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Clark R, Miller WM, Osburn MR, Beddows PA, Evans M, Egerton-Warburton LM. Soil moisture and water redistribution patterns in white oak (Quercus alba) saplings and trees in fragmented urban woodlands. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024:120106. [PMID: 39396603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
In the midwestern United States, models predict extended summer heatwaves and increasingly frequent and prolonged drought conditions. In the Chicago region, the potential for large-scale mortality of white oak trees (Quercus alba) coupled with the ongoing decline of white oak sapling recruitment are major concerns for researchers and practitioners. In this study, we determined the sources of water used by mature white oak trees and saplings in three qualitatively different sites within a remnant oak forest in Chicago during the 2021 drought. We investigated soil moisture dynamics (volumetric water content, VWC) and water isotope composition of leaf tissues (δD, δ18O), rainwater, and groundwater. These data were linked to sapling height (proxy for biomass) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) functional types. We predicted that: (i) mature oak trees use deeper water sources and conducted hydraulic redistribution (HR), and (ii) mature trees shared water with saplings during dry periods via long-distance ECM functional types. Soil moisture decreased progressively from June to October (spring to fall), with August and September having the lowest moisture (< 20 % VWC). Following rainfall recharge, temporal patterns of soil moisture showed gravity drainage and then ongoing stair-stepwise drawdown consistent with plant evapotranspiration. Leaf δD and δ18O values in mature trees and saplings were consistent with water uptake from rainfall and subsequent enrichment via evapotranspiration. In two sites, mature trees and saplings demonstrated distinct δD: δ18O slopes, with mature trees more enriched than saplings. In the third site, mature trees and saplings δD: δ18O slopes overlapped but here, the ECM community was dominated by contact-type ECM and sapling height increased with distance from the mature oak. Our findings indicate that HR was not a component of site ecohydrology, and future climate conditions may present increasing challenges for white oak recruitment as both mature trees and saplings compete for limited rainfall-derived soil moisture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ry'yan Clark
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, Illinois, 60022, USA; Graduate Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matt Evans
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, Illinois, 60022, USA
| | - Louise M Egerton-Warburton
- Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, Illinois, 60022, USA; Graduate Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
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2
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Tang Z, Zhang W, Chen J, Wang L, Zhang Y. Contributions of soil organic carbon-induced root- and soil properties complexity to water flow in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174125. [PMID: 38908570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Water flow within the soils affects the efficiency of materials transfer mediated by water. Soil organic carbon (SOC) as an important role in active water flow events can drive the complexity of root-soil synthesis by improving root and soil properties. However, contributions of SOC-induced root- and soil properties complexity to water flow are not well understood. In this study, dye tracing experiments at the three forest stands (oak, pine, and bamboo forests) were conducted to explore water flow patterns, i.e., preferential flow paths (PFP), stream buffer zones (SBZ), and water flow zones (WFZ). X-ray microtomography (CT) scanning was performed to reconstruct the root architecture. The partial least squares path model was applied to quantitatively explore the effects of root- and soil properties on water flow. The results showed that the index of water flow connectivity (IWFC) in the PFP and WFZ patterns decreased with increasing soil depth, while IWFC in the SBZ pattern increased at first and then decreased. In the PFP pattern, soil physical properties had the larger total effects (TE = 0.624) on IWFC change compared with root properties (TE = 0.257). In the SBZ pattern, the total effects of root properties controlling IWFC change (TE = 0.510) were greater than soil physical properties (TE = -0.386). Both of them can equally affect the IWFC in the WFZ pattern. In conclusion, the influences of SOC by driving the changes of soil properties on gravity-driven convective flow process were dramatically stronger than root properties, while SOC could primarily drive the changes of root properties and thereby affect capillary-driven convective flow process. The present results can provide a scientific basis for sustainable forestry management and also a better understanding of the forestry hydrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Tang
- School of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, PR China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- School of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, PR China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Jinhong Chen
- School of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, PR China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, PR China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Yinghu Zhang
- School of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, PR China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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3
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Bachofen C, Tumber-Dávila SJ, Mackay DS, McDowell NG, Carminati A, Klein T, Stocker BD, Mencuccini M, Grossiord C. Tree water uptake patterns across the globe. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38649790 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant water uptake from the soil is a crucial element of the global hydrological cycle and essential for vegetation drought resilience. Yet, knowledge of how the distribution of water uptake depth (WUD) varies across species, climates, and seasons is scarce relative to our knowledge of aboveground plant functions. With a global literature review, we found that average WUD varied more among biomes than plant functional types (i.e. deciduous/evergreen broadleaves and conifers), illustrating the importance of the hydroclimate, especially precipitation seasonality, on WUD. By combining records of rooting depth with WUD, we observed a consistently deeper maximum rooting depth than WUD with the largest differences in arid regions - indicating that deep taproots act as lifelines while not contributing to the majority of water uptake. The most ubiquitous observation across the literature was that woody plants switch water sources to soil layers with the highest water availability within short timescales. Hence, seasonal shifts to deep soil layers occur across the globe when shallow soils are drying out, allowing continued transpiration and hydraulic safety. While there are still significant gaps in our understanding of WUD, the consistency across global ecosystems allows integration of existing knowledge into the next generation of vegetation process models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bachofen
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shersingh Joseph Tumber-Dávila
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01316, USA
| | - D Scott Mackay
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamir Klein
- Plant & Environmental Sciences Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Liu Y, Nadezhdina N, Hu W, Clothier B, Duan J, Li X, Xi B. Evaporation-driven internal hydraulic redistribution alleviates root drought stress: Mechanisms and modeling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1058-1072. [PMID: 37350505 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Many tree species have developed extensive root systems that allow them to survive in arid environments by obtaining water from a large soil volume. These root systems can transport and redistribute soil water during drought by hydraulic redistribution (HR). A recent study revealed the phenomenon of evaporation-driven hydraulic redistribution (EDHR), which is driven by evaporative demand (transpiration). In this study, we confirmed the occurrence of EDHR in Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa) through root sap flow measurements. We utilized microcomputed tomography technology to reconstruct the xylem network of woody lateral roots and proposed conceptual models to verify EDHR from a physical perspective. Our results indicated that EDHR is driven by the internal water potential gradient within the plant xylem network, which requires 3 conditions: high evaporative demand, soil water potential gradient, and special xylem structure of the root junction. The simulations demonstrated that during periods of extreme drought, EDHR could replenish water to dry roots and improve root water potential up to 38.9% to 41.6%. This highlights the crucial eco-physiological importance of EDHR in drought tolerance. Our proposed models provide insights into the complex structure of root junctions and their impact on water movement, thus enhancing our understanding of the relationship between xylem structure and plant hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem in Arid- and Semi-Arid Region of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nadezhda Nadezhdina
- Institute of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, Brno 61300, Czech Republic
| | - Wei Hu
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 4707, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Brent Clothier
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Fitzherbert Science Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jie Duan
- Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem in Arid- and Semi-Arid Region of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ximeng Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Benye Xi
- Laboratory for Silviculture and Forest Ecosystem in Arid- and Semi-Arid Region of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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5
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Müllers Y, Postma JA, Poorter H, van Dusschoten D. Deep-water uptake under drought improved due to locally increased root conductivity in maize, but not in faba bean. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2046-2060. [PMID: 36942406 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Moderate soil drying can cause a strong decrease in the soil-root system conductance. The resulting impact on root water uptake depends on the spatial distribution of the altered conductance relatively to remaining soil water resources, which is largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the vertical distribution of conductance across root systems using a novel, noninvasive sensor technology on pot-grown faba bean and maize plants. Withholding water for 4 days strongly enhanced the vertical gradient in soil water potential. Therefore, roots in upper and deeper soil layers were affected differently: In drier, upper layers, root conductance decreased by 66%-72%, causing an amplification of the drop in leaf water potential. In wetter, deeper layers, root conductance increased in maize but not in faba bean. The consequently facilitated deep-water uptake in maize contributed up to 21% of total water uptake at the end of the measurement. Analysis of root length distributions with MRI indicated that the locally increased conductance was mainly caused by an increased intrinsic conductivity and not by additional root growth. Our findings show that plants can partly compensate for a reduced root conductance in upper, drier soil layers by locally increasing root conductivity in wetter layers, thereby improving deep-water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Müllers
- IBG-2, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Hendrik Poorter
- IBG-2, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Zhang Z, Cescatti A, Wang YP, Gentine P, Xiao J, Guanter L, Huete AR, Wu J, Chen JM, Ju W, Peñuelas J, Zhang Y. Large diurnal compensatory effects mitigate the response of Amazonian forests to atmospheric warming and drying. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq4974. [PMID: 37235657 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis and evapotranspiration in Amazonian forests are major contributors to the global carbon and water cycles. However, their diurnal patterns and responses to atmospheric warming and drying at regional scale remain unclear, hindering the understanding of global carbon and water cycles. Here, we used proxies of photosynthesis and evapotranspiration from the International Space Station to reveal a strong depression of dry season afternoon photosynthesis (by 6.7 ± 2.4%) and evapotranspiration (by 6.1 ± 3.1%). Photosynthesis positively responds to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in the morning, but negatively in the afternoon. Furthermore, we projected that the regionally depressed afternoon photosynthesis will be compensated by their increases in the morning in future dry seasons. These results shed new light on the complex interplay of climate with carbon and water fluxes in Amazonian forests and provide evidence on the emerging environmental constraints of primary productivity that may improve the robustness of future projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Yuxiu Postdoctoral Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | | | - Ying-Ping Wang
