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Chen J, Hu C, Yang H, Wang L, Chu X, Yu X, Zhang S, Li X, Zhao C, Cheng L, Hong W, Liu D, Wen L, Su C. PMS2 amplification contributes brain metastasis from lung cancer. Biol Proced Online 2024; 26:12. [PMID: 38714954 PMCID: PMC11075212 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-024-00238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinoma metastasizing to the brain results in a notable increase in patient mortality. The high incidence and its impact on survival presents a critical unmet need to develop an improved understanding of its mechanisms. METHODS To identify genes that drive brain metastasis of tumor cells, we collected cerebrospinal fluid samples and paired plasma samples from 114 lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastasis and performed 168 panel-targeted gene sequencing. We examined the biological behavior of PMS2 (PMS1 Homolog 2)-amplified lung cancer cell lines through wound healing assays and migration assays. In vivo imaging techniques are used to detect fluorescent signals that colonize the mouse brain. RNA sequencing was used to compare differentially expressed genes between PMS2 amplification and wild-type lung cancer cell lines. RESULTS We discovered that PMS2 amplification was a plausible candidate driver of brain metastasis. Via in vivo and in vitro assays, we validated that PMS2 amplified PC-9 and LLC lung cancer cells had strong migration and invasion capabilities. The functional pathway of PMS2 amplification of lung cancer cells is mainly enriched in thiamine, butanoate, glutathione metabolism. CONCLUSION Tumor cells elevated expression of PMS2 possess the capacity to augment the metastatic potential of lung cancer and establish colonies within the brain through metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Congli Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hainan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangling Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiji Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Hong
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Dadao, Guangdong, 510280, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunxia Su
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital &, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Praveen Kumar C, Aggarwal LM, Bhasi S, Sharma N. A Monte Carlo simulation-based decision support system for radiation oncologists in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2024; 63:215-262. [PMID: 38664268 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-024-01065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
In the present research, we have developed a model-based crisp logic function statistical classifier decision support system supplemented with treatment planning systems for radiation oncologists in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This system is based on Monte Carlo radiation transport simulation and it recreates visualization of treatment environments on mathematical anthropomorphic brain (MAB) phantoms. Energy deposition within tumour tissue and normal tissues are graded by quality audit factors which ensure planned dose delivery to tumour site thereby minimising damages to healthy tissues. The proposed novel methodology predicts tumour growth response to radiation therapy from a patient-specific medicine quality audit perspective. Validation of the study was achieved by recreating thirty-eight patient-specific mathematical anthropomorphic brain phantoms of treatment environments by taking into consideration density variation and composition of brain tissues. Dose computations accomplished through water phantom, tissue-equivalent head phantoms are neither cost-effective, nor patient-specific customized and is often less accurate. The above-highlighted drawbacks can be overcome by using open-source Electron Gamma Shower (EGSnrc) software and clinical case reports for MAB phantom synthesis which would result in accurate dosimetry with due consideration to the time factors. Considerable dose deviations occur at the tumour site for environments with intraventricular glioblastoma, haematoma, abscess, trapped air and cranial flaps leading to quality factors with a lower logic value of 0. Logic value of 1 depicts higher dose deposition within healthy tissues and also leptomeninges for majority of the environments which results in radiation-induced laceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Praveen Kumar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - BHU, Varanasi, India.
| | - Lalit M Aggarwal
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Medical Sciences - BHU, Varanasi, India
| | - Saju Bhasi
- Division of Radiation Physics, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology - BHU, Varanasi, India
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3
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Demicco M, Liu XZ, Leithner K, Fendt SM. Metabolic heterogeneity in cancer. Nat Metab 2024; 6:18-38. [PMID: 38267631 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to survive during cancer progression. In this context, tumour metabolic heterogeneity arises and develops in response to diverse environmental factors. This metabolic heterogeneity contributes to cancer aggressiveness and impacts therapeutic opportunities. In recent years, technical advances allowed direct characterisation of metabolic heterogeneity in tumours. In addition to the metabolic heterogeneity observed in primary tumours, metabolic heterogeneity temporally evolves along with tumour progression. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms of environment-induced metabolic heterogeneity. In addition, we discuss how cancer metabolism and the key metabolites and enzymes temporally and functionally evolve during the metastatic cascade and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Demicco
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiao-Zheng Liu
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katharina Leithner
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium.
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4
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Erickson JD, Kyllo T, Wulff H. Ca 2+-regulated expression of high affinity methylaminoisobutryic acid transport in hippocampal neurons inhibited by riluzole and novel neuroprotective aminothiazoles. Curr Res Physiol 2023; 6:100109. [PMID: 38107787 PMCID: PMC10724208 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2023.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High affinity methylaminoisobutyric acid(MeAIB)/glutamine(Gln) transport activity regulated by neuronal firing occurs at the plasma membrane in mature rat hippocampal neuron-enriched cultures. Spontaneous Ca2+-regulated transport activity was similarly inhibited by riluzole, a benzothiazole anticonvulsant agent, and by novel naphthalenyl substituted aminothiazole derivatives such as SKA-378. Here, we report that spontaneous transport activity is stimulated by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and that phorbol-myristate acetate (PMA) increases high K+ stimulated transport activity that is inhibited by staurosporine. 4-AP-stimulated spontaneous and PMA-stimulated high K+-induced transport is not present at 7 days in vitro (DIV) and is maximal by DIV∼21. The relative affinity for MeAIB is similar for spontaneous and high K+-stimulated transport (Km ∼ 50 μM) suggesting that a single transporter is involved. While riluzole and SKA-378 inhibit spontaneous transport with equal potency (IC50 ∼ 1 μM), they exhibit decreased (∼3-5 X) potency for 4-AP-stimulated spontaneous transport. Interestingly, high K+-stimulated MeAIB transport displays lower and differential sensitivity to the two compounds. SKA-378-related halogenated derivatives of SKA-75 (SKA-219, SKA-377 and SKA-375) preferentially inhibit high K+-induced expression of MeAIB transport activity at the plasma membrane (IC50 < 25 μM), compared to SKA-75 and riluzole (IC50 > 100 μM). Ca2+-dependent spontaneous and high K+-stimulated MeAIB transport activity is blocked by ω-conotoxin MVIIC, ω-agatoxin IVA, ω-agatoxin TK (IC50 ∼ 500 nM) or cadmium ion (IC50 ∼ 20 μM) demonstrating that P/Q-type CaV channels that are required for activity-regulated presynaptic vesicular glutamate (Glu) release are also required for high-affinity MeAIB transport expression at the plasma membrane. We suggest that neural activity driven and Ca2+ dependent trafficking of the high affinity MeAIB transporter to the plasma membrane is a unique target to understand mechanisms of Glu/Gln recycling in synapses and acute neuroprotection against excitotoxic presynaptic Glu induced neural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Erickson
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas Kyllo
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Riluzole and novel naphthalenyl substituted aminothiazole derivatives prevent acute neural excitotoxic injury in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109349. [PMID: 36436594 PMCID: PMC9843824 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epileptogenic seizures, or status epilepticus (SE), leads to excitotoxic injury in hippocampal and limbic neurons in the kainic acid (KA) animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Here, we have further characterized neural activity regulated methylaminoisobutryic acid (MeAIB)/glutamine transport activity in mature rat hippocampal neurons in vitro that is inhibited by riluzole (IC50 = 1 μM), an anti-convulsant benzothiazole agent. We screened a library of riluzole derivatives and identified SKA-41 followed by a second screen and synthesized several novel chlorinated aminothiazoles (SKA-377, SKA-378, SKA-379) that are also potent MeAIB transport inhibitors in vitro, and brain penetrant following systemic administration. When administered before KA, SKA-378 did not prevent seizures but still protected the hippocampus and several other limbic areas against SE-induced neurodegeneration at 3d. When SKA-377 - 379, (30 mg/kg) were administered after KA-induced SE, acute neural injury in the CA3, CA1 and CA4/hilus was also largely attenuated. Riluzole (10 mg/kg) blocks acute neural injury. Kinetic analysis of SKA-378 and riluzoles' blockade of Ca2+-regulated MeAIB transport in neurons in vitro indicates that inhibition occurs via a non-competitive, indirect mechanism. Sodium channel NaV1.6 antagonism blocks neural activity regulated MeAIB/Gln transport in vitro (IC50 = 60 nM) and SKA-378 is the most potent inhibitor of NaV1.6 (IC50 = 28 μM) compared to NaV1.2 (IC50 = 118 μM) in heterologous cells. However, pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that sodium channel blockade may not be the predominant mechanism of neuroprotection here. Riluzole and our novel aminothiazoles are agents that attenuate acute neural hippocampal injury following KA-induced SE and may help to understand mechanisms involved in the progression of epileptic disease.
