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Huenchuguala S, Segura-Aguilar J. Natural Compounds That Activate the KEAP1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway as Potential New Drugs in the Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1125. [PMID: 39334784 PMCID: PMC11428591 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, a single-neuron degeneration model has been proposed to understand the development of idiopathic Parkinson's disease based on (i) the extremely slow development of the degenerative process before the onset of motor symptoms and during the progression of the disease and (ii) the fact that it is triggered by an endogenous neurotoxin that does not have an expansive character, limiting its neurotoxic effect to single neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. It has been proposed that aminochrome is the endogenous neurotoxin that triggers the neurodegenerative process in idiopathic Parkinson's disease by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, dysfunction of both lysosomal and proteasomal protein degradation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and formation of neurotoxic alpha-synuclein oligomers. Aminochrome is an endogenous neurotoxin that is rapidly reduced by flavoenzymes and/or forms adducts with proteins, which implies that it is impossible for it to have a propagative neurotoxic effect on neighboring neurons. Interestingly, the enzymes DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2 prevent the neurotoxic effects of aminochrome. Natural compounds present in fruits, vegetables and other plant products have been shown to activate the KEAP1/Nrf2 signaling pathway by increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes including DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase. This review analyzes the possibility of searching for natural compounds that increase the expression of DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase through activation of the KEAP1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile;
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Castelli L, Vasta R, Allen SP, Waller R, Chiò A, Traynor BJ, Kirby J. From use of omics to systems biology: Identifying therapeutic targets for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 176:209-268. [PMID: 38802176 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a heterogeneous progressive neurodegenerative disorder with available treatments such as riluzole and edaravone extending survival by an average of 3-6 months. The lack of highly effective, widely available therapies reflects the complexity of ALS. Omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomic and proteomics have contributed to the identification of biological pathways dysregulated and targeted by therapeutic strategies in preclinical and clinical trials. Integrating clinical, environmental and neuroimaging information with omics data and applying a systems biology approach can further improve our understanding of the disease with the potential to stratify patients and provide more personalised medicine. This chapter will review the omics technologies that contribute to a systems biology approach and how these components have assisted in identifying therapeutic targets. Current strategies, including the use of genetic screening and biosampling in clinical trials, as well as the future application of additional technological advances, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Castelli
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rosario Vasta
- ALS Expert Center,'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Scott P Allen
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Waller
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano Chiò
- ALS Expert Center,'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Neurology 1, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; RNA Therapeutics Laboratory, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD, United States; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States; Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology,University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Mizumachi H, Suzuki S, Sakuma M, Natsui M, Imai N, Miyazawa M. Reconstructed human epidermis-based testing strategy of skin sensitization potential and potency classification using epidermal sensitization assay and in silico data. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:415-427. [PMID: 37846211 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The hazards and potency of skin sensitizers are traditionally determined using animal tests such as the local lymph node assay (LLNA); however, significant progress has been made in the development of non-animal test methods addressing the first three mechanistic key events of adverse outcome pathway in skin sensitization. We developed the epidermal sensitization assay (EpiSensA), which is a reconstructed human epidermis-based assay, by measuring four genes related to critical keratinocyte responses during skin sensitization. Four in vitro skin sensitization test methods (EpiSensA, direct peptide reactivity assay [DPRA], KeratinoSens™, and human cell line activation test [h-CLAT]) were systematically evaluated using 136 chemicals including lipophilic chemicals and pre/pro-haptens, which may be related to assay-specific limitations. The constructed database included existing and newly generated data. The EpiSensA showed a broader applicability domain and predicted the hazards with 82.4% and 78.8% accuracy than LLNA and human data. The EpiSensA could detect 76 out of 88 sensitizers at lower concentrations than the LLNA, indicating that the EpiSensA has higher sensitivity for the detection of minor sensitizing constituents. These results confirmed the potential use of the EpiSensA in evaluating a mixture of unknown compositions that can be evaluated by animal tests. To combine different information sources, the reconstructed human epidermis-based testing strategy (RTS) was developed based on weighted multiple information from the EpiSensA and TImes MEtabolism Simulator platform for predicting Skin Sensitization (TIMES-SS; RTSv1) or Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) QSAR Toolbox automated workflow (RTSv2). The predictivities of the hazards and Globally Harmonized System (GHS) subcategories were equal to or better than the defined approaches (2 out of 3, integrated testing strategy [ITS]v1, and ITSv2) adopted as OECD Guideline 497.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sho Suzuki
- Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga-gun, Japan
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Natsui
- Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga-gun, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Imai
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Yu D, Li J, Wang Y, Guo D, Zhu C, Sun B, Zhou Z. Oridonin ameliorates doxorubicin induced-cardiotoxicity via the E2F1/Sirt6/PGC1α pathway in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114050. [PMID: 37734463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) arises from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Oridonin (Ori), a natural tetracycline diterpenoid, has shown cardiac protective effect; however, its role in DIC remains unclear. This study investigates the protective effect of Ori against DIC and elucidates its underlying molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrate that Ori significantly alleviated DIC by improving myocardial structure, reducing the proportion of apoptotic cells, and alleviating the myocardial oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction both in vivo and in vitro. Doxorubicin significantly decreased Sirt6 and PGC1α levels in cardiac tissues, which was reversed by Ori. Furthermore, Sirt6 overexpression significantly improved myocardial structure and reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells by reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function. The protective effect of Ori is neutralized by the Sirt6 inhibitor OSS_128167, evidenced by downregulated mRNA and protein expression of PGC1α. The transcription factor E2F1 was upregulated by doxorubicin, leading to decreased Sirt6 expression-an effect mitigated by Ori. Molecular docking simulations indicate direct binding between Ori and specific amino acid residues on E2F1 through hydroxyl bonds. These findings uncover a novel mechanism whereby Ori attenuates DIC by modulating the E2F1/Sirt6/PGC1α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Yu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jiye Li
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Danfeng Guo
- Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chunsheng Zhu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Bao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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Cores Á, Carmona-Zafra N, Clerigué J, Villacampa M, Menéndez JC. Quinones as Neuroprotective Agents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1464. [PMID: 37508002 PMCID: PMC10376830 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinones can in principle be viewed as a double-edged sword in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, since they are often cytoprotective but can also be cytotoxic due to covalent and redox modification of biomolecules. Nevertheless, low doses of moderately electrophilic quinones are generally cytoprotective, mainly due to their ability to activate the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and thus induce the expression of detoxifying enzymes. Some natural quinones have relevant roles in important physiological processes. One of them is coenzyme Q10, which takes part in the oxidative phosphorylation processes involved in cell energy production, as a proton and electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and shows neuroprotective effects relevant to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Additional neuroprotective quinones that can be regarded as coenzyme Q10 analogues are idobenone, mitoquinone and plastoquinone. Other endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activities include tocopherol-derived quinones, most notably vatiquinone, and vitamin K. A final group of non-endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activity is discussed, comprising embelin, APX-3330, cannabinoid-derived quinones, asterriquinones and other indolylquinones, pyrroloquinolinequinone and its analogues, geldanamycin and its analogues, rifampicin quinone, memoquin and a number of hybrid structures combining quinones with amino acids, cholinesterase inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Carmona-Zafra
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Clerigué
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Lyu C, Yuan B, Meng Y, Cong S, Che H, Ji X, Wang H, Chen C, Li X, Jiang H, Zhang J. Puerarin Alleviates H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress and Blood-Milk Barrier Impairment in Dairy Cows. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097742. [PMID: 37175449 PMCID: PMC10178507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the perinatal period, the bovine mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows exhibit vigorous metabolism and produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting redox balance disruption leads to oxidative stress, one of the main causes of mastitis. Puerarin (PUE) is a natural flavonoid in the root of PUE that has attracted extensive attention as a potential antioxidant. This study first investigated whether PUE could reduce oxidative damage and mastitis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro and elucidated the molecular mechanism. In vitro, BMECs (Bovine mammary epithelial cells) were divided into four treatment groups: Control group (no treatment), H2O2 group (H2O2 stimulation), PUE + H2O2 group (H2O2 stimulation before PUE rescue) and PUE group (positive control). The growth of BMECs in each group was observed, and oxidative stress-related indices were detected. Fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of tightly linked