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Zhang F, Liu N, Chen T, Xu H, Li R, Wang L, Zhou S, Cai Q, Hou X, Wang L, Qian X, Zhu Z, Zhou K. Genome-wide identification of GH28 family and insight into its contributions to pod shattering resistance in Brassica napus L. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:492. [PMID: 38760719 PMCID: PMC11102225 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), accounts for nearly 16% of vegetable oil, is the world's second produced oilseed. However, pod shattering has caused significant yield loses in rapeseed production, particularly during mechanical harvesting. The GH28 genes can promote pod shattering by changing the structure of the pod cell wall in Arabidopsis. However, the role of the GH28 gene family in rapeseed was largely unknown. Therefore, a genome-wide comprehensive analysis was conducted to classify the role of GH28 gene family on rapeseed pod shattering. A total of 37 BnaGH28 genes in the rapeseed genome were identified. These BnaGH28s can be divided into five groups (Group A-E), based on phylogenetic and synteny analysis. Protein property, gene structure, conserved motif, cis-acting element, and gene expression profile of BnaGH28 genes in the same group were similar. Specially, the expression level of genes in group A-D was gradually decreased, but increased in group E with the development of silique. Among eleven higher expressed genes in group E, two BnaGH28 genes (BnaA07T0199500ZS and BnaC06T0206500ZS) were significantly regulated by IAA or GA treatment. And the significant effects of BnaA07T0199500ZS variation on pod shattering resistance were also demonstrated in present study. These results could open a new window for insight into the role of BnaGH28 genes on pod shattering resistance in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fugui Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Nian Liu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Tianhua Chen
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Qing'ao Cai
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Xinzhe Hou
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Xingzhi Qian
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Zonghe Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Kejin Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
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Manrique S, Cavalleri A, Guazzotti A, Villarino GH, Simonini S, Bombarely A, Higashiyama T, Grossniklaus U, Mizzotti C, Pereira AM, Coimbra S, Sankaranarayanan S, Onelli E, Masiero S, Franks RG, Colombo L. HISTONE DEACETYLASE19 Controls Ovule Number Determination and Transmitting Tract Differentiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2117-2135. [PMID: 38060625 PMCID: PMC10980524 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The gynoecium is critical for the reproduction of flowering plants as it contains the ovules and the tissues that foster pollen germination, growth, and guidance. These tissues, known as the reproductive tract (ReT), comprise the stigma, style, and transmitting tract (TT). The ReT and ovules originate from the carpel margin meristem (CMM) within the pistil. SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) is a key transcription factor for meristem formation and maintenance. In all above-ground meristems, including the CMM, local STM downregulation is required for organ formation. However, how this downregulation is achieved in the CMM is unknown. Here, we have studied the role of HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19 (HDA19) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) during ovule and ReT differentiation based on the observation that the hda19-3 mutant displays a reduced ovule number and fails to differentiate the TT properly. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting coupled with RNA-sequencing revealed that in the CMM of hda19-3 mutants, genes promoting organ development are downregulated while meristematic markers, including STM, are upregulated. HDA19 was essential to downregulate STM in the CMM, thereby allowing ovule formation and TT differentiation. STM is ectopically expressed in hda19-3 at intermediate stages of pistil development, and its downregulation by RNA interference alleviated the hda19-3 phenotype. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that STM is a direct target of HDA19 during pistil development and that the transcription factor SEEDSTICK is also required to regulate STM via histone acetylation. Thus, we identified factors required for the downregulation of STM in the CMM, which is necessary for organogenesis and tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Manrique
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Alex Cavalleri
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Guazzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Gonzalo H Villarino
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Sara Simonini
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Silvia Coimbra
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Elisabetta Onelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Robert G Franks
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
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Raman H, Raman R, Sharma N, Cui X, McVittie B, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Hu Q, Liu S, Gororo N. Novel quantitative trait loci from an interspecific Brassica rapa derivative improve pod shatter resistance in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1233996. [PMID: 37736615 PMCID: PMC10510201 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1233996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Pod shatter is a trait of agricultural relevance that ensures plants dehisce seeds in their native environment and has been subjected to domestication and selection for non-shattering types in several broadacre crops. However, pod shattering causes a significant yield reduction in canola (Brassica napus L.) crops. An interspecific breeding line BC95042 derived from a B. rapa/B. napus cross showed improved pod shatter resistance (up to 12-fold than a shatter-prone B. napus variety). To uncover the genetic basis and improve pod shatter resistance in new varieties, we analysed F2 and F2:3 derived populations from the cross between BC95042 and an advanced breeding line, BC95041, and genotyped with 15,498 DArTseq markers. Through genome scan, interval and inclusive composite interval mapping analyses, we identified seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with pod rupture energy, a measure for pod shatter resistance or pod strength, and they locate on A02, A03, A05, A09 and C01 chromosomes. Both parental lines contributed alleles for pod shatter resistance. We identified five pairs of significant epistatic QTLs for additive x additive, additive dominance and dominance x dominance interactions between A01/C01, A03/A07, A07/C03, A03/C03, and C01/C02 chromosomes for rupture energy. QTL effects on A03/A07 and A01/C01 were in the repulsion phase. Comparative mapping identified several candidate genes (AG, ABI3, ARF3, BP1, CEL6, FIL, FUL, GA2OX2, IND, LATE, LEUNIG, MAGL15, RPL, QRT2, RGA, SPT and TCP10) underlying main QTL and epistatic QTL interactions for pod shatter resistance. Three QTLs detected on A02, A03, and A09 were near the FUL (FRUITFULL) homologues BnaA03g39820D and BnaA09g05500D. Focusing on the FUL, we investigated putative motifs, sequence variants and the evolutionary rate of its homologues in 373 resequenced B. napus accessions of interest. BnaA09g05500D is subjected to purifying selection as it had a low Ka/Ks ratio compared to other FUL homologues in B. napus. This study provides a valuable resource for genetic improvement for yield through an understanding of the genetic mechanism controlling pod shatter resistance in Brassica species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Raman