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6
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Golubova A, Lanekoff I. Surface sampling capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for a direct chemical characterization of tissue and blood samples. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:387-394. [PMID: 36330562 PMCID: PMC10107203 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation tool for non-targeted analysis of chemically complex samples, such as blood, urine, and tissue. However, traditionally CE requires samples in solution for analysis, which limits information on analyte distribution and heterogeneity in tissue. The recent development of surface sampling CE-mass spectrometry (SS-CE-MS) brings these advantages of CE to solid samples and enables chemical mapping directly from the tissue surface without laborious sample preparation. Here, we describe developments of SS-CE-MS to increase reproducibility and stability for metabolite, lipid, and protein extraction from tissue sections and dried blood spots. Additionally, we report the first electrokinetic sequential sample injection for high throughput analysis. We foresee that the wide molecular coverage from a distinct tissue region in combination with higher throughput will provide novel information on biological function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingela Lanekoff
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Menendez JA, Lupu R. Fatty acid synthase: A druggable driver of breast cancer brain metastasis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:427-444. [PMID: 35545806 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2077189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain metastasis (BrM) is a key contributor to morbidity and mortality in breast cancer patients, especially among high-risk epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) and triple-negative/basal-like molecular subtypes. Optimal management of BrM is focused on characterizing a "BrM dependency map" to prioritize targetable therapeutic vulnerabilities. AREAS COVERED We review recent studies addressing the targeting of BrM in the lipid-deprived brain environment, which selects for brain-tropic breast cancer cells capable of cell-autonomously generating fatty acids by upregulating de novo lipogenesis via fatty acid synthase (FASN). Disruption of FASN activity impairs breast cancer growth in the brain, but not extracranially, and mapping of the molecular causes of organ-specific patterns of metastasis has uncovered an enrichment of lipid metabolism signatures in brain metastasizing cells. Targeting SREBP1-the master regulator of lipogenic gene transcription-curtails the ability of breast cancer cells to survive in the brain microenvironment. EXPERT OPINION Targeting FASN represents a new therapeutic opportunity for patients with breast cancer and BrM. Delivery of brain-permeable FASN inhibitors and identifying strategies to target metabolic plasticity that might compensate for impaired brain FASN activity are two potential roadblocks that may hinder FASN-centered strategies against BrM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain.,Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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8
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Banack SA, Stark AC, Cox PA. A possible blood plasma biomarker for early-stage Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267407. [PMID: 35446894 PMCID: PMC9022864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to identify a usable biomarker from blood samples to characterize early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, in order to facilitate rapid diagnosis, early therapeutic intervention, and monitoring of clinical trials. We compared metabolites from blood plasma in early-stage Alzheimer’s disease patients with blood plasma from healthy controls using two different analytical platforms: Amino Acid Analyzer and Tandem Mass-Spectrometer. Early-stage Alzheimer’s patient blood samples were obtained during an FDA-approved Phase IIa clinical trial (Clinicaltrial.gov NCT03062449). Participants included 25 early-stage Alzheimer’s patients and 25 healthy controls in the United States. We measured concentrations of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate and taurine in blood plasma samples. We found that plasma concentrations of a phospholipid metabolite, 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate, normalized by taurine concentrations, distinguish blood samples of patients with early-stage AD. This possible new Alzheimer’s biomarker may supplement clinical diagnosis for early detection of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra C. Stark
- Dartmouth-Hitchock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Paul Alan Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, Wyoming, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Sherwood MW, Oliet SHR, Panatier A. NMDARs, Coincidence Detectors of Astrocytic and Neuronal Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7258. [PMID: 34298875 PMCID: PMC8307462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is an extensively studied cellular correlate of learning and memory in which NMDARs play a starring role. One of the most interesting features of NMDARs is their ability to act as a co-incident detector. It is unique amongst neurotransmitter receptors in this respect. Co-incident detection is possible because the opening of NMDARs requires membrane depolarisation and the binding of glutamate. Opening of NMDARs also requires a co-agonist. Although the dynamic regulation of glutamate and membrane depolarization have been well studied in coincident detection, the role of the co-agonist site is unexplored. It turns out that non-neuronal glial cells, astrocytes, regulate co-agonist availability, giving them the ability to influence synaptic plasticity. The unique morphology and spatial arrangement of astrocytes at the synaptic level affords them the capacity to sample and integrate information originating from unrelated synapses, regardless of any pre-synaptic and post-synaptic commonality. As astrocytes are classically considered slow responders, their influence at the synapse is widely recognized as modulatory. The aim herein is to reconsider the potential of astrocytes to participate directly in ongoing synaptic NMDAR activity and co-incident detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Sherwood
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France;
| | | | - Aude Panatier
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France;
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Surbakti KP, Sjahrir H. The Effect of Flunarizine Prophylactic Treatment on Headache Frequency and Plasma Glutamate Levels in Chronic Tension-type Headache Patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous research has shown that flunarizine may be used for the prophylactic treatment of migraine and that plasma glutamate level monitoring in patients with migraine can serve as a biomarker of response to treatment. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of flunarizine and the correlation of glutamate levels in Chronic Tension-type Headache (CTTH) with response to medication.
Methods: We studied 19 patients with diagnosis of CTTH according to International Classification of Headache Disorder, 2nd edition criteria. The level of plasma glutamate was measured before and after 8-weeks prophylactic treatments. Subjects were randomized into three interventional groups (flunarizine 5 mg, flunarizine 10 mg and placebo). Glutamate levels were measured by means of Glutamate ELISA Kit KA1909 Abnova.
Results: Flunarizine 5 mg group had lower mean plasma glutamate levels significantly compared to placebo (p < 0.00; 95% CI: 0.40-1.07). Flunarizine 10 mg group had lower mean of plasma glutamate levels significantly compared to placebo (p< 0.00; 95% CI: 0.53-1.27). However, there were no significant differences of mean plasma glutamate levels between flunarizine 5 mg group and flunarizine 10 mg group (p < 0.37; 95% CI: -(0.54) - 0.21). There were no significant differences in headache frequency reduction among the three interventional groups.
Conclusions: The usage of flunarizine as prophylactic treatment can reduce plasma glutamate levels significantly in CTTH patients. Either flunarizine or placebo showed no significant difference in reducing headache frequency in CTTH patients.
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Ferraro GB, Ali A, Luengo A, Kodack DP, Deik A, Abbott KL, Bezwada D, Blanc L, Prideaux B, Jin X, Posada JM, Chen J, Chin CR, Amoozgar Z, Ferreira R, Chen IX, Naxerova K, Ng C, Westermark AM, Duquette M, Roberge S, Lindeman NI, Lyssiotis CA, Nielsen J, Housman DE, Duda DG, Brachtel E, Golub TR, Cantley LC, Asara JM, Davidson SM, Fukumura D, Dartois VA, Clish CB, Jain RK, Vander Heiden MG. FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IS REQUIRED FOR BREAST CANCER BRAIN METASTASIS. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:414-428. [PMID: 34179825 PMCID: PMC8223728 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastases are refractory to therapies that control systemic disease in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+) breast cancer, and the brain microenvironment contributes to this therapy resistance. Nutrient availability can vary across tissues, therefore metabolic adaptations required for brain metastatic breast cancer growth may introduce liabilities that can be exploited for therapy. Here, we assessed how metabolism differs between breast tumors in brain versus extracranial sites and found that fatty acid synthesis is elevated in breast tumors growing in brain. We determine that this phenotype is an adaptation to decreased lipid availability in brain relative to other tissues, resulting in a site-specific dependency on fatty acid synthesis for breast tumors growing at this site. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) reduces HER2+ breast tumor growth in the brain, demonstrating that differences in nutrient availability across metastatic sites can result in targetable metabolic dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino B Ferraro
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alba Luengo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David P Kodack
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy Deik
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keene L Abbott
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Divya Bezwada
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Landry Blanc
- The Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets, CNRS UMR 5248, Bordeaux, France
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- The Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jessica M Posada
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiang Chen
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher R Chin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zohreh Amoozgar
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raphael Ferreira
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivy X Chen
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kamila Naxerova
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Ng
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna M Westermark
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark Duquette
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvie Roberge
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neal I Lindeman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David E Housman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dan G Duda
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Brachtel
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd R Golub
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn M Davidson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Lewis Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Véronique A Dartois
- The Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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Errasti-Murugarren E, Palacín M. Heteromeric Amino Acid Transporters in Brain: from Physiology to Pathology. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:23-36. [PMID: 33606172 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, more than 50 transporters are responsible for the traffic and balance of amino acids within and between cells and tissues, and half of them have been associated with disease [1]. Covering all common amino acids, Heteromeric Amino acid Transporters (HATs) are one class of such transporters. This review first highlights structural and functional studies that solved the atomic structure of HATs and revealed molecular clues on substrate interaction. Moreover, this review focuses on HATs that have a role in the central nervous system (CNS) and that are related to neurological diseases, including: (i) LAT1/CD98hc and its role in the uptake of branched chain amino acids trough the blood brain barrier and autism. (ii) LAT2/CD98hc and its potential role in the transport of glutamine between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. (iii) y+LAT2/CD98hc that is emerging as a key player in hepatic encephalopathy. xCT/CD98hc as a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma, and (iv) Asc-1/CD98hc as a potential therapeutic target in pathologies with alterations in NMDA glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine. Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Manuel Palacín
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine. Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Aydogan Kirmizi D, Baser E, Onat T, Demir Caltekin M, Yalvac ES, Kara M, Gocmen AY. Sexual function and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: Is it associated with inflammation and neuromodulators? Neuropeptides 2020; 84:102099. [PMID: 33120204 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been carried out on depression and sexual dysfunction concomitant with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Increasing evidence has revealed the importance of inflammation in the etiology of PCOS. In addition, it has been known that some neuromodulators affect depression and sexual function. However, their effects on PCOS are not known. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of depression and sexual function with cytokines and neuromodulators in PCOS patients. The present study included 20 fertile and 30 infertile patients diagnosed with PCOS and 30 healthy volunteers. Metabolic and endocrine parameters, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, TNFα, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glutamate, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serum levels, Beck Depression Index (BDI) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) scores of the patients were compared between the groups. TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, glutamate, GABA, and BDI scores were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PCOS group (p < 0.05). Glutamate, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 values were higher whereas GABA and BDNF values were lower in pateints with moderate and severe depression (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant relationships between these parameters and the FSFI scores (p > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted with potential factors that may affect sexual dysfunction. The results indicated that high waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (> 0.80) with an odds ratio of 1.81 in PCOS patients, and body mass index (BMI) with an odds ratio of 2.3 and high WHR (> 0.80) with an odds ratio of 1.97 in all patients were found to be independent risk factors affecting sexual dysfunction. The results of the present study suggested that chronic low-dose inflammation seen in PCOS may interact with some neuromodulators, leading to the development of depression. However, no relationship was found between these parameters and sexual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Aydogan Kirmizi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey.
