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Shigetomi E, Suzuki H, Hirayama YJ, Sano F, Nagai Y, Yoshihara K, Koga K, Tateoka T, Yoshioka H, Shinozaki Y, Kinouchi H, Tanaka KF, Bito H, Tsuda M, Koizumi S. Disease-relevant upregulation of P2Y 1 receptor in astrocytes enhances neuronal excitability via IGFBP2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6525. [PMID: 39117630 PMCID: PMC11310333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases; however, their functional phenotype and the downstream molecules by which they modify disease pathogenesis remain unclear. Here, we genetically increase P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) expression, which is upregulated in reactive astrocytes in several neurological diseases, in astrocytes of male mice to explore its function and the downstream molecule. This astrocyte-specific P2Y1R overexpression causes neuronal hyperexcitability by increasing both astrocytic and neuronal Ca2+ signals. We identify insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) as a downstream molecule of P2Y1R in astrocytes; IGFBP2 acts as an excitatory signal to cause neuronal excitation. In neurological disease models of epilepsy and stroke, reactive astrocytes upregulate P2Y1R and increase IGFBP2. The present findings identify a mechanism underlying astrocyte-driven neuronal hyperexcitability, which is likely to be shared by several neurological disorders, providing insights that might be relevant for intervention in diverse neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
- Yamanashi GLIA center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Suzuki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yukiho J Hirayama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Sano
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagai
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kohei Yoshihara
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Koga
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Tateoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshioka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Youichi Shinozaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kinouchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
- Yamanashi GLIA center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
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2
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Seiler S, Rudolf F, Gomes FR, Pavlovic A, Nebel J, Seidenbecher CI, Foo LC. Astrocyte-derived factors regulate CNS myelination. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39092473 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The role that astrocytes play in central nervous system (CNS) myelination is poorly understood. We investigated the contribution of astrocyte-derived factors to myelination and revealed a substantial overlap in the secretomes of human and rat astrocytes. Using in vitro myelinating co-cultures of primary retinal ganglion cells and cortical oligodendrocyte precursor cells, we discovered that factors secreted by resting astrocytes, but not reactive astrocytes, facilitated myelination. Soluble brevican emerged as a new enhancer of developmental myelination in vivo, CNS and its absence was linked to remyelination deficits following an immune-mediated damage in an EAE mouse model. The observed reduction of brevican expression in reactive astrocytes and human MS lesions suggested a potential link to the compromised remyelination characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Our findings suggested brevican's role in myelination may be mediated through interactions with binding partners such as contactin-1 and tenascin-R. Proteomic analysis of resting versus reactive astrocytes highlighted a shift in protein expression profiles, pinpointing candidates that either facilitate or impede CNS repair, suggesting that depending on their reactivity state, astrocytes play a dual role during myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Seiler
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Rudolf
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filipa Ramilo Gomes
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anto Pavlovic
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana Nebel
- Department Neurochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Department Neurochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lynette C Foo
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pRED, Neuroscience, Discovery & Translational Area (NRD), Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Jay TR, Kang Y, Ouellet-Massicotte V, Micael MKB, Kacouros-Perkins VL, Chen J, Sheehan A, Freeman MR. Developmental and age-related synapse elimination is mediated by glial Croquemort. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600214. [PMID: 39026803 PMCID: PMC11257470 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Neurons and glia work together to dynamically regulate neural circuit assembly and maintenance. In this study, we show Drosophila exhibit large-scale synapse formation and elimination as part of normal CNS circuit maturation, and that glia use conserved molecules to regulate these processes. Using a high throughput ELISA-based in vivo screening assay, we identify new glial genes that regulate synapse numbers in Drosophila in vivo, including the scavenger receptor ortholog Croquemort (Crq). Crq acts as an essential regulator of glial-dependent synapse elimination during development, with glial Crq loss leading to excess CNS synapses and progressive seizure susceptibility in adults. Loss of Crq in glia also prevents age-related synaptic loss in the adult brain. This work provides new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie synapse development and maintenance across the lifespan, and identifies glial Crq as a key regulator of these processes.
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Bekas N, Samiotaki M, Papathanasiou M, Mokos P, Pseftogas A, Xanthopoulos K, Thanos D, Mosialos G, Dafou D. Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor CYLD Inhibits Fibroblast Reprogramming to Pluripotency. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4997. [PMID: 37894364 PMCID: PMC10605754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CYLD is a tumor suppressor gene coding for a deubiquitinating enzyme that has a critical regulatory function in a variety of signaling pathways and biological processes involved in cancer development and progression, many of which are also key modulators of somatic cell reprogramming. Nevertheless, the potential role of CYLD in this process has not been studied. With the dual aim of investigating the involvement of CYLD in reprogramming and developing a better understanding of the intricate regulatory system governing this process, we reprogrammed control (CYLDWT/WT) and CYLD DUB-deficient (CYLDΔ9/Δ9) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through ectopic overexpression of the Yamanaka factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-myc). CYLD DUB deficiency led to significantly reduced reprogramming efficiency and slower early reprogramming kinetics. The introduction of WT CYLD to CYLDΔ9/Δ9 MEFs rescued the phenotype. Nevertheless, CYLD DUB-deficient cells were capable of establishing induced pluripotent colonies with full spontaneous differentiation potential of the three germ layers. Whole proteome analysis (Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD044220) revealed that the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) during the early reprogramming stages was disrupted in CYLDΔ9/Δ9 MEFs. Interestingly, differentially enriched pathways revealed that the primary processes affected by CYLD DUB deficiency were associated with the organization of the extracellular matrix and several metabolic pathways. Our findings not only establish for the first time CYLD's significance as a regulatory component of early reprogramming but also highlight its role as an extracellular matrix regulator, which has profound implications in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Bekas
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.B.); (P.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Greece;
| | - Maria Papathanasiou
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (D.T.)
| | - Panagiotis Mokos
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.B.); (P.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Athanasios Pseftogas
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Konstantinos Xanthopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitris Thanos
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (D.T.)
| | - George Mosialos
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.B.); (P.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Dimitra Dafou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.B.); (P.M.); (G.M.)
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Roqué PJ, Barria A, Zhang X, Hashimoto JG, Costa LG, Guizzetti M. Synaptogenesis by Cholinergic Stimulation of Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3212-3227. [PMID: 37402036 PMCID: PMC10493036 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes release numerous factors known to contribute to the process of synaptogenesis, yet knowledge about the signals that control their release is limited. We hypothesized that neuron-derived signals stimulate astrocytes, which respond to neurons through the modulation of astrocyte-released synaptogenic factors. Here we investigate the effect of cholinergic stimulation of astrocytes on synaptogenesis in co-cultured neurons. Using a culture system where primary rat astrocytes and primary rat neurons are first grown separately allowed us to independently manipulate astrocyte cholinergic signaling. Subsequent co-culture of pre-stimulated astrocytes with naïve neurons enabled us to assess how prior stimulation of astrocyte acetylcholine receptors uniquely modulates neuronal synapse formation. Pre-treatment of astrocytes with the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol increased the expression of synaptic proteins, the number of pre- and postsynaptic puncta, and the number of functional synapses in hippocampal neurons after 24 h in co-culture. Astrocyte secretion of the synaptogenic protein thrombospondin-1 increased after cholinergic stimulation and inhibition of the receptor for thrombospondins prevented the increase in neuronal synaptic structures. Thus, we identified a novel mechanism of neuron-astrocyte-neuron communication, where neuronal release of acetylcholine stimulates astrocytes to release synaptogenic proteins leading to increased synaptogenesis in neurons. This study provides new insights into the role of neurotransmitter receptors in developing astrocytes and into our understanding of the modulation of astrocyte-induced synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Roqué
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrés Barria
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joel G Hashimoto
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Guizzetti
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
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Mukherjee S, Tarale P, Sarkar DK. Neuroimmune Interactions in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Potential Therapeutic Targets and Intervention Strategies. Cells 2023; 12:2323. [PMID: 37759545 PMCID: PMC10528917 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a set of abnormalities caused by prenatal exposure to ethanol and are characterized by developmental defects in the brain that lead to various overt and non-overt physiological abnormalities. Growing evidence suggests that in utero alcohol exposure induces functional and structural abnormalities in gliogenesis and neuron-glia interactions, suggesting a possible role of glial cell pathologies in the development of FASD. However, the molecular mechanisms of neuron-glia interactions that lead to the development of FASD are not clearly understood. In this review, we discuss glial cell pathologies with a particular emphasis on microglia, primary resident immune cells in the brain. Additionally, we examine the involvement of several neuroimmune molecules released by glial cells, their signaling pathways, and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for FASD-related alteration in brain functions. Growing evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the communication between cells via transporting bioactive cargo from one cell to the other. This review emphasizes the role of EVs in the context of neuron-glia interactions during prenatal alcohol exposure. Finally, some potential applications involving nutritional, pharmacological, cell-based, and exosome-based therapies in the treatment of FASD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mukherjee
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1573, USA; (S.M.); (P.T.)
