytohormones in agricultural settings and also emphasizes the need to address existing research limitations through rigorous field studies. By outlining a roadmap for advancing the utilization of phytohormones in agriculture, this review aims to catalyse transformative changes in agricultural practices, fostering sustainability and resilience in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamin Ali
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Mohammad Mukarram
- Food and Plant Biology Group, Department of Plant Biology, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - James Ojo
- Department of Crop Production, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
| | - Nancy Dawam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Plateau State University Bokkos, Diram, Nigeria
| | | | - Hamed A Ghramh
- Centre of Bee Research and its Products, Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Centre of Bee Research and its Products, Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Applied College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizhao Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Daniel Kurjak
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Ahmet Bayram
- Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
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Cui JR, Bing XL, Tang YJ, Liu F, Ren L, Zhou JY, Liu HH, Wang MK, Hoffmann AA, Hong XY. A conserved protein disulfide isomerase enhances plant resistance against herbivores. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:660-678. [PMID: 36269175 PMCID: PMC9806597 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) enable plants to recognize herbivores and may help plants adjust their defense responses. Here, we report on herbivore-induced changes in a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) widely distributed across arthropods. PDI from the spider mite Tetranychus evansi (TePDI), a mesophyll-feeding agricultural pest worldwide, triggered immunity in multiple Solanaceae plants. TePDI-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana required the plant signaling proteins SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1) and HSP90 (heat shock protein 90), but was suppressed by spider mite effectors Te28 and Te84. Moreover, PDIs from phylogenetically distinct herbivorous and nonherbivorous arthropods triggered plant immunity. Finally, although PDI-induced plant defenses impaired the performance of spider mites on plants, RNAi experiments revealed that PDI genes are essential for the survival of mites and whiteflies. Our findings indicate that plants recognize evolutionarily conserved HAMPs to activate plant defense and resist pest damage, pointing to opportunities for broad-spectrum pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Li Bing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yi-Jing Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lu Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Meng-Ke Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Mapuranga J, Chang J, Yang W. Combating powdery mildew: Advances in molecular interactions between Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1102908. [PMID: 36589137 PMCID: PMC9800938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wheat powdery mildew caused by a biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a widespread airborne disease which continues to threaten global wheat production. One of the most chemical-free and cost-effective approaches for the management of wheat powdery mildew is the exploitation of resistant cultivars. Accumulating evidence has reported that more than 100 powdery mildew resistance genes or alleles mapping to 63 different loci (Pm1-Pm68) have been identified from common wheat and its wild relatives, and only a few of them have been cloned so far. However, continuous emergence of new pathogen races with novel degrees of virulence renders wheat resistance genes ineffective. An essential breeding strategy for achieving more durable resistance is the pyramiding of resistance genes into a single genotype. The genetics of host-pathogen interactions integrated with temperature conditions and the interaction between resistance genes and their corresponding pathogen a virulence genes or other resistance genes within the wheat genome determine the expression of resistance genes. Considerable progress has been made in revealing Bgt pathogenesis mechanisms, identification of resistance genes and breeding of wheat powdery mildew resistant cultivars. A detailed understanding of the molecular interactions between wheat and Bgt will facilitate the development of novel and effective approaches for controlling powdery mildew. This review gives a succinct overview of the molecular basis of interactions between wheat and Bgt, and wheat defense mechanisms against Bgt infection. It will also unleash the unsung roles of epigenetic processes, autophagy and silicon in wheat resistance to Bgt.
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Tungadi T, Watt LG, Groen SC, Murphy AM, Du Z, Pate AE, Westwood JH, Fennell TG, Powell G, Carr JP. Infection of Arabidopsis by cucumber mosaic virus triggers jasmonate-dependent resistance to aphids that relies partly on the pattern-triggered immunity factor BAK1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1082-1091. [PMID: 34156752 PMCID: PMC8358999 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many aphid-vectored viruses are transmitted nonpersistently via transient attachment of virus particles to aphid mouthparts and are most effectively acquired or transmitted during brief stylet punctures of epidermal cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the aphid-transmitted virus cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) induces feeding deterrence against the polyphagous aphid Myzus persicae. This form of resistance inhibits prolonged phloem feeding but promotes virus acquisition by aphids because it encourages probing of plant epidermal cells. When aphids are confined on CMV-infected plants, feeding deterrence reduces their growth and reproduction. We found that CMV-induced inhibition of growth as well as CMV-induced inhibition of reproduction of M. persicae are dependent upon jasmonate-mediated signalling. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) is a co-receptor enabling detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns and induction of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants carrying the mutant bak1-5 allele, CMV induced inhibition of M. persicae reproduction but not inhibition of aphid growth. We conclude that in wildtype plants CMV induces two mechanisms that diminish performance of M. persicae: a jasmonate-dependent and PTI-dependent mechanism that inhibits aphid growth, and a jasmonate-dependent, PTI-independent mechanism that inhibits reproduction. The growth of two crucifer specialist aphids, Lipaphis erysimi and Brevicoryne brassicae, was not affected when confined on CMV-infected A. thaliana. However, B. brassicae reproduction was inhibited on CMV-infected plants. This suggests that in A. thaliana CMV-induced resistance to aphids, which is thought to incentivize virus vectoring, has greater effects on polyphagous than on crucifer specialist aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NIAB EMREast MallingUK
| | - Lewis G. Watt
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Simon C. Groen