| | - Emre Baser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Taylan Onat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Melike Demir Caltekin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ethem Serdar Yalvac
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Yesim Gocmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
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14
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Candidate metabolic biomarkers for schizophrenia in CNS and periphery: Do any possible associations exist? Schizophr Res 2020; 226:95-110. [PMID: 30935700 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of analytical techniques and the complicity of schizophrenia, nowadays it is still a challenge to diagnose and stratify schizophrenia patients accurately. Many attempts have been made to identify and validate available biomarkers for schizophrenia from CSF and/or peripheral blood in clinical studies with consideration to disease stages, antipsychotic effects and even gender differences. However, conflicting results handicap the validation and application of biomarkers for schizophrenia. In view of availability and feasibility, peripheral biomarkers have superior advantages over biomarkers in CNS. Meanwhile, schizophrenia is considered to be a devastating neuropsychiatric disease mainly taking place in CNS featured by widespread defects in multiple metabolic pathways whose dynamic interactions, until recently, have been difficult to difficult to investigate. Evidence for these alterations has been collected piecemeal, limiting the potential to inform our understanding of the interactions among relevant biochemical pathways. Taken these points together, it will be interesting to investigate possible associations of biomarkers between CNS and periphery. Numerous studies have suggested putative correlations within peripheral and CNS systems especially for dopaminergic and glutamatergic metabolic biomarkers. In addition, it has been demonstrated that blood concentrations of BDNF protein can also reflect its changes in the nervous system. In turn, BDNF also interacts with glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. Therefore, this review will summarize metabolic biomarkers identified both in the CNS (brain tissues and CSF) and peripheral blood. Further, more attentions will be paid to discussing possible physical and functional associations between CNS and periphery, especially with respect to BDNF.
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15
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Choroid plexus LAT2 and SNAT3 as partners in CSF amino acid homeostasis maintenance. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:17. [PMID: 32046769 PMCID: PMC7014681 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-0178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is mainly produced by the choroid plexus (CP) located in brain ventricles. Although derived from blood plasma, it is nearly protein-free (~ 250-fold less) and contains about 2-20-fold less free amino acids, with the exception of glutamine (Gln) which is nearly equal. The aim of this study was to determine which amino acid transporters are expressed in mouse CP epithelium in order to gain understanding about how this barrier maintains the observed amino acid concentration gradient. METHODS Expression of amino acid transporters was assessed in isolated choroid plexuses (CPs) by qRT-PCR followed by localization studies using immunofluorescence with specific antibodies. The impact of LAT2 (Slc7a8) antiporter deletion on CSF amino acids was determined. RESULTS The purity of isolated choroid plexuses was tested on the mRNA level using specific markers, in particular transthyretin (Ttr) that was enriched 330-fold in CP compared to cerebral tissue. In a first experimental round, 14 out of 32 Slc amino acid transporters tested on the mRNA level by qPCR were selected for further investigation. Out of these, five were considered highly expressed, SNAT1 (Slc38a1), SNAT3 (Slc38a3), LAT2 (Slc7a8), ASC1 (Slc7a10) and SIT1 (Slc6a20b). Three of them were visualized by immunofluorescence: SNAT1 (Slc38a1), a neutral amino acid-Na+ symporter, found at the blood side basolateral membrane of CP epithelium, while SNAT3 (Slc38a3), an amino acid-Na+ symporter and H+ antiporter, as well as LAT2 (Slc7a8), a neutral amino acid antiporter, were localized at the CSF-facing luminal membrane. In a LAT2 knock-out mouse model, CSF Gln was unchanged, whereas other amino acids normally 2-20-fold lower than in plasma, were increased, in particular the LAT2 uptake substrates leucine (Leu), valine (Val) and tryptophan (Trp) and some other amino acids such as glutamate (Glu), glycine (Gly) and proline (Pro). CONCLUSION These results suggest that Gln is actively transported by SNAT1 from the blood into CP epithelial cells and then released luminally into CSF via SNAT3 and LAT2. Its efflux via LAT2 may drive the reuptake from the CSF of essential amino acid substrates of this antiporter and thereby participates to maintaining the amino acid gradient between plasma and CSF.
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16
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Manchia M, Comai S, Pinna M, Pinna F, Fanos V, Denovan-Wright E, Carpiniello B. Biomarkers in aggression. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 93:169-237. [PMID: 31655730 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior exerts an enormous impact on society remaining among the main causes of worldwide premature death. Effective primary interventions, relying on predictive models of aggression that show adequate sensitivity and specificity are currently lacking. One strategy to increase the accuracy and precision of prediction would be to include biological data in the predictive models. Clearly, to be included in such models, biological markers should be reliably associated with the specific trait under study (i.e., diagnostic biomarkers). Aggression, however, is phenotypically highly heterogeneous, an element that has hindered the identification of reliable biomarkers. However, current research is trying to overcome these challenges by focusing on more homogenous aggression subtypes and/or by studying large sample size of aggressive individuals. Further advance is coming by bioinformatics approaches that are allowing the integration of inter-species biological data as well as the development of predictive algorithms able to discriminate subjects on the basis of the propensity toward aggressive behavior. In this review we first present a brief summary of the available evidence on neuroimaging of aggression. We will then treat extensively the data on genetic determinants, including those from hypothesis-free genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies. Transcriptomic and neurochemical biomarkers will then be reviewed, and we will dedicate a section on the role of metabolomics in aggression. Finally, we will discuss how biomarkers can inform the development of new pharmacological tools as well as increase the efficacy of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Stefano Comai
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute University, Milano, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Martina Pinna
- Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Sardinia Health Agency, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Pinna
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Bernardo Carpiniello
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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17
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Variation in Reported Human Head Tissue Electrical Conductivity Values. Brain Topogr 2019; 32:825-858. [PMID: 31054104 PMCID: PMC6708046 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-019-00710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic source characterisation requires accurate volume conductor models representing head geometry and the electrical conductivity field. Head tissue conductivity is often assumed from previous literature, however, despite extensive research, measurements are inconsistent. A meta-analysis of reported human head electrical conductivity values was therefore conducted to determine significant variation and subsequent influential factors. Of 3121 identified publications spanning three databases, 56 papers were included in data extraction. Conductivity values were categorised according to tissue type, and recorded alongside methodology, measurement condition, current frequency, tissue temperature, participant pathology and age. We found variation in electrical conductivity of the whole-skull, the spongiform layer of the skull, isotropic, perpendicularly- and parallelly-oriented white matter (WM) and the brain-to-skull-conductivity ratio (BSCR) could be significantly attributed to a combination of differences in methodology and demographics. This large variation should be acknowledged, and care should be taken when creating volume conductor models, ideally constructing them on an individual basis, rather than assuming them from the literature. When personalised models are unavailable, it is suggested weighted average means from the current meta-analysis are used. Assigning conductivity as: 0.41 S/m for the scalp, 0.02 S/m for the whole skull, or when better modelled as a three-layer skull 0.048 S/m for the spongiform layer, 0.007 S/m for the inner compact and 0.005 S/m for the outer compact, as well as 1.71 S/m for the CSF, 0.47 S/m for the grey matter, 0.22 S/m for WM and 50.4 for the BSCR.