- New South Wales (NSW) Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosy Raman
- New South Wales (NSW) Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Niharika Sharma
- New South Wales (NSW) Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Brett McVittie
- New South Wales (NSW) Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Yu Qiu
- New South Wales (NSW) Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiong Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Nagle MF, Nahata SS, Zahl B, Niño de Rivera A, Tacker XV, Elorriaga E, Ma C, Goralogia GS, Klocko AL, Gordon M, Joshi S, Strauss SH. Knockout of floral and meiosis genes using CRISPR/Cas9 produces male-sterility in Eucalyptus without impacts on vegetative growth. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e507. [PMID: 37456612 PMCID: PMC10345981 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus spp. are widely cultivated for the production of pulp, energy, essential oils, and as ornamentals. However, their dispersal from plantings, especially when grown as an exotic, can cause ecological disruptions. To provide new tools for prevention of sexual dispersal by pollen as well as to induce male-sterility for hybrid breeding, we studied the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated knockout of three floral genes in both FT-expressing (early-flowering) and non-FT genotypes. We report male-sterile phenotypes resulting from knockout of the homologs of all three genes, including one involved in meiosis and two regulating early stages of pollen development. The targeted genes were Eucalyptus homologs of REC8 (EREC8), TAPETAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION 1 (ETDF1), and HECATE3 (EHEC3-like). The erec8 knockouts yielded abnormal pollen grains and a predominance of inviable pollen, whereas the etdf1 and ehec3-like knockouts produced virtually no pollen. In addition to male-sterility, both erec8 and ehec3-like knockouts may provide complete sterility because the failure of erec8 to undergo meiosis is expected to be independent of sex, and ehec3-like knockouts produce flowers with shortened styles and no visible stigmas. When comparing knockouts to controls in wild-type (non-early-flowering) backgrounds, we did not find visible morphological or statistical differences in vegetative traits, including average single-leaf mass, stem volume, density of oil glands, or chlorophyll in leaves. Loss-of-function mutations in any of these three genes show promise as a means of inducing male- or complete sterility without impacting vegetative development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Nagle
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Surbhi S. Nahata
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Bahiya Zahl
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Alexa Niño de Rivera
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Xavier V. Tacker
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Estefania Elorriaga
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Cathleen Ma
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Greg S. Goralogia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Amy L. Klocko
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Michael Gordon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Sonali Joshi
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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Liu Z, Gao S, Zhang H, Xu Z, Qian W. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals That PvGUX1_1 Is Associated with Pod Stringlessness in Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040611. [PMID: 35453811 PMCID: PMC9024788 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Using 138 snap bean accessions as plant materials, we investigated their suture strings across two years. With the goal of identifying the gene(s) responsible for the formation of suture strings, we conducted a genome-wide association study. A strong association signal was found in a 266.19 kb region on Chr02. Within the region, 23 candidate genes were identified. Importantly, the sequence and gene expression of PvGUX1_1 differed significantly between sutured pods and non-sutured pods. In addition, PvGUX1_1 was also a domesticated locus that diverged from PvGUX1_2 during an early stage. The results obtained in this study can provide important information for the improvement of pod quality in snap beans. Abstract Suture strings are a particularly important pod trait that determine the quality and texture of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The St locus on chromosome 2 has been described as a major locus associated with suture strings. However, the gene and genetic basis underlying this locus remain unknown. Here, we investigated the suture strings of 138 snap bean accessions across two years. A total of 3.66 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained by deep resequencing. Based on these SNPs, we identified a strong association signal on Chr02 and a promising candidate gene, PvGUX1_1. Further analysis revealed that the 2 bp deletion in the exon of PvGUX1_1 was significantly associated with stringlessness. Comparative mapping indicated that PvGUX1_1 was a domesticated locus and diverged from PvGUX1_2 during an early stage. Our study provides important insights into the genetic mechanism of suture string formation and useful information for snap bean improvement.
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Sun W, Li Z, Xiang S, Ni L, Zhang D, Chen D, Qiu M, Zhang Q, Xiao L, Din L, Li Y, Liao X, Liu X, Jiang Y, Zhang P, Ni H, Wang Y, Yue Y, Wu X, Din X, Huang W, Wang Z, Ma X, Liu B, Zou X, Van de Peer Y, Liu Z, Zou S. The Euscaphis japonica genome and the evolution of malvids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1382-1399. [PMID: 34587334 PMCID: PMC9298382 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Malvids is one of the largest clades of rosids, includes 58 families and exhibits remarkable morphological and ecological diversity. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly for Euscaphis japonica, an early-diverging species within malvids. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis suggests that the unstable phylogenetic position of E. japonica may result from incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization event during the diversification of the ancestral population of malvids. Euscaphis japonica experienced two polyploidization events: the ancient whole genome triplication event shared with most eudicots (commonly known as the γ event) and a more recent whole genome duplication event, unique to E. japonica. By resequencing 101 samples from 11 populations, we speculate that the temperature has led to the differentiation of the evergreen and deciduous of E. japonica and the completely different population histories of these two groups. In total, 1012 candidate positively selected genes in the evergreen were detected, some of which are involved in flower and fruit development. We found that reddening and dehiscence of the E. japonica pericarp and long fruit-hanging time promoted the reproduction of E. japonica populations, and revealed the expression patterns of genes related to fruit reddening, dehiscence and abscission. The key genes involved in pentacyclic triterpene synthesis in E. japonica were identified, and different expression patterns of these genes may contribute to pentacyclic triterpene diversification. Our work sheds light on the evolution of E. japonica and malvids, particularly on the diversification of E. japonica and the genetic basis for their fruit dehiscence and abscission.