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of BiologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Zhiyou Du
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Institute of BioengineeringZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | - Jack H. Westwood
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Walder FoundationSkokieIllinoisUSA
| | - Thea G. Fennell
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Insect herbivory antagonizes leaf cooling responses to elevated temperature in tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2211-2217. [PMID: 31964814 PMCID: PMC6994973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913885117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As global climate change brings elevated average temperatures and more frequent and extreme weather events, pressure from biotic stresses will become increasingly compounded by harsh abiotic stress conditions. The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) promotes resilience to many environmental stresses, including attack by arthropod herbivores whose feeding activity is often stimulated by rising temperatures. How wound-induced JA signaling affects plant adaptive responses to elevated temperature (ET), however, remains largely unknown. In this study, we used the commercially important crop plant Solanum lycopersicum (cultivated tomato) to investigate the interaction between simulated heat waves and wound-inducible JA responses. We provide evidence that the heat shock protein HSP90 enhances wound responses at ET by increasing the accumulation of the JA receptor, COI1. Wound-induced JA responses directly interfered with short-term adaptation to ET by blocking leaf hyponasty and evaporative cooling. Specifically, leaf damage inflicted by insect herbivory or mechanical wounding at ET resulted in COI1-dependent stomatal closure, leading to increased leaf temperature, lower photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate, and growth inhibition. Pharmacological inhibition of HSP90 reversed these effects to recapitulate the phenotype of a JA-insensitive mutant lacking the COI1 receptor. As climate change is predicted to compound biotic stress with larger and more voracious arthropod pest populations, our results suggest that antagonistic responses resulting from a combination of insect herbivory and moderate heat stress may exacerbate crop losses.
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Mawalagedera SMUP, Callahan DL, Gaskett AC, Rønsted N, Symonds MRE. Combining Evolutionary Inference and Metabolomics to Identify Plants With Medicinal Potential. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Donato M, Geisler M. HSP
90 and co‐chaperones: a multitaskers’ view on plant hormone biology. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1415-1430. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Donato
- Department of Biology University of Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology University of Fribourg Switzerland
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Yu G, Xian L, Sang Y, Macho AP. Cautionary notes on the use of Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression upon SGT1 silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:14-17. [PMID: 30451288 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, P. R. China
| | - Liu Xian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100004, P. R. China
| | - Yuying Sang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, P. R. China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, P. R. China
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Saremba BM, Tymm FJM, Baethke K, Rheault MR, Sherif SM, Saxena PK, Murch SJ. Plant signals during beetle (Scolytus multistriatus) feeding in American elm (Ulmus americana Planch). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1296997. [PMID: 28448744 PMCID: PMC5501226 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1296997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
American Elms were devastated by an outbreak of Dutch Elm Disease is caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier that originated in Asia and arrived in the early 1900s. In spite of decades of study, the specific mechanisms and disease resistance in some trees is not well understood. the fungus is spread by several species of bark beetles in the genus Scolytus, during their dispersal and feeding. Our objective was to understand elm responses to beetle feeding in the absence of the fungus to identify potential resistance mechanisms. A colony of Scolytus multistriatus was established from wild-caught beetles and beetles were co-incubated with susceptible or resistant American elm varieties in a controlled environment chamber. Beetles burrowed into the auxillary meristems of the young elm shoots. The trees responded to the beetle damage by a series of spikes in the concentration of plant growth regulating compounds, melatonin, serotonin, and jasmonic acid. Spikes in melatonin and serotonin represented a 7,000-fold increase over resting levels. Spikes in jasmonic acid were about 10-fold higher than resting levels with one very large spike observed. Differences were noted between susceptible and resistant elms that provide new understanding of plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M. Saremba
- Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fiona J. M. Tymm
- Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathy Baethke
- Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark R. Rheault
- Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sherif M. Sherif
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Winchester, Virginia, USA
| | - Praveen K. Saxena
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan J. Murch
- Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Schäfer M, Meldau S. Real-Time Genetic Manipulations of the Cytokinin Pathway: A Tool for Laboratory and Field Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1569:127-139. [PMID: 28265993 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6831-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although many established tools for cytokinin (CK) pathway manipulations are well suitable for the analysis of molecular interactions, their use on a whole plant scale is often limited by the induction of severe developmental defects. To circumvent this problem, different methods were developed that allow for a more precise manipulation of the CK pathway. Here we present one of these systems, the pOp6/LhGR system for chemically inducible gene expression. This system allows regulation on a spatial, temporal, and quantitative scale and therefore provides a superior tool for analyzing the role of CKs in the interactions of plants with their environment. The pOp6/LhGR system was tested for RNAi-mediated gene silencing and heterologous gene expression and was successfully used for CK pathway manipulations in different model organisms (Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabaccum, Nicotiana attenuata, Citrus sinensis × C. trifoliate). Here we describe specific aspects of the screening procedure and present an experimental setup that can not only be used in the laboratory but is also applicable under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Research & Development, KWS SAAT SE, Grimsehlstrasse 31, 37574, Einbeck, Germany.