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18
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Hladky SB, Barrand MA. Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:30. [PMID: 30340614 PMCID: PMC6194691 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers efflux of substances from brain parenchyma quantified as values of clearances (CL, stated in µL g-1 min-1). Total clearance of a substance is the sum of clearance values for all available routes including perivascular pathways and the blood-brain barrier. Perivascular efflux contributes to the clearance of all water-soluble substances. Substances leaving via the perivascular routes may enter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or lymph. These routes are also involved in entry to the parenchyma from CSF. However, evidence demonstrating net fluid flow inwards along arteries and then outwards along veins (the glymphatic hypothesis) is still lacking. CLperivascular, that via perivascular routes, has been measured by following the fate of exogenously applied labelled tracer amounts of sucrose, inulin or serum albumin, which are not metabolized or eliminated across the blood-brain barrier. With these substances values of total CL ≅ 1 have been measured. Substances that are eliminated at least partly by other routes, i.e. across the blood-brain barrier, have higher total CL values. Substances crossing the blood-brain barrier may do so by passive, non-specific means with CLblood-brain barrier values ranging from < 0.01 for inulin to > 1000 for water and CO2. CLblood-brain barrier values for many small solutes are predictable from their oil/water partition and molecular weight. Transporters specific for glucose, lactate and many polar substrates facilitate efflux across the blood-brain barrier producing CLblood-brain barrier values > 50. The principal route for movement of Na+ and Cl- ions across the blood-brain barrier is probably paracellular through tight junctions between the brain endothelial cells producing CLblood-brain barrier values ~ 1. There are large fluxes of amino acids into and out of the brain across the blood-brain barrier but only small net fluxes have been observed suggesting substantial reuse of essential amino acids and α-ketoacids within the brain. Amyloid-β efflux, which is measurably faster than efflux of inulin, is primarily across the blood-brain barrier. Amyloid-β also leaves the brain parenchyma via perivascular efflux and this may be important as the route by which amyloid-β reaches arterial walls resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Hladky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD UK
| | - Margery A. Barrand
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD UK
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19
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Electrophysiological evidence for abnormal glutamate-GABA association following psychosis onset. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:211. [PMID: 30297786 PMCID: PMC6175929 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown glutamatergic dysfunction and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Animal studies suggest that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction and GABA-ergic dysfunction interact with each other and lead to alterations in excitatory/inhibitory balance. The NMDAR and GABAergic-interneuron functions may be indexed by mismatch negativity (MMN) and auditory steady-state gamma-band response (ASSR), respectively. However, no previous studies have tested the hypothesis of an abnormal association between MMN and gamma-band ASSR in the same patients to identify the in vivo evidence of NMDAR-GABA association during the early stages of psychosis. Participants were individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia (ROSZ; N = 21), ultra-high risk (UHR; N = 27), and healthy controls (HCs; N = 24). The MMN amplitude was significantly impaired in ROSZ (p = 0.001, d = 1.20) and UHR (p = 0.003, d = 1.01) compared with HCs. The intertrial phase coherence (ITC) index of gamma-band ASSR was significantly reduced in ROSZ compared with HCs (p < 0.001, d = -1.27) and UHR (p = 0.032, d = -0.75). The event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) index of gamma-band ASSR was significantly smaller in ROSZ compared with HCs (p < 0.001, d = -1.21). The MMN amplitude was significantly correlated with the ITC in ROSZ (r = -0.69, p < 0.001). These findings provide the first in vivo evidence that an abnormal association of the electrophysiological indices of NMDAR and GABA dysfunctions may be present in recent-onset schizophrenia.
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20
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Levitt DG, Levitt MD. A model of blood-ammonia homeostasis based on a quantitative analysis of nitrogen metabolism in the multiple organs involved in the production, catabolism, and excretion of ammonia in humans. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2018; 11:193-215. [PMID: 29872332 PMCID: PMC5973424 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s160921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased blood ammonia (NH3) is an important causative factor in hepatic encephalopathy, and clinical treatment of hepatic encephalopathy is focused on lowering NH3. Ammonia is a central element in intraorgan nitrogen (N) transport, and modeling the factors that determine blood-NH3 concentration is complicated by the need to account for a variety of reactions carried out in multiple organs. This review presents a detailed quantitative analysis of the major factors determining blood-NH3 homeostasis – the N metabolism of urea, NH3, and amino acids by the liver, gastrointestinal system, muscle, kidney, and brain – with the ultimate goal of creating a model that allows for prediction of blood-NH3 concentration. Although enormous amounts of NH3 are produced during normal liver amino-acid metabolism, this NH3 is completely captured by the urea cycle and does not contribute to blood NH3. While some systemic NH3 derives from renal and muscle metabolism, the primary site of blood-NH3 production is the gastrointestinal tract, as evidenced by portal vein-NH3 concentrations that are about three times that of systemic blood. Three mechanisms, in order of quantitative importance, release NH3 in the gut: 1) hydrolysis of urea by bacterial urease, 2) bacterial protein deamination, and 3) intestinal mucosal glutamine metabolism. Although the colon is conventionally assumed to be the major site of gut-NH3 production, evidence is reviewed that indicates that the stomach (via Helicobacter pylori metabolism) and small intestine and may be of greater importance. In healthy subjects, most of this gut NH3 is removed by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. Using a quantitative model, loss of this “first-pass metabolism” due to portal collateral circulation can account for the hyperammonemia observed in chronic liver disease, and there is usually no need to implicate hepatocyte malfunction. In contrast, in acute hepatic necrosis, hyperammonemia results from damaged hepatocytes. Although muscle-NH3 uptake is normally negligible, it can become important in severe hyperammonemia. The NH3-lowering actions of intestinal antibiotics (rifaximin) and lactulose are discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on the seeming lack of importance of the frequently emphasized acidifying action of lactulose in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Levitt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota
| | - Michael D Levitt
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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21
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Biasioli S, D'andrea G, Chiaramonte S, Fabris A, Feriani M, Ronco C, Borin D, Brendolan A, La Greca G. The role of Neurotransmitters in the Genesis of Uremic Encephalopathy. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139888400700212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To classify the influence of neurotransmitters in the genesis of uremic encephalopathy we studied cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma (P) amino acid (AA) concentration, in patients undergoing various dialytic treatments (hemodialysis = HD, intermittent and continuous peritoneal dialysis = IPD and CAPD). HD causes a significant decrease in CSF/P ratios of branched chain AA (BCAA) and a significant increase in CSF Glycine/Valine ratio, suggesting an augmented brain uptake of Glycine at detriment of Valine. In IPD the general trend of Aromatic AA/BCAA ratio suggests a preferentilal transport of Aromatic AA through the blood brain barrier. The differences between IPD and HD are confirmed by data concerning metabolites of Serotonin and Dopamine: CSF concentrations of 5-Hydroxyndoleacetic acid and Homovanillic acid are low in HD but high in IPD. So, a reduced (in HD) and an increased (in IPD) activity of monoamine systems could be at the basis of some neurological disturbances appearing in uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. Fabris
- Departimenti di Nefrologia e, Vicenza
| | | | - C. Ronco
- Departimenti di Nefrologia e, Vicenza
| | - D. Borin
- Departimenti di Nefrologia e, Vicenza
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22
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Mullins R, Reiter D, Kapogiannis D. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals abnormalities of glucose metabolism in the Alzheimer's brain. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:262-272. [PMID: 29560372 PMCID: PMC5846391 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Brain glucose hypometabolism is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and in this case-control study we used Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) to assess AD-related differences in the posterior cingulate/precuneal ratio of glucose, lactate, and other metabolites. Methods J-modulated Point-Resolved Spectroscopy (J-PRESS) and Prior-Knowledge Fitting (ProFit) software was used to measure glucose and other metabolites in the posterior cingulate/precuneus of 25 AD, 27 older controls, and 27 younger control participants. Clinical assessments for AD participants included cognitive performance measures, insulin resistance metrics and CSF biomarkers. Results AD participants showed substantially elevated glucose, lactate, and ascorbate levels compared to older (and younger) controls. In addition, the precuneal glucose elevation discriminated well between AD participants and older controls. Myo-inositol correlated with CSF p-Tau181P, total Tau, and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) sum-of-boxes score within the AD group. Interpretation Higher glucose to creatine ratios in the AD brain likely reflect lower glucose utilization. Our findings reveal pronounced metabolic abnormalities in the AD brain and strongly suggest that brain glucose merits further investigation as a candidate AD biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Mullins
- Laboratory of NeurosciencesIntramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMaryland
| | - David Reiter
- Laboratory of Clinical InvestigationNational Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA‐IRP)BaltimoreMaryland
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of NeurosciencesIntramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH)BaltimoreMaryland
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23
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Krivoy A, Hochman E, Sendt KV, Hollander S, Vilner Y, Selakovic M, Weizman A, Taler M. Association between serum levels of glutamate and neurotrophic factors and response to clozapine treatment. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:226-231. [PMID: 28599751 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine is the only available therapy for about 30% of schizophrenia patients otherwise refractory to antipsychotics. Unfortunately, the mechanism of action of the drug is still unknown and there are no biomarkers that can predict a positive response to clozapine. We aimed to examine serum neurotrophins and glutamate levels as putative biomarkers for clozapine response based on the hypothesized mode-of-action of the compound. Blood samples of 89 chronic schizophrenia patients maintained on clozapine were analyzed in a cross-sectional design. Serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neurotrophic growth factor (NGF), glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and glutamate were determined. Differences between responders and non-responders to clozapine and correlation between clinical and biological measures were analyzed. Our sample consisted of 54 (61%) responders and 35 (39%) non-responders. Responders had higher mean BDNF levels than non-responders (2066±814 vs. 1668±820pg/ml, p<0.05. respectively) and higher serum glutamate levels (1.61±2.2 vs. 0.66±0.9pg/ml, respectively, p<0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between serum glutamate levels and positive symptoms among the clozapine-responder group (rho=0.47, p<0.005). High serum levels of BDNF and glutamate were associated with response to clozapine, while glutamate levels correlated with the psychosis severity in clozapine responders only. Large-scale, prospective longitudinal studies are needed to support these findings and the assumption that serum glutamate and BDNF can discriminate between clozapine responders and non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Krivoy