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Salazar‐Duque H, Alzate JF, Urrea Trujillo A, Ferrándiz C, Pabón‐Mora N. Comparative anatomy and genetic bases of fruit development in selected Rubiaceae (Gentianales). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1838-1860. [PMID: 34699609 PMCID: PMC9298371 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The Rubiaceae are ideal for studying the diversity of fruits that develop from flowers with inferior ovary. We aimed to identify morpho-anatomical changes during fruit development that distinguish those derived from the carpel versus the extra-carpellary tissues. In addition, we present the fruit genetic core regulatory network in selected Rubiaceae species and compare it in terms of copy number and expression patterns to model core eudicots in the Brassicaceae and the Solanaceae. METHODS We used light microscopy to follow morphoanatomical changes in four selected species with different fruit types. We generated reference transcriptomes for seven selected Rubiaceae species and isolated homologs of major transcription factors involved in fruit development histogenesis, assessed their homology, identified conserved and new protein motifs, and evaluated their expression in three species with different fruit types. RESULTS Our studies revealed ovary-derived pericarp tissues versus floral-cup-derived epicarp tissues. Gene evolution analyses of FRUITFULL, SHATTERPROOF, ALCATRAZ, INDEHISCENT and REPLUMLESS homologs suggest that the gene complement in Rubiaceae is simpler compared to that in Brassicaceae or Solanaceae. Expression patterns of targeted genes vary in response to the fruit type and the developmental stage evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Morphologically similar fruits can have different anatomies as a result of convergent tissues developed from the epicarps covering the anatomical changes from the pericarps. Expression analyses suggest that the fruit patterning regulatory network established in model core eudicots cannot be extrapolated to asterids with inferior ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan F. Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica–CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria‐SIUUniversidad de Antioquia MedellínColombia
- Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Antioquia MedellínColombia
| | | | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas‐Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
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Kim Y, Kim SH, Shin DM, Kim SH. ATBS1-INTERACTING FACTOR 2 Negatively Modulates Pollen Production and Seed Formation in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:704958. [PMID: 34386030 PMCID: PMC8353282 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.704958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ATBS1-INTERACTING FACTOR 2 (AIF2) is a non-DNA-binding basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. Here, we demonstrate that AIF2 negatively modulates brassinosteroid (BR)-induced, BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1)-mediated pollen and seed formation. AIF2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (AIF2ox) showed defective pollen grains and seed production while two AIF2 knockout mutants, aif2-1 and aif2-1/aif4-1, displayed opposite phenotypes. Genes encoding BZR1-regulated positive factors of seed size determination (SHB1, IKU1, MINI3) were suppressed in AIF2ox and genes for negative factors (AP2 and ARF2) were enhanced. Surprisingly, BZR1-regulated pollen genes such as SPL, MS1, and TDF1 were aberrantly up-regulated in AIF2ox plants. This stage-independent abnormal expression may lead to a retarded and defective progression of microsporogenesis, producing abnormal tetrad microspores and pollen grains with less-effective pollen tube germination. Auxin plays important roles in proper development of flower and seeds: genes for auxin biosynthesis such as TCPs and YUCCAs as well as for positive auxin signalling such as ARFs were suppressed in AIF2ox flowers. Moreover, lipid biosynthesis- and sucrose transport-related genes were repressed, resulting in impaired starch accumulation. Contrarily, sucrose and BR repressed ectopic accumulation of AIF2, thereby increasing silique length and the number of seeds. Taken together, we propose that AIF2 is negatively involved in pollen development and seed formation, and that sucrose- and BR-induced repression of AIF2 positively promotes pollen production and seed formation in Arabidopsis.
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Cai Z, Yang C, Liao J, Song H, Zhang S. Sex-biased genes and metabolites explain morphologically sexual dimorphism and reproductive costs in Salix paraplesia catkins. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:125. [PMID: 34059667 PMCID: PMC8166972 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dioecious species evolved from species with monomorphic sex systems in order to achieve overall fitness gains by separating male and female functions. As reproductive organs, unisexual flowers have different reproductive roles and exhibit conspicuous sexual dimorphism. To date, little is known about the temporal variations in and molecular mechanisms underlying the morphology and reproductive costs of dioecious flowers. We investigated male and female flowers of Salix paraplesia in three flowering stages before pollination (the early, blooming and late stages) via transcriptional sequencing as well as metabolite content and phenotypic analysis. We found that a large number of sex-biased genes, rather than sex-limited genes, were responsible for sexual dimorphism in S. paraplesia flowers and that the variation in gene expression in male flowers intensified this situation throughout flower development. The temporal dynamics of sex-biased genes derived from changes in reproductive function during the different flowering stages. Sexually differentiated metabolites related to respiration and flavonoid biosynthesis exhibited the same bias directions as the sex-biased genes. These sex-biased genes were involved mainly in signal transduction, photosynthesis, respiration, cell proliferation, phytochrome biosynthesis, and phenol metabolism; therefore, they resulted in more biomass accumulation and higher energy consumption in male catkins. Our results indicated that sex-biased gene expression in S. paraplesia flowers is associated with different reproductive investments in unisexual flowers; male flowers require a greater reproductive investment to meet their higher biomass accumulation and energy consumption needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liao
- College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Kivivirta KI, Herbert D, Roessner C, de Folter S, Marsch-Martinez N, Becker A. Transcriptome analysis of gynoecium morphogenesis uncovers the chronology of gene regulatory network activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1076-1090. [PMID: 33793890 PMCID: PMC8133673 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The gynoecium is the most complex organ formed by the flowering plants. It encloses the ovules, provides a surface for pollen contact and self-incompatibility reactions, allows pollen tube growth, and, post fertilization, develops into the fruit. Consequently, the regulation of gynoecium morphogenesis is complex and appropriate timing of this process in part determines reproductive success. However, little is known about the global control of gynoecium development, even though many regulatory genes have been characterized. Here, we characterized dynamic gene expression changes using laser-microdissected gynoecium tissue from four developmental stages in Arabidopsis. We provide a high-resolution map of global expression dynamics during gynoecium morphogenesis and link these to the gynoecium interactome. We reveal groups of genes acting together early and others acting late in morphogenesis. Clustering of co-expressed genes enables comparisons between the leaf, shoot apex, and gynoecium transcriptomes, allowing the dissection of common and distinct regulators. Furthermore, our results lead to the discovery of genes with putative transcription factor activity (B3LF1, -2, DOFLF1), which, when mutated, lead to impaired gynoecium expansion, illustrating that global transcriptome analyses reveal yet unknown developmental regulators. Our data show that genes encoding highly interacting proteins, such as SEPALLATA3, AGAMOUS, and TOPLESS, are expressed evenly during development but switch interactors over time, whereas stage-specific proteins tend to have fewer interactors. Our analysis connects specific transcriptional regulator activities, protein interactions, and underlying metabolic processes, contributing toward a dynamic network model for gynoecium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo I Kivivirta