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Nguyen D, Rieu I, Mariani C, van Dam NM. How plants handle multiple stresses: hormonal interactions underlying responses to abiotic stress and insect herbivory. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:727-40. [PMID: 27095445 PMCID: PMC4932144 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive plant responses to specific abiotic stresses or biotic agents are fine-tuned by a network of hormonal signaling cascades, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid. Moreover, hormonal cross-talk modulates plant responses to abiotic stresses and defenses against insect herbivores when they occur simultaneously. How such interactions affect plant responses under multiple stresses, however, is less understood, even though this may frequently occur in natural environments. Here, we review our current knowledge on how hormonal signaling regulates abiotic stress responses and defenses against insects, and discuss the few recent studies that attempted to dissect hormonal interactions occurring under simultaneous abiotic stress and herbivory. Based on this we hypothesize that drought stress enhances insect resistance due to synergistic interactions between JA and ABA signaling. Responses to flooding or waterlogging involve ethylene signaling, which likely reduces plant resistance to chewing herbivores due to its negative cross-talk with JA. However, the outcome of interactions between biotic and abiotic stress signaling is often plant and/or insect species-dependent and cannot simply be predicted based on general knowledge on the involvement of signaling pathways in single stress responses. More experimental data on non-model plant and insect species are needed to reveal general patterns and better understand the molecular mechanisms allowing plants to optimize their responses in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Nguyen
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Celestina Mariani
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Nguyen PDT, Pike S, Wang J, Nepal Poudel A, Heinz R, Schultz JC, Koo AJ, Mitchum MG, Appel HM, Gassmann W. The Arabidopsis immune regulator SRFR1 dampens defences against herbivory by Spodoptera exigua and parasitism by Heterodera schachtii. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:588-600. [PMID: 26310916 PMCID: PMC6638418 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed diverse mechanisms to fine tune defence responses to different types of enemy. Cross-regulation between signalling pathways may allow the prioritization of one response over another. Previously, we identified SUPPRESSOR OF rps4-RLD1 (SRFR1) as a negative regulator of ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1)-dependent effector-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 expressing avrRps4. The use of multiple stresses is a powerful tool to further define gene function. Here, we examined whether SRFR1 also impacts resistance to a herbivorous insect in leaves and to a cyst nematode in roots. Interestingly, srfr1-1 plants showed increased resistance to herbivory by the beet army worm Spodoptera exigua and to parasitism by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii compared with the corresponding wild-type Arabidopsis accession RLD. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to measure the transcript levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET) pathway genes, we found that enhanced resistance of srfr1-1 plants to S. exigua correlated with specific upregulation of the MYC2 branch of the JA pathway concurrent with suppression of the SA pathway. In contrast, the greater susceptibility of RLD was accompanied by simultaneously increased transcript levels of SA, JA and JA/ET signalling pathway genes. Surprisingly, mutation of either SRFR1 or EDS1 increased resistance to H. schachtii, indicating that the concurrent presence of both wild-type genes promotes susceptibility. This finding suggests a novel form of resistance in Arabidopsis to the biotrophic pathogen H. schachtii or a root-specific regulation of the SA pathway by EDS1, and places SRFR1 at an intersection between multiple defence pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Dung T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Jianying Wang
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Arati Nepal Poudel
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Division of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Robert Heinz
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Jack C Schultz
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Abraham J Koo
- Division of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Heidi M Appel
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
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Romero-Castillo RA, Roy Choudhury S, León-Félix J, Pandey S. Characterization of the heterotrimeric G-protein family and its transmembrane regulator from capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 234:97-109. [PMID: 25804813 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, organisms have created numerous mechanisms to sense and respond to their environment. One such highly conserved mechanism involves regulation by heterotrimeric G-protein complex comprised of alpha (Gα), beta (Gβ) and gamma (Gγ) subunits. In plants, these proteins play important roles in signal transduction pathways related to growth and development including response to biotic and abiotic stresses and consequently affect yield. In this work, we have identified and characterized the complete heterotrimeric G-protein repertoire in the Capsicum annuum (Capsicum) genome which consists of one Gα, one Gβ and three Gγ genes. We have also identified one RGS gene in the Capsicum genome that acts as a regulator of the G-protein signaling. Biochemical activities of the proteins were confirmed by assessing the GTP-binding and GTPase activity of the recombinant Gα protein and its regulation by the GTPase acceleration activity of the RGS protein. Interaction between different subunits was established using yeast- and plant-based analyses. Gene and protein expression profiles of specific G-protein components revealed interesting spatial and temporal regulation patterns, especially during root development and during fruit development and maturation. This research thus details the characterization of the first heterotrimeric G-protein family from a domesticated, commercially important vegetable crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Romero-Castillo
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., Carretera a Eldorado km 5.5, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Swarup Roy Choudhury
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Josefina León-Félix
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C., Carretera a Eldorado km 5.5, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA.