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute Of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Eldar Hochman
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Kyra-Verena Sendt
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute Of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Hollander
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Yael Vilner
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Mirjana Selakovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Sismanoglio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Michal Taler
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
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24
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Madeira C, Alheira FV, Calcia MA, Silva TCS, Tannos FM, Vargas-Lopes C, Fisher M, Goldenstein N, Brasil MA, Vinogradov S, Ferreira ST, Panizzutti R. Blood Levels of Glutamate and Glutamine in Recent Onset and Chronic Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:713. [PMID: 30618883 PMCID: PMC6305751 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence indicates that dysfunctions in glutamatergic neurotransmission and in the glutamate-glutamine cycle play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here, we investigated glutamate and glutamine levels in the blood of patients with recent onset schizophrenia or chronic schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Compared with healthy controls, patients with recent onset schizophrenia showed increased glutamine/glutamate ratio, while patients with chronic schizophrenia showed decreased glutamine/glutamate ratio. Results indicate that circulating glutamate and glutamine levels exhibit a dual behavior in schizophrenia, with an increase of glutamine/glutamate ratio at the onset of schizophrenia followed by a decrease with progression of the disorder. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and consequences of changes in circulating glutamate and glutamine in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Madeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavio V Alheira
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilia A Calcia
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thuany C S Silva
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filippe M Tannos
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charles Vargas-Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melissa Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nelson Goldenstein
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Brasil
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Panizzutti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Nagy AM, Fekete R, Horvath G, Koncsos G, Kriston C, Sebestyen A, Giricz Z, Kornyei Z, Madarasz E, Tretter L. Versatility of microglial bioenergetic machinery under starving conditions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1859:201-214. [PMID: 29273412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are highly dynamic cells in the brain. Their functional diversity and phenotypic versatility brought microglial energy metabolism into the focus of research. Although it is known that microenvironmental cues shape microglial phenotype, their bioenergetic response to local nutrient availability remains unclear. In the present study effects of energy substrates on the oxidative and glycolytic metabolism of primary - and BV-2 microglial cells were investigated. Cellular oxygen consumption, glycolytic activity, the levels of intracellular ATP/ADP, autophagy, mTOR phosphorylation, apoptosis and cell viability were measured in the absence of nutrients or in the presence of physiological energy substrates: glutamine, glucose, lactate, pyruvate or ketone bodies. All of the oxidative energy metabolites increased the rate of basal and maximal respiration. However, the addition of glucose decreased microglial oxidative metabolism and glycolytic activity was enhanced. Increased ATP/ADP ratio and cell viability, activation of the mTOR and reduction of autophagic activity were observed in glutamine-supplemented media. Moreover, moderate and transient oxidation of ketone bodies was highly enhanced by glutamine, suggesting that anaplerosis of the TCA-cycle could stimulate ketone body oxidation. It is concluded that microglia show high metabolic plasticity and utilize a wide range of substrates. Among them glutamine is the most efficient metabolite. To our knowledge these data provide the first account of microglial direct metabolic response to nutrients under short-term starvation and demonstrate that microglia exhibit versatile metabolic machinery. Our finding that microglia have a distinct bioenergetic profile provides a critical foundation for specifying microglial contributions to brain energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Nagy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 1094 Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Fekete
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Szigony st. 43, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergo Horvath
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 1094 Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Koncsos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Nagyvarad square 4, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Kriston
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Ulloi st. 26, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Sebestyen
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Ulloi st. 26, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Nagyvarad square 4, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Kornyei
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Szigony st. 43, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emilia Madarasz
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Szigony st. 43, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Tretter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 1094 Tuzolto st. 37-47, Budapest, Hungary.
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26
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Surbakti KP, Sjahrir H, Juwita-Sembiring R, Mutiara E. Effect of Flunarizine on Serum Glutamate Levels and its Correlation with Headache Intensity in Chronic Tension-Type Headache Patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:757-761. [PMID: 29104684 PMCID: PMC5661713 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some of the excitatory neurotransmitters including glutamate have been suggested to be involved in headache pathophysiology. To our knowledge, there is a lack of publication about flunarizine efficacy in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) treatments and the roles of glutamate in CTTH pathophysiology. AIM This study aimed to investigate the flunarizine effect on serum levels of glutamate and its correlation with headache intensity based on the Numeric Rating Scale for pain (NRS) scores in CTTH patients. METHOD In a prospective randomised, double-blind study with pre and post-test design, seventy-three CTTH patients were randomly allocated with flunarizine 5 mg, flunarizine 10 mg and amitriptyline 12.5 mg groups. The serum levels of glutamate and NRS scores were measured before and after 15-day treatment. RESULTS Flunarizine 5 mg was more effective than flunarizine 10 mg and amitriptyline 12.5 mg in reducing serum glutamate levels, whereas amitriptyline 12.5 mg was the most effective in reducing headache intensity. There was found nonsignificant, but very weak negative correlation between headache intensity and serum glutamate levels after flunarizine 5 mg administration (r = -0.062; P = 0.385), nonsignificant very weak negative correlation after flunarizine 10 mg administration (r = -0.007; P = 0.488) and there was found a significant moderate positive correlation (r = 0.508; P = 0.007) between headache intensity and serum glutamate levels after amitriptyline 12.5 mg administration. CONCLUSION Since there was no significant correlation found between serum glutamate and headache intensity after treatment with flunarizine, it is suggested that decreasing of headache intensity after flunarizine treatment occurred not through glutamate pathways in CTTH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Putra Surbakti
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Hasan Sjahrir
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | | | - Erna Mutiara
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Information, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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27
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Al-Suwailem E, Abdi S, El-Ansary A. Sex differences in the glutamate signaling pathway in juvenile rats. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:459-466. [PMID: 28861894 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Females have been found to be at lower risk for the development of neurodevelopmental disorders than males. The greater neuroprotection in females is mostly due to female sex hormones. Estrogen is hypothesized to provide neuroprotection by suppressing the neuro-excitotoxicity induced by glutamate (Glu). This study was conducted to understand the effect of sex in modulating Glu signaling in juvenile rats. Brain tissue homogenate of 15 Wistar albino rats (9 males, 6 females) weighing 60 to 80 g and aged approximately 28 days was used. Biochemical parameters related to Glu signaling, such as the absolute and relative concentrations of Glu, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamine, as well as glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutaminase (GLN), and glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD-67), were measured by ELISA. The data obtained demonstrated that compared with the levels in males, female rats exhibited significantly lower levels of Glu (p = .001) and GLN/GS (p = .021). The Glu/GABA and Glu/GLT1 ratios as well as the levels of GAD-67 were also lower in female rats, although the difference was not significant. The GLN/GAD-67 ratio (p = .027) and levels of GS (p = .019) were significantly higher in female rats than in males. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the role of GLN/GS, together with the much higher affinity of GLT1 to Glu, in avoiding excitotoxicity in females. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in Glu signaling between female and male rats. The females exhibited a lower susceptibility to develop Glu-induced excitotoxicity, an etiological mechanism for multiple neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etidal Al-Suwailem
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saba Abdi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Nagai T, Kirihara K, Tada M, Koshiyama D, Koike S, Suga M, Araki T, Hashimoto K, Kasai K. Reduced Mismatch Negativity is Associated with Increased Plasma Level of Glutamate in First-episode Psychosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2258. [PMID: 28536477 PMCID: PMC5442101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced amplitude of mismatch negativity (MMN) is one of the more promising biological markers of schizophrenia. This finding holds true in both early and chronic phases of the disorder, and is compatible with the glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis. To further establish MMN as a biomarker of aberrant glutamatergic neurotransmission, an exploration for an association with blood levels of glutamatergic amino acids is an important next step. Despite a large body of work investigating MMN in schizophrenia, no previous studies have undertaken this endeavor. Nineteen patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), 21 ultra-high risk individuals (UHR), and 16 healthy controls (HC) participated in the study. The MMNs in response to duration change (dMMN) and frequency change (fMMN) were measured. The fasting plasma levels of glutamate, glutamine, glycine, D-serine, and L-serine were measured. dMMN amplitudes were significantly reduced in FEP and UHR, compared to HC. The plasma levels of glutamate of FEP were significantly higher than those of HC. Higher plasma levels of glutamate were associated with smaller dMMN amplitudes in the FEP and HC groups. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that MMN is a useful biological marker of aberrant glutamatergic neurotransmission in the early stages of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nagai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawamuro Memorial Hospital 71-Ko, Ohaza, Kitashinpo, Joetsu-shi, Niigata-ken, 943-0109, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kenji Kirihara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mariko Tada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koshiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Office for Counseling and Support, Division for Mental Health Support, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Motomu Suga