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Private Bag 1, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jingfeng Xiao
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Luis Guanter
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Department of Applied Physics, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfredo R Huete
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing M Chen
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weimin Ju
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- International Joint Carbon Neutrality Laboratory, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 China
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7
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Fan X, Hao X, Zhang S, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Li Y. Populus euphratica counteracts drought stress through the dew coupling and root hydraulic redistribution processes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:451-461. [PMID: 36624896 PMCID: PMC10072085 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In arid and semi-arid areas, plants can directly absorb and use dew through their leaves, and some plants have the ability for hydraulic redistribution of their roots. Therefore, in arid areas, plants may redistribute dew to the soil, using the soil as a reservoir for short-term dry seasons, i.e. dew may participate in the hydraulic redistribution process of plants. This process plays an important role in plant survival and community stability. METHODS To verify this hypothesis, we investigated the water use mechanism of Populus euphratica through a comprehensive observation of sap flow, water potential and soil water content using a heavy water tracer experiment under in situ field conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Dewdrops contributed 28.3 % of soil moisture near the roots, and applying dew on leaves for several days significantly improved soil moisture status. Hydraulic redistribution in the roots mainly occurred from 2200 h at night to 800 h the following day and mainly occurred in the 20- to 80-cm soil layer. Water storage in the trunk is the intermediate link in the coupling process of foliar water uptake and hydraulic redistribution; water storage in the trunk is mainly replenished from May to July and consumed throughout the rest of the year. In conclusion, dew redistributes water into soil through the coupling process of foliar water uptake and hydraulic redistribution. Populus euphratica uses the trunk and soil for water storage to cope with water stress during short-term drought periods. Our findings provide a scientific basis for the restoration of different species in water-deficient areas, which is conducive to maintaining vegetation ecosystem stability in areas of desertification and improving the soil water balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Akesu National Station of Observation and Research for Oasis Agro-ecosystem, Akesu 843017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xingming Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Akesu National Station of Observation and Research for Oasis Agro-ecosystem, Akesu 843017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Akesu National Station of Observation and Research for Oasis Agro-ecosystem, Akesu 843017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhuoyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Akesu National Station of Observation and Research for Oasis Agro-ecosystem, Akesu 843017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Akesu National Station of Observation and Research for Oasis Agro-ecosystem, Akesu 843017, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuanhang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
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de la Riva EG, Borden K, Ostonen I, Saengwilai P, Prieto I. Editorial: Root functional traits: From fine root to community-level variation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1152174. [PMID: 36875572 PMCID: PMC9977287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1152174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique G. de la Riva
- Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Kira Borden
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Ivika Ostonen
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patompong Saengwilai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Iván Prieto
- Ecology Department, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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9
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Moyano J, Zamora-Nasca LB, Caplat P, García-Díaz P, Langdon B, Lambin X, Montti L, Pauchard A, Nuñez MA. Predicting the impact of invasive trees from different measures of abundance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116480. [PMID: 36306626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions produce negative impacts worldwide, causing massive economic costs and ecological impacts. Knowing the relationship between invasive species abundance and the magnitude of their impacts (abundance-impact curves) is critical to designing prevention and management strategies that effectively tackle these impacts. However, different measures of abundance may produce different abundance-impact curves. Woody plants are among the most transformative invaders, especially in grassland ecosystems because of the introduction of hitherto absent life forms. In this study, our first goal was to assess the impact of a woody invader, Pinus contorta (hereafter pine), on native grassland productivity and livestock grazing in Patagonia (Argentina), building abundance-impact curves. Our second goal, was to compare different measure of pine abundance (density, basal area and canopy cover) as predictors of pine's impact on grassland productivity. Our third goal, was to compare abundance-impact curves among the mentioned measures of pine abundance and among different measures of impact: total grassland productivity, palatable productivity and sheep stocking rate (the number of sheep that the grassland can sustainably support). Pine canopy cover, closely followed by basal area, was the measure of abundance that best explained the impact on grassland productivity, but the shape of abundance impact curves differed between measures of abundance. While increases in pine density and basal area always reduced grassland productivity, pine canopy cover below 30% slightly increased grassland productivity and higher values caused an exponential decline. This increase in grassland productivity with low levels of pine canopy cover could be explained by the amelioration of stressful abiotic conditions for grassland species. Different measures of impact, namely total productivity, palatable productivity and sheep stocking rate, drew very similar results. Our abundance-impact curves are key to guide the management of invasive pines because a proper assessment of how many invasive individuals (per surface unit) are unacceptable, according to environmental or economic impact thresholds, is fundamental to define when to start management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Moyano
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, CP, 8400, Argentina.
| | - Lucia B Zamora-Nasca
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, CP, 8400, Argentina
| | - Paul Caplat
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Pablo García-Díaz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Bárbara Langdon
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB). Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Victoria, 631, Concepción, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Xavier Lambin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Lía Montti
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (UNT-CONICET) Tucumán, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC-CONICET), Instituto de Geología de Costas-CIC, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Aníbal Pauchard
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB). Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Victoria, 631, Concepción, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin A Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, CP, 8400, Argentina; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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Han B, Wang F, Liu Z, Chen L, Yue D, Sun W, Lin Z, Zhang X, Zhou X, Yang X. Transcriptome and metabolome profiling of interspecific CSSLs reveals general and specific mechanisms of drought resistance in cotton. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3375-3391. [PMID: 35999283 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the molecular mechanism of cotton's response to drought during the flowering and boll stage, transcriptomics and metabolomics were carried out for two introgression lines (drought-tolerant line: T307; drought-sensitive line: S48) which were screened from Gossypium hirsutum cv. 'Emian22' with some gene fragments imported from Gossypium barbadense acc. 3-79, under drought stress by withdrawing water at flowering and boll stage. Results showed that the basic drought response in cotton included a series of broad-spectrum responses, such as amino acid synthesis, hormone (abscisic acid, ABA) signal transduction, and mitogen-activated protein kinases signal transduction pathway, which activated in both drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive lines. However, the difference of their imported fragments and diminished sequences triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein processing, photosynthetic-related pathways (in leaves), and membrane solute transport (in roots) in drought-tolerant line T307, while these are missed or not activated in drought-sensitive line S48, reflecting the different drought tolerance of the two genotypes. Virus-induced gene silencing assay of drought-tolerant differentially expressed heat shock protein (HSP) genes (mainly in leaf) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes (mainly in roots) indicated that those genes play important role in cotton drought tolerant. Combined analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics highlighted the important roles of ER-stress-related HSP genes and root-specific ABC transporter genes in plants drought tolerance. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the drought stress adaptation in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Han
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjiao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Weinan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxu Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, Cotton Institute, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiyan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Maysonnave J, Delpierre N, François C, Jourdan M, Cornut I, Bazot S, Vincent G, Morfin A, Berveiller D. Contribution of deep soil layers to the transpiration of a temperate deciduous forest: Implications for the modelling of productivity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155981. [PMID: 35588822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is imposing drier atmospheric and edaphic conditions on temperate forests. Here, we investigated how deep soil (down to 300 cm) water extraction contributed to the provision of water in the Fontainebleau-Barbeau temperate oak forest over two years, including the 2018 record drought. Deep water provision was key to sustain canopy transpiration during drought, with layers below 150 cm contributing up to 60% of the transpired water in August 2018, despite their very low density of fine roots. We further showed that soil databases used to parameterize ecosystem models largely underestimated the amount of water extractable from the soil by trees, due to a considerable underestimation of the tree rooting depth. The consensus database established for France gave an estimate of 207 mm for the soil water holding capacity (SWHC) at Fontainebleau-Barbeau, when our estimate based on the analysis of soil water content measurements was 1.9 times as high, reaching 390 ± 17 mm. Running the CASTANEA forest model with the database-derived SWHC yielded a 185 gC m-2 y-1 average underestimation of annual gross primary productivity under current climate, reaching up to 687 ± 117 gC m-2 y-1 under climate change scenario RCP8.5. It is likely that the strong underestimation of SWHC that we show at our site is not a special case, and concerns a large number of forest sites. Thus, we argue for a generalisation of deep soil water content measurements in forests, in order to improve the estimation of SWHC and the simulation of the forest carbon cycle in the current context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Maysonnave
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France.