- Hormone Laboratory Research Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Prashant Tarale
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1573, USA; (S.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Dipak K. Sarkar
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1573, USA; (S.M.); (P.T.)
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7
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Sharlow ER, Llaneza DC, Grever WE, Mingledorff GA, Mendelson AJ, Bloom GS, Lazo JS. High content screening miniaturization and single cell imaging of mature human feeder layer-free iPSC-derived neurons. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 28:275-283. [PMID: 36273809 PMCID: PMC10119332 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons are being increasingly used for high content imaging and screening. However, iPSC-derived neuronal differentiation and maturation is time-intensive, often requiring >8 weeks. Unfortunately, the differentiating and maturing iPSC-derived neuronal cultures also tend to migrate and coalesce into ganglion-like clusters making single-cell analysis challenging, especially in miniaturized formats. Using our defined extracellular matrix and low oxygen culturing conditions for the differentiation and maturation of human cortical neurons, we further modified neuronal progenitor cell seeding densities and feeder layer-free culturing conditions in miniaturized formats (i.e., 96 well) to decrease neuronal clustering, enhance single-cell identification and reduce edge effects usually observed after extended neuronal cell culture. Subsequent algorithm development refined capabilities to distinguish and identify single mature neurons, as identified by NeuN expression, from large cellular aggregates, which were excluded from image analysis. Incorporation of astrocyte conditioned medium during differentiation and maturation periods significantly increased the percentage (i.e., ∼10% to ∼30%) of mature neurons (i.e., NeuN+) detected at 4-weeks post-differentiation. Pilot, proof of concept studies using this optimized assay system yielded negligible edge effects and robust Z-factors in population-based as well as image-based neurotoxicity assay formats. Moreover, moxidectin, an FDA-approved drug with documented neurotoxic adverse effects, was identified as a hit using both screening formats. This miniaturized, feeder layer-free format and image analysis algorithm provides a foundational imaging and screening platform, which enables quantitative single-cell analysis of differentiated human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Sharlow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA.
| | - Danielle C Llaneza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | | | - Garnett A Mingledorff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | - Anna J Mendelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | - George S Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 420 Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville VA 22904, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, 420 Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville VA 22904, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, 420 Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville VA 22904, USA
| | - John S Lazo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
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8
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Matafora V, Gorb A, Yang F, Noble W, Bachi A, Perez‐Nievas BG, Jimenez‐Sanchez M. Proteomics of the astrocyte secretome reveals changes in their response to soluble oligomeric Aβ. J Neurochem 2023; 166:346-366. [PMID: 37303123 PMCID: PMC10952722 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes associate with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astrocytes react to changes in the brain environment, including increasing concentrations of amyloid-β (Aβ). However, the precise response of astrocytes to soluble small Aβ oligomers at concentrations similar to those present in the human brain has not been addressed. In this study, we exposed astrocytes to media from neurons that express the human amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgene with the double Swedish mutation (APPSwe), and which contains APP-derived fragments, including soluble human Aβ oligomers. We then used proteomics to investigate changes in the astrocyte secretome. Our data show dysregulated secretion of astrocytic proteins involved in the extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal organization and increase secretion of proteins involved in oxidative stress responses and those with chaperone activity. Several of these proteins have been identified in previous transcriptomic and proteomic studies using brain tissue from human AD and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Our work highlights the relevance of studying astrocyte secretion to understand the brain response to AD pathology and the potential use of these proteins as biomarkers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alena Gorb
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Fangjia Yang
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM ETS‐ The AIRC Institute of Molecular OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Beatriz Gomez Perez‐Nievas
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Maria Jimenez‐Sanchez
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
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9
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Peppercorn K, Kleffmann T, Hughes SM, Tate WP. Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein Alpha (sAPPα) Regulates the Cellular Proteome and Secretome of Mouse Primary Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087165. [PMID: 37108327 PMCID: PMC10138557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPα), processed from a parent mammalian brain protein, amyloid precursor protein, can modulate learning and memory. Recently it has been shown to modulate the transcriptome and proteome of human neurons, including proteins with neurological functions. Here, we analysed whether the acute administration of sAPPα facilitated changes in the proteome and secretome of mouse primary astrocytes in culture. Astrocytes contribute to the neuronal processes of neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Cortical mouse astrocytes in culture were exposed to 1 nM sAPPα, and changes in both the whole-cell proteome (2 h) and the secretome (6 h) were identified with Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Spectra-Mass Spectrometry (SWATH-MS). Differentially regulated proteins were identified in both the cellular proteome and secretome that are involved with neurologically related functions of the normal physiology of the brain and central nervous system. Groups of proteins have a relationship to APP and have roles in the modulation of cell morphology, vesicle dynamics and the myelin sheath. Some are related to pathways containing proteins whose genes have been previously implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The secretome is also enriched in proteins related to Insulin Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) signaling and the extracellular matrix (ECM). There is the promise that a more specific investigation of these proteins will help to understand the mechanisms of how sAPPα signaling affects memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Peppercorn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Torsten Kleffmann
- Research Infrastructure Centre, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Warren P Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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10
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Prabhakar P, Pielot R, Landgraf P, Wissing J, Bayrhammer A, van Ham M, Gundelfinger ED, Jänsch L, Dieterich DC, Müller A. Monitoring regional astrocyte diversity by cell type-specific proteomic labeling in vivo. Glia 2023; 71:682-703. [PMID: 36401581 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes exhibit regional heterogeneity in morphology, function and molecular composition to support and modulate neuronal function and signaling in a region-specific manner. To characterize regional heterogeneity of astrocytic proteomes of different brain regions we established an inducible Aldh1l1-methionyl-tRNA-synthetaseL274G (MetRSL274G ) mouse line that allows astrocyte-specific metabolic labeling of newly synthesized proteins by azidonorleucine (ANL) in vivo and subsequent isolation of tagged proteins by click chemistry. We analyzed astrocytic proteins from four different brain regions by mass spectrometry. The induced expression of MetRSL274G is restricted to astrocytes and identified proteins show a high overlap with proteins compiled in "AstroProt," a newly established database for astrocytic proteins. Gene enrichment analysis reveals a high similarity among brain regions with subtle differences in enriched biological processes and in abundances of key astrocytic proteins for hippocampus, cortex and striatum. However, the cerebellar proteome stands out with proteins being highly associated with the calcium signaling pathway or with bipolar disorder. Subregional analysis of single astrocyte TAMRA intensities in hippocampal layers indicates distinct subregional heterogeneity of astrocytes and highlights the applicability of our toolbox to study differences of astrocytic proteomes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Prabhakar
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pielot
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Landgraf
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Josef Wissing
- Cellular Proteome Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anne Bayrhammer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marco van Ham
- Cellular Proteome Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, RG Neuroplasticity, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Cellular Proteome Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniela C Dieterich
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anke Müller
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
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11
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Roqué PJ, Barria A, Zhang X, Costa LG, Guizzetti M. Synaptogenesis by Cholinergic Stimulation of Astrocytes. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2566078. [PMID: 36824819 PMCID: PMC9949182 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2566078/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes release numerous factors known to contribute to the process of synaptogenesis, yet knowledge about the signals that control their release is limited. We hypothesized that neuron-derived signals stimulate astrocytes, which respond by signaling back to neurons through the modulation of astrocyte-released synaptogenic factors. Here we investigate the effect of cholinergic stimulation of astrocytes on synaptogenesis in co-cultured neurons. Using a culture system where primary rat astrocytes and primary rat neurons are first grown separately allowed us to independently manipulate astrocyte cholinergic signaling. Subsequent co-culture of pre-stimulated astrocytes with naïve neurons enabled us to assess how prior stimulation of astrocyte acetylcholine receptors uniquely modulates neuronal synapse formation. Pre-treatment of astrocytes with the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol increased the expression of synaptic proteins, the number of pre- and postsynaptic puncta, and the number of functional synapses in hippocampal neurons after 24 hours in co-culture. Astrocyte secretion of the synaptogenic protein thrombospondin-1 increased after cholinergic stimulation and the inhibition of the target receptor for thrombospondins prevented the observed increase in neuronal synaptic structures. Thus, we identified a novel mechanism of neuron-astrocyte-neuron communication, i.e. , neuronal release of acetylcholine stimulates astrocytes to release synaptogenic proteins leading to increased synaptogenesis in neurons. This study provides new insights into the role of neurotransmitter receptors in developing astrocytes and into our understanding of the modulation of astrocyte-induced synaptogenesis.