genes, antioxidant genes, and inflammatory factors. The expression of p65 protein was detected by Western blot. In vivo, twenty cows with an average age of 5 years having given birth three times were divided into the normal dairy cow group, normal dairy cow group fed PUE, mastitis dairy cow group fed PUE, and mastitis dairy cow group fed PUE (n = 5). The contents of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in milk and serum were detected. In BMECs, the results showed that the PUE treatment increased the activities of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC); ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were reduced. Thus, PUE alleviated H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vitro. In addition, the PUE treatment eliminated the inhibition of H2O2 on the expression of oxidation genes and tight junction genes, and the enrichment degree of NRF-2, HO-1, xCT, and tight junctions (claudin4, occludin, ZO-1 and symplekin) increased. The PUE treatment also inhibited the expression of NF-κB-associated inflammatory factors (IL-6 and IL-8) and the chemokine CCL5 in H2O2-induced BMECs. In vivo experiments also confirmed that feeding PUE can reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in the milk and serum of lactating dairy cows. In conclusion, PUE can effectively reduce the oxidative stress of bovine mammary epithelial cells, enhance the tight junctions between cells, and play an anti-inflammatory role. This study provides a theoretical basis for PUE prevention and treatment of mastitis and oxidative stress. The use of PUE should be considered as a feed additive in future dairy farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shuai Cong
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haoyu Che
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xingyu Ji
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chengzhen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Mead RJ, Shan N, Reiser HJ, Marshall F, Shaw PJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a neurodegenerative disorder poised for successful therapeutic translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:185-212. [PMID: 36543887 PMCID: PMC9768794 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons. As with all major neurodegenerative disorders, development of disease-modifying therapies has proven challenging for multiple reasons. Nevertheless, ALS is one of the few neurodegenerative diseases for which disease-modifying therapies are approved. Significant discoveries and advances have been made in ALS preclinical models, genetics, pathology, biomarkers, imaging and clinical readouts over the last 10-15 years. At the same time, novel therapeutic paradigms are being applied in areas of high unmet medical need, including neurodegenerative disorders. These developments have evolved our knowledge base, allowing identification of targeted candidate therapies for ALS with diverse mechanisms of action. In this Review, we discuss how this advanced knowledge, aligned with new approaches, can enable effective translation of therapeutic agents from preclinical studies through to clinical benefit for patients with ALS. We anticipate that this approach in ALS will also positively impact the field of drug discovery for neurodegenerative disorders more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Keapstone Therapeutics, The Innovation Centre, Broomhall, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ning Shan
- Aclipse Therapeutics, Radnor, PA, US
| | | | - Fiona Marshall
- MSD UK Discovery Centre, Merck, Sharp and Dohme (UK) Limited, London, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Keapstone Therapeutics, The Innovation Centre, Broomhall, Sheffield, UK.
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Sheng Y, Sun Y, Tang Y, Yu Y, Wang J, Zheng F, Li Y, Sun Y. Catechins: Protective mechanism of antioxidant stress in atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1144878. [PMID: 37033663 PMCID: PMC10080012 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1144878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea has long been valued for its health benefits, especially its potential to prevent and treat atherosclerosis (AS). Abnormal lipid metabolism and oxidative stress are major factors that contribute to the development of AS. Tea, which originated in China, is believed to help prevent AS. Research has shown that tea is rich in catechins, which is considered a potential source of natural antioxidants. Catechins are the most abundant antioxidants in green tea, and are considered to be the main compound responsible for tea's antioxidant activity. The antioxidant properties of catechins are largely dependent on the structure of molecules, and the number and location of hydroxyl groups or their substituents. As an exogenous antioxidant, catechins can effectively eliminate lipid peroxidation products. They can also play an antioxidant role indirectly by activating the endogenous antioxidant system by regulating enzyme activity and signaling pathways. In this review, we summarized the preventive effect of catechin in AS, and emphasized that improving the antioxidant effect and lipid metabolism disorders of catechins is the key to managing AS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yizhuo Sun
- *Correspondence: Fengjie Zheng, ; Yuhang Li, ; Yan Sun,
| | | | | | | | - Fengjie Zheng
- *Correspondence: Fengjie Zheng, ; Yuhang Li, ; Yan Sun,
| | - Yuhang Li
- *Correspondence: Fengjie Zheng, ; Yuhang Li, ; Yan Sun,
| | - Yan Sun
- *Correspondence: Fengjie Zheng, ; Yuhang Li, ; Yan Sun,