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14
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Ouyang Z, Li X, Huang L, Hong Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Li D, Song F. Elicitin-like proteins Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 from Pythium oligandrum trigger hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana and induce resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:238-50. [PMID: 25047132 PMCID: PMC6638515 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum and its elicitin-like proteins oligandrins have been shown to induce disease resistance in a range of plants. In the present study, the ability of two oligandrins, Oli-D1 and Oli-D2, to induce an immune response and the possible molecular mechanism regulating the defence responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato were investigated. Infiltration of recombinant Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 proteins induced a typical immune response in N. benthamiana including the induction of a hypersensitive response (HR), accumulation of reactive oxygen species and production of autofluorescence. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assays revealed that full-length Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 were required for full HR-inducing activity in N. benthamiana, and virus-induced gene silencing-mediated knockdown of some of the signalling regulatory genes demonstrated that NbSGT1 and NbNPR1 were required for Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 to induce HR in N. benthamiana. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that both Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 were targeted to the plasma membrane of N. benthamiana. When infiltrated or transiently expressed in leaves, Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 induced resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato and activated the expression of a set of genes involved in the jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET)-mediated signalling pathway. Our results demonstrate that Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 are effective elicitors capable of inducing immune responses in plants, probably through the JA/ET-mediated signalling pathway, and that both Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 have potential for the development of bioactive formulae for crop disease control in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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15
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Schäfer M, Meza-Canales ID, Navarro-Quezada A, Brütting C, Vanková R, Baldwin IT, Meldau S. Cytokinin levels and signaling respond to wounding and the perception of herbivore elicitors in Nicotiana attenuata. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:198-212. [PMID: 24924599 PMCID: PMC4286249 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nearly half a century ago insect herbivores were found to induce the formation of green islands by manipulating cytokinin (CK) levels. However, the response of the CK pathway to attack by chewing insect herbivores remains unclear. Here, we characterize the CK pathway of Nicotiana attenuata (Torr. ex S. Wats.) and its response to wounding and perception of herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs). We identified 44 genes involved in CK biosynthesis, inactivation, degradation, and signaling. Leaf wounding rapidly induced transcriptional changes in multiple genes throughout the pathway, as well as in the levels of CKs, including isopentenyladenosine and cis-zeatin riboside; perception of HAMPs present in the oral secretions (OS) of the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta amplified these responses. The jasmonate pathway, which triggers many herbivore-induced processes, was not required for these HAMP-triggered changes, but rather suppressed the CK responses. Interestingly CK pathway changes were observed also in systemic leaves in response to wounding and OS application indicating a role of CKs in mediating long distance systemic processes in response to herbivory. Since wounding and grasshopper OS elicited similar accumulations of CKs in Arabidopsis thaliana L., we propose that CKs are integral components of wounding and HAMP-triggered responses in many plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ivan D Meza-Canales
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Aura Navarro-Quezada
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Radomira Vanková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR165 02 Prague 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)04107, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Kumar D, Kirti PB. Pathogen-induced SGT1 of Arachis diogoi induces cell death and enhanced disease resistance in tobacco and peanut. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:73-84. [PMID: 25236372 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a transcript derived fragment (TDF) corresponding to SGT1 in a study of differential gene expression on the resistant wild peanut, Arachis diogoi, upon challenge from the late leaf spot pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis personata, and cloned its full-length cDNA followed by subsequent validation through q-PCR. Sodium nitroprusside, salicylic acid, ethephon and methyl jasmonate induced the expression of AdSGT1, while the treatment with abscisic acid did not elicit its up-regulation. AdSGT1 is localized to both nucleus and cytoplasm. Its overexpression induced hypersensitive-like cell death in tobacco under transient conditional expression using the estradiol system, and this conditional expression of AdSGT1 was also associated with the up-regulation of NtHSR203J, HMGR and HIN1, which have been shown to be associated with hypersensitive response in tobacco in earlier studies. Expression of the cDNA in a susceptible cultivated peanut variety enhanced its resistance against the late leaf spot pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis personata, while the heterologous expression in tobacco enhanced its resistance against Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Alternaria alternata var. nicotianae and Rhizoctonia solani. Constitutive expression in peanut was associated with the co-expression of resistance-related genes, CC-NB-LRR and some protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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17
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Fonseca C, Planchon S, Serra T, Chander S, Saibo NJM, Renaut J, Oliveira MM, Batista R. In vitro culture may be the major contributing factor for transgenic versus nontransgenic proteomic plant differences. Proteomics 2014; 15:124-34. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Fonseca