| | - Christophe François
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marion Jourdan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ivan Cornut
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Bazot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gaëlle Vincent
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre Morfin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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12
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Wei L, Qiu Z, Zhou G, Zuecco G, Liu Y, Wen Y. Soil water hydraulic redistribution in a subtropical monsoon evergreen forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155437. [PMID: 35476947 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic redistribution (HR), which is the passive movement of water through plant roots from wet to dry soil due to the water gradient, is important for plant physiology and ecohydrological processes. However, our poor knowledge on HR in the humid monsoon climate zone hampers the understanding of the interactions between vegetation and soil water during frequent droughts in evergreen forests. Thus, 5 years (2011-2015) of data, including meteorological parameters and soil moisture content at depths of 10, 30, 50, and 100 cm in soil profiles, were compared at one evergreen broad-leaved forest and at one clear-cutting forest site in south China. Analyses of soil moisture dynamics show that HR was frequently triggered within the depth of 30 cm at the evergreen broad-leaved forest, while (if any) was less visible at the clear-cutting forest site. The daily averaged magnitude of redistributed soil water reached the maximum of 0.81 mm/d. The HR mainly occurred during the monsoon dry season (i.e., from October to March of the following year), possibly indicating a different cause, i.e., asynchronous variations in rainfall and plant water use shape the seasonal patterns of soil water HR, compared to other humid zones. During the study period when HR occurred, the average daily HR in the soil profiles replenished approximately 34-50% of the water consumption in the 0-30 cm soil layer. The simulation results of a distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model incorporating a HR scheme indicate that evapotranspiration enhanced during drought periods when HR occurred. In the future climate change context, comprehensive investigations on the water fluxes in the atmosphere-vegetation-soil continuum are needed to fully understand the effects of HR on the physiological responses of plants and on the water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lezhang Wei
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Linköping University - Guangzhou University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhijun Qiu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Guangyi Zhou
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Giulia Zuecco
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, via dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Linköping University - Guangzhou University Research Center on Urban Sustainable Development, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ya Wen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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13
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Grünzweig JM, De Boeck HJ, Rey A, Santos MJ, Adam O, Bahn M, Belnap J, Deckmyn G, Dekker SC, Flores O, Gliksman D, Helman D, Hultine KR, Liu L, Meron E, Michael Y, Sheffer E, Throop HL, Tzuk O, Yakir D. Dryland mechanisms could widely control ecosystem functioning in a drier and warmer world. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1064-1076. [PMID: 35879539 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change have been explored in many regions worldwide. While continued drying and warming may alter process rates and deteriorate the state and performance of ecosystems, it could also lead to more fundamental changes in the mechanisms governing ecosystem functioning. Here we argue that climate change will induce unprecedented shifts in these mechanisms in historically wetter climatic zones, towards mechanisms currently prevalent in dry regions, which we refer to as 'dryland mechanisms'. We discuss 12 dryland mechanisms affecting multiple processes of ecosystem functioning, including vegetation development, water flow, energy budget, carbon and nutrient cycling, plant production and organic matter decomposition. We then examine mostly rare examples of the operation of these mechanisms in non-dryland regions where they have been considered irrelevant at present. Current and future climate trends could force microclimatic conditions across thresholds and lead to the emergence of dryland mechanisms and their increasing control over ecosystem functioning in many biomes on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Grünzweig
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Hans J De Boeck
- Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ana Rey
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural History, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Santos
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ori Adam
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jayne Belnap
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT, USA
| | - Gaby Deckmyn
- Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefan C Dekker
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Omar Flores
- Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural History, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Gliksman
- Institute for Hydrology and Meteorology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany.,Institute of Geography, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Helman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.,Advanced School for Environmental Studies, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
| | - Ehud Meron
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Yaron Michael
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Sheffer
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Heather L Throop
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Omer Tzuk
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Dan Yakir
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Yang G, Huang L, Shi Y. Magnitude and determinants of plant root hydraulic redistribution: A global synthesis analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:918585. [PMID: 35937319 PMCID: PMC9355616 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.918585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant root hydraulic redistribution (HR) has been widely recognized as a phenomenon that helps alleviate vegetation drought stress. However, a systematic assessment of the magnitude of HR and its drivers at the global scale are lacking. We collected 37 peer-reviewed papers (comprising 47 research sites) published in 1900-2018 and comprehensively analyzed the magnitude of HR and its underlying factors. We used a weighting method to analyze HR magnitude and its effect on plant transpiration. Machine learning algorithms (boosted regression trees) and structural equation modeling were used to determine the influence of each factor on HR magnitude. We found that the magnitude of HR was 0.249 mm H2O d-1 (95% CI, 0.113-0.384) and its contribution to plant transpiration was 27.4% (3-79%). HR varied significantly among different terrestrial biomes and mainly occurred in forests with drier conditions, such as temperate forest ecosystems (HR = 0.502 mm H2O d-1), where HR was significantly higher than in other ecosystems (p < 0.01). The magnitude of HR in angiosperms was significantly higher than that in gymnosperms (p < 0.05). The mean magnitude of HR first increased and then decreased with an increase in humidity index; conversely, the mean magnitude of HR decreased with an increase in water table depth. HR was significantly positively correlated with root length and transpiration. Plant characteristics and environmental factors jointly accounted for 61.0% of the variation in HR, and plant transpiration was the major factor that directly influenced HR (43.1% relative importance; p < 0.001), and soil texture was an important indirect driver of HR. Our synthesis offers a comprehensive perspective of how plant characteristics and environmental factors influence HR magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guisen Yang
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Stand Structure Impacts on Forest Modelling. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12146963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Modelling is essential in forest management as it enables the prediction of productions and yields, and to develop and test alternative models of silviculture. The allometry of trees depends on a set of factors, which include species, stand structure, density and site. Several mathematical methods and techniques can be used to model the individual tree allometry. The variability of tree allometry results in a wide range of functions to predict diameter at breast height, total height and volume. The first functions were developed for pure even-aged stands from crown closure up to the end of the production cycle. However, those models originated biased predictions when used in mixed, uneven-aged, young or older stands and in different sites. Additionally, some modelling methods attain better performances than others. This review highlights the importance of species, stand structure and modelling methods and techniques in the accuracy and precision of the predictions of diameter at breast height, total height and volume.