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12
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Ng W, Ng SY. Remodeling of astrocyte secretome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: uncovering novel targets to combat astrocyte-mediated toxicity. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:54. [PMID: 36567359 PMCID: PMC9791755 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset paralytic disease characterized by progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. Motor neuron degeneration is typically caused by a combination of intrinsic neuronal (cell autonomous) defects as well as extrinsic (non-cell autonomous) factors such as astrocyte-mediated toxicity. Astrocytes are highly plastic cells that react to their microenvironment to mediate relevant responses. In neurodegeneration, astrocytes often turn reactive and in turn secrete a slew of factors to exert pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic effects. Various efforts have been carried out to characterize the diseased astrocyte secretome over the years, revealing that pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines and microRNAs are the main players in mediating neuronal death. As metabolomic technologies mature, these studies begin to shed light on neurotoxic metabolites such as secreted lipids. In this focused review, we will discuss changes in the astrocyte secretome during ALS. In particular, we will discuss the components of the reactive astrocyte secretome that contribute to neuronal death in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winanto Ng
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore, 138673 Singapore
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13
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Goeke CM, Zhang X, Hashimoto JG, Guizzetti M. Astrocyte tissue plasminogen activator expression during brain development and its role in pyramidal neuron neurite outgrowth. Neurosci Lett 2022; 769:136422. [PMID: 34968722 PMCID: PMC8818278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The serine protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), encoded by the gene Plat, exerts a wide range of proteolysis-dependent and proteolysis-independent functions. In the developing brain, tPA is involved in neuronal development via the modulation of the proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Both lack of and excessive tPA are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and with brain pathology. Astrocytes play a major role in neurite outgrowth of developing neurons as they are major producers of ECM proteins and ECM proteases. In this study we investigated the expression of Plat in developing and mature hippocampal and cortical astrocytes of Aldh1l1-EGFP-Rpl10a mice in vivo following Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) and the role of tPA in modulating astrocyte-mediated neurite outgrowth in an in vitro astrocyte-neuron co-culture system. We show that Plat is highly enriched in astrocytes in the developing, but not in the mature, hippocampus and cortex. Both the silencing of tPA expression in astrocytes and astrocyte exposure to recombinant tPA reduce neuritogenesis in co-cultured hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that astrocyte tPA is involved in modulating neuronal development and that tight control of astrocyte tPA expression is important for normal neuronal development, with both experimentally elevated and reduced levels of this proteolytic enzyme impairing neurite outgrowth. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ECM, by serving as adhesive substrate, enables neurite outgrowth, but that controlled proteolysis of the ECM is needed for growth cone advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calla M Goeke
- V.A. Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- V.A. Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joel G Hashimoto
- V.A. Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Marina Guizzetti
- V.A. Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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14
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Goeke CM, Hashimoto JG, Guizzetti M, Vitalone A. Effects of ethanol-and choline-treated astrocytes on hippocampal neuron neurite outgrowth in vitro. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211018943. [PMID: 34019432 PMCID: PMC9115969 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211018943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ethanol in utero can result in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, which may cause long-lasting cognitive and behavioral abnormalities. Preclinical studies indicate that choline ameliorates the behavioral effects of developmental alcohol exposure in rodents, and clinical studies on the effectiveness of choline, administered early in pregnancy, showed that the adverse effects of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure on postnatal growth, and cognition in human infants were mitigated. However, little is known on the mechanisms behind the effects of choline. We have previously reported that astrocyte pre-treatment with 75 mM ethanol, in vitro, reduces neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons co-cultured with the pre-treated astrocytes. Our in vitro system allows us to study the effects of chemicals on astrocyte functions, able to modulate neuronal development. The main objective was to test the hypothesis that choline can ameliorate the astrocyte-mediated effects of ethanol on neurite growth. In this study, we exposed primary rat cortical astrocytes to ethanol, choline, ethanol plus choline, or control conditions for 24 h. Culture media was then removed, replaced with fresh media containing no ethanol or choline treatments and primary rat hippocampal neurons were plated on top of the astrocyte monolayer and cultured for 16 h. Neurons were then stained for β-III Tubulin and neurite outgrowth was measured. Astrocyte exposure to ethanol (25, 50, and 75 mM) decreases neurite outgrowth in co-cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons, while astrocyte treatment with choline had no effect. Astrocyte treatment with ethanol and choline in combination, however, prevented the effect of ethanol, leading to levels of neurite outgrowth similar the control condition. Choline prevents the inhibitory effect of ethanol-treated astrocytes on neurite outgrowth while not altering normal neuronal development. These results suggest a new, astrocyte-mediated mechanism by which choline ameliorates the effects of developmental alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calla M Goeke
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joel G Hashimoto
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marina Guizzetti
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Annabella Vitalone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer,” Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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15
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Zhang X, Hashimoto JG, Han X, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Guizzetti M. Characterization of Glycosaminoglycan Disaccharide Composition in Astrocyte Primary Cultures and the Cortex of Neonatal Rats. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:595-610. [PMID: 33398638 PMCID: PMC9116028 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are major producers of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is involved in the plasticity of the developing brain. In utero alcohol exposure alters neuronal plasticity. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of polysaccharides present in the extracellular space; chondroitin sulfate (CS)- and heparan sulfate (HS)-GAGs are covalently bound to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). Hyaluronic acid (HA)-GAGs are not bound to core proteins. In this study we investigated the contribution of astrocytes to CS-, HS-, and HA-GAG production by comparing the makeup of these GAGs in cortical astrocyte cultures and the neonatal rat cortex. We also explored alterations induced by ethanol in GAG and core protein levels in astrocytes. Finally, we investigated the relative expression in astrocytes of CS-PGs of the lectican family of proteins, major components of the brain ECM, in vivo using translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) (in Aldh1l1-EGFP-Rpl10a mice. Cortical astrocytes produce low levels of HA and show low expression of genes involved in HA biosynthesis compared to the whole developing cortex. Astrocytes have high levels of chondroitin-0-sulfate (C0S)-GAGs (possibly because of a higher sulfatase enzyme expression) and HS-GAGs. Ethanol upregulates C4S-GAGs as well as brain-specific lecticans neurocan and brevican, which are highly enriched in astrocytes of the developing cortex in vivo. These results begin to elucidate the role of astrocytes in the biosynthesis of CS- HS- and HA-GAGs, and suggest that ethanol-induced alterations of neuronal development may be in part mediated by increased astrocyte GAG levels and neurocan and brevican expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- VA Portland Health Care System, R&D39, 3710 SW Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Joel G Hashimoto
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, R&D39, 3710 SW Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Marina Guizzetti
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- VA Portland Health Care System, R&D39, 3710 SW Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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16
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Best HL, Clare AJ, McDonald KO, Wicky HE, Hughes SM. An altered secretome is an early marker of the pathogenesis of CLN6 Batten disease. J Neurochem 2021; 157:764-780. [PMID: 33368303 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited childhood neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to the accumulation of auto-fluorescent storage material in lysosomes, NCLs are largely characterised by region-specific neuroinflammation that can predict neuron loss. These phenotypes suggest alterations in the extracellular environment-making the secretome an area of significant interest. This study investigated the secretome in the CLN6 (ceroid-lipofuscinosis neuronal protein 6) variant of NCL. To investigate the CLN6 secretome, we co-cultured neurons and glia isolated from Cln6nclf or Cln6± mice, and utilised mass spectrometry to compare protein constituents of conditioned media. The significant changes noted in cathepsin enzymes, were investigated further via western blotting and enzyme activity assays. Viral-mediated gene therapy was used to try and rescue the wild-type phenotype and restore the secretome-both in vitro in co-cultures and in vivo in mouse plasma. In Cln6nclf cells, proteomics revealed a marked increase in catabolic and cytoskeletal-associated proteins-revealing new similarities between the pathogenic signatures of NCLs with other neurodegenerative disorders. These changes were, in part, corrected by gene therapy intervention, suggesting these proteins as candidate in vitro biomarkers. Importantly, these in vitro changes show promise for in vivo translation, with Cathepsin L (CTSL) activity reduced in both co-cultures and Cln6nclf plasma samples post gene-therapy. This work suggests the secretome plays a role in CLN6 pathogenesis and highlights its potential use as an in vitro model. Proteomic changes present a list of candidate biomarkers for monitoring disease and assessing potential therapeutics in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Best