- Department of Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Araki
- Department of Youth Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuuoku-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba-ken, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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29
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Bruno D, Nierenberg J, Cooper TB, Marmar CR, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Hashimoto K, Pomara N. The recency ratio is associated with reduced CSF glutamate in late-life depression. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:14-18. [PMID: 28323201 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and is thought to be involved in the process of memory encoding and storage. Glutamate disturbances have also been reported in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD), and in Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, we set out to study the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate levels and memory performance, which we believe has not been reported previously. In particular, we focused on recall performance broken down by serial position. Our prediction was that the recency ratio (Rr), a novel cognitive marker of intellectual impairment, would be linked with CSF glutamate levels. We studied data from a group of cognitively intact elderly individuals, 28 of whom had MDD, while 19 were controls. Study results indicated that Rr levels, but no other memory score, were inversely correlated with CSF glutamate levels, although this was found only in individuals with late-life MDD. For comparison, glutamine or GABA were not correlated with any memory performance measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bruno
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Jay Nierenberg
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Thomas B Cooper
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Medical Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Charles R Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nunzio Pomara
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
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30
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Nishimura Y, Kawakubo Y, Suga M, Hashimoto K, Takei Y, Takei K, Inoue H, Yumoto M, Takizawa R, Kasai K. Familial Influences on Mismatch Negativity and Its Association with Plasma Glutamate Level: A Magnetoencephalographic Study in Twins. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2016; 2:161-172. [PMID: 27867941 DOI: 10.1159/000449426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) or its magnetic counterpart (magnetic mismatch negativity; MMNm) is regarded as a promising biomarker for schizophrenia. Previous electroencephalographic studies of MMN have demonstrated a moderate-to-high heritability for MMN amplitudes. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent glutamatergic neurotransmission is implicated in MMN generation. We hypothesized that the differences between identical twins in MMNm variables might be associated with differences in plasma levels of amino acids involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. Thirty-three pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 10 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins underwent MMNm recording. The MMNm in response to tone duration changes, tone frequency changes, and phonemic changes was recorded using 204-channel magnetoencephalography. Of these, 26 MZ and 7 DZ twin pairs underwent blood sampling for determination of plasma amino acid levels. MMNm peak strength showed relatively high correlations in both MZ and DZ twin pairs. The differences in MMNm latencies tended to correlate with the differences in plasma amino acid levels within MZ pairs, while no significant correlation was observed after the Bonferroni correction. We observed a familial trait in MMNm strength. The differences in MMN latency in MZ twins might be influenced by changes in glutamate levels and glutamate-glutamine cycling; however, the results need to be replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukika Nishimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakubo
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomu Suga
- Department of Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Centre for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takei
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Takei
- Department of Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counselling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yumoto
- Department of Department of Clinical Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryu Takizawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Dolgodilina E, Imobersteg S, Laczko E, Welt T, Verrey F, Makrides V. Brain interstitial fluid glutamine homeostasis is controlled by blood-brain barrier SLC7A5/LAT1 amino acid transporter. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1929-1941. [PMID: 26661195 PMCID: PMC5094305 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15609331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
L-glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant amino acid in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and a precursor for the main central nervous system excitatory (L-glutamate) and inhibitory (γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)) neurotransmitters. Concentrations of Gln and 13 other brain interstitial fluid amino acids were measured in awake, freely moving mice by hippocampal microdialysis using an extrapolation to zero flow rate method. Interstitial fluid levels for all amino acids including Gln were ∼5-10 times lower than in cerebrospinal fluid. Although the large increase in plasma Gln by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 15N2-labeled Gln (hGln) did not increase total interstitial fluid Gln, low levels of hGln were detected in microdialysis samples. Competitive inhibition of system A (SLC38A1&2; SNAT1&2) or system L (SLC7A5&8; LAT1&2) transporters in brain by perfusion with α-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid (MeAIB) or 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) respectively, was tested. The data showed a significantly greater increase in interstitial fluid Gln upon BCH than MeAIB treatment. Furthermore, brain BCH perfusion also strongly increased the influx of hGln into interstitial fluid following IP injection consistent with transstimulation of LAT1-mediated transendothelial transport. Taken together, the data support the independent homeostatic regulation of amino acids in interstitial fluid vs. cerebrospinal fluid and the role of the blood-brain barrier expressed SLC7A5/LAT1 as a key interstitial fluid gatekeeper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dolgodilina
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) and NCCR Kidney. CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Imobersteg
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Endre Laczko
- Functional Genomic Center Zurich (FGCZ), ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Welt
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Francois Verrey
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) and NCCR Kidney. CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Makrides
- Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP) and NCCR Kidney. CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Bongiovanni R, Mchaourab AS, McClellan F, Elsworth J, Double M, Jaskiw GE. Large neutral amino acids levels in primate cerebrospinal fluid do not confirm competitive transport under baseline conditions. Brain Res 2016; 1648:372-379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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33
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Kamada Y, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Takehara T, Fujita Y, Hashimoto K, Miyoshi E. Impact of plasma transaminase levels on the peripheral blood glutamate levels and memory functions in healthy subjects. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:101-7. [PMID: 27051595 PMCID: PMC4802405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background & aims Blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels are the most frequently reliable biomarkers of liver injury. Although AST and ALT play central roles in glutamate production as transaminases, peripheral blood levels of AST and ALT have been regarded only as liver injury biomarkers. Glutamate is a principal excitatory neurotransmitter, which affects memory functions in the brain. In this study, we investigated the impact of blood transaminase levels on blood glutamate concentration and memory. Methods Psychiatrically, medically, and neurologically healthy subjects (n = 514, female/male: 268/246) were enrolled in this study through local advertisements. Plasma amino acids (glutamate, glutamine, glycine, d-serine, and l-serine) were measured using a high performance liquid chromatography system. The five indices, verbal memory, visual memory, general memory, attention/concentration, and delayed recall of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised were used to measure memory functions. Results Both plasma AST and ALT had a significant positive correlation with plasma glutamate levels. Plasma AST and ALT levels were significantly negatively correlated with four of five memory functions, and plasma glutamate was significantly negatively correlated with three of five memory functions. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that plasma AST, ALT, and glutamate levels were significantly correlated with memory functions even after adjustment for gender and education. Conclusions As far as we know, this is the first report which could demonstrate the impact of blood transaminase levels on blood glutamate concentration and memory functions in human. These findings are important for the interpretation of obesity-induced metabolic syndrome with elevated transaminases and cognitive dysfunction. Peripheral blood levels of AST and ALT have been regarded only as liver injury biomarkers. In healthy human subjects, both plasma AST and ALT had significant positive correlations with plasma glutamate levels. Plasma AST, ALT, and glutamate levels were significantly negatively correlated with memory functions in univariate and multivariate analyses. As far as we know, this is the first report which could demonstrate the impact of blood transaminase levels on blood glutamate concentration and memory functions in human.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Alanine aminotransferase
- Aspartate aminotransferase
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- GOT, glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase
- GPT, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
- Gln, glutamine
- Glu, glutamate
- Glutamate
- Gly, glycine
- MSG, monosodium glutamate
- Memory function
- Mets, metabolic syndrome
- NAFL, nonalcoholic fatty liver
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujita
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid From Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100047922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT:Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to examine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients (n = 30) with actively progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Metabolite concentrations obtained from the spectra were compared to those determined from the spectra of CSF from control patients (n = 27) with benign spinal disorders. No significant difference was found between the 2 groups for most constituents, including lactate, glutamine, citrate, creatine and creatinine, and glucose. Acetate levels were significantly higher in MS patients, while formate levels were significantly lower, than the controls. There were no significant differences in metabolite concentrations in CSF from early and longstanding MS patients. A peak due to an unidentified compound was found at 2.82 ppm in the spectra of CSF from patients with actively progressive MS, but not in the spectra of CSF from the controls. The peak was not found in spectra of CSF from patients with AIDS dementia complex (n = 9) or Parkinson's disease (n = 5), but it did appear in spectra of CSF from 1 patient with Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease (out of 3 examined) and from 1 patient (out of 7) with Guillan-Barré disease. The unidentified compound is volatile and, from the chemical shift of the observed NMR peak, is probably an N-methyl compound. As such, it may be an intermediate in the cholino-glycine cycle, in which an abnormality has been proposed to exist in MS patients.