- National Health Institute; Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies (EVA); Centre de Recherche Public; Gabriel Lippmann; Belvaux Luxembourg
| | | | - Subhash Chander
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Nelson J. M. Saibo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies (EVA); Centre de Recherche Public; Gabriel Lippmann; Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - M. Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
- IBET; Oeiras Portugal
| | - Rita Batista
- National Health Institute; Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras Portugal
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18
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Wang L, Wu J. The essential role of jasmonic acid in plant-herbivore interactions--using the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata as a model. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:597-606. [PMID: 24377866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) plays a central role in plant defense against herbivores. Herbivore damage elicits a rapid and transient JA burst in the wounded leaves and JA functions as a signal to mediate the accumulation of various secondary metabolites that confer resistance to herbivores. Nicotiana attenuata is a wild tobacco species that inhabits western North America. More than fifteen years of study and its unique interaction with the specialist herbivore insect Manduca sexta have made this plant one of the best models for studying plant-herbivore interactions. Here we review the recent progress in understanding the elicitation of JA accumulation by herbivore-specific elicitors, the regulation of JA biosynthesis, JA signaling, and the herbivore-defense traits in N. attenuata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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Schäfer M, Brütting C, Gase K, Reichelt M, Baldwin I, Meldau S. 'Real time' genetic manipulation: a new tool for ecological field studies. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:506-18. [PMID: 23906159 PMCID: PMC4190501 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Field experiments with transgenic plants often reveal the functional significance of genetic traits that are important for the performance of the plants in their natural environments. Until now, only constitutive overexpression, ectopic expression and gene silencing methods have been used to analyze gene-related phenotypes in natural habitats. These methods do not allow sufficient control over gene expression for the study of ecological interactions in real time, of genetic traits that play essential roles in development, or of dose-dependent effects. We applied the sensitive dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible pOp6/LhGR expression system to the ecological model plant Nicotiana attenuata and established a lanolin-based DEX application method to facilitate ectopic gene expression and RNA interference-mediated gene silencing in the field and under challenging conditions (e.g. high temperature, wind and UV radiation). Fully established field-grown plants were used to silence phytoene desaturase and thereby cause photobleaching only in specific plant sectors, and to activate expression of the cytokinin (CK) biosynthesis gene isopentenyl transferase (ipt). We used ipt expression to analyze the role of CKs in both the glasshouse and the field to understand resistance to the native herbivore Tupiocoris notatus, which attacks plants at small spatial scales. By spatially restricting ipt expression and elevating CK levels in single leaves, damage by T. notatus increased, demonstrating the role of CKs in this plant-herbivore interaction at a small scale. As the arena of most ecological interactions is highly constrained in time and space, these tools will advance the genetic analysis of dynamic traits that matter for plant performance in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Christoph Brütting
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Ian Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
- German Centre for integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04107, Germany
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20
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Xing L, Qian C, Cao A, Li Y, Jiang Z, Li M, Jin X, Hu J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen P. The Hv-SGT1 gene from Haynaldia villosa contributes to resistances towards both biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLoS One 2013; 8:e72571. [PMID: 24019872 PMCID: PMC3760960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The SGT1 protein is essential for R protein-mediated and PAMPs-triggered resistance in many plant species. Here we reported the isolation and characterization of the Hv-SGT1 gene from Haynaldiavillosa (2n = 14, VV). Analysis of the subcellular location of Hv-SGT1 by transient expression of a fusion to GFP indicated its presence in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Levels of Hv-SGT1 transcripts were increased by inoculation with either the biotrophic pathogen Blumeriagraminis DC. f. Sp. tritici (Bgt) or the hemi-biotrophic pathogen Fusariumgraminearum (Fg). Levels of Hv-SGT1 showed substantial increase following treatment with H2O2 and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), only slightly induced following exposure to ethephon or abscisic acid, but not changed following exposure to salicylic acid. The demonstration that silencing of Hv-SGT1 substantially reduced resistance to Bgt indicated that Hv-SGT1 was an essential component of disease resistance in H. villosa. The over-expression of Hv-SGT1 in Yangmai 158 enhanced resistance to powdery mildew, and this correlated with increased levels of whole-cell reactive oxygen intermediates at the sites of penetration by the pathogens. Compared with wild-type plants, the expression levels of genes related to the H2O2 and JA signaling pathways were lower in the Hv-SGT1 silenced plants and higher in the Hv-SGT1 over-expressing plants. Therefore, the involvement of Hv-SGT1 in H2O2 production correlates with the hypersensitive response and jasmonic acid signaling. Our novel demonstration that wheat with over-expressed Hv-SGT1 showed enhanced resistance to both powdery mildew and FHB suggests that it could served as a transgenic genetic resource in wheat breeding for multiple disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xing
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Qian