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Lipton SA. Towards development of disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease using redox chemical biology pathways. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 66:102267. [PMID: 35870288 PMCID: PMC9509422 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Redox modifications are described that can be harnessed for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The approach has shown potential therapeutic efficacy in AD in both transgenic mouse and hiPSC cerebral organoids models. In this review, two such redox targets are highlighted. First, protein S-nitrosylation of the NMDA-type of glutamate receptor is described as a potential therapeutic target. Second, an S-alkylation reaction of critical, redox-active cysteine thiol(s) on the protein KEAP1 to activate the anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory transcription factor NRF2 is proposed. In both approaches, we utilize compounds described as pathologically activated therapeutics (or "PAT" drugs), which can only be activated by the disease process that they then combat. Thus, PAT drugs remain relatively innocuous and therefore clinically-tolerated in normal tissue in the absence of disease, thereby avoiding severe side effects both systemically and in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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10
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Satoh T, Trudler D, Oh CK, Lipton SA. Potential Therapeutic Use of the Rosemary Diterpene Carnosic Acid for Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Long-COVID through NRF2 Activation to Counteract the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:124. [PMID: 35052628 PMCID: PMC8772720 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis [family Lamiaceae]), an herb of economic and gustatory repute, is employed in traditional medicines in many countries. Rosemary contains carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS), abietane-type phenolic diterpenes, which account for most of its biological and pharmacological actions, although claims have also been made for contributions of another constituent, rosmarinic acid. This review focuses on the potential applications of CA and CS for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in part via inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. CA exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects via phase 2 enzyme induction initiated by activation of the KEAP1/NRF2 transcriptional pathway, which in turn attenuates NLRP3 activation. In addition, we propose that CA-related compounds may serve as therapeutics against the brain-related after-effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, termed "long-COVID." One factor that contributes to COVID-19 is cytokine storm emanating from macrophages as a result of unregulated inflammation in and around lung epithelial and endovascular cells. Additionally, neurological aftereffects such as anxiety and "brain fog" are becoming a major issue for both the pandemic and post-pandemic period. Many reports hold that unregulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation may potentially contribute to the severity of COVID-19 and its aftermath. It is therefore possible that suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activity may prove efficacious against both acute lung disease and chronic neurological after-effects. Because CA has been shown to not only act systemically but also to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain parenchyma to exert neuroprotective effects, we discuss the evidence that CA or rosemary extracts containing CA may represent an effective countermeasure against both acute and chronic pathological events initiated by SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as other chronic neurodegenerative diseases including AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Satoh
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan
| | - Dorit Trudler
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.T.); (C.-K.O.)
| | - Chang-Ki Oh
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.T.); (C.-K.O.)
| | - Stuart A. Lipton
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.T.); (C.-K.O.)
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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11
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Tea Polyphenols Enhanced the Antioxidant Capacity and Induced Hsps to Relieve Heat Stress Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9615429. [PMID: 34413929 PMCID: PMC8369192 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9615429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Keap1-Nrf2-ARE and heat shock proteins (Hsps) are important endogenous protection mechanisms initiated by heat stress to play a double protective role for cell adaptation and survival. H9C2 cells and 80 300-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were randomly divided into the control and tea polyphenol groups and used to establish a heat stress model in vitro and in vivo. This task was conducted to explore the protection and mechanism of tea polyphenols in relieving thermal injury. A supplement with 10 μg/mL tea polyphenols could effectively relieve the heat damage of H9C2 cells at 42°C. Accordingly, weaker granular degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, and nucleus deep staining were shown. A strong antioxidant capacity was manifested in the upregulation of the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (at 5 h, P < 0.05), Hemeoxygenase-1 mRNA (at 2 h, P < 0.01), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (at 2, 3, and 5 h, P < 0.05), and Nrf2 (at 0 and 5 h, P < 0.01). A high expression of Hsps was reflected in CRYAB at 3 h; Hsp27 at 0, 2, and 3 h (P < 0.01); and Hsp70 at 3 and 5 h (P < 0.01). The supplement with 0.2 g/L tea polyphenols in the drinking water also had a good effect in alleviating the heat stress damage of the myocardial cells of hens at 38°C. Accordingly, light pathological lesions and downregulation of the myocardial injury-related indicators (LDH, CK, CK-MB, and TNF-α) were shown. The mechanism was related to the upregulation of T-AOC (at 0 h, P < 0.05), GSH-PX (at 0.5 d, P < 0.01), SOD (at 0.5 d), and Nrf2 (at 0 d with P < 0.01 and 2 d with P < 0.05) and the induced expression of CRYAB (at 0.5 and 2 d), Hsp27 (at 0, 0.5, and 5 d), and Hsp70 (at 0 and 0.5 d). In conclusion, the tea polyphenols enhanced the antioxidant capacity and induced Hsps to relieve heat stress injury.