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16
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Liddicoat C, Krauss SL, Bissett A, Borrett RJ, Ducki LC, Peddle SD, Bullock P, Dobrowolski MP, Grigg A, Tibbett M, Breed MF. Next generation restoration metrics: Using soil eDNA bacterial community data to measure trajectories towards rehabilitation targets. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 310:114748. [PMID: 35192978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In post-mining rehabilitation, successful mine closure planning requires specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound (SMART) completion criteria, such as returning ecological communities to match a target level of similarity to reference sites. Soil microbiota are fundamentally linked to the restoration of degraded ecosystems, helping to underpin ecological functions and plant communities. High-throughput sequencing of soil eDNA to characterise these communities offers promise to help monitor and predict ecological progress towards reference states. Here we demonstrate a novel methodology for monitoring and evaluating ecological restoration using three long-term (>25 year) case study post-mining rehabilitation soil eDNA-based bacterial community datasets. Specifically, we developed rehabilitation trajectory assessments based on similarity to reference data from restoration chronosequence datasets. Recognising that numerous alternative options for microbiota data processing have potential to influence these assessments, we comprehensively examined the influence of standard versus compositional data analyses, different ecological distance measures, sequence grouping approaches, eliminating rare taxa, and the potential for excessive spatial autocorrelation to impact on results. Our approach reduces the complexity of information that often overwhelms ecologically-relevant patterns in microbiota studies, and enables prediction of recovery time, with explicit inclusion of uncertainty in assessments. We offer a step change in the development of quantitative microbiota-based SMART metrics for measuring rehabilitation success. Our approach may also have wider applications where restorative processes facilitate the shift of microbiota towards reference states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Liddicoat
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Siegfried L Krauss
- Kings Park Science, Western Australia Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Perth, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ryan J Borrett
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Luisa C Ducki
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Shawn D Peddle
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Mark P Dobrowolski
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Iluka Resources Limited, Perth, Australia; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Mark Tibbett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Sustainable Land Management & Soil Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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17
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Shahzad H, Myers B, Boland J, Hewa G, Johnson T. Stormwater runoff reduction benefits of distributed curbside infiltration devices in an urban catchment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 215:118273. [PMID: 35303560 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Distributed infiltration systems can benefit downstream water bodies by reducing the runoff flowrate and volume discharges from the catchment. Investigating their runoff flowrate and volume reduction potential at the catchment scale will inform decision makers regarding their efficacy for managing catchment outflows. To this end, we conducted field investigations at the residential catchment scale for three years. The study monitored the catchment for one year before the installation of leaky well systems (preinstallation) and two years after installation (postinstallation). The hydrological model, calibrated to preinstallation catchment outflows, acted as a virtual control tool. Runoff flow outputs from the control model and two years of monitored runoff flow data from the postinstallation period were analysed using statistical methods. The statistical tests showed a significant 13% reduction in average flowrates in storms with a corresponding runoff flowrate of up to 50 L/s. The study further reported the ability of infiltration systems to reduce runoff volume in the catchment by 9%. This reduction was not significant, however, as per the results of the statistical analysis. We then fitted the generalized linear model (GLM) to the monitored and simulated runoff volume data. This enabled us to break down the effect of curbside infiltration systems on runoff volume according to corresponding peak flowrates during the storm. The results of the two-way ANOVA performed to detect significant differences in the regression slopes of the GLM indicated that curbside infiltration systems significantly reduced runoff volume for storms when the runoff flowrates remained below 100 L/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shahzad
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.
| | - B Myers
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - J Boland
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - G Hewa
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - T Johnson
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia; College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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18
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Spanner GC, Gimenez BO, Wright CL, Menezes VS, Newman BD, Collins AD, Jardine KJ, Negrón-Juárez RI, Lima AJN, Rodrigues JR, Chambers JQ, Higuchi N, Warren JM. Dry Season Transpiration and Soil Water Dynamics in the Central Amazon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:825097. [PMID: 35401584 PMCID: PMC8987125 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.825097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With current observations and future projections of more intense and frequent droughts in the tropics, understanding the impact that extensive dry periods may have on tree and ecosystem-level transpiration and concurrent carbon uptake has become increasingly important. Here, we investigate paired soil and tree water extraction dynamics in an old-growth upland forest in central Amazonia during the 2018 dry season. Tree water use was assessed via radial patterns of sap flow in eight dominant canopy trees, each a different species with a range in diameter, height, and wood density. Paired multi-sensor soil moisture probes used to quantify volumetric water content dynamics and soil water extraction within the upper 100 cm were installed adjacent to six of those trees. To link depth-specific water extraction patterns to root distribution, fine root biomass was assessed through the soil profile to 235 cm. To scale tree water use to the plot level (stand transpiration), basal area was measured for all trees within a 5 m radius around each soil moisture probe. The sensitivity of tree transpiration to reduced precipitation varied by tree, with some increasing and some decreasing in water use during the dry period. Tree-level water use scaled with sapwood area, from 11 to 190 L per day. Stand level water use, based on multiple plots encompassing sap flow and adjacent trees, varied from ∼1.7 to 3.3 mm per day, increasing linearly with plot basal area. Soil water extraction was dependent on root biomass, which was dense at the surface (i.e., 45% in the upper 5 cm) and declined dramatically with depth. As the dry season progressed and the upper soil dried, soil water extraction shifted to deeper levels and model projections suggest that much of the water used during the month-long dry-down could be extracted from the upper 2-3 m. Results indicate variation in rates of soil water extraction across the research area and, temporally, through the soil profile. These results provide key information on whole-tree contributions to transpiration by canopy trees as water availability changes. In addition, information on simultaneous stand level dynamics of soil water extraction that can inform mechanistic models that project tropical forest response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno O. Gimenez
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Panama City, Panama
| | - Cynthia L. Wright
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | | | - Brent D. Newman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Adam D. Collins
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Kolby J. Jardine
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Q. Chambers
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Niro Higuchi
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey M. Warren
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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19
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Soil Water Use Strategies of Dominant Tree Species Based on Stable Isotopes in Subtropical Regions, Central China. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14060954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Water is a crucial factor affecting plant growth and ecosystem processes. In the subtropical region, global climate change leads to frequent seasonal droughts. How plant water strategies and the adaptability of forest ecosystems change is an urgent issue to be discussed. In this study, four sample plots (P. massoniana for Plot 1, C. lanceolata for Plot 2, Q. acutissima for Plot 3, C. funebris and I. corallina for Plot 4) were selected in the Taizishan Mountain area of Hubei, China, including three forest types (coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest and coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest) and five dominant tree species. The δD and δ18O isotope compositions in plant and soil water were analysed, and the water use strategies of dominant species were predicted by using the MixSIAR model. The water absorption depth and proportion of the five species were significantly different in different seasons. In plot 4, I. corallina and C. funebris derived (58.8 ± 14.0% and 55.7 ± 23.4%, respectively) water from 10–40 cm soil in wet season, but C. funebris shifted to derive water from deep soil in dry season. This result indicates that the mixing of C. funebris and I. corallina can effectively prevent water competition in dry season with water deficit. From wet season to dry season, the depth of water utilisation of the P. massoniana, C. lanceolata, Q. acutissima and C. funebris with deep roots converted from shallow to deep soil, suggesting that the four species had significant dimorphic root systems and strong ecological plasticity.