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Clare
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kirstin O McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hollie E Wicky
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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17
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Kim JH, Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Proteomic examination of the neuroglial secretome: lessons for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:207-220. [PMID: 32187501 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1745069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Glial cells are closely associated with neurons located throughout the nervous system and regulate neuronal activity and function through various mechanisms including the secretion of proteins and other signaling molecules. Glia-secreted proteins play crucial roles in modulating neuronal function in physiological and pathological conditions. Aberrant activation of glial cells leading to neuroinflammation is a common phenomenon observed in various neurological disorders. Aberrantly activated glial cells secrete proteins in disease-specific manner and can be exploited as a repository for novel biomarker discovery.Areas covered: In this review, we describe the recent advances in proteomic techniques, highlighting the need for their application to the secretomic field. Studies regarding the secretome profile of glial cells published within the last 5 years are discussed in detail. The use of glia-based biomarkers in various neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases is also discussed.Expert opinion: Precise diagnosis and timely treatment of neurological disorders remains a challenge and glia-focused research to identify specific biomarkers appears to be a promising approach to combat these disorders. Recent technological advancement in proteomic research would open new frontiers for more rigorous analysis of glial secretome variations over time and the discovery/development of novel biomarkers for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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18
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Ge L, Zhuo Y, Wu P, Liu Y, Qi L, Teng X, Duan D, Chen P, Lu M. Olfactory ensheathing cells facilitate neurite sprouting and outgrowth by secreting high levels of hevin. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 104:101728. [PMID: 31783092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) has been shown to enhance synapse formation. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are not completely understood. We performed profiling of the OEC and astrocyte secretomes via a proteomics approach, in case hevin secreted by astrocytes might be involved in the formation of synapses. Semi-quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that 25 proteins were highly expressed, and 22 were weakly expressed in OEC conditioned medium compared with astrocyte conditioned medium. These molecules are highly associated with neural differentiation and regeneration, enzyme regulatory activity, and growth factor binding. The quantification data of clusterin, fibronectin, hevin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine were further confirmed by western blotting. Moreover, the addition of hevin in the culture medium improved neurite sprouting and outgrowth of differentiated neural stem cells. The greater expression of hevin in OEC conditioned medium than in astrocyte conditioned medium was associated with a greater capacity of synaptic formation. Thus, our results indicate that soluble factors secreted by OECs provide a permissive environment for nerve repair, and hevin is one of the key molecules facilitating neurite sprouting and outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lite Ge
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, the Second Affiliated Hospital (the 921st Hospital of PLA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha,China
| | - Yi Zhuo
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, the Second Affiliated Hospital (the 921st Hospital of PLA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha,China
| | - Pei Wu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yisong Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Linyu Qi
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, the Second Affiliated Hospital (the 921st Hospital of PLA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha,China
| | - Da Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, the Second Affiliated Hospital (the 921st Hospital of PLA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha,China.
| | - Ping Chen
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ming Lu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, the Second Affiliated Hospital (the 921st Hospital of PLA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha,China.
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19
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Zhao L, Jiang Q, Luo S, Shen J, Xu X. Preparation of hepatic stimulator substance from neonatal porcine liver by enzymatic hydrolysis and characterization of the liver proteins by LC-MS/MS bottom-up approach. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:360-367. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1573193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Guangdong Winnerway Holdings Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Sitong Luo
- Guangdong Winnerway Holdings Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Jie Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinjun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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20
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Abstract
Hippocampal abnormalities have been heavily implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was shown to manifest an immature molecular profile in schizophrenia subjects, as well as in various animal models of the disorder. In this position paper, we advance a hypothesis that this immature molecular profile is accompanied by an identifiable immature morphology of the dentate gyrus granule cell layer. We adduce evidence for arrested maturation of the dentate gyrus in the human schizophrenia-affected brain, as well as multiple rodent models of the disease. Implications of this neurohistopathological signature for current theory regarding the development of schizophrenia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayda Tavitian
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wei Song
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hyman M. Schipper
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Wilhelm CJ, Hashimoto JG, Roberts ML, Zhang X, Goeke CM, Bloom SH, Guizzetti M. Plasminogen activator system homeostasis and its dysregulation by ethanol in astrocyte cultures and the developing brain. Neuropharmacology 2018; 138:193-209. [PMID: 29885422 PMCID: PMC6310223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
In utero alcohol exposure can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), characterized by structural brain abnormalities and long-lasting behavioral and cognitive dysfunction. Neuronal plasticity is affected by in utero alcohol exposure and can be modulated by extracellular proteolysis. Plasmin is a major extracellular serine-protease whose activation is tightly regulated by the plasminogen activator (PA) system. In the present study we explored the effect of ethanol on the expression of the main components of the brain PA system in sex-specific cortical astrocyte primary cultures in vitro and in the cortex and hippocampus of post-natal day (PD) 9 male and female rats. We find that ethanol alters the PA system in astrocytes and in the developing brain. In particular, the expression of tissue-type PA (tPA), encoded by the gene Plat, is consistently upregulated by ethanol in astrocytes in vitro and in the cortex and hippocampus in vivo. Astrocytes exhibit endogenous plasmin activity that is increased by ethanol and recombinant tPA and inhibited by tPA silencing. We also find that tPA is expressed by astrocytes of the developing cortex and hippocampus in vivo. All components of the PA system investigated, with the exception of Neuroserpin/Serpini1, are expressed at higher levels in astrocyte cultures than in the developing brain, suggesting that astrocytes are major producers of these proteins in the brain. In conclusion, astrocyte PA system may play a major role in the modulation of neuronal plasticity; ethanol-induced upregulation of tPA levels and plasmin activity may be responsible for altered neuronal plasticity in FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare J Wilhelm
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Joel G Hashimoto
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | | | - Calla M Goeke
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - Marina Guizzetti
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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22
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Jha MK, Kim JH, Song GJ, Lee WH, Lee IK, Lee HW, An SSA, Kim S, Suk K. Functional dissection of astrocyte-secreted proteins: Implications in brain health and diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 162:37-69. [PMID: 29247683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, which are homeostatic cells of the central nervous system (CNS), display remarkable heterogeneity in their morphology and function. Besides their physical and metabolic support to neurons, astrocytes modulate the blood-brain barrier, regulate CNS synaptogenesis, guide axon pathfinding, maintain brain homeostasis, affect neuronal development and plasticity, and contribute to diverse neuropathologies via secreted proteins. The identification of astrocytic proteome and secretome profiles has provided new insights into the maintenance of neuronal health and survival, the pathogenesis of brain injury, and neurodegeneration. Recent advances in proteomics research have provided an excellent catalog of astrocyte-secreted proteins. This review categorizes astrocyte-secreted proteins and discusses evidence that astrocytes play a crucial role in neuronal activity and brain function. An in-depth understanding of astrocyte-secreted proteins and their pathways is pivotal for the development of novel strategies for restoring brain homeostasis, limiting brain injury/inflammation, counteracting neurodegeneration, and obtaining functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Oakes RS, Polei MD, Skousen JL, Tresco PA. An astrocyte derived extracellular matrix coating reduces astrogliosis surrounding chronically implanted microelectrode arrays in rat cortex. Biomaterials 2017; 154:1-11. [PMID: 29117574 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence suggests that the magnitude of the foreign body response (FBR) to implants placed in cortical brain tissue is affected by the extent of vasculature damage following device insertion and the magnitude of the ensuing macrophage response. Since the extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a