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12
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Akagi R, Kubo T, Hatori Y, Miyamoto T, Inouye S. Heme oxygenase-1 induction by heat shock in rat hepatoma cell line is regulated by the coordinated function of HSF1, NRF2, AND BACH1. J Biochem 2021; 170:501-510. [PMID: 34061198 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction by heat shock (HS) loading remains unclear. Here, we investigated the contribution of transcription factors to HS-induced HO-1 expression, using a rat hepatoma cell line (H-4-II-E). Our results demonstrated that HS treatment resulted in a marked induction of HO-1. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a slight mismatch in the expression levels of HO-1 and HSP70 by HS among cells, suggesting a conflict between multiple induction mechanisms. We observed HS-induced nuclear localization of, not only phosphorylated HSF1, but also NRF2, which is a typical transcription factor activated by oxidative stress. HSF1 knockdown in H-4-II-E markedly reduced HO-1 induction by HS, while NRF2 knockdown resulted in a partial effect. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that HS loading resulted in significant binding of HSF1 to the HSE in the promoter proximal region of HO-1 gene and another HSE located close to the MARE in the -4 kb upstream enhancer region 1, where NRF2 also bound, together with BACH1, a negative transcription factor of HO-1. These observations indicate that HO-1 induction by HS is mainly mediated by HSF1 binding to the proximal HSE. NRF2 binding to MARE by HS is predominantly suppressed by an increased binding of BACH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Akagi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Takanori Kubo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Yuta Hatori
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Sachiye Inouye
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University 1-1-1 Daigakudohri, Sanyo-onoda-shi 756-0884, Japan
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Effects of Ethyl Pyruvate on Bile Duct Ligation-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Regulating Nrf2 Pathway and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Rats. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2019; 2019:2969802. [PMID: 31933629 PMCID: PMC6942817 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2969802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on experimental liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Material and Method Rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group, the BDL group, and the BDL+EP group. Liver fibrosis was induced by common bile duct ligation and was evaluated by serum biochemical parameter levels, Masson's trichrome staining, α-SMA expression, and collagen I deposition. The levels of Nrf2 signaling pathway-related antioxidant genes (Nrf2, SOD2, NQO1, and GSH-Px) in liver tissues were also measured. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression levels of HMGB1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and HSP27 were analyzed. In BDL-induced liver fibrosis rats, the successfully established model was confirmed by the significant increase of serum ALT and AST levels, the high liver fibrosis score, α-SMA expression, and collagen deposition. Results Compared with the BDL group, EP administration could diminish fibrosis level and substantially increase the expression of Nrf2 signaling pathway-related antioxidant genes. Furthermore, EP significantly suppressed the mRNA expression levels of HMGB1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and HSP27. Conclusions The results suggested that EP administration could effectively inhibit the liver fibrosis induced by BDL in rat, which may be associated with the enhanced activity of Nrf2 to mediate antioxidant enzyme system and downregulate the inflammatory genes.