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Liu Y, Nadezhdina N, Di N, Ma X, Liu J, Zou S, Xi B, Clothier B. An undiscovered facet of hydraulic redistribution driven by evaporation-a study from a Populus tomentosa plantation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:361-372. [PMID: 33764473 PMCID: PMC8154088 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining the activity and function of the shallow root system of plants is essential for withstanding drought stress, but the associated mechanism is poorly understood. By investigating sap flow in 14 lateral roots (LRs) randomly selected from trees of a Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa) plantation receiving three levels of irrigation, an unknown root water transport mode of simultaneous daytime bi-directional water flow was discovered. This mode existed in five LRs confined to the surface soil without attached sinker roots. In the longer term, the bi-directional water flow was correlated with the soil water content. However, within the day, it was associated with transpiration. Our data demonstrated that bi-directional root sap flow occurred during the day, and was driven by evaporative demand, further suggesting the existence of circumferential water movement in the LR xylem. We named this phenomenon evaporation-driven hydraulic redistribution (EDHR). A soil-root water transport model was proposed to encapsulate this water movement mode. EDHR may be a crucial drought-tolerance mechanism that allows plants to maintain shallow root survival and activity by promoting root water recharge under extremely dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Nadezhda Nadezhdina
- Institute of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Mendel University, Zemedelska 3, Brno 61300, Czech Republic
| | - Nan Di
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Society of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Songyan Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Benye Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Brent Clothier
- Plant & Food Research, Fitzherbert Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Hafner BD, Hesse BD, Grams TEE. Friendly neighbours: Hydraulic redistribution accounts for one quarter of water used by neighbouring drought stressed tree saplings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1243-1256. [PMID: 32683699 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic redistribution (HR) can buffer drought events of tree individuals, however, its relevance for neighbouring trees remains unclear. Here, we quantified HR to neighbouring trees in single- and mixed-species combinations. We hypothesized that uptake of HR water positively correlates with root length, number of root tips and root xylem hydraulic conductivity and that neighbours in single-species combinations receive more HR water than in phylogenetic distant mixed-species combinations. In a split-root experiment, a sapling with its roots split between two pots redistributed deuterium labelled water from a moist to a dry pot with an additional tree each. We quantified HR water received by the sapling in the dry pot for six temperate tree species. After 7 days, one quarter of the water in roots (2.1 ± 0.4 ml), stems (0.8 ± 0.2 ml) and transpiration (1.0 ± 0.3 ml) of the drought stressed sapling originated from HR. The amount of HR water transpired by the receiving plant stayed constant throughout the experiment. While the uptake of HR water increased with root length, species identity did not affect HR as saplings of Picea abies ((L.) Karst) and Fagus sylvatica (L.) in single- and mixed-species combinations received the same amount of HR water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hafner
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin D Hesse
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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22
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Jansen K, von Oheimb G, Bruelheide H, Härdtle W, Fichtner A. Tree species richness modulates water supply in the local tree neighbourhood: evidence from wood δ13C signatures in a large-scale forest experiment. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203100. [PMID: 33653137 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is considered to mitigate the adverse effects of changing precipitation patterns. However, our understanding of how tree diversity at the local neighbourhood scale modulates the water use and leaf physiology of individual trees remains unclear. We made use of a large-scale tree diversity experiment in subtropical China to study eight tree species along an experimentally manipulated gradient of local neighbourhood tree species richness. Twig wood carbon isotope composition (δ13Cwood) was used as an indicator for immediate leaf-level responses to water availability in relation to local neighbourhood conditions and a target tree's functional traits. Across species, a target tree's δ13Cwood signatures decreased progressively with increasing neighbourhood species richness, with effects being strongest at high neighbourhood shading intensity. Moreover, the δ13Cwood-shading relationship shifted from positive (thin-leaved species) or neutral (thick-leaved species) in conspecific to negative in heterospecific neighbourhoods, most likely owing to a lower interspecific competition for water and microclimate amelioration. This suggests that promoting tree species richness at the local neighbourhood scale may improve a tree's local water supply with potential effects for an optimized water-use efficiency of tree communities during drought. This assumption, however, requires validation by further studies that focus on mechanisms that regulate the water availability in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Jansen
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 7, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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Physiological integration for salinity stress alleviation in stoloniferous turfgrass, Zoysia matrella in heterogeneous saline environments. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-020-00432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Volkov V, Schwenke H. A Quest for Mechanisms of Plant Root Exudation Brings New Results and Models, 300 Years after Hales. PLANTS 2020; 10:plants10010038. [PMID: 33375713 PMCID: PMC7823307 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes some of our current knowledge on the phenomenon of exudation from the cut surface of detached roots with emphasis on results that were mostly established over the last fifty years. The phenomenon is quantitatively documented in the 18th century (by Hales in 1727). By the 19th century, theories mainly ascribed exudation to the secretion of living root cells. The 20th century favored the osmometer model of root exudation. Nevertheless, growing insights into the mechanisms of water transport and new or rediscovered observations stimulated the quest for a more adequate exudation model. The historical overview shows how understanding of exudation changed with time following experimental opportunities and novel ideas from different areas of knowledge. Later theories included cytoskeleton-dependent micro-pulsations of turgor in root cells to explain the observed water exudation. Recent progress in experimental biomedicine led to detailed study of channels and transporters for ion transport via cellular membranes and to the discovery of aquaporins. These universal molecular entities have been incorporated to the more complex models of water transport via plant roots. A new set of ideas and explanations was based on cellular osmoregulation by mechanosensitive ion channels. Thermodynamic calculations predicted the possibility of water transport against osmotic forces based on co-transport of water with ions via cation-chloride cotransporters. Recent observations of rhizodermis exudation, exudation of roots without an external aqueous medium, segments cut from roots, pulses of exudation, a phase shifting of water uptake and exudation, and of effects of physiologically active compounds (like ion channel blockers, metabolic agents, and cytoskeletal agents) will likely refine our understanding of the phenomenon. So far, it seems that more than one mechanism is responsible for root pressure and root exudation, processes which are important for refilling of embolized xylem vessels. However, recent advances in ion and water transport research at the molecular level suggest potential future directions to understanding of root exudation and new models awaiting experimental testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Volkov
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- K.A. Timiriazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow 127276, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.V.); (H.S.)
| | - Heiner Schwenke
- Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (V.V.); (H.S.)
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Knowledge Production for Resilient Landscapes: Experiences from Multi-Stakeholder Dialogues on Water, Food, Forests, and Landscapes. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Landscape-wide approaches integrating agriculture, forestry, energy, and water are considered key to address complex environmental problems and to avoid trade-offs. The objective of this paper is to analyse how knowledge production through multi-stakeholder dialogues on water, landscapes, forests, and agriculture can inform governance and the management of landscapes. Multi-stakeholder learning dialogues and platforms (MSPs) were established related to water and natural resources management, complemented by targeted reviews, to establish a shared understanding of the drivers of change and impacts on the hydrology of landscapes and ecosystem services. The MSP dialogues illustrate the need to address water as an integral part of landscape management and governance to achieve the wide range of the Sustainable Development Goals related to water and food security, climate action, life on land, as well as sustainable production and consumption, equality, and strong institutions. The co-production of knowledge through MSPs contributes to continuous learning that informs adaptive management of water flows in landscapes, above and below ground, as well as in the atmosphere. It helps to build a shared understanding of system dynamics and integrate knowledge about hydrology and water flows into policy recommendations. Co-production of knowledge also contributes to stakeholder participation at different levels, inclusiveness, and transparency, and to water stewardship.
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26
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Ellison D, Ifejika Speranza C. From blue to green water and back again: Promoting tree, shrub and forest-based landscape resilience in the Sahel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140002. [PMID: 32846505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enjoying the potential climate benefits of restoration requires linking key forest-water and land-atmosphere interactions to the existential benefits provided on the ground. We apply what we call the "forest-water and land-atmosphere interaction lens" to current strategies for improving landscape resilience in the West African Sahel and the concept of the Great Green Wall (GGW). The severe and extensive drought of the 1970's-1990's led many to assess future climate and promote strategies to counter the gradual southward expansion of the Sahara. The idea for the GGW, a wall of trees intended to slow desert encroachment, grew out of this period of tremendous upheaval and human tragedy. Despite partial recovery in the local rainfall regime, we know far too little about whether the GGW strategy can even work. Further, it seems disingenuous to ignore the climatic envelope, which sets the boundaries within which forest-water and land-atmosphere interactions occur. Applying the "forest-water and land-atmosphere interaction lens" to landscape restoration as a tool for achieving improved resilience and human welfare in the Sahel provides meaningful input for re-thinking the GGW strategy. We upgrade current knowledge with the specific biophysical conditions likely to better support appropriate forest-water and land atmosphere interactions in the region and further fit such approaches within the context of the climatic envelope. The principal components of an improved strategy include a focus on large scale precipitation recycling all the way from the West African coast on into the Sahel, as well as improved tree, shrub and forest cover in the Sahel proper to promote infiltration, groundwater recharge, rainfall triggering potential and land surface cooling. Agroforestry can further broadly promote landscape resilience in the greater region. Strategies broadly focused on increasing rainfall recycling, water availability and the promotion of landscape resilience appear more likely to steer future efforts in useful directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ellison
- Land Systems and Sustainable Land Management Unit, Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden; Ellison Consulting, Baar, Switzerland.
| | - Chinwe Ifejika Speranza
- Land Systems and Sustainable Land Management Unit, Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Large and projected strengthening moisture limitation on end-of-season photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9216-9222. [PMID: 32284402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914436117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial photosynthesis is regulated by plant phenology and environmental conditions, both of which experienced substantial changes in recent decades. Unlike early-season photosynthesis, which is mostly driven by temperature or wet-season onset, late-season photosynthesis can be limited by several factors and the underlying mechanisms are less understood. Here, we analyze the temperature and water limitations on the ending date of photosynthesis (EOP), using data from both remote-sensing and flux tower-based measurements. We find a contrasting spatial pattern of temperature and water limitations on EOP. The threshold separating these is determined by the balance between energy availability and soil water supply. This coordinated temperature and moisture regulation can be explained by "law of minimum," i.e., as temperature limitation diminishes, higher soil water is needed to support increased vegetation activity, especially during the late growing season. Models project future warming and drying, especially during late season, both of which should further expand the water-limited regions, causing large variations and potential decreases in photosynthesis.