- Plant Development Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Denise Herbert
- Plant Development Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Clemens Roessner
- Plant Development Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), CP 36824 Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Annette Becker
- Plant Development Group, Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Gießen, Germany
- Author for communication:
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11
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Paving the Way for Fertilization: The Role of the Transmitting Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052603. [PMID: 33807566 PMCID: PMC7961442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosperm reproduction relies on the precise growth of the pollen tube through different pistil tissues carrying two sperm cells into the ovules’ embryo sac, where they fuse with the egg and the central cell to accomplish double fertilization and ultimately initiate seed development. A network of intrinsic and tightly regulated communication and signaling cascades, which mediate continuous interactions between the pollen tube and the sporophytic and gametophytic female tissues, ensures the fast and meticulous growth of pollen tubes along the pistil, until it reaches the ovule embryo sac. Most of the pollen tube growth occurs in a specialized tissue—the transmitting tract—connecting the stigma, the style, and the ovary. This tissue is composed of highly secretory cells responsible for producing an extensive extracellular matrix. This multifaceted matrix is proposed to support and provide nutrition and adhesion for pollen tube growth and guidance. Insights pertaining to the mechanisms that underlie these processes remain sparse due to the difficulty of accessing and manipulating the female sporophytic tissues enclosed in the pistil. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on this key step of reproduction in flowering plants with special emphasis on the female transmitting tract tissue.
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12
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Yu YK, Li YL, Ding LN, Sarwar R, Zhao FY, Tan XL. Mechanism and Regulation of Silique Dehiscence, Which Affects Oil Seed Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:580. [PMID: 32670302 PMCID: PMC7326126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silique dehiscence is an important physiological process during natural growth that enables mature seeds to be released from plants, which then undergo reproduction and ensure the survival of future generations. In agricultural production, the time and degree of silique dehiscence affect the harvest time and processing of crops. Premature silique dehiscence leads to seeds being shed before harvest, resulting in substantial reductions to yields. Conversely, late silique dehiscence is not conducive to harvesting, and grain weight and oil content will be reduced due to the respiratory needs of seeds. In this paper, the mechanisms and regulation of silique dehiscence, and its application in agricultural production is reviewed.
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Groszmann M, Chandler PM, Ross JJ, Swain SM. Manipulating Gibberellin Control Over Growth and Fertility as a Possible Target for Managing Wild Radish Weed Populations in Cropping Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:190. [PMID: 32265944 PMCID: PMC7096587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wild radish is a major weed of Australian cereal crops. A rapid establishment, fast growth, and abundant seed production are fundamental to its success as an invasive species. Wild radish has developed resistance to a number of commonly used herbicides increasing the problem. New innovative approaches are needed to control wild radish populations. Here we explore the possibility of pursuing gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis as a novel molecular target for controlling wild radish, and in doing so contribute new insights into GA biology. By characterizing ga 3-oxidase (ga3ox) mutants in Arabidopsis, a close taxonomic relative to wild radish, we showed that even mild GA deficiencies cause considerable reductions in growth and fecundity. This includes an explicit requirement for GA biosynthesis in successful female fertility. Similar defects were reproducible in wild radish via chemical inhibition of GA biosynthesis, confirming GA action as a possible new target for controlling wild radish populations. Two possible targeting approaches are considered; the first would involve developing a species-specific inhibitor that selectively inhibits GA production in wild radish over cereal crops. The second, involves making crop species insensitive to GA repression, allowing the use of existing broad spectrum GA inhibitors to control wild radish populations. Toward the first concept, we cloned and characterized two wild radish GA3OX genes, identifying protein differences that appear sufficient for selective inhibition of dicot over monocot GA3OX activity. We developed a novel yeast-based approach to assay GA3OX activity as part of the molecular characterization, which could be useful for future screening of inhibitory compounds. For the second approach, we demonstrated that a subset of GA associated sln1/Rht-1 overgrowth mutants, recently generated in cereals, are insensitive to GA reductions brought on by the general GA biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol. The location of these mutations within sln1/Rht-1, offers additional insight into the functional domains of these important GA signaling proteins. Our early assessment suggests that targeting the GA pathway could be a viable inclusion into wild radish management programs that warrants further investigation. In drawing this conclusion, we provided new insights into GA regulated reproductive development and molecular characteristics of GA metabolic and signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Groszmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter M. Chandler
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John J. Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Steve M. Swain