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Velezheva VS, Babii OL, Khodak AA, Alekseeva EA, Nelyubina YV, Godovikov IA, Peregudov AS, Majorov KB, Nikonenko BV. Novel base-initiated cascade reactions of hemiindigos to produce dipolar γ-carbolines and indole-fused pentacycles. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41402-41408. [PMID: 35541627 PMCID: PMC9076487 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel continuous-flow cascade reactions are developed for producing 1,4-diaryl-disubstituted dipolar γ-carbolines 2 that contain a carboxylate group and their two pentacyclic precursors 6, 7 from hemiindigos 1. The nucleophilic and pro-electrophilic chemistry described is new to the hemiindigos 1, and it led to the discovery of antimycobacterial scaffold characteristic of rimino-type pentacycles 6, 7 and potent drug clofazimine. The new scaffold like clofazimine appears to be useful in developing lead agents active against drug-resistant/dormant TB. Based on hemiindigos we developed novel reactions for producing γ-carbolines and their precursors that appeared to be active against MTB.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Velezheva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - O L Babii
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - A A Khodak
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - E A Alekseeva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - Yu V Nelyubina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - I A Godovikov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - A S Peregudov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - K B Majorov
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis Moscow Russia
| | - B V Nikonenko
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis Moscow Russia
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15
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Tavakkoli A, Iranshahi M, Hasheminezhad SH, Hayes AW, Karimi G. The neuroprotective activities of natural products through the Nrf2 upregulation. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2256-2273. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tavakkoli
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - S. Hossein Hasheminezhad
- Student Research Committee, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - A. Wallace Hayes
- Institute for Integrative ToxicologyUniversity of South Florida Tampa Florida
- Institute for Integrative ToxicologyMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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16
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Zuo M, Tang J, Xiang M, Long Q, Dai J, Yu G, Zhang H, Hu H. Clinical observation of the reduced glutathione in the treatment of diabetic chronic kidney disease. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8483-8491. [PMID: 30556156 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Man‐hua Zuo
- School of Medicine, Hubei Institute for Nationalities Enshi China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Nephrology The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture Enshi China
| | - Miao‐miao Xiang
- Department of Nephrology The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture Enshi China
| | - Qing Long
- Department of Nephrology The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture Enshi China
| | - Jian‐ping Dai
- Department of Nephrology The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture Enshi China
| | - Guo‐dan Yu
- Department of Nephrology The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture Enshi China
| | - Hua‐guo Zhang
- Department of Nursing Henan Medical College Zhengzhou China
| | - Hui Hu
- Nursing School, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
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Romanello KS, Teixeira KKL, Silva JPMO, Nagamatsu ST, Bezerra MAC, Domingos IF, Martins DAP, Araujo AS, Lanaro C, Breyer CA, Ferreira RA, Franco-Penteado C, Costa FF, Malavazi I, Netto LES, de Oliveira MA, Cunha AF. Global analysis of erythroid cells redox status reveals the involvement of Prdx1 and Prdx2 in the severity of beta thalassemia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208316. [PMID: 30521599 PMCID: PMC6283586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemia is a worldwide distributed monogenic red cell disorder, characterized by an absent or reduced beta globin chain synthesis. The unbalance of alpha-gamma chain and the presence of pathological free iron promote severe oxidative damage, playing crucial a role in erythrocyte hemolysis, exacerbating ineffective erythropoiesis and decreasing the lifespan of red blood cells (RBC). Catalase, glutathione peroxidase and peroxiredoxins act together to protect RBCs from hydrogen peroxide insult. Among them, peroxiredoxins stand out for their overall abundance and reactivity. In RBCs, Prdx2 is the third most abundant protein, although Prdxs 1 and 6 isoforms are also found in lower amounts. Despite the importance of these enzymes, Prdx1 and Prdx2 may have their peroxidase activity inactivated by hyperoxidation at high hydroperoxide concentrations, which also promotes the molecular chaperone activity of these proteins. Some studies have demonstrated the importance of Prdx1 and Prdx2 for the development and maintenance of erythrocytes in hemolytic anemia. Now, we performed a global analysis comparatively evaluating the expression profile of several antioxidant enzymes and their physiological reducing agents in patients with beta thalassemia intermedia (BTI) and healthy individuals. Furthermore, increased levels of ROS were observed not only in RBC, but also in neutrophils and mononuclear cells of BTI patients. The level of transcripts and the protein content of Prx1 were increased in reticulocyte and RBCs of BTI patients and the protein content was also found to be higher when compared to beta thalassemia major (BTM), suggesting that this peroxidase could cooperate with Prx2 in the removal of H2O2. Furthermore, Prdx2 production is highly increased in RBCs of BTM patients that present high amounts of hyperoxidized species. A significant increase in the content of Trx1, Srx1 and Sod1 in RBCs of BTI patients suggested protective roles for these enzymes in BTI patients. Finally, the upregulation of Nrf2 and Keap1 transcription factors found in BTI patients may be involved in the regulation of the antioxidant enzymes analyzed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S. Romanello