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28
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Hydraulic Water Redistribution by Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Occurring under Severe Soil Drought. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of water from wet- to dry-soil zones is suggested as an important process in the resilience of forest ecosystems to drought stress in semiarid and tropical climates. Scenarios of future climate change predict an increase of severe drought conditions in temperate climate regions. This implies the need for adaptations of locally managed forest systems, such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) monocultures, for instance, through the admixing of deep-rooting silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). We designed a stable-isotope-based split-root experiment under controlled conditions to test whether silver fir seedlings could perform HR and therefore reduce drought stress in neighboring beech seedlings. Our results showed that HR by silver fir does occur, but with a delayed onset of three weeks after isotopic labelling with 2H2O (δ2H ≈ +6000‰), and at low rates. On average, 0.2% of added ²H excess could be recovered via HR. Fir roots released water under dry-soil conditions that caused some European beech seedlings to permanently wilt. On the basis of these results, we concluded that HR by silver fir does occur, but the potential for mitigating drought stress in beech is limited. Admixing silver fir into beech stands as a climate change adaptation strategy needs to be assessed in field studies with sufficient monitoring time.
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Hafner BD, Hesse BD, Bauerle TL, Grams TEE. Water potential gradient, root conduit size and root xylem hydraulic conductivity determine the extent of hydraulic redistribution in temperate trees. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Hafner
- Ecophysiology of Plants Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
- School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Benjamin D. Hesse
- Ecophysiology of Plants Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
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Cejas CM, Hough LA, Beaufret R, Castaing JC, Frétigny C, Dreyfus R. Preferential Root Tropisms in 2D Wet Granular Media with Structural Inhomogeneities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14195. [PMID: 31578384 PMCID: PMC6775086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate certain aspects of the physical mechanisms of root growth in a granular medium and how these roots adapt to changes in water distribution induced by the presence of structural inhomogeneities in the form of solid intrusions. Physical intrusions such as a square rod added into the 2D granular medium maintain robust capillary action, pumping water from the more saturated areas at the bottom of the cell towards the less saturated areas near the top of the cell while the rest of the medium is slowly devoid of water via evaporation. The intrusion induces "preferential tropism" of roots by first generating a humidity gradient that attracts the root to grow towards it. Then it guides the roots and permits them to grow deeper into more saturated regions in the soil. This further allows more efficient access to available water in the deeper sections of the medium thereby resulting to increased plant lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare M Cejas
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA, 19007-3624, USA.
- Microfluidics, MEMS, Nanostructures Laboratory, CNRS Chimie Biologie Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes (IPGG), ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 6 rue Jean Calvin, Paris, 75005, France.
| | - Lawrence A Hough
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA, 19007-3624, USA
| | - Raphaël Beaufret
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA, 19007-3624, USA
| | | | - Christian Frétigny
- Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM) CNRS UMR 7615 ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Rémi Dreyfus
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter, CNRS-Solvay-UPenn UMI 3254, Bristol, PA, 19007-3624, USA
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31
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Lo YH, Blanco JA, González de Andrés E, Imbert JB, Castillo FJ. CO2 fertilization plays a minor role in long-term carbon accumulation patterns in temperate pine forests in the southwestern Pyrenees. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Liu Y, Schwalm CR, Samuels‐Crow KE, Ogle K. Ecological memory of daily carbon exchange across the globe and its importance in drylands. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1806-1816. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Christopher R. Schwalm
- Woods Hole Research Center Falmouth MA USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Kimberly E. Samuels‐Crow
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
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Li H, Si B, Ma X, Wu P. Deep soil water extraction by apple sequesters organic carbon via root biomass rather than altering soil organic carbon content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:662-671. [PMID: 30909044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil water and carbon stocks have always been research hotspots. However, the interaction between soil water and carbon in deep soil (>1 m below surface) remains poorly understood. The present study used the chronosequence approach to investigate water extraction and carbon input by roots to a depth of 25.2 m in 8-, 11-, 15-, 18-, and 22-year-old afforested apple (Malus pumila Mill.) orchard stands in a sub-humid region of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Three long-term cultivated farmlands were used as a benchmark of soil water and carbon status before land use change. Measurements showed that the apple trees accessed deep soil water reserves by growing deep roots, with the resulting desiccated soil possibly stimulating apple trees to extend their roots into deeper, moister soil. Accordingly, soil water content in the root zone decreased progressively with increasing stand age. For example, the roots of apple trees in the 22-year-old stand extended to 23.2 m below the soil surface and extracted 1530 ± 43 mm deep soil water. Consequently, carbon input from root biomass correlated well with the water storage loss in deep soil (R2 = 0.88). Deep roots accounted for 49 ± 22% of the total root biomass and contributed 0.44 ± 0.15 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 to the deep soil. However, the roots of apple trees did not significantly change the soil organic carbon content in the root zone possibly because there was limited root biomass per unit soil depth and because soil water content in the root zone gradually decreased. These findings demonstrate the importance of deep soil in regulating water and carbon cycles, advancing our understanding of interactions among water, roots, and carbon in this zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bingcheng Si
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pute Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Yu K, Goldsmith GR, Wang Y, Anderegg WRL. Phylogenetic and biogeographic controls of plant nighttime stomatal conductance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1778-1788. [PMID: 30779147 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The widely documented phenomenon of nighttime stomatal conductance gsn could lead to substantial water loss with no carbon gain, and thus it remains unclear whether nighttime stomatal conductance confers a functional advantage. Given that studies of gsn have focused on controlled environments or small numbers of species in natural environments, a broad phylogenetic and biogeographic context could provide insights into potential adaptive benefits of gsn . We measured gsn on a diverse suite of species (n = 73) across various functional groups and climates-of-origin in a common garden to study the phylogenetic and biogeographic/climatic controls on gsn and further assessed the degree to which gsn co-varied with leaf functional traits and daytime gas-exchange rates. Closely related species were more similar in gsn than expected by chance. Herbaceous species had higher gsn than woody species. Species that typically grow in climates with lower mean annual precipitation - where the fitness cost of water loss should be the highest - generally had higher gsn . Our results reveal the highest gsn rates in species from environments where neighboring plants compete most strongly for water, suggesting a possible role for the competitive advantage of gsn .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - Yujie Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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35
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Ewel JJ, Schreeg LA, Sinclair TR. Resources for Crop Production: Accessing the Unavailable. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:121-129. [PMID: 30472068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An acute imbalance between human population and food production is projected, partially due to increasing resource scarcity; dietary shifts and the current course of technology alone will not soon solve the problem. Natural ecosystems, typically characterized by high species richness and perennial growth habit, have solved many of the resource-acquisition problems faced by crops, making nature a likely source of insights for potential application in commercial agriculture. Further research on undomesticated plants and natural ecosystems, and the adaptations that enable them to meet their needs for N, P, and water, could change the face of commercial food production, including on marginal lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Ewel
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, USA.