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aizhong Cao
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengning Jiang
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghao Li
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiahong Jin
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiameng Hu
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiue Wang
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (PC)
| | - Peidu Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (PC)
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21
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Woldemariam MG, Dinh ST, Oh Y, Gaquerel E, Baldwin IT, Galis I. NaMYC2 transcription factor regulates a subset of plant defense responses in Nicotiana attenuata. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:73. [PMID: 23634896 PMCID: PMC3655906 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To survive herbivore attack, plants have evolved potent mechanisms of mechanical or chemical defense that are either constitutively present or inducible after herbivore attack. Due to the costs of defense deployment, plants often regulate their biosynthesis using various transcription factors (TFs). MYC2 regulators belong to the bHLH family of transcription factors that are involved in many aspects of plant defense and development. In this study, we identified a novel MYC2 TF from N. attenuata and characterized its regulatory function using a combination of molecular, analytic and ecological methods. RESULTS The transcript and targeted metabolite analyses demonstrated that NaMYC2 is mainly involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis of nicotine and phenolamides in N. attenuata. In addition, using broadly-targeted metabolite analysis, we identified a number of other metabolite features that were regulated by NaMYC2, which, after full annotation, are expected to broaden our understanding of plant defense regulation. Unlike previous reports, the biosynthesis of jasmonates and some JA-/NaCOI1-dependent metabolites (e.g. HGL-DTGs) were not strongly regulated by NaMYC2, suggesting the involvement of other independent regulators. No significant differences were observed in the performance of M. sexta on MYC2-silenced plants, consistent with the well-known ability of this specialist insect to tolerate nicotine. CONCLUSION By regulating the biosynthesis of nicotine, NaMYC2 is likely to enhance plant resistance against non-adapted herbivores and contribute to plant fitness; however, multiple JA/NaCOI1-dependent mechanisms (perhaps involving other MYCs) that regulate separate defense responses are likely to exist in N. attenuata. The considerable variation observed amongst different plant families in the responses regulated by jasmonate signaling highlights the sophistication with which plants craft highly specific and fine-tuned responses against the herbivores that attack them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melkamu G Woldemariam
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Son Truong Dinh
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Youngjoo Oh
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ivan Galis
- Present address: Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
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Meldau S, Ullman-Zeunert L, Govind G, Bartram S, Baldwin IT. MAPK-dependent JA and SA signalling in Nicotiana attenuata affects plant growth and fitness during competition with conspecifics. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:213. [PMID: 23148462 PMCID: PMC3519580 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced defense responses to herbivores are generally believed to have evolved as cost-saving strategies that defer the fitness costs of defense metabolism until these defenses are needed. The fitness costs of jasmonate (JA)-mediated defenses have been well documented. Those of the early signaling units mediating induced resistance to herbivores have yet to be examined. Early signaling components that mediate herbivore-induced defense responses in Nicotiana attenuata, have been well characterized and here we examine their growth and fitness costs during competition with conspecifics. Two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), salicylic acid (SA)-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) are rapidly activated after perception of herbivory and both kinases regulate herbivory-induced JA levels and JA-mediated defense metabolite accumulations. Since JA-induced defenses result in resource-based trade-offs that compromise plant productivity, we evaluated if silencing SIPK (irSIPK) and WIPK (irWIPK) benefits the growth and fitness of plants competiting with wild type (WT) plants, as has been shown for plants silenced in JA-signaling by the reduction of Lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3) levels. RESULTS As expected, irWIPK and LOX3-silenced plants out-performed their competing WT plants. Surprisingly, irSIPK plants, which have the largest reductions in JA signaling, did not. Phytohormone profiling of leaves revealed that irSIPK plants accumulated higher levels of SA compared to WT. To test the hypothesis that these high levels of SA, and their presumed associated fitness costs of pathogen associated defenses in irSIPK plants had nullified the JA-deficiency-mediated growth benefits in these plants, we genetically reduced SA levels in irSIPK plants. Reducing SA levels partially recovered the biomass and fitness deficits of irSIPK plants. We also evaluated whether the increased fitness of plants with reduced SA or JA levels resulted from increased nitrogen or CO₂ assimilation rates, and found no evidence that greater intake of these fitness-limiting resources were responsible. CONCLUSIONS Signaling mediated by WIPK, but not SIPK, is associated with large fitness costs in competing N. attenuata plants, demonstrating the contrasting roles that these two MAPKs play in regulating the plants' growth-defense balance. We discuss the role of SIPK as an important regulator of plant fitness, possibly by modulating SA-JA crosstalk as mediated through ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Lynn Ullman-Zeunert
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Geetha Govind
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
- Current address: Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr.3, Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Stefan Bartram
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str.8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
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23