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Karina K. L. Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - João Pedro M. O. Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Sheila T. Nagamatsu
- Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Igor F. Domingos
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Departamento de Genética, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diego A. P. Martins
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Departamento de Genética, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aderson S. Araujo
- Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do estado de Pernambuco (HEMOPE), Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lanaro
- Hemocentro da Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Breyer
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)–Campus Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Iran Malavazi
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luis E. S. Netto
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Genética, Biologia Evolutiva, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson F. Cunha
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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18
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Bianchi M, Crinelli R, Arbore V, Magnani M. Induction of ubiquitin C ( UBC) gene transcription is mediated by HSF1: role of proteotoxic and oxidative stress. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1471-1485. [PMID: 30186748 PMCID: PMC6120222 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyubiquitin gene ubiquitin C (UBC) is considered a stress protective gene and is upregulated under various stressful conditions, which is probably a consequence of an increased demand for ubiquitin in order to remove toxic misfolded proteins. We previously identified heat shock elements (HSEs) within the UBC promoter, which are responsible for heat shock factor (HSF)1‐driven induction of the UBC gene and are activated by proteotoxic stress. Here, we determined the molecular players driving the UBC gene transcriptional response to arsenite treatment, mainly addressing the role of the nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)‐mediated antioxidant pathway. Exposure of HeLa cells to arsenite caused a time‐dependent increase of UBCmRNA, while cell viability and proteasome activity were not affected. Nuclear accumulation of HSF1 and Nrf2 transcription factors was detected upon both arsenite and MG132 treatment, while HSF2 nuclear levels increased in MG132‐treated cells. Notably, siRNA‐mediated knockdown of Nrf2 did not reduce UBC transcription under either basal or stressful conditions, but significantly impaired the constitutive and inducible expression of well‐known antioxidant response element‐dependent genes. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay consistently failed to detect Nrf2 binding to the UBC promoter sequence. By contrast, depletion of HSF1, but not HSF2, significantly compromised stress‐induced UBC expression. Critically, HSF1‐mediated UBC trans‐activation upon arsenite exposure relies on transcription factor binding to previously mapped distal HSEs, as demonstrated to occur under proteasome inhibition. These data highlight HSF1 as the pivotal transcription factor that translates different stress signals into UBC gene transcriptional induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Bianchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo' Italy
| | - Rita Crinelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo' Italy
| | - Vanessa Arbore
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo' Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo' Italy
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Satoh T, Lipton S. Recent advances in understanding NRF2 as a druggable target: development of pro-electrophilic and non-covalent NRF2 activators to overcome systemic side effects of electrophilic drugs like dimethyl fumarate. F1000Res 2017; 6:2138. [PMID: 29263788 PMCID: PMC5730864 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12111.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an electrophilic compound previously called BG-12 and marketed under the name Tecfidera
®. It was approved in 2013 by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. One mechanism of action of DMF is stimulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcriptional pathway that induces anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory phase II enzymes to prevent chronic neurodegeneration. However, electrophiles such as DMF also produce severe systemic side effects, in part due to non-specific S-alkylation of cysteine thiols and resulting depletion of glutathione. This mini-review presents the present status and future strategy for NRF2 activators designed to avoid these side effects. Two modes of chemical reaction leading to NRF2 activation are considered here. The first mode is S-alkylation (covalent reaction) of thiols in Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), which interacts with NRF2. The second mechanism involves non-covalent pharmacological inhibition of protein-protein interactions, in particular domain-specific interaction between NRF2 and KEAP1 or other repressor proteins involved in this transcriptional pathway. There have been significant advances in drug development using both of these mechanisms that can potentially avoid the systemic side effects of electrophilic compounds. In the first case concerning covalent reaction with KEAP1, monomethyl fumarate and monoethyl fumarate appear to represent safer derivatives of DMF. In a second approach, pro-electrophilic drugs, such as carnosic acid from the herb
Rosmarinus officinalis, can be used as a safe pro-drug of an electrophilic compound. Concerning non-covalent activation of NRF2, drugs are being developed that interfere with the direct interaction of KEAP1-NRF2 or inhibit BTB domain and CNC homolog 1 (BACH1), which is a transcriptional repressor of the promoter where NRF2 binds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Satoh
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stuart Lipton