| | - Laura A Schreeg
- Bureau for Food Security, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington DC, WA 20004, USA
| | - Thomas R Sinclair
- Crop and Soil Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Dawson TE, Goldsmith GR. The value of wet leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1156-1169. [PMID: 29959896 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1156 I. Introduction 1156 II. How often are leaves wet? 1157 III. The costs of leaf wetting 1157 IV. The real and potential benefits of leaf wetting 1161 V. Wet leaves: costs, benefits and tradeoffs in a changing world 1165 Acknowledgements 1166 References 1166 SUMMARY: An often-overlooked feature of all plants is that their leaf surfaces are wet for significant periods over their lifetimes. Leaf wetting has a number of direct and indirect effects on plant function from the scale of the leaf to that of the ecosystem. The costs of leaf wetting for plant function, such as the growth of pathogens and the leaching of nutrients, have long been recognized. However, an emerging body of research has also begun to demonstrate some very clear benefits. For instance, leaf wetting can improve plant-water relations and lead to increased photosynthesis. Leaf wetting may also lead to synergistic effects on plant function, such as when leaf water potential improvements lead to enhanced growth that does not occur when plant leaves are dry. We identify important reasons why leaf wetting can be critical for plant sciences to not only acknowledge, but also directly address, in future research. To do so, we provide a framework for the consideration of the relative balance of the various costs and benefits resulting from leaf wetting, as well as how this balance may be expected to change given projected scenarios of global climate change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Ecosystem Fluxes Group, Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
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Fu C, Wang G, Bible K, Goulden ML, Saleska SR, Scott RL, Cardon ZG. Hydraulic redistribution affects modeled carbon cycling via soil microbial activity and suppressed fire. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3472-3485. [PMID: 29654607 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of water from moist to drier soils, through plant roots, occurs world-wide in seasonally dry ecosystems. Although the influence of HR on landscape hydrology and plant water use has been amply demonstrated, HR's effects on microbe-controlled processes sensitive to soil moisture, including carbon and nutrient cycling at ecosystem scales, remain difficult to observe in the field and have not been integrated into a predictive framework. We incorporated a representation of HR into the Community Land Model (CLM4.5) and found the new model improved predictions of water, energy, and system-scale carbon fluxes observed by eddy covariance at four seasonally dry yet ecologically diverse temperate and tropical AmeriFlux sites. Modeled plant productivity and microbial activities were differentially stimulated by upward HR, resulting at times in increased plant demand outstripping increased nutrient supply. Modeled plant productivity and microbial activities were diminished by downward HR. Overall, inclusion of HR tended to increase modeled annual ecosystem uptake of CO2 (or reduce annual CO2 release to the atmosphere). Moreover, engagement of CLM4.5's ground-truthed fire module indicated that though HR increased modeled fuel load at all four sites, upward HR also moistened surface soil and hydrated vegetation sufficiently to limit the modeled spread of dry season fire and concomitant very large CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Historically, fire has been a dominant ecological force in many seasonally dry ecosystems, and intensification of soil drought and altered precipitation regimes are expected for seasonally dry ecosystems in the future. HR may play an increasingly important role mitigating development of extreme soil water potential gradients and associated limitations on plant and soil microbial activities, and may inhibit the spread of fire in seasonally dry ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congsheng Fu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Guiling Wang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Kenneth Bible
- Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Zoe G Cardon
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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Steppe K. The potential of the tree water potential. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:937-940. [PMID: 29897591 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive quantification of tree water potential is one of the grand challenges for assessing the fate of trees and forests in the coming decades. Tree water potential is a robust and direct indicator of tree water status and is preferably used to track how trees, forests and vegetation in general respond to changes in climate and drought. In this issue of Tree Physiology, Dietrich et al. (2018) predict the daily canopy water potential of mature temperate trees from tree water deficit derived from stem diameter variation measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
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Changes in the Carbon and Water Fluxes of Subtropical Forest Ecosystems in South-Western China Related to Drought. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10070821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Can hydraulically redistributed water assist surrounding seedlings during summer drought? Oecologia 2018; 187:625-641. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Landuyt D, Perring M, Seidl R, Taubert F, Verbeeck H, Verheyen K. Modelling understorey dynamics in temperate forests under global change-Challenges and perspectives. PERSPECTIVES IN PLANT ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2018; 31:44-54. [PMID: 29628800 PMCID: PMC5884426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The understorey harbours a substantial part of vascular plant diversity in temperate forests and plays an important functional role, affecting ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and overstorey regeneration. Global change, however, is putting these understorey communities on trajectories of change, potentially altering and reducing their functioning in the future. Developing mitigation strategies to safeguard the diversity and functioning of temperate forests in the future is challenging and requires improved predictive capacity. Process-based models that predict understorey community composition over time, based on first principles of ecology, have the potential to guide mitigation endeavours but such approaches are rare. Here, we review fourteen understorey modelling approaches that have been proposed during the last three decades. We evaluate their inclusion of mechanisms that are required to predict the impact of global change on understorey communities. We conclude that none of the currently existing models fully accounts for all processes that we deem important based on empirical and experimental evidence. Based on this review, we contend new models are needed to project the complex impacts of global change on forest understoreys. Plant functional traits should be central to such future model developments, as they drive community assembly processes and provide valuable information on the functioning of the understorey. Given the important role of the overstorey, a coupling of understorey models to overstorey models will be essential to predict the impact of global change on understorey composition and structure, and how it will affect the functioning of temperate forests in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Landuyt
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - M.P. Perring
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
- Ecosystem Restoration and Intervention Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - R. Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - F. Taubert
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - H. Verbeeck
- Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVELab), Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
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Yu T, Feng Q, Si J, Mitchell PJ, Forster MA, Zhang X, Zhao C. Depressed hydraulic redistribution of roots more by stem refilling than by nocturnal transpiration for Populus euphratica Oliv. in situ measurement. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2607-2616. [PMID: 29531680 PMCID: PMC5838069 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the night, plant water loss can occur either through the roots, as hydraulic redistribution (HR), or through the leaves via the stoma, as nocturnal transpiration (En), which was methodologically difficult to separate from stem refilling (Re). While HR and En have been reported across a range of species, ecosystem, and climate zone, there is little understanding on the interactions between En and/or Re and HR. As water movement at night occurs via gradients of water potential, it is expected that during periods of high atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD), water loss via En will override water loss via HR. To test this hypothesis, sap flow in stems and roots of Populus euphratica Oliv. trees, growing in a riparian zone in a hyperarid climate, was measured once in a year. Nocturnal stem sap flow was separated into En and Re using the "forecasted refilling" method. Substantial nocturnal sap flow (38% of 24-hr flux on average) was observed and positively correlated with VPD; however, the strength of the correlation was lower (R2 = .55) than diurnal sap flow (Ed) (R2 = .72), suggesting that nocturnal stem sap flow was attributed to both water loss through the canopy and replenishment of water in stem tissues. Partitioning of nocturnal sap flow shows that Re constituted approximately 80%, and En ~20%, of nocturnal sap flow. The amount of root sap flow attributed to redistribution was negatively related to Ed (R2 = .69) and the amount of acropetally sap flow in stems, Re (R2 = .41) and En (R2 = .14). It was suggested that the magnitude of HR is more strongly depressed by Re that was recharge to the water loss via Ed than by En. It was consistent with whole-tree water balance theory, that the nighttime upward sap flow to xylem, stem refilling and transpiration, may depress hydraulic redistribution of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Yu
- Alxa Desert Ecohydrology Experimental Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River BasinChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Qi Feng
- Alxa Desert Ecohydrology Experimental Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River BasinChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Jianhua Si
- Alxa Desert Ecohydrology Experimental Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River BasinChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | | | - Michael A. Forster
- Edaphic Scientific Pty LtdPort MacquarieNSWAustralia
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- Alxa Desert Ecohydrology Experimental Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River BasinChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Alxa Desert Ecohydrology Experimental Research StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
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Bazihizina N, Veneklaas EJ, Barrett-Lennard EG, Colmer TD. Hydraulic redistribution: limitations for plants in saline soils. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2437-2446. [PMID: 28707352 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic redistribution (HR), the movement of water from wet to dry patches in the soil via roots, occurs in different ecosystems and plant species. By extension of the principle that HR is driven by gradients in soil water potential, HR has been proposed to occur for plants in saline soils. Despite the inherent spatial patchiness and salinity gradients in these soils, the lack of direct evidence of HR in response to osmotic gradients prompted us to ask the question: are there physical or physiological constraints to HR for plants in saline environments? We propose that build-up of ions in the root xylem sap and in the leaf apoplast, with the latter resulting in a large predawn disequilibrium of water potential in shoots compared with roots and soil, would both impede HR. We present a conceptual model that illustrates how processes in root systems in heterogeneous salinity with water potential gradients, even if equal to those in non-saline soils, will experience a dampened magnitude of water potential gradients in the soil-plant continuum, minimizing or preventing HR. Finally, we provide an outlook for understanding the relevance of HR for plants in saline environments by addressing key research questions on plant salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bazihizina