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Gaquerel E, Steppuhn A, Baldwin IT. Nicotiana attenuata α-DIOXYGENASE1 through its production of 2-hydroxylinolenic acid is required for intact plant defense expression against attack from Manduca sexta larvae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:574-585. [PMID: 22937952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana attenuata α-DIOXYGENASE1 (α-DOX1) is an oxylipin-forming gene elicited during herbivory by fatty acid amino acid conjugates (FACs) contained in oral secretions of Manduca sexta. To understand the roles of Naα-DOX1 and its major product, 2-hydroxylinolenic acid (2-hydroxylinolenic acid), in N. attenuata's anti-herbivore defenses, we used a transgenic line specifically silenced in Naα-DOX1 expression (ir-α-dox1) and monitored 2-HOT production in M. sexta-damaged tissues and its role in influencing the production of direct defense compounds and resistance to this insect. Attack by M. sexta larvae amplified 2-HOT formation at the feeding sites; a reaction probably facilitated by Naα-DOX1's high pH optimum which allows 2-HOT formation to occur in the more alkaline conditions at the feeding sites or potentially in the insect mouth parts after the leaf tissue is ingested. Manduca sexta larvae performed better on ir-α-dox1 plants than on wild-type (WT) plants as a result of attenuated herbivory-specific JA and 2-HOT bursts as well as JA-inducible well-established defenses (nicotine, caffeoylputrescine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors). Repeated applications of 2-HOT to wounds before insect feeding partly amplified JA-controlled defenses and restored the resistance of ir-α-dox1 plants. We conclude that 2-HOT, produced by attack-activated α-DOX1 activity, participates in defense activation during insect feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Strasse 9, 12169, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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24
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Yang DH, Hettenhausen C, Baldwin IT, Wu J. Silencing Nicotiana attenuata calcium-dependent protein kinases, CDPK4 and CDPK5, strongly up-regulates wound- and herbivory-induced jasmonic acid accumulations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1591-607. [PMID: 22715110 PMCID: PMC3425199 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) plays a pivotal role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivore attack usually elicits dramatic increases in JA concentrations, which in turn activate the accumulation of metabolites that function as defenses against herbivores. Although almost all enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of JA have been identified and characterized, the mechanism by which plants regulate JA biosynthesis remains unclear. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are plant-specific proteins that sense changes in [Ca(2+)] to activate downstream responses. We created transgenic Nicotiana attenuata plants, in which two CDPKs, NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5, were simultaneously silenced (IRcdpk4/5 plants). IRcdpk4/5 plants were stunted and aborted most of their flower primordia. Importantly, after wounding or simulated herbivory, IRcdpk4/5 plants accumulated exceptionally high JA levels. When NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5 were silenced individually, neither stunted growth nor high JA levels were observed, suggesting that NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5 have redundant roles. Attack from Manduca sexta larvae on IRcdpk4/5 plants induced high levels of defense metabolites that slowed M. sexta growth. We found that NaCDPK4 and NaCDPK5 affect plant resistance against insects in a JA- and JA-signaling-dependent manner. Furthermore, IRcdpk4/5 plants showed overactivation of salicylic-acid-induced protein kinase, a mitogen-activated protein kinase involved in various stress responses, and genetic analysis indicated that the increased salicylic-acid-induced protein kinase activity in IRcdpk4/5 plants was a consequence of the exceptionally high JA levels and was dependent on CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1. This work reveals the critical roles of CDPKs in modulating JA homeostasis and highlights the complex duet between JA and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Erb M, Meldau S, Howe GA. Role of phytohormones in insect-specific plant reactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:250-9. [PMID: 22305233 PMCID: PMC3346861 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to perceive and respond is integral to biological immune systems, but to what extent can plants specifically recognize and respond to insects? Recent findings suggest that plants possess surveillance systems that are able to detect general patterns of cellular damage as well as highly specific herbivore-associated cues. The jasmonate (JA) pathway has emerged as the major signaling cassette that integrates information perceived at the plant-insect interface into broad-spectrum defense responses. Specificity can be achieved via JA-independent processes and spatio-temporal changes of JA-modulating hormones, including ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, cytokinins (CK), brassinosteroids (BR) and gibberellins (GB). The identification of receptors and ligands and an integrative view of hormone-mediated response systems are crucial to understand specificity in plant immunity to herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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26
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Stratmann JW, Gusmaroli G. Many jobs for one good cop - the COP9 signalosome guards development and defense. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 185-186:50-64. [PMID: 22325866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a multiprotein complex that regulates the activity of CULLIN-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). CRLs ubiquitinate substrate proteins and thus target them for proteasomal degradation. This post-translational modification of proteins is arguably as important as reversible protein phosphorylation. The number of putative CRLs that recognize specific substrate proteins is vast, and known CRL substrates are involved in many cellular plant processes such as hormone signaling, the cell cycle, and regulation of growth, development, and defenses. By controlling the activity of CRLs, the CSN may integrate and fine-tune all of these processes. Recent research has unraveled in great mechanistic detail how the two multiprotein complexes CSN and CRL interact. As a consequence of CSN pleiotropy, complete loss of CSN function results in seedling lethality. However, recent work on plants that exhibit a partial loss of CSN function, has uncovered a role of the CSN during later life stages in processes such as development and defenses against pathogens and herbivorous insects. Not all aspects of development and defense are affected equally by CSN silencing, probably due to the differential participation and importance of CSN-regulated CRLs in these processes. This review will provide an overview of the highly complex regulation of CRL activity by CSN, and the many roles of the CSN in plant development and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W Stratmann