natural hemostatic and immunomodulatory agent, we examined the ability of an FDA-approved neurosurgical hemostatic coating and an ECM coating derived from primary rat astrocytes to reduce the FBR surrounding a penetrating microelectrode array chronically implanted in rat cortex. Using quantitative methods, we examined various components of the FBR in vitro and after implantation. In vitro assays showed that both coatings accelerated coagulation in a similar fashion but only the astrocyte-derived material suppressed macrophage activation. In addition, the ECM coating derived from astrocytes, also decreased the astrogliotic response 8 weeks after implantation. Neither coating had a significant influence on the intensity or spatial distribution of FBR biomarkers 1 week after implantation or on degree of macrophage activation or neuronal survival at the later time point. The results show that microelectrode coatings with similar hemostatic properties but different immunomodulatory characteristics differentially affect the FBR to an anchored, single-shank, silicon microelectrode array. The results also support the concept that divergent biological pathways affect the various components of the FBR in the CNS and suggests that decreasing its impact will require a multifaceted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Oakes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 36 S Wasatch Dr, 151 SMBB, Room 4511, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Michael D Polei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 36 S Wasatch Dr, 151 SMBB, Room 4511, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John L Skousen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 36 S Wasatch Dr, 151 SMBB, Room 4511, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Patrick A Tresco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 36 S Wasatch Dr, 151 SMBB, Room 4511, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Trindade P, Hampton B, Manhães AC, Medina AE. Developmental alcohol exposure leads to a persistent change on astrocyte secretome. J Neurochem 2016; 137:730-43. [PMID: 26801685 PMCID: PMC5471499 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is the most common cause of mental disabilities in the western world. It has been quite established that acute alcohol exposure can dramatically affect astrocyte function. Because the effects of early alcohol exposure on cell physiology can persist into adulthood, we tested the hypothesis that ethanol exposure in ferrets during a period equivalent to the last months of human gestation leads to persistent changes in astrocyte secretome in vitro. Animals were treated with ethanol (3.5 g/kg) or saline between postnatal day (P)10-30. At P31, astrocyte cultures were made and cells were submitted to stable isotope labeling by amino acids. Twenty-four hour conditioned media of cells obtained from ethanol- or saline-treated animals (ET-CM or SAL-CM) were collected and analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry in tandem with liquid chromatography. Here, we show that 65 out of 280 quantifiable proteins displayed significant differences comparing ET-CM to SAL-CM. Among the 59 proteins that were found to be reduced in ET-CM we observed components of the extracellular matrix such as laminin subunits α2, α4, β1, β2, and γ1 and the proteoglycans biglycan, heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2, and lumican. Proteins with trophic function such as insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4, pigment epithelium-derived factor, and clusterin as well as proteins involved on modulation of proteolysis such as metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were also reduced. In contrast, pro-synaptogeneic proteins like thrombospondin-1, hevin as well as the modulator of extracelular matrix expression, angiotensinogen, were found increased in ET-CM. The analysis of interactome maps through ingenuity pathway analysis demonstrated that the amyloid beta A4 protein precursor, which was found reduced in ET-CM, was previously shown to interact with ten other proteins that exhibited significant changes in the ET-CM. Taken together our results strongly suggest that early exposure to teratogens such as alcohol may lead to an enduring change in astrocyte secretome. Despite efforts in prevention, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are a major cause of mental disabilities. Here, we show that developmental exposure to alcohol lead to a persistent change in the pattern of proteins secreted (secretome) by astrocytes. This study is also the first mass spectrometry-based assessment of the astrocyte secretome in a gyrencephalic animal. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Trindade
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Hampton
- Protein Analysis Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physiology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre E Medina
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kálmán S, Garbett KA, Janka Z, Mirnics K. Human dermal fibroblasts in psychiatry research. Neuroscience 2016; 320:105-21. [PMID: 26855193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to decipher the disease etiology, progression and treatment of multifactorial human brain diseases we utilize a host of different experimental models. Recently, patient-derived human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cultures have re-emerged as promising in vitro functional system for examining various cellular, molecular, metabolic and (patho)physiological states and traits of psychiatric disorders. HDF studies serve as a powerful complement to postmortem and animal studies, and often appear to be informative about the altered homeostasis in neural tissue. Studies of HDFs from patients with schizophrenia (SZ), depression, bipolar disorder (BD), autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric disorders have significantly advanced our understanding of these devastating diseases. These reports unequivocally prove that signal transduction, redox homeostasis, circadian rhythms and gene*environment (G*E) interactions are all amenable for assessment by the HDF model. Furthermore, the reported findings suggest that this underutilized patient biomaterial, combined with modern molecular biology techniques, may have both diagnostic and prognostic value, including prediction of response to therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kálmán
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 57 Kálvária Sgt, Szeged 6725, Hungary.
| | - K A Garbett
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8128 MRB III, 465 21st Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Z Janka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 57 Kálvária Sgt, Szeged 6725, Hungary.
| | - K Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 57 Kálvária Sgt, Szeged 6725, Hungary; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8128 MRB III, 465 21st Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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26
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Wilhelm CJ, Guizzetti M. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview from the Glia Perspective. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 9:65. [PMID: 26793073 PMCID: PMC4707276 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can produce a variety of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in the offspring resulting in a broad spectrum of cognitive and behavioral impairments that constitute the most severe and long-lasting effects observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Alcohol-induced abnormalities in glial cells have been suspected of contributing to the adverse effects of alcohol on the developing brain for several years, although much research still needs to be done to causally link the effects of alcohol on specific brain structures and behavior to alterations in glial cell development and function. Damage to radial glia due to prenatal alcohol exposure may underlie observations of abnormal neuronal and glial migration in humans with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), as well as primate and rodent models of FAS. A reduction in cell number and altered development has been reported for several glial cell types in animal models of FAS. In utero alcohol exposure can cause microencephaly when alcohol exposure occurs during the brain growth spurt a period characterized by rapid astrocyte proliferation and maturation; since astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the brain, microenchephaly may be caused by reduced astrocyte proliferation or survival, as observed in in vitro and in vivo studies. Delayed oligodendrocyte development and increased oligodendrocyte precursor apoptosis has also been reported in experimental models of FASD, which may be linked to altered myelination/white matter integrity found in FASD children. Children with FAS exhibit hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, two areas requiring guidance from glial cells and proper maturation of oligodendrocytes. Finally, developmental alcohol exposure disrupts microglial function and induces microglial apoptosis; given the role of microglia in synaptic pruning during brain development, the effects of alcohol on microglia may be involved in the abnormal brain plasticity reported in FASD. The consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure on glial cells, including radial glia and other transient glial structures present in the developing brain, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their precursors, and microglia contributes to abnormal neuronal development, reduced neuron survival and disrupted brain architecture and connectivity. This review highlights the CNS structural abnormalities caused by in utero alcohol exposure and outlines which abnormalities are likely mediated by alcohol effects on glial cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare J Wilhelm
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care SystemPortland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Marina Guizzetti
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care SystemPortland, OR, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
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27
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Ibi D, Yamada K. Therapeutic Targets for Neurodevelopmental Disorders Emerging from Animal Models with Perinatal Immune Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28218-29. [PMID: 26633355 PMCID: PMC4691039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing epidemiological evidence indicates that perinatal infection with various viral pathogens enhances the risk for several psychiatric disorders. The pathophysiological significance of astrocyte interactions with neurons and/or gut microbiomes has been reported in neurodevelopmental disorders triggered by pre- and postnatal immune insults. Recent studies with the maternal immune activation or neonatal polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid models of neurodevelopmental disorders have identified various candidate molecules that could be responsible for brain dysfunction. Here, we review the functions of several candidate molecules in neurodevelopment and brain function and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ibi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan.