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Li M, Niu F, Zhu X, Wu X, Shen N, Peng X, Liu Y. PRRT2 Mutant Leads to Dysfunction of Glutamate Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9134-51. [PMID: 25915028 PMCID: PMC4463582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC) is an inherited disease of the nervous system. We previously identified PRRT2 as the causative gene of PKC. However, as little is known about the function of PRRT2, elucidating its function will benefit not only PKC studies, but also many other related disorders. Here, we reveal higher levels of glutamate in the plasma of PKC patients and the culture medium of neurons following knock-out Prrt2 expression. Using double immunostaining assays we confirm Prrt2 is located at the glutamatergic neurons in accordance with its function. Our co-immunoprecipitation assays reveal mutant PRRT2 interferes with SNAP25 and GRIA1 interactions, respectively. Furthermore, using live-labeling techniques, we confirmed co-transfection with mutant PRRT2 caused an increase in GRIA1 distribution on the cell surface. Therefore, our results suggest that mutant PRRT2, probably through its weakened interaction with SNAP25, affects glutamate signaling and glutamate receptor activity, resulting in the increase of glutamate release and subsequent neuronal hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Fenghe Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Xilin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Xiaopan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Ning Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
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Dubinsky AN, Dastidar SG, Hsu CL, Zahra R, Djakovic SN, Duarte S, Esau CC, Spencer B, Ashe TD, Fischer KM, MacKenna DA, Sopher BL, Masliah E, Gaasterland T, Chau BN, Pereira de Almeida L, Morrison BE, La Spada AR. Let-7 coordinately suppresses components of the amino acid sensing pathway to repress mTORC1 and induce autophagy. Cell Metab 2014; 20:626-38. [PMID: 25295787 PMCID: PMC4245205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is the major pathway by which macromolecules and organelles are degraded. Autophagy is regulated by the mTOR signaling pathway-the focal point for integration of metabolic information, with mTORC1 playing a central role in balancing biosynthesis and catabolism. Of the various inputs to mTORC1, the amino acid sensing pathway is among the most potent. Based upon transcriptome analysis of neurons subjected to nutrient deprivation, we identified let-7 microRNA as capable of promoting neuronal autophagy. We found that let-7 activates autophagy by coordinately downregulating the amino acid sensing pathway to prevent mTORC1 activation. Let-7 induced autophagy in the brain to eliminate protein aggregates, establishing its physiological relevance for in vivo autophagy modulation. Moreover, peripheral delivery of let-7 anti-miR repressed autophagy in muscle and white fat, suggesting that let-7 autophagy regulation extends beyond CNS. Hence, let-7 plays a central role in nutrient homeostasis and proteostasis regulation in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Dubinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Cynthia L Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rabaab Zahra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stevan N Djakovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sonia Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Christine C Esau
- Regulus Therapeutics, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 210, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Travis D Ashe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kimberlee M Fischer
- Regulus Therapeutics, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 210, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Deidre A MacKenna
- Regulus Therapeutics, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 210, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Bryce L Sopher
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Terry Gaasterland
- Scripps Institute for Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - B Nelson Chau
- Regulus Therapeutics, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 210, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Luis Pereira de Almeida
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bradley E Morrison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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GluN2B and GluN2D NMDARs dominate synaptic responses in the adult spinal cord. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4094. [PMID: 24522697 PMCID: PMC3923208 DOI: 10.1038/srep04094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the postsynaptic ionotropic receptors that receive presynaptically released transmitter is critical not only for transducing and integrating electrical signals but also for coordinating downstream biochemical signaling pathways. At glutamatergic synapses in the adult CNS an overwhelming body of evidence indicates that the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) component of synaptic responses is dominated by NMDARs containing the GluN2A subunit, while NMDARs containing GluN2B, GluN2C, or GluN2D play minor roles in synaptic transmission. Here, we discovered NMDAR-mediated synaptic responses with characteristics not described elsewhere in the adult CNS. We found that GluN2A-containing receptors contribute little to synaptic NMDAR responses while GluN2B dominates at synapses of lamina I neurons in the adult spinal cord. In addition, we provide evidence for a GluN2D-mediated synaptic NMDAR component in adult lamina I neurons. Strikingly, the charge transfer mediated by GluN2D far exceeds that of GluN2A and is comparable to that of GluN2B. Lamina I forms a distinct output pathway from the spinal pain processing network to the pain networks in the brain. The GluN2D-mediated synaptic responses we have discovered in lamina I neurons provide the molecular underpinning for slow, prolonged and feedforward amplification that is a fundamental characteristic of pain.
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Walls AB, Bak LK, Sonnewald U, Schousboe A, Waagepetersen HS. Metabolic Mapping of Astrocytes and Neurons in Culture Using Stable Isotopes and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). BRAIN ENERGY METABOLISM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1059-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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NMDA-receptor coagonists in serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients: A meta-analysis of case–control studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1587-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Aschner M. Manganese toxicity in the central nervous system: the glutamine/glutamate-γ-aminobutyric acid cycle. J Intern Med 2013; 273:466-77. [PMID: 23360507 PMCID: PMC3633698 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that is required for maintaining proper function and regulation of numerous biochemical and cellular reactions. Despite its essentiality, at excessive levels Mn is toxic to the central nervous system (CNS). Increased accumulation of Mn in specific brain regions, such as the substantia nigra, globus pallidus and striatum, triggers neurotoxicity resulting in a neurological brain disorder, termed manganism. Mn has been also implicated in the pathophysiology of several other neurodegenerative diseases. Its toxicity is associated with disruption of the glutamine (Gln)/glutamate (Glu)-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cycle (GGC) between astrocytes and neurons, thus leading to changes in Glu-ergic and/or GABAergic transmission and Gln metabolism. Here we discuss the common mechanisms underlying Mn-induced neurotoxicity and their relationship to CNS pathology and GGC impairment.
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Shimmura C, Suda S, Tsuchiya KJ, Hashimoto K, Ohno K, Matsuzaki H, Iwata K, Matsumoto K, Wakuda T, Kameno Y, Suzuki K, Tsujii M, Nakamura K, Takei N, Mori N. Alteration of plasma glutamate and glutamine levels in children with high-functioning autism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25340. [PMID: 21998651 PMCID: PMC3187770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has recently been hypothesized that hyperglutamatergia in the brain is involved in the pathophysiology of autism. However, there is no conclusive evidence of the validity of this hypothesis. As peripheral glutamate/glutamine levels have been reported to be correlated with those of the central nervous system, the authors examined whether the levels of 25 amino acids, including glutamate and glutamine, in the platelet-poor plasma of drug-naïve, male children with high-functioning autism (HFA) would be altered compared with those of normal controls. Methodology/Principal Findings Plasma levels of 25 amino acids in male children (N = 23) with HFA and normally developed healthy male controls (N = 22) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Multiple testing was allowed for in the analyses. Compared with the normal control group, the HFA group had higher levels of plasma glutamate and lower levels of plasma glutamine. No significant group difference was found in the remaining 23 amino acids. The effect size (Cohen's d) for glutamate and glutamine was large: 1.13 and 1.36, respectively. Using discriminant analysis with logistic regression, the two values of plasma glutamate and glutamine were shown to well-differentiate the HFA group from the control group; the rate of correct classification was 91%. Conclusions/Significance The present study suggests that plasma glutamate and glutamine levels can serve as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of autism, especially normal IQ autism. These findings indicate that glutamatergic abnormalities in the brain may be associated with the pathobiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Shimmura
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shiro Suda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenji J. Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Center of Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Wakuda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kameno
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tsujii
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Faculty of Sociology, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Nori Takei
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Nakazato M, Hashimoto K, Schmidt U, Tchanturia K, Campbell IC, Collier DA, Iyo M, Treasure J. Serum glutamine, set-shifting ability and anorexia nervosa. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2010; 9:29. [PMID: 20576166 PMCID: PMC2902473 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Set-shifting is impaired in people with anorexia nervosa (AN), but the underlying physiological and biochemical processes are unclear. Animal studies have established that glutamatergic pathways in the prefrontal cortex play an important role in set-shifting ability. However, it is not yet understood whether levels of serum glutamatergic amino acids are associated with set-shifting performance in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether serum concentrations of amino acids related to glutamatergic neurotransmission (glutamine, glutamate, glycine, l-serine, d-serine) are associated with set-shifting ability in people with acute AN and those after recovery. METHODS Serum concentrations of glutamatergic amino acids were measured in 27 women with current AN (AN group), 18 women recovered from AN (ANRec group) and 28 age-matched healthy controls (HC group). Set-shifting was measured using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Trail Making Task (TMT). Dimensional measures of psychopathology were used, including the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ), the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS Serum glutamine concentrations in the AN group (1,310.2 +/- 265.6 muM, mean +/- SD) were significantly higher (by approximately 20%) than those in the HC group (1,102.9 +/- 152.7 muM, mean +/- SD) (F(2, 70) = 6.3, P = 0.003, 95% CI 61.2 to 353.4). Concentrations of serum glutamine were positively associated with markers of the illness severity: a negative correlation was present between serum glutamine concentrations and body mass index (BMI) and lowest BMI and a positive correlation was found between duration of illness and EDEQ. The AN group showed significantly impaired set shifting in the WCST, both total errors, and perseverative errors. In the AN group, there were no correlations between serum glutamine concentrations and set shifting. CONCLUSIONS Serum concentrations of glutamine may be a biomarker of illness severity in people with AN. It does not appear to be directly associated with changes in executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Nakazato
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