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Matsye PD, Kumar R, Hosseini P, Jones CM, Tremblay A, Alkharouf NW, Matthews BF, Klink VP. Mapping cell fate decisions that occur during soybean defense responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:513-28. [PMID: 21986905 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The soybean defense response to the soybean cyst nematode was used as a model to map at cellular resolution its genotype-defined cell fate decisions occurring during its resistant reactions. The defense responses occur at the site of infection, a nurse cell known as the syncytium. Two major genotype-defined defense responses exist, the G. max ([Peking])- and G. max ([PI 88788])-types. Resistance in G. max ([Peking]) is potent and rapid, accompanied by the formation of cell wall appositions (CWAs), structures known to perform important defense roles. In contrast, defense occurs by a potent but more prolonged reaction in G. max ([PI 88788]), lacking CWAs. Comparative transcriptomic analyses with confirmation by Illumina® deep sequencing were organized through a custom-developed application, Pathway Analysis and Integrated Coloring of Experiments (PAICE) that presents gene expression of these cytologically and developmentally distinct defense responses using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) framework. The analyses resulted in the generation of 1,643 PAICE pathways, allowing better understanding of gene activity across all chromosomes. Analyses of the rhg1 resistance locus, defined within a 67 kb region of DNA demonstrate expression of an amino acid transporter and an α soluble NSF attachment protein gene specifically in syncytia undergoing their defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi D Matsye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Crop Breeding for Low Input Agriculture: A Sustainable Response to Feed a Growing World Population. SUSTAINABILITY 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/su3101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Meldau S, Baldwin IT, Wu J. For security and stability: SGT1 in plant defense and development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1479-82. [PMID: 21897126 PMCID: PMC3256375 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.10.17708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
SGT1 (suppressor of G-two allele of SKP1) is highly conserved among all eukaryotes. In plants, SGT1 interacts with various proteins, including molecular chaperones (HSP70 and HSP90) and certain SCF ubiquitin ligases, and hence SGT1 likely functions in protein folding and stability. Since these protein complexes are involved in many aspects of plant biology, plants with a defective SGT1 display a plethora of phenotypic alterations. In this review we highlight the interaction between SGT1 with other protein complexes and summarize the function of SGT1 in plant defense responses and development, including the recent advancements in the understanding of the role of SGT1 in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Ishiga Y, Uppalapati SR, Ishiga T, Mysore KS. Involvement of SGT1 in COR-mediated signal transduction pathway leading to disease symptom development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1072-3. [PMID: 21633196 PMCID: PMC3257800 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.7.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), that causes bacterial speck disease on tomato, produces a non-host-specific virulence effector, coronatine (COR). COR functions as a jasmonic acid (JA)-isoleucine mimic in planta and has multiple roles in the pathogenicity of Pst DC3000. One of the hallmarks of bacterial speck disease on tomato is the formation of necrotic lesions surrounded by chlorosis and COR is required for disease development. However, the molecular basis of COR-mediated disease symptom development including chlorosis and necrosis is still largely unknown. In our recent publication in New Phytologist, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) based reverse genetics screen, we demonstrated that SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of skp1) is required for COR-induced chlorosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. SGT1-silenced tomato leaves showed a complete loss of COR-induced chlorosis and reduced disease symptom development after the inoculation with Pst DC3000. Furthermore, Arabidopsis sgt1b mutant was less sensitive to COR-induced root growth inhibition and showed delayed Pst DC3000 disease symptoms. In this addendum, we discuss the possible contribution of SGT1 to COR-mediated signal transduction pathway leading to disease symptom development during Pst DC3000 pathogenesis in tomato and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc., Ardmore, OK, USA
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Bonaventure G, VanDoorn A, Baldwin IT. Herbivore-associated elicitors: FAC signaling and metabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:294-9. [PMID: 21354852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of insect and pathogen attack requires the plant's ability to perceive chemical cues generated by the attacker. In contrast to the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns and effectors, little is known about the molecular recognition of herbivore-associated elicitors (HAEs) and the signaling mechanisms operating in plants after their perception. HAE perception depends strongly on the natural history of both plants and insects and it is therefore expected that many of the responses induced by different HAEs are specific to the species involved in the interaction. The interaction between Nicotiana attenuata and the specialist lepidopteran Manduca sexta presents a relevant biological system to understand HAE perception and signal transduction systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bonaventure
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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