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan.
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28
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Ng FS, Jackson FR. The ROP vesicle release factor is required in adult Drosophila glia for normal circadian behavior. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:256. [PMID: 26190976 PMCID: PMC4490253 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that endocytosis and/or vesicle recycling mechanisms are essential in adult Drosophila glial cells for the neuronal control of circadian locomotor activity. In this study, our goal was to identify specific glial vesicle trafficking, recycling, or release factors that are required for rhythmic behavior. From a glia-specific, RNAi-based genetic screen, we identified eight glial factors that are required for normally robust circadian rhythms in either a light-dark cycle or in constant dark conditions. In particular, we show that conditional knockdown of the ROP vesicle release factor in adult glial cells results in arrhythmic behavior. Immunostaining for ROP reveals reduced protein in glial cell processes and an accumulation of the Par Domain Protein 1ε (PDP1ε) clock output protein in the small lateral clock neurons. These results suggest that glia modulate rhythmic circadian behavior by secretion of factors that act on clock neurons to regulate a clock output factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny S Ng
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - F Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Camassa LMA, Lunde LK, Hoddevik EH, Stensland M, Boldt HB, De Souza GA, Ottersen OP, Amiry-Moghaddam M. Mechanisms underlying AQP4 accumulation in astrocyte endfeet. Glia 2015; 63:2073-2091. [PMID: 26119521 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The brain-blood interface holds the key to our understanding of how cerebral blood flow is regulated and how water and solutes are exchanged between blood and brain. The highly specialized astrocytic membranes that enwrap brain microvessels are salient constituents of the brain-blood interface. These endfoot membranes contain a distinct set of molecules that is anchored to the subendothelial basal lamina forming an endfoot-basal lamina junctional complex. Here we explore the mechanisms underpinning the formation of this complex. By use of a tailor made model system we show that endothelial cells promote AQP4 accumulation by exerting an inductive effect through extracellular matrix components such as agrin, as well as through a direct mechanical interaction with the endfoot processes. Through the compounds they secrete, the endothelial cells also increase AQP4 expression. The present data suggest that the highly specialized gliovascular interface is established through inductive processes that include both chemical and mechanical factors. GLIA 2015;63:2073-2091.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maria Azzurra Camassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa K Lunde
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eystein H Hoddevik
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Stensland
- Laboratory of Proteomic Research, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning B Boldt
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustavo A De Souza
- Laboratory of Proteomic Research, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole P Ottersen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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30
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Yamada S, Nagai T, Nakai T, Ibi D, Nakajima A, Yamada K. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 is a possible mediator of neurodevelopmental impairment due to polyI:C-induced innate immune activation of astrocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:272-82. [PMID: 24594387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing epidemiological evidence indicates that prenatal infection and childhood central nervous system infection with various viral pathogens enhance the risk for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (polyI:C) is known to induce strong innate immune responses that mimic immune activation by viral infections. Our previous findings suggested that activation of the innate immune system in astrocytes results in impairments of neurite outgrowth and spine formation, which lead to behavioral abnormalities in adulthood. To identify candidates of astrocyte-derived humoral factors that affect neuronal development, we analyzed astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) from murine astrocyte cultures treated with polyI:C (polyI:C-ACM) by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Through a quantitative proteomic screen, we found that 13 protein spots were differentially expressed compared with ACM from vehicle-treated astrocytes (control-ACM), and characterized one of the candidates, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (Mmp3). PolyI:C treatment significantly increased the expression levels of Mmp3 mRNA and protein in astrocytes, but not microglia. PolyI:C-ACM was associated with significantly higher Mmp3 protein level and enzyme activity than control-ACM. The addition of recombinant Mmp3 into control-ACM impaired dendritic elongation of primary cultured hippocampal neurons, while the deleterious effect of polyI:C-ACM on neurite elongation was attenuated by knockdown of Mmp3 in astrocytes. These results suggest that Mmp3 is a possible mediator of polyI:C-ACM-induced neurodevelopmental impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ibi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan.
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31
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Pizzurro DM, Dao K, Costa LG. Diazinon and diazoxon impair the ability of astrocytes to foster neurite outgrowth in primary hippocampal neurons. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274:372-82. [PMID: 24342266 PMCID: PMC3916905 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from in vivo and epidemiological studies suggests that organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) are developmental neurotoxicants, but possible underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Astrocytes are increasingly recognized for their active role in normal neuronal development. This study sought to investigate whether the widely-used OP diazinon (DZ), and its oxygen metabolite diazoxon (DZO), would affect glial-neuronal interactions as a potential mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity. Specifically, we investigated the effects of DZ and DZO on the ability of astrocytes to foster neurite outgrowth in primary hippocampal neurons. The results show that both DZ and DZO adversely affect astrocyte function, resulting in inhibited neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons. This effect appears to be mediated by oxidative stress, as indicated by OP-induced increased reactive oxygen species production in astrocytes and prevention of neurite outgrowth inhibition by antioxidants. The concentrations of OPs were devoid of cytotoxicity, and cause limited acetylcholinesterase inhibition in astrocytes (18 and 25% for DZ and DZO, respectively). Among astrocytic neuritogenic factors, the most important one is the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. DZ and DZO decreased levels of fibronectin in astrocytes, and this effect was also attenuated by antioxidants. Underscoring the importance of fibronectin in this context, adding exogenous fibronectin to the co-culture system successfully prevented inhibition of neurite outgrowth caused by DZ and DZO. These results indicate that DZ and DZO increase oxidative stress in astrocytes, and this in turn modulates astrocytic fibronectin, leading to impaired neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella M. Pizzurro
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Khoi Dao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucio G. Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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32
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Jha MK, Suk K. Glia-based biomarkers and their functional role in the CNS. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 10:43-63. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Guizzetti M, Zhang X, Goeke C, Gavin DP. Glia and neurodevelopment: focus on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:123. [PMID: 25426477 PMCID: PMC4227495 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 20 years, new and exciting roles for glial cells in brain development have been described. Moreover, several recent studies implicated glial cells in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders including Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Rett Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Abnormalities in glial cell development and proliferation and increased glial cell apoptosis contribute to the adverse effects of ethanol on the developing brain and it is becoming apparent that the effects of fetal alcohol are due, at least in part, to effects on glial cells affecting their ability to modulate neuronal development and function. The three major classes of glial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia as well as their precursors are affected by ethanol during brain development. Alterations in glial cell functions by ethanol dramatically affect neuronal development, survival, and function and ultimately impair the development of the proper brain architecture and connectivity. For instance, ethanol inhibits astrocyte-mediated neuritogenesis and oligodendrocyte development, survival and myelination; furthermore, ethanol induces microglia activation and oxidative stress leading to the exacerbation of ethanol-induced neuronal cell death. This review article describes the most significant recent findings pertaining the effects of ethanol on glial cells and their significance in the pathophysiology of FASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Guizzetti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , Chicago, IL , USA ; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Calla Goeke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - David P Gavin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , Chicago, IL , USA