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Desta ZA, de Koning DJ, Ortiz R. Molecular mapping and identification of quantitative trait loci for domestication traits in the field cress (Lepidium campestre L.) genome. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 124:579-591. [PMID: 32076125 PMCID: PMC7080786 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lepidium campestre (L.) or field cress is a multifaceted oilseed plant, which is not yet domesticated. Moreover, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the domestication traits of field cress remain largely elusive. The overarching goal of this study is to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are fundamental for domestication of field cress. Mapping and dissecting quantitative trait variation may provide important insights into genomic trajectories underlying field cress domestication. We used 7624 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for QTL mapping in 428 F2 interspecific hybrid individuals, while field phenotyping was conducted in F2:3 segregating families. We applied multiple QTL mapping algorithms to detect and estimate the QTL effects for seven important domestication traits of field cress. Verification of pod shattering across sites revealed that the non-shattering lines declined drastically whereas the shattering lines increased sharply, possibly due to inbreeding followed by selection events. In total, 1461 of the 7624 SNP loci were mapped to eight linkage groups (LGs), spanning 571.9 cM map length. We identified 27 QTL across all LGs of field cress genome, which captured medium to high heritability, implying that genomics-assisted selection could deliver domesticated lines in field cress breeding. The use of high throughput genotyping can accelerate the process of domestication in novel crop species. This is the first QTL mapping analysis in the field cress genome that may lay a foundational framework for positional or functional QTL cloning, introgression as well as genomics-assisted breeding in field cress domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeratsion Abera Desta
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundesvagen 10 Box 101, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Dirk-Jan de Koning
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundesvagen 10 Box 101, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
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How to build a fruit: Transcriptomics of a novel fruit type in the Brassiceae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209535. [PMID: 31318861 PMCID: PMC6638736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative gene expression studies are invaluable for predicting how existing genetic pathways may be modified or redeployed to produce novel and variable phenotypes. Fruits are ecologically important organs because of their impact on plant fitness and seed dispersal, modifications in which results in morphological variation across species. A novel fruit type in the Brassicaceae known as heteroarthrocarpy enables distinct dispersal methods in a single fruit through segmentation via a lateral joint and variable dehiscence at maturity. Given the close relationship to Arabidopsis, species that exhibit heteroarthrocarpy are powerful models to elucidate how differences in gene expression of a fruit patterning pathway may result in novel fruit types. Transcriptomes of distal, joint, and proximal regions from Erucaria erucarioides and Cakile lanceolata were analyzed to elucidate within fruit and between species differences in whole transcriptome, gene ontology, and fruit patterning expression profiles. Whole transcriptome expression profiles vary between fruit regions in patterns that are consistent with fruit anatomy. These transcriptomic variances do not correlate with changes in gene ontology, as they remain generally stable within and between both species. Upstream regulators in the fruit patterning pathway, FILAMENTOUS FLOWER and YABBY3, are expressed in the distal and proximal regions of E. erucarioides, but not in the joint, implicating alterations in the pathway in heteroarthrocarpic fruits. Downstream gene, INDEHISCENT, is significantly upregulated in the abscissing joint region of C. lanceolata, which suggests repurposing of valve margin genes for novel joint disarticulation in an otherwise indehiscent fruit. In summary, these data are consistent with modifications in fruit patterning genes producing heteroarthrocarpic fruits through different components of the pathway relative to other indehiscent, non-heteroarthrocarpic, species within the family. Our understanding of fruit development in Arabidopsis is now extended to atypical siliques within the Brassicaceae, facilitating future studies on seed shattering in important Brassicaceous crops and pernicious weeds.
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Bonnot C, Hetherington AJ, Champion C, Breuninger H, Kelly S, Dolan L. Neofunctionalisation of basic helix-loop-helix proteins occurred when embryophytes colonised the land. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:993-1008. [PMID: 30946484 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX-LIKE (RSL) genes control the development of structures from single cells at the surface of embryophytes (land plants) such as rhizoids and root hairs. RSL proteins constitute a subclass (VIIIc) of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) class VIII transcription factor family. The Charophyceae form the only class of streptophyte algae with tissue-like structures and rhizoids. To determine if the function of RSL genes in the control of cell differentiation in embryophytes was inherited from a streptophyte algal ancestor, we identified the single class VIII bHLH gene from the charophyceaen alga Chara braunii (CbbHLHVIII). CbbHLHVIII is sister to the RSL proteins; they constitute a monophyletic group. Expression of CbbHLHVIII does not compensate for loss of RSL functions in Marchantia polymorpha or Arabidopsis thaliana. In C. braunii CbbHLHVIII is expressed at sites of morphogenesis but not in rhizoids. This finding indicates that C. braunii class VIII protein is functionally different from land plant RSL proteins. This result suggests that the function of RSL proteins in cell differentiation at the plant surface evolved by neofunctionalisation in the land plants lineage after its divergence from its last common ancestor with C. braunii, at or before the colonisation of the land by embryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Bonnot
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | | | - Clément Champion
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Holger Breuninger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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17
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Dirks-Mulder A, Ahmed I, uit het Broek M, Krol L, Menger N, Snier J, van Winzum A, de Wolf A, van't Wout M, Zeegers JJ, Butôt R, Heijungs R, van Heuven BJ, Kruizinga J, Langelaan R, Smets EF, Star W, Bemer M, Gravendeel B. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Orchid Fruit Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:137. [PMID: 30838009 PMCID: PMC6390509 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Efficient seed dispersal in flowering plants is enabled by the development of fruits, which can be either dehiscent or indehiscent. Dehiscent fruits open at maturity to shatter the seeds, while indehiscent fruits do not open and the seeds are dispersed in various ways. The diversity in fruit morphology and seed shattering mechanisms is enormous within the flowering plants. How these different fruit types develop and which molecular networks are driving fruit diversification is still largely unknown, despite progress in eudicot model species. The orchid family, known for its astonishing floral diversity, displays a huge variation in fruit dehiscence types, which have been poorly investigated. We undertook a combined approach to understand fruit morphology and dehiscence in different orchid species to get more insight into the molecular network that underlies orchid fruit development. We describe fruit development in detail for the epiphytic orchid species Erycina pusilla and compare it to two terrestrial orchid species: Cynorkis fastigiata and Epipactis helleborine. Our anatomical analysis provides further evidence for the split carpel model, which explains the presence of three fertile and three sterile valves in most orchid species. Interesting differences were observed in the lignification patterns of the dehiscence zones. While C. fastigiata and E. helleborine develop a lignified layer at the valve boundaries, E. pusilla fruits did not lignify at these boundaries, but formed a cuticle-like layer instead. We characterized orthologs of fruit-associated MADS-domain transcription factors and of the Arabidopsis dehiscence-related genes INDEHISCENT (IND)/HECATE 3 (HEC3), REPLUMLESS (RPL) and SPATULA (SPT)/ALCATRAZ (ALC) in E. pusilla, and found that the key players of the eudicot fruit regulatory network appear well-conserved in monocots. Protein-protein interaction studies revealed that MADS-domain complexes comprised of FRUITFULL (FUL), SEPALLATA (SEP) and AGAMOUS (AG) /SHATTERPROOF (SHP) orthologs can also be formed in E. pusilla, and that the expression of HEC3, RPL, and SPT can be associated with dehiscence zone development similar to Arabidopsis. Our expression analysis also indicates differences, however, which may underlie fruit divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Dirks-Mulder
- Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Israa Ahmed
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mark uit het Broek
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Louie Krol
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nino Menger
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jasmijn Snier
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne van Winzum
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anneke de Wolf
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van't Wout
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jamie J. Zeegers
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Roland Butôt
- Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Reinout Heijungs
- Department of Econometrics and Operations Research, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Jaco Kruizinga
- Hortus botanicus, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rob Langelaan
- Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Erik F. Smets
- Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation Cluster, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Star
- Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marian Bemer
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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18
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Ortiz-Ramírez CI, Plata-Arboleda S, Pabón-Mora N. Evolution of genes associated with gynoecium patterning and fruit development in Solanaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1211-1230. [PMID: 29471367 PMCID: PMC5946927 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The genetic basis of fruit development has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis, where major transcription factors controlling valve identity (i.e. FRUITFULL), replum development (i.e. REPLUMLESS) and the differentiation of the dehiscence zones (i.e. SHATTERPROOF, INDEHISCENT and ALCATRAZ) have been identified. This gene regulatory network in other flowering plants is influenced by duplication events during angiosperm diversification. Here we aim to characterize candidate fruit development genes in the Solanaceae and compare them with those of Brassicaceae. METHODS ALC/SPT, HEC/IND, RPL and AG/SHP homologues were isolated from publicly available databases and from our own transcriptomes of Brunfelsia australis and Streptosolen jamesonii. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were performed for each of the gene lineages. Shifts in protein motifs, as well as expression patterns of all identified homologues, are shown in dissected floral organs and fruits in different developmental stages of four Solanaceae species exhibiting different fruit types. KEY RESULTS Each gene lineage has undergone different duplication time-points, resulting in very different genetic complements in the Solanaceae when compared with the Brassicaceae. In general, Solanaceae species have more copies of HEC1/2 and RPL than Brassicaceae, have fewer copies of SHP and the same number of copies of AG, ALC and SPT. Solanaceae lack IND orthologues, but have pre-duplication HEC3 homologues. The expression analyses showed opposite expression of SPT and ALC orthologues between dry- and fleshy-fruited species during fruit maturation. Fleshy-fruited species turn off RPL and SPT orthologues during maturation. CONCLUSIONS The gynoecium patterning and fruit developmental genetic network in the Brassicaceae cannot be directly extrapolated to the Solanaceae. In Solanaceae ALC, SPT and RPL contribute differently to maturation of dry dehiscent and fleshy fruits, whereas HEC genes are not generally expressed in the gynoecium. RPL genes have broader expression patterns than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Inés Ortiz-Ramírez
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Braatz J, Harloff HJ, Emrani N, Elisha C, Heepe L, Gorb SN, Jung C. The effect of INDEHISCENT point mutations on silique shatter resistance in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:959-971. [PMID: 29340752 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study elucidates the influence of indehiscent mutations on rapeseed silique shatter resistance. A phenotype with enlarged replum-valve joint area and altered cell dimensions in the dehiscence zone is described. Silique shattering is a major factor reducing the yield stability of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Attempts to improve shatter resistance often include the use of mutations in target genes identified from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A variety of phenotyping methods assessing the level of shatter resistance were previously described. However, a comparative and comprehensive evaluation of the methods has not yet been undertaken. We verified the increase of shatter resistance in indehiscent double knock-down mutants obtained by TILLING with a systematic approach comparing three independent phenotyping methods. A positive correlation of silique length and shatter resistance was observed and accounted for in the analyses. Microscopic studies ruled out the influence of different lignification patterns. Instead, we propose a model to explain increased shattering resistance of indehiscent rapeseed mutants by altered cell shapes and sizes within the contact surfaces of replum and valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Braatz
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Harloff
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nazgol Emrani
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Chirlon Elisha
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Heepe
- Zoological Institute, Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Zoological Institute, Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
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20
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Ballester P, Ferrándiz C. Shattering fruits: variations on a dehiscent theme. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:68-75. [PMID: 27888713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruits are seed dispersal units, and for that they have evolved different strategies to facilitate separation and dispersal of the progeny from the mother plant. A great proportion of fruits from different clades are dry and dehiscent, opening upon maturity to disperse the seeds. In the last two decades, intense research mainly in Arabidopsis has uncovered the basic network that controls the differentiation of the Arabidopsis fruit dehiscence zone. This review focuses on recent discoveries that have helped to complete the picture, as well as the insights from evo-devo and crop domestication studies that show how the conservation/variation of the elements of this network across species accounts for its evolutionary plasticity and the origin of evolutionary innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ballester
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain.