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Brown MN, Mathews GC. Activity- and age-dependent modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission by system A-mediated glutamine uptake. J Neurochem 2010; 114:909-20. [PMID: 20492358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic neurotransmission adapts to maintain normal brain function in a wide range of activity states through multiple mechanisms; pre-synaptic control of quantal size has only recently gained recognition as one of those mechanisms. GABA synthesis from glutamate is coupled with vesicular packaging, and therefore the supply of glutamate can affect inhibitory synaptic strength. Because System A transporters supply glutamine to neurons, where it is converted to glutamate, we hypothesized that regulation of the activity of these transporters could alter glutamine uptake and provide a mechanism to link supply to demand for neurotransmitter GABA. In immature and mature rat hippocampus, after a period of hyperexcitability, we observed a System A-dependent enhancement of inhibitory synaptic strength along with an increase in System A activity in synaptosomes under the same conditions. Under resting conditions, System A's contribution of glutamine to synaptic GABA diminished with age, correlating with reduced SNAT1/SAT1 expression and, even more so, with its activity on synaptic membranes. We conclude that System A activity is highly regulated, by depolarization and developmental cues, to dynamically modulate GABAergic transmission. Our evidence suggests that SNAT1/SAT1 is the transporter that plays a critical role in dynamically modulating inhibition in response to metabolic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly N Brown
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8552, USA
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Lam CKL, Chari M, Su BB, Cheung GWC, Kokorovic A, Yang CS, Wang PYT, Lai TYY, Lam TKT. Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the dorsal vagal complex lowers glucose production. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21913-21. [PMID: 20448042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.087338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due partly to increased hepatic glucose production. The hypothalamus regulates hepatic glucose production in rodents. However, it is currently unknown whether other regions of the brain are sufficient in glucose production regulation. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is composed of NR1 and NR2 subunits, which are activated by co-agonist glycine and glutamate or aspartate, respectively. Here we report that direct administration of either co-agonist glycine or NMDA into the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), targeting the nucleus of the solitary tract, lowered glucose production in vivo. Direct infusion of the NMDA receptor blocker MK-801 into the DVC negated the metabolic effect of glycine. To evaluate whether NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor mediates the effect of glycine, NR1 in the DVC was inhibited by DVC NR1 antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid or DVC shRNA-NR1. Pharmacological and molecular inhibition of DVC NR1 negated the metabolic effect of glycine. To evaluate whether the NMDA receptors mediate the effects of NR2 agonist NMDA, DVC NMDA receptors were inhibited by antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV). DVC D-APV fully negated the ability of DVC NMDA to lower glucose production. Finally, hepatic vagotomy negated the DVC glycine ability to lower glucose production. These findings demonstrate that activation of NR1 and NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptors in the DVC is sufficient to trigger a brain-liver axis to lower glucose production, and suggest that DVC NMDA receptors serve as a therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol K L Lam
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
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Li Y, Krupa B, Kang JS, Bolshakov VY, Liu G. Glycine site of NMDA receptor serves as a spatiotemporal detector of synaptic activity patterns. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:578-89. [PMID: 19439669 DOI: 10.1152/jn.91342.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium influx associated with the opening of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels is the major signal triggering synaptic and developmental plasticity. Controlling the NMDA receptor function is therefore critical for many functions of the brain. We explored the mechanisms of synaptic activation of the NMDAR glycine site by endogenous coagonist using whole cell voltage-clamp recordings from hippocampal neurons in mixed cultures, containing both neurons and glial cells, and, under more physiological conditions, in hippocampal slices. Here we show that the glycine site of the NMDA receptor at hippocampal synapses, both in culture and acute brain slices, is not saturated by the ambient coagonist concentration and is modulated through activity-dependent coagonist release. Augmentation of the NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses by local glutamate-induced coagonist release is spatially restricted and determined by spatiotemporal summation of synaptic events at neighboring synaptic inputs on a single dendritic branch. Therefore different spatiotemporal patterns of presynaptic activity could be translated into different levels of the NMDAR activation in specific afferent projections. These results suggest that the NMDA receptor glycine site may serve as a detector of the spatiotemporal characteristics of presynaptic activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Grewal S, Defamie N, Zhang X, De Gois S, Shawki A, Mackenzie B, Chen C, Varoqui H, Erickson JD. SNAT2 amino acid transporter is regulated by amino acids of the SLC6 gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter subfamily in neocortical neurons and may play no role in delivering glutamine for glutamatergic transmission. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11224-36. [PMID: 19240036 PMCID: PMC2670127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806470200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
System A transporters SNAT1 and SNAT2 mediate uptake of neutral alpha-amino acids (e.g. glutamine, alanine, and proline) and are expressed in central neurons. We tested the hypothesis that SNAT2 is required to support neurotransmitter glutamate synthesis by examining spontaneous excitatory activity after inducing or repressing SNAT2 expression for prolonged periods. We stimulated de novo synthesis of SNAT2 mRNA and increased SNAT2 mRNA stability and total SNAT2 protein and functional activity, whereas SNAT1 expression was unaffected. Increased endogenous SNAT2 expression did not affect spontaneous excitatory action-potential frequency over control. Long term glutamine exposure strongly repressed SNAT2 expression but increased excitatory action-potential frequency. Quantal size was not altered following SNAT2 induction or repression. These results suggest that spontaneous glutamatergic transmission in pyramidal neurons does not rely on SNAT2. To our surprise, repression of SNAT2 activity was not limited to System A substrates. Taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and beta-alanine (substrates of the SLC6 gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter family) repressed SNAT2 expression more potently (10x) than did System A substrates; however, the responses to System A substrates were more rapid. Since ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein are known to bind to an amino acid response element within the SNAT2 promoter and mediate induction of SNAT2 in peripheral cell lines, we tested whether either factor was similarly induced by amino acid deprivation in neurons. We found that glutamine and taurine repressed the induction of both transcription factors. Our data revealed that SNAT2 expression is constitutively low in neurons under physiological conditions but potently induced, together with the taurine transporter TauT, in response to depletion of neutral amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhjeevan Grewal
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Zaia KA, Reimer RJ. Synaptic Vesicle Protein NTT4/XT1 (SLC6A17) Catalyzes Na+-coupled Neutral Amino Acid Transport. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:8439-48. [PMID: 19147495 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806407200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLC6 family of structurally related, Na(+)-dependent transporter proteins is responsible for presynaptic reuptake of the majority of neurotransmitters. Within this family are a number of orphan transporters, including NTT4/XT1 (SLC6A17), a protein first identified over 15 years ago. NTT4/XT1 is expressed exclusively in the nervous system and specifically on synaptic vesicles in glutamatergic and some GABAergic neurons. Despite extensive efforts by a number of groups, no substrate has been reported for NTT4/XT1. Here we use a combination of molecular manipulations to increase expression of the NTT4/XT1 protein at the plasma membrane and to directly demonstrate that it catalyzes neutral amino acid transport. The substrate profile of the NTT4/XT1-dependent activity is similar to that of the closely related B(0)AT2/SBAT1 (SLC6A15), including a submillimolar apparent affinity for proline and leucine and a low millimolar apparent affinity for glutamine. The transport activity is Na(+)-dependent and Cl(-)-independent and is inhibited by low pH as is SLC6A15, suggesting redundant roles for these proteins. This characterization of NTT4/XT1 offers important insights into neurotransmitter metabolism as well as the mechanistic differences among the structurally related, but functionally divergent, SLC6 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Zaia
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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De Luca V, Viggiano E, Messina G, Viggiano A, Borlido C, Viggiano A, Monda M. Peripheral amino Acid levels in schizophrenia and antipsychotic treatment. Psychiatry Investig 2008; 5:203-8. [PMID: 20046338 PMCID: PMC2796006 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2008.5.4.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal levels of amino acids have been reported in patients with schizophrenia and have also been investigated as a biomarker to monitor antipsychotic treatment, however results have been inconsistent. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the evidence in the literature of whether amino acid levels can be a biomarker and predict the treatment outcome in schizophrenia. The current review does not support amino acid concentration as a useful biomarker for monitoring antipsychotic response in patients with schizophrenia, although there is evidence that high levels of serum homocysteine and glutamate might be considered as a trait marker for schizophrenia. This review has also highlighted a considerable dearth of studies, specifically of studies evaluating antipsychotic side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Section of Human Physiology 'Filippo Bottazzi', Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Viggiano
- Section of Human Physiology 'Filippo Bottazzi', Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Section of Human Physiology 'Filippo Bottazzi', Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Viggiano
- Section of Human Physiology 'Filippo Bottazzi', Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carol Borlido
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Study of Institutions and Territorial Systems, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Section of Human Physiology 'Filippo Bottazzi', Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Samuelsson M, Dahl ML, Gupta RC, Nordin C. Taurine in plasma and CSF: a study in healthy male volunteers. Amino Acids 2008; 36:529-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED, Crowley JM, Toennies B, Creer M. Neurometabolic effects of ACTH on free amino compounds in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Neuropediatrics 2008; 39:164-71. [PMID: 18991196 PMCID: PMC3760408 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1085466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the possible role of central free amino compounds in pediatric opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS), 21 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amino compounds were measured by an amino acid analyzer or mass spectroscopy in 74 anesthetized children, 54 with OMS and 20 age-matched neurological controls. In OMS, only phosphoethanolamine was increased compared to controls; OMS severity and duration had significant converse effects on alanine and phosphoethanolamine. In contrast, corticotropin (ACTH) treatment was associated with increased alanine and phenylalanine, and decreased taurine compared to controls and untreated OMS, and increased glutamine, lysine, ornithine, and tyrosine compared to untreated OMS. Other than low taurine, these effects were not found with corticosteroid treatment, and non-steroidogenic immunotherapy had no effect. The ACTH dose-association was most apparent for alanine and phosphoethanolamine, but lysine and ornithine were also higher in the high-dose ACTH group. There were no significant disease- or treatment-associated perturbations in GABA, glycine, or other amino acids. These data suggest a unique pattern of ACTH effects on non-neurotransmitter CSF amino compounds, for the most part not shared by steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pranzatelli
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA.
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