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Zeng Y, Rong M, Liu Y, Liu J, Lu M, Tao X, Li Z, Chen X, Yang K, Li C, Liu Z. Electrophysiological characterisation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced by olfactory ensheathing cell-conditioned medium. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2483-9. [PMID: 24185490 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood-derived marrow stromal cells (UCB-MSCs) with high proliferation capacity and immunomodulatory properties are considered to be a good candidate for cell-based therapies. But until now, little work has been focused on the differentiation of UCB-MSCs. In this work, UCB-MSCs were demonstrated to be negative for CD34 and CD45 expression but positive for CD90 and CD105 expression. The gate values of UCB-MSCs for CD90 and CD105 were 99.3 and 98.6 %, respectively. Two weeks after treatment, the percentage of neuron-like cells differentiated from UCB-MSCs was increased to 84 ± 12 % in the experimental group [treated with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs)-conditioned medium] and they were neuron-specific enolase positive; few neuron-like cells were found in the control group (without OECs-conditioned medium). Using whole-cell recording, sodium and potassium currents were recorded in UCB-MSCs after differentiation by OECs. Thus, human UCB-MSCs could be differentiated to neural cells by secreted secretion from OECs and exhibited electrophysiological properties similar to mature neurons after 2 weeks post-induction. These results imply that OECs can be used as a new strategy for stem cell differentiation and provide an alternative neurogenesis pathway for generating sufficient numbers of neural cells for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China
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Jha MK, Seo M, Kim JH, Kim BG, Cho JY, Suk K. The secretome signature of reactive glial cells and its pathological implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2418-28. [PMID: 23269363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Jha MK, Kim JH, Suk K. Proteome of brain glia: the molecular basis of diverse glial phenotypes. Proteomics 2013; 14:378-98. [PMID: 24124134 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several different types of nonneuronal glial cells with diverse phenotypes are present in the CNS, and all have distinct indispensible functions. Although glial cells primarily provide neurons with metabolic and structural support in the healthy brain, they may switch phenotype from a "resting" to a "reactive" state in response to pathological insults. Furthermore, this reactive gliosis is an invariant feature of the pathogeneses of CNS maladies. The glial proteome serves as a signature of glial phenotype, and not only executes physiological functions, but also acts as a molecular mediator of the reactive glial phenotype. The glial proteome is also involved in intra- and intercellular communications as exemplified by glia-glia and neuron-glia interactions. The utilization of authoritative proteomic tools and the bioinformatic analyses have helped to profile the brain glial proteome and explore the molecular mechanisms of diverse glial phenotypes. Furthermore, technologic innovations have equipped the field of "glioproteomics" with refined tools for studies of the expression, interaction, and function of glial proteins in the healthy and in the diseased CNS. Glioproteomics is expected to contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of CNS pathophysiology and to the discovery of biomarkers and theragnostic targets in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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Abstract
The field of anatomic pathology has changed significantly over the last decades and, as a result of the technological developments in molecular pathology and genetics, has had increasing pressures put on it to become quantitative and to provide more information about protein expression on a cellular level in tissue sections. Multispectral imaging (MSI) has a long history as an advanced imaging modality and has been used for over a decade now in pathology to improve quantitative accuracy, enable the analysis of multicolor immunohistochemistry, and drastically reduce the impact of contrast-robbing tissue autofluorescence common in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. When combined with advanced software for the automated segmentation of different tissue morphologies (eg, tumor vs stroma) and cellular and subcellular segmentation, MSI can enable the per-cell quantitation of many markers simultaneously. This article covers the role that MSI has played in anatomic pathology in the analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, discusses the technological aspects of why MSI has been adopted, and provides a review of the literature of the application of MSI in anatomic pathology.
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Angiogenin induces modifications in the astrocyte secretome: Relevance to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Proteomics 2013; 91:274-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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GFAP expression as an indicator of disease severity in mouse models of Alexander disease. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:e00109. [PMID: 23432455 PMCID: PMC3604736 DOI: 10.1042/an20130003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AxD (Alexander disease) is a rare disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) resulting in accumulation of the GFAP protein and elevation of Gfap mRNA. To test whether GFAP itself can serve as a biomarker of disease status or progression, we investigated two independent measures of GFAP expression in AxD mouse models, one using a genetic reporter of promoter activity and the other quantifying GFAP protein directly in a manner that could also be employed in human studies. Using a transgenic reporter line that expresses firefly luciferase under the control of the murine Gfap promoter (Gfap-luc), we found that luciferase activity reflected the regional CNS (central nervous system) variability of Gfap mRNA in Gfap+/+ mice, and increased in mice containing a point mutation in Gfap that mimics a common human mutation in AxD (R239H in the human sequence, and R236H in the murine sequence). In a second set of studies, we quantified GFAP protein in CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) taken from three different AxD mouse models and littermate controls. GFAP levels in CSF were increased in all three AxD models, in a manner corresponding to the concentrations of GFAP in brain. These studies demonstrate that transactivation of the Gfap promoter is an early and sustained indicator of the disease process in the mouse. Furthermore, GFAP in CSF serves as a potential biomarker that is comparable between mouse models and human patients.
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Kadakkuzha BM, Puthanveettil SV. Genomics and proteomics in solving brain complexity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1807-21. [PMID: 23615871 PMCID: PMC6425491 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human brain is extraordinarily complex, composed of billions of neurons and trillions of synaptic connections. Neurons are organized into circuit assemblies that are modulated by specific interneurons and non-neuronal cells, such as glia and astrocytes. Data on human genome sequences predicts that each of these cells in the human brain has the potential of expressing ∼20 000 protein coding genes and tens of thousands of noncoding RNAs. A major challenge in neuroscience is to determine (1) how individual neurons and circuitry utilize this potential during development and maturation of the nervous system, and for higher brain functions such as cognition, and (2) how this potential is altered in neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we will discuss how recent advances in next generation sequencing, proteomics and bioinformatics have transformed our understanding of gene expression and the functions of neural circuitry, memory storage, and disorders of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena M Kadakkuzha
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Lai W, Wu J, Zou X, Xie J, Zhang L, Zhao X, Zhao M, Wang Q, Ji J. Secretome Analyses of Aβ1–42 Stimulated Hippocampal Astrocytes Reveal that CXCL10 is Involved in Astrocyte Migration. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:832-43. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300895r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Lai
- The National Laboratory of Protein
Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- The National Laboratory of Protein
Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zou
- The National Laboratory of Protein
Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing TianTan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing TianTan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- The National Laboratory of Protein
Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Minzhi Zhao
- The National Laboratory of Protein
Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- The National Laboratory of Protein
Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Ji
- The National Laboratory of Protein
Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics and Peptidomics for Systems Biology and Biomarker Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 7:313-335. [PMID: 24504115 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-012-1218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community has shown great interest in the field of mass spectrometry-based proteomics and peptidomics for its applications in biology. Proteomics technologies have evolved to produce large datasets of proteins or peptides involved in various biological and disease progression processes producing testable hypothesis for complex biological questions. This review provides an introduction and insight to relevant topics in proteomics and peptidomics including biological material selection, sample preparation, separation techniques, peptide fragmentation, post-translation modifications, quantification, bioinformatics, and biomarker discovery and validation. In addition, current literature and remaining challenges and emerging technologies for proteomics and peptidomics are presented.