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21
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Balanzà V, Roig-Villanova I, Di Marzo M, Masiero S, Colombo L. Seed abscission and fruit dehiscence required for seed dispersal rely on similar genetic networks. Development 2016; 143:3372-81. [PMID: 27510967 DOI: 10.1242/dev.135202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersal is an essential trait that enables colonization of new favorable habitats, ensuring species survival. In plants with dehiscent fruits, such as Arabidopsis, seed dispersal depends on two processes: the separation of the fruit valves that protect the seeds (fruit dehiscence) and the detachment of the seeds from the funiculus connecting them to the mother plant (seed abscission). The key factors required to establish a proper lignin pattern for fruit dehiscence are SHATTERPROOF 1 and 2 (SHP1 and SHP2). Here, we demonstrate that the SHP-related gene SEEDSTICK (STK) is a key factor required to establish the proper lignin pattern in the seed abscission zone but in an opposite way. We show that STK acts as a repressor of lignin deposition in the seed abscission zone through the direct repression of HECATE3, whereas the SHP proteins promote lignin deposition in the valve margins by activating INDEHISCENT. The interaction of STK with the SEUSS co-repressor determines the difference in the way STK and SHP proteins control the lignification patterns. Despite this difference in the molecular control of lignification during seed abscission and fruit dehiscence, we show that the genetic networks regulating these two developmental pathways are highly conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Balanzà
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Irma Roig-Villanova
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Maurizio Di Marzo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 08193, Italy
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22
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Botton A, Rasori A, Ziliotto F, Moing A, Maucourt M, Bernillon S, Deborde C, Petterle A, Varotto S, Bonghi C. The peach HECATE3-like gene FLESHY plays a double role during fruit development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:97-114. [PMID: 26846510 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tight control of cell/tissue identity is essential for a correct and functional organ patterning, an important component of overall fruit development and eventual maturation and ripening. Despite many investigations regarding the molecular determinants of cell identity in fruits of different species, a useful model able to depict the regulatory networks governing this relevant part of fruit development is still missing. Here we described the peach fruit as a system to link the phenotype of a slow ripening (SR) selection to an altered transcriptional regulation of genes involved in determination of mesocarp cell identity providing insight toward molecular regulation of fruit tissue formation. Morpho-anatomical observations and metabolomics analyses performed during fruit development on the reference cultivar Fantasia, compared to SR, revealed that the mesocarp of SR maintained typical immaturity traits (e.g. small cell size, high amino acid contents and reduced sucrose) throughout development, along with a strong alteration of phenylpropanoid contents, resulting in accumulation of phenylalanine and lignin. These findings suggest that the SR mesocarp is phenotypically similar to a lignifying endocarp. To test this hypothesis, the expression of genes putatively involved in determination of drupe tissues identity was assessed. Among these, the peach HEC3-like gene FLESHY showed a strongly altered expression profile consistent with pit hardening and fruit ripening, generated at a post-transcriptional level. A double function for FLESHY in channelling the phenylpropanoid pathway to either lignin or flavour/aroma is suggested, along with its possible role in triggering auxin-ethylene cross talk at the start of ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Botton
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, viale dell'Università, 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Angela Rasori
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, viale dell'Università, 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Ziliotto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, viale dell'Università, 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Annick Moing
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, University of Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Catherine Deborde
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Anna Petterle
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, viale dell'Università, 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, viale dell'Università, 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, viale dell'Università, 16, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
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23
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Feng Y, Zheng Q, Song H, Wang Y, Wang H, Jiang L, Yan J, Zheng Y, Yue B. Multiple loci not only Rf3 involved in the restoration ability of pollen fertility, anther exsertion and pollen shedding to S type cytoplasmic male sterile in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015. [PMID: 26220224 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Thirty loci for fertility restoration of pollen fertility, anther exsertion and pollen shedding to maize CMS-S were identified by GWAS. S type cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS-S) is the main type of CMS in maize; poor understanding of the genetic architecture of fertility restoration to CMS-S is one of the reasons to impede its utility in hybrid breeding. In this study, genome-wide identification of genetic loci for fertility restoration ability to CMS-S was firstly conducted with a set of testcrossing association mapping panel in three environments. A total of 19, 3 and 8 significant loci (P < 1.8 × 10(-6), α = 1) for pollen fertility, anther exsertion and pollen shedding were identified, respectively, and individual locus explained up to 28.26% of phenotypic variation. Of them, only Rf3, the main restorer-fertility gene of CMS-S, was identified for the three traits simultaneously. In addition, 83 candidate genes within the 100 kb extension regions of these loci were predicted. These results revealed that besides Rf3 multiple genetic loci and mechanisms are involved in the fertility restoration ability to CMS-S. Results in this study would provide important information for understanding the genetic architecture of fertility restoration to CMS-S in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Industrial Crops Research Institution, Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Industrial Crops Research Institution, Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lijing Jiang
- Industrial Crops Research Institution, Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonglian Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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24
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Ferrándiz C, Fourquin C. Role of the FUL-SHP network in the evolution of fruit morphology and function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4505-13. [PMID: 24482369 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis research in the last decade has started to unravel the genetic networks directing gynoecium and fruit patterning in this model species. Only recently, the work from several groups has also started to address the conservation of these networks in a wide number of species with very different fruit morphologies, and we are now beginning to understand how they might have evolved. This review summarizes recent advances in this field, focusing mainly on MADS-box genes with a well-known role in dehiscence zone development, while also discussing how these studies may contribute to expand our views on fruit evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), UPV-CSIC, Av. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Chloé Fourquin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), UPV-CSIC, Av. de los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia, Spain
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25