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Erik J Veneklaas
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Edward G Barrett-Lennard
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South, Perth, Western Australia, 6151, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Barron-Gafford GA, Sanchez-Cañete EP, Minor RL, Hendryx SM, Lee E, Sutter LF, Tran N, Parra E, Colella T, Murphy PC, Hamerlynck EP, Kumar P, Scott RL. Impacts of hydraulic redistribution on grass-tree competition vs facilitation in a semi-arid savanna. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1451-1461. [PMID: 28737219 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing ambition in ecosystem science has been to understand the relationship between ecosystem community composition, structure and function. Differential water use and hydraulic redistribution have been proposed as one mechanism that might allow for the coexistence of overstory woody plants and understory grasses. Here, we investigated how patterns of hydraulic redistribution influence overstory and understory ecophysiological function and how patterns vary across timescales of an individual precipitation event to an entire growing season. To this end, we linked measures of sap flux within lateral and tap roots, leaf-level photosynthesis, ecosystem-level carbon exchange and soil carbon dioxide efflux with local meteorology data. The hydraulic redistribution regime was characterized predominantly by hydraulic descent relative to hydraulic lift. We found only a competitive interaction between the overstory and understory, regardless of temporal time scale. Overstory trees used nearly all water lifted by the taproot to meet their own transpirational needs. Our work suggests that alleviating water stress is not the reason we find grasses growing in the understory of woody plants; rather, other stresses, such as excessive light and temperature, are being ameliorated. As such, both the two-layer model and stress gradient hypothesis need to be refined to account for this coexistence in drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Barron-Gafford
- School of Geography & Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- College of Science, Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- School of Natural Resources & the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Enrique P Sanchez-Cañete
- School of Geography & Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- College of Science, Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Centro Andaluz de Medio Ambiente (IISTA-CEAMA), Granada, 18006, Spain
| | - Rebecca L Minor
- School of Geography & Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- College of Science, Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sean M Hendryx
- School of Natural Resources & the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Leland F Sutter
- School of Geography & Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- School of Natural Resources & the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Newton Tran
- School of Environmental Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Parra
- College of Science, Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Tony Colella
- School of Geography & Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Patrick C Murphy
- School of Geography & Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Erik P Hamerlynck
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Burns, OR, 97720, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
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Earth System Model Needs for Including the Interactive Representation of Nitrogen Deposition and Drought Effects on Forested Ecosystems. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8080267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Martínez-Vilalta J, Garcia-Forner N. Water potential regulation, stomatal behaviour and hydraulic transport under drought: deconstructing the iso/anisohydric concept. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:962-976. [PMID: 27739594 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the relationship between stomatal behaviour, water potential regulation and hydraulic transport in plants, focusing on the implications for the iso/anisohydric classification of plant drought responses at seasonal timescales. We first revise the history of the isohydric concept and its possible definitions. Then, we use published data to answer two main questions: (1) is greater stomatal control in response to decreasing water availability associated with a tighter regulation of leaf water potential (ΨL ) across species? and (2) is there an association between tighter ΨL regulation (~isohydric behaviour) and lower leaf conductance over time during a drought event? These two questions are addressed at two levels: across species growing in different sites and comparing only species coexisting at a given site. Our analyses show that, across species, a tight regulation of ΨL is not necessarily associated with greater stomatal control or with more constrained assimilation during drought. Therefore, iso/anisohydry defined in terms of ΨL regulation cannot be used as an indicator of a specific mechanism of drought-induced mortality or as a proxy for overall plant vulnerability to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, E-08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, E-08193, Spain
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An assessment of diurnal water uptake in a mesic prairie: evidence for hydraulic lift? Oecologia 2017; 183:963-975. [PMID: 28154965 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Huang CW, Domec JC, Ward EJ, Duman T, Manoli G, Parolari AJ, Katul GG. The effect of plant water storage on water fluxes within the coupled soil-plant system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1093-1106. [PMID: 27870064 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In addition to buffering plants from water stress during severe droughts, plant water storage (PWS) alters many features of the spatio-temporal dynamics of water movement in the soil-plant system. How PWS impacts water dynamics and drought resilience is explored using a multi-layer porous media model. The model numerically resolves soil-plant hydrodynamics by coupling them to leaf-level gas exchange and soil-root interfacial layers. Novel features of the model are the considerations of a coordinated relationship between stomatal aperture variation and whole-system hydraulics and of the effects of PWS and nocturnal transpiration (Fe,night) on hydraulic redistribution (HR) in the soil. The model results suggest that daytime PWS usage and Fe,night generate a residual water potential gradient (Δψp,night) along the plant vascular system overnight. This Δψp,night represents a non-negligible competing sink strength that diminishes the significance of HR. Considering the co-occurrence of PWS usage and HR during a single extended dry-down, a wide range of plant attributes and environmental/soil conditions selected to enhance or suppress plant drought resilience is discussed. When compared with HR, model calculations suggest that increased root water influx into plant conducting-tissues overnight maintains a more favorable water status at the leaf, thereby delaying the onset of drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Huang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 INRA-ISPA, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Eric J Ward
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Tomer Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Gabriele Manoli
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Anthony J Parolari
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Gabriel G Katul
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Matheny AM, Mirfenderesgi G, Bohrer G. Trait-based representation of hydrological functional properties of plants in weather and ecosystem models. PLANT DIVERSITY 2017; 39:1-12. [PMID: 30159486 PMCID: PMC6112282 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Land surface models and dynamic global vegetation models typically represent vegetation through coarse plant functional type groupings based on leaf form, phenology, and bioclimatic limits. Although these groupings were both feasible and functional for early model generations, in light of the pace at which our knowledge of functional ecology, ecosystem demographics, and vegetation-climate feedbacks has advanced and the ever growing demand for enhanced model performance, these groupings have become antiquated and are identified as a key source of model uncertainty. The newest wave of model development is centered on shifting the vegetation paradigm away from plant functional types (PFTs) and towards flexible trait-based representations. These models seek to improve errors in ecosystem fluxes that result from information loss due to over-aggregation of dissimilar species into the same functional class. We advocate the importance of the inclusion of plant hydraulic trait representation within the new paradigm through a framework of the whole-plant hydraulic strategy. Plant hydraulic strategy is known to play a critical role in the regulation of stomatal conductance and thus transpiration and latent heat flux. It is typical that coexisting plants employ opposing hydraulic strategies, and therefore have disparate patterns of water acquisition and use. Hydraulic traits are deterministic of drought resilience, response to disturbance, and other demographic processes. The addition of plant hydraulic properties in models may not only improve the simulation of carbon and water fluxes but also vegetation population distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Matheny
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Cleverly J, Eamus D, Restrepo Coupe N, Chen C, Maes W, Li L, Faux R, Santini NS, Rumman R, Yu Q, Huete A. Soil moisture controls on phenology and productivity in a semi-arid critical zone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:1227-1237. [PMID: 27241203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's Critical Zone, where physical, chemical and biological systems interact, extends from the top of the canopy to the underlying bedrock. In this study, we investigated soil moisture controls on phenology and productivity of an Acacia woodland in semi-arid central Australia. Situated on an extensive sand plain with negligible runoff and drainage, the carry-over of soil moisture content (θ) in the rhizosphere enabled the delay of phenology and productivity across seasons, until conditions were favourable for transpiration of that water to prevent overheating in the canopy. Storage of soil moisture near the surface (in the top few metres) was promoted by a siliceous hardpan. Pulsed recharge of θ above the hardpan was rapid and depended upon precipitation amount: 150mm storm(-1) resulted in saturation of θ above the hardpan (i.e., formation of a temporary, discontinuous perched aquifer above the hardpan in unconsolidated soil) and immediate carbon uptake by the vegetation. During dry and inter-storm periods, we inferred the presence of hydraulic lift from soil storage above the hardpan to the surface due to (i) regular daily drawdown of θ in the reservoir that accumulates above the hardpan in the absence of drainage and evapotranspiration; (ii) the dimorphic root distribution wherein most roots were found in dry soil near the surface, but with significant root just above the hardpan; and (iii) synchronisation of phenology amongst trees and grasses in the dry season. We propose that hydraulic redistribution provides a small amount of moisture that maintains functioning of the shallow roots during long periods when the surface soil layer was dry, thereby enabling Mulga to maintain physiological activity without diminishing phenological and physiological responses to precipitation when conditions were favourable to promote canopy cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cleverly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Australian SuperSite Network, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NS 2007, Australia.
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Australian SuperSite Network, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NS 2007, Australia
| | - Natalia Restrepo Coupe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Chao Chen
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, PMB 5, PO Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Wouter Maes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Longhui Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ralph Faux
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nadia S Santini
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rizwana Rumman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Qiang Yu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Alfredo Huete
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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