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Jeon H, Kim JH, Kim JH, Lee WH, Lee MS, Suk K. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 regulates microglial motility and phagocytic activity. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:149. [PMID: 22747686 PMCID: PMC3418576 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is the primary inhibitor of urokinase type plasminogen activators (uPA) and tissue type plasminogen activators (tPA), which mediate fibrinolysis. PAI-1 is also involved in the innate immunity by regulating cell migration and phagocytosis. However, little is known about the role of PAI-1 in the central nervous system. Methods In this study, we identified PAI-1 in the culture medium of mouse mixed glial cells by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Secretion of PAI-1 from glial cultures was detected by ELISA and western blotting analysis. Cell migration was evaluated by in vitro scratch-wound healing assay or Boyden chamber assay and an in vivo stab wound injury model. Phagocytic activity was measured by uptake of zymosan particles. Results The levels of PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression were increased by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ stimulation in both microglia and astrocytes. PAI-1 promoted the migration of microglial cells in culture via the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 1/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 axis. PAI-1 also increased microglial migration in vivo when injected into mouse brain. PAI-1-mediated microglial migration was independent of protease inhibition, because an R346A mutant of PAI-1 with impaired PA inhibitory activity also promoted microglial migration. Moreover, PAI-1 was able to modulate microglial phagocytic activity. PAI-1 inhibited microglial engulfment of zymosan particles in a vitronectin- and Toll-like receptor 2/6-dependent manner. Conclusion Our results indicate that glia-derived PAI-1 may regulate microglial migration and phagocytosis in an autocrine or paracrine manner. This may have important implications in the regulation of brain microglial activities in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, CMRI, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 101 Dong-In, Daegu, Joong-gu, 700-422, South Korea
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Kalli A, Hess S. Effect of mass spectrometric parameters on peptide and protein identification rates for shotgun proteomic experiments on an LTQ-orbitrap mass analyzer. Proteomics 2011; 12:21-31. [PMID: 22065615 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The success of a shotgun proteomic experiment relies heavily on the performance and optimization of both the LC and the MS systems. Despite this, little consideration has, so far, been given to the importance of evaluating and optimizing the MS instrument settings during data-dependent acquisition mode. Moreover, during data-dependent acquisition, the users have to decide and choose among various MS parameters and settings, making a successful analysis even more challenging. We have systematically investigated and evaluated the effect of enabling and disabling the preview mode for FTMS scan, the number of microscans per MS/MS scan, the number of MS/MS events, the maximum ion injection time for MS/MS, and the automatic gain control target value for MS and MS/MS events on protein and peptide identification rates on an LTQ-Orbitrap using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome. Our investigations aimed to assess the significance of each MS parameter to improve proteome analysis and coverage. We observed that higher identification rates were obtained at lower ion injection times i.e. 50-150 ms, by performing one microscan and 12-15 MS/MS events. In terms of ion population, optimal automatic gain control target values were at 5×10(5) -1×10(6) ions for MS and 3×10(3) -1×10(4) ions for MS/MS. The preview mode scan had a minimal effect on identification rates. Using optimized MS settings, we identified 1038 (±2.3%) protein groups with a minimum of two peptide identifications and an estimated false discovery rate of ∼1% at both peptide and protein level in a 160-min LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kalli
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Division of Biology, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Electrophysiological characterization of NSCs after differentiation induced by OEC conditioned medium. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153:2085-90. [PMID: 21301894 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-011-0955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We induced neural stem cells (NSCs) to neurons by olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) conditioned medium and characterized their electrophysiological properties after neuronal differentiation. METHODS Fetal NSCs and OECs were cultured from embryonic day 14 SD rats and the conditioned medium was collected and stored at -20°C when the cell number was up to 80% of the culture flasks. The experiment groups were divided into a control group (cultured with DMEM/F12 without FBS) and an OECs induction group (cultured with OEC conditioned medium and DMEM/F12 without FBS). Immunocytochemistry staining was carried out to identify the neurons derived from NSCs and their electrophysiological properties were characterized after neuronal differentiation using a patch-clamp technique. RESULTS The NSCs divided rapidly in the expansion medium, forming small proliferating spheres after 7 days. The OECs induction group presented an evident neuron-like type 7 days after adding OEC conditioned medium, and the nestin immunochemistry staining was positive. The electrophysiological characterization showed that the derived neurons presented a transient inward sodium current and slow outward potassium current under proper electric stimulus, which were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) and tetraethylammonium (TEA). CONCLUSION OEC conditioned medium can induce NSCs to form neurons, and electrophysiological characterization demonstrated that the derived neurons presented active electrophysiological properties which are essential for nervous excitation.
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Guizzetti M, Moore NH, VanDeMark KL, Giordano G, Costa LG. Muscarinic receptor-activated signal transduction pathways involved in the neuritogenic effect of astrocytes in hippocampal neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:102-7. [PMID: 21453700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have been shown to release factors that affect various aspects of neuronal development. We have previously shown that the acetylcholine analog carbachol, by activating muscarinic M(3) receptors in rat astrocytes, increases their ability to promote neuritogenesis in hippocampal neurons. This effect was mediated by an increased expression and release by astrocytes of several permissive factors, a most relevant of which was fibronectin. In the present study we investigated the signal transduction pathways involved in these effects of carbachol in astrocytes. Results show that multiple pathways are involved in the effects of carbachol on astrocyte-mediated increases in fibronectin expression and neuritogenesis. These include the phospholipase D pathway, leading to sequential activation of protein kinase C (PKC) ζ, p70S6 kinase and nuclear factor-κB; the phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway; and the PKC ε pathway leading to activation of mitogen activated protein kinase. These pathways were shown to mediate the effect of carbachol on neurite outgrowth as well as the increased expression of fibronectin, further substantiating the important role of the latter in astrocyte-mediated neuritogenesis. Interference with these signaling pathways would be expected to impair astrocyte-neurons communication leading to impaired neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Guizzetti
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Skalnikova H, Motlik J, Gadher SJ, Kovarova H. Mapping of the secretome of primary isolates of mammalian cells, stem cells and derived cell lines. Proteomics 2011; 11:691-708. [PMID: 21241017 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Within a mammalian organism, the interaction among cells both at short and long distances is mediated by soluble factors released by cells into the extracellular environment. The secreted proteins may involve extracellular matrix proteins, proteinases, growth factors, protein hormones, immunoregulatory cytokines, chemokines or other bioactive molecules that have a direct impact on target cell phenotype. Stem cells of mesenchymal, adipose, neural and embryonic origin, fibroblast feeder cells as well as primary isolates of astrocytes, endothelial and muscle cells have recently become targets of intensive secretome profiling with the search for proteins regulating cell survival, proliferation, differentiation or inflammatory response. Recent advances and challenges of the stem cell and primary cell secretome analysis together with the most relevant results are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Skalnikova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Libechov, Czech Republic
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Jeon H, Lee S, Lee WH, Suk K. Analysis of glial secretome: The long pentraxin PTX3 modulates phagocytic activity of microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 229:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Garcia O, Torres M, Helguera P, Coskun P, Busciglio J. A role for thrombospondin-1 deficits in astrocyte-mediated spine and synaptic pathology in Down's syndrome. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14200. [PMID: 21152035 PMCID: PMC2996288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down's syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation. Reduced number and aberrant architecture of dendritic spines are common features of DS neuropathology. However, the mechanisms involved in DS spine alterations are not known. In addition to a relevant role in synapse formation and maintenance, astrocytes can regulate spine dynamics by releasing soluble factors or by physical contact with neurons. We have previously shown impaired mitochondrial function in DS astrocytes leading to metabolic alterations in protein processing and secretion. In this study, we investigated whether deficits in astrocyte function contribute to DS spine pathology. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a human astrocyte/rat hippocampal neuron coculture, we found that DS astrocytes are directly involved in the development of spine malformations and reduced synaptic density. We also show that thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), an astrocyte-secreted protein, possesses a potent modulatory effect on spine number and morphology, and that both DS brains and DS astrocytes exhibit marked deficits in TSP-1 protein expression. Depletion of TSP-1 from normal astrocytes resulted in dramatic changes in spine morphology, while restoration of TSP-1 levels prevented DS astrocyte-mediated spine and synaptic alterations. Astrocyte cultures derived from TSP-1 KO mice exhibited similar deficits to support spine formation and structure than DS astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that human astrocytes promote spine and synapse formation, identify astrocyte dysfunction as a significant factor of spine and synaptic pathology in the DS brain, and provide a mechanistic rationale for the exploration of TSP-1-based therapies to treat spine and synaptic pathology in DS and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Garcia
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Torres
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Pablo Helguera
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Pinar Coskun
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jorge Busciglio
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Guizzetti M, Moore NH, Giordano G, VanDeMark KL, Costa LG. Ethanol inhibits neuritogenesis induced by astrocyte muscarinic receptors. Glia 2010; 58:1395-406. [PMID: 20648635 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In utero alcohol exposure can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, characterized by cognitive and behavioral deficits. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that ethanol alters neuronal development. We have recently shown that stimulation of M(3) muscarinic receptors in astrocytes increases the synthesis and release of fibronectin, laminin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, causing neurite outgrowth in hippocampal neurons. As M(3) muscarinic receptor signaling in astroglial cells is strongly inhibited by ethanol, we hypothesized that ethanol may also inhibit neuritogenesis in hippocampal neurons induced by carbachol-stimulated astrocytes. In the present study, we report that the effect of carbachol-stimulated astrocytes on hippocampal neuron neurite outgrowth was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner (25-100 mM) by ethanol. This effect was because of the inhibition of the release of fibronectin, laminin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Similar effects on neuritogenesis and on the release of astrocyte extracellular proteins were observed after the incubation of astrocytes with carbachol in the presence of 1-butanol, another short-chain alcohol, which like ethanol is a competitive substrate for phospholipase D, but not by tert-butanol, its analog that is not a substrate for this enzyme. This study identifies a potential novel mechanism involved in the developmental effects of ethanol mediated by the interaction of ethanol with cell signaling in astrocytes, leading to an impairment in neuron-astrocyte communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Guizzetti
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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