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Plackett ARG, Ferguson AC, Powers SJ, Wanchoo-Kohli A, Phillips AL, Wilson ZA, Hedden P, Thomas SG. DELLA activity is required for successful pollen development in the Columbia ecotype of Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:825-836. [PMID: 24400898 PMCID: PMC4291109 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Excessive gibberellin (GA) signalling, mediated through the DELLA proteins, has a negative impact on plant fertility. Loss of DELLA activity in the monocot rice (Oryza sativa) causes complete male sterility, but not in the dicot model Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotype Landsberg erecta (Ler), in which DELLA function has been studied most extensively, leading to the assumption that DELLA activity is not essential for Arabidopsis pollen development. A novel DELLA fertility phenotype was identified in the Columbia (Col-0) ecotype that necessitates re-evaluation of the general conclusions drawn from Ler. Fertility phenotypes were compared between the Col-0 and Ler ecotypes under conditions of chemical and genetic GA overdose, including mutants in both ecotypes lacking the DELLA paralogues REPRESSOR OF ga1-3 (RGA) and GA INSENSITIVE (GAI). Ler displays a less severe fertility phenotype than Col-0 under GA treatment. Col-0 rga gai mutants, in contrast with the equivalent Ler phenotype, were entirely male sterile, caused by post-meiotic defects in pollen development, which were rescued by the reintroduction of DELLA into either the tapetum or developing pollen. We conclude that DELLA activity is essential for Arabidopsis pollen development. Differences between the fertility responses of Col-0 and Ler might be caused by differences in downstream signalling pathways or altered DELLA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R G Plackett
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Alison C Ferguson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stephen J Powers
- Biomathematics and Bioinformatics Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Aakriti Wanchoo-Kohli
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Andrew L Phillips
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Zoe A Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter Hedden
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Stephen G Thomas
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
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26
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Pabón-Mora N, Wong GKS, Ambrose BA. Evolution of fruit development genes in flowering plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:300. [PMID: 25018763 PMCID: PMC4071287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The genetic mechanisms regulating dry fruit development and opercular dehiscence have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the bicarpellate silique, valve elongation and differentiation is controlled by FRUITFULL (FUL) that antagonizes SHATTERPROOF1-2 (SHP1/SHP2) and INDEHISCENT (IND) at the dehiscence zone where they control normal lignification. SHP1/2 are also repressed by REPLUMLESS (RPL), responsible for replum formation. Similarly, FUL indirectly controls two other factors ALCATRAZ (ALC) and SPATULA (SPT) that function in the proper formation of the separation layer. FUL and SHP1/2 belong to the MADS-box family, IND and ALC belong to the bHLH family and RPL belongs to the homeodomain family, all of which are large transcription factor families. These families have undergone numerous duplications and losses in plants, likely accompanied by functional changes. Functional analyses of homologous genes suggest that this network is fairly conserved in Brassicaceae and less conserved in other core eudicots. Only the MADS box genes have been functionally characterized in basal eudicots and suggest partial conservation of the functions recorded for Brassicaceae. Here we do a comprehensive search of SHP, IND, ALC, SPT, and RPL homologs across core-eudicots, basal eudicots, monocots and basal angiosperms. Based on gene-tree analyses we hypothesize what parts of the network for fruit development in Brassicaceae, in particular regarding direct and indirect targets of FUL, might be conserved across angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
- The New York Botanical GardenBronx, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Natalia Pabón-Mora, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, AA 1226 Medellín, Colombia e-mail:
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial ZoneShenzhen, China
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27
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Lenser T, Theißen G. Conservation of fruit dehiscence pathways between Lepidium campestre and Arabidopsis thaliana sheds light on the regulation of INDEHISCENT. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:545-56. [PMID: 24004048 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The mode of fruit opening is an important agronomic and evolutionary trait that has been studied intensively in the major plant model system Arabidopsis thaliana. Because fruit morphology is highly variable between species, and is also often the target of artificial selection during breeding, it is interesting to investigate whether a change in fruit morphology may alter the developmental pathway leading to fruit opening. Here we have studied fruit development in Lepidium campestre, a Brassicaceae species that forms silicles instead of siliques. Transgenic L. campestre plants with altered expression levels of orthologs of A. thaliana fruit developmental genes (ALCATRAZ, FRUITFULL, INDEHISCENT and SHATTERPROOF1,2) were found to be defective in fruit dehiscence, and anatomical sections revealed similar changes in tissue patterning as found in respective A. thaliana mutants. Gene expression analyses demonstrated a high degree of conservation in gene regulatory circuits, indicating that, despite great differences in fruit morphology, the process of fruit opening remains basically unchanged between species. Interestingly, our data identify ALCATRAZ as a negative regulator of INDEHISCENT in L. campestre. By mutant analysis, we found the same regulatory relationship in A. thaliana also, thereby shedding new light on how ALCATRAZ drives separation layer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lenser
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743, Jena, Germany
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28
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Reyes-Olalde JI, Zuñiga-Mayo VM, Chávez Montes RA, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Inside the gynoecium: at the carpel margin. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:644-55. [PMID: 24008116 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The gynoecium, which is produced at the center of most flowers, is the female reproductive organ and consists of one or more carpels. The Arabidopsis gynoecium consists of two fused carpels. Its inner tissues possess meristematic characteristics and are called the carpel margin meristem (CMM), because they are located at the margins of the carpels and generate the 'marginal' tissues of the gynoecium (placenta, ovules, septum, transmitting tract, style, and stigma). A key question is which factors are guiding the correct development of all these tissues, many of which are essential for reproduction. Besides regulatory genes, hormones play an important part in the development of the marginal tissues, and recent reports have highlighted the role of cytokinins, as discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Irepan Reyes-Olalde
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36821 Irapuato, Gto., México
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29
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Fourquin C, del Cerro C, Victoria FC, Vialette-Guiraud A, de Oliveira AC, Ferrándiz C. A change in SHATTERPROOF protein lies at the origin of a fruit morphological novelty and a new strategy for seed dispersal in medicago genus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:907-17. [PMID: 23640757 PMCID: PMC3668079 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.217570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms are the most diverse and numerous group of plants, and it is generally accepted that this evolutionary success owes in part to the diversity found in fruits, key for protecting the developing seeds and ensuring seed dispersal. Although studies on the molecular basis of morphological innovations are few, they all illustrate the central role played by transcription factors acting as developmental regulators. Here, we show that a small change in the protein sequence of a MADS-box transcription factor correlates with the origin of a highly modified fruit morphology and the change in seed dispersal strategies that occurred in Medicago, a genus belonging to the large legume family. This protein sequence modification alters the functional properties of the protein, affecting the affinities for other protein partners involved in high-order complexes. Our work illustrates that variation in coding regions can generate evolutionary novelties not based on gene duplication/subfunctionalization but by interactions in complex networks, contributing also to the current debate on the relative importance of changes in regulatory or coding regions of master regulators in generating morphological novelties.
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