- Neuroscience Translational Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Shi YW, Zhang XC, Chen C, Tang M, Wang ZW, Liang XM, Ding F, Wang CP. Schisantherin A attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal injury in rats via regulation of TLR4 and C5aR1 signaling pathways. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:244-256. [PMID: 28690033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and C5aR1 (CD88) have been recognized as potential therapeutic targets for the reduction of inflammation and secondary damage and improvement of outcome after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). The inflammatory responses which induce cell apoptosis and necrosis after I/R brain injury lead to a limited process of neural repair. To further comprehend how these targets function in I/R state, we investigated the pathological changes and TLR4 and C5aR1 signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo models of I/R brain injury in this study. Meanwhile, we explored the roles of schisantherin A on I/R brain injury, and whether it exerted neuroprotective effects by regulating the TLR4 and C5aR1 signaling pathways or not. The results showed that schisantherin A significantly reduced the neuronal apoptosis induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) injury in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Also, schisantherin A alleviated neurological deficits, reduced infarct volume, attenuated oxidation stress, inflammation and apoptosis in ischemic parietal cortex of rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) injury. Moreover, the activated TLR4 and C5aR1 signaling pathways were inhibited by schisantherin A treatment. In conclusion, TLR4 and C5aR1 played a vital role during I/R brain injury in rats, and schisantherin A exhibited neuroprotective effects by TLR4 and C5aR1 signaling pathways. These findings also provided new insights that would aid in elucidating the effect of schisantherin A against cerebral I/R and support the development of schisantherin A as a potential treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China
| | - Xiao Chuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China
| | - Miao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China
| | - Zhi Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xin Miao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China.
| | - Cai Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China.
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21
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Dayalan Naidu S, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Regulation of the mammalian heat shock factor 1. FEBS J 2017; 284:1606-1627. [PMID: 28052564 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms are endowed with the capability to tackle various forms of cellular stress due to the presence of molecular chaperone machinery complexes that are ubiquitous throughout the cell. During conditions of proteotoxic stress, the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) mediates the elevation of heat shock proteins, which are crucial components of the chaperone complex machinery and function to ameliorate protein misfolding and aggregation and restore protein homeostasis. In addition, HSF1 orchestrates a versatile transcriptional programme that includes genes involved in repair and clearance of damaged macromolecules and maintenance of cell structure and metabolism, and provides protection against a broad range of cellular stress mediators, beyond heat shock. Here, we discuss the structure and function of the mammalian HSF1 and its regulation by post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, sumoylation and acetylation), proteasomal degradation, and small-molecule activators and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharadha Dayalan Naidu
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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MEF2D haploinsufficiency downregulates the NRF2 pathway and renders photoreceptors susceptible to light-induced oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4048-E4056. [PMID: 28461502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613067114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaining mechanistic insight into interaction between causative factors of complex multifactorial diseases involving photoreceptor damage might aid in devising effective therapies. Oxidative stress is one of the potential unifying mechanisms for interplay between genetic and environmental factors that contribute to photoreceptor pathology. Interestingly, the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2d (MEF2D) is known to be important in photoreceptor survival, as knockout of this transcription factor results in loss of photoreceptors in mice. Here, using a mild light-induced retinal degeneration model, we show that the diminished MEF2D transcriptional activity in Mef2d+/- retina is further reduced under photostimulation-induced oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species cause an aberrant redox modification on MEF2D, consequently inhibiting transcription of its downstream target, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2). NRF2 is a master regulator of phase II antiinflammatory and antioxidant gene expression. In the Mef2d heterozygous mouse retina, NRF2 is not up-regulated to a normal degree in the face of light-induced oxidative stress, contributing to accelerated photoreceptor cell death. Furthermore, to combat this injury, we found that activation of the endogenous NRF2 pathway using proelectrophilic drugs rescues photoreceptors from photo-induced oxidative stress and may therefore represent a viable treatment for oxidative stress-induced photoreceptor degeneration, which is thought to contribute to some forms of retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration.
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Sawa K, Uematsu T, Korenaga Y, Hirasawa R, Kikuchi M, Murata K, Zhang J, Gai X, Sakamoto K, Koyama T, Satoh T. Krebs Cycle Intermediates Protective against Oxidative Stress by Modulating the Level of Reactive Oxygen Species in Neuronal HT22 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6010021. [PMID: 28300753 PMCID: PMC5384184 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Krebs cycle intermediates (KCIs) are reported to function as energy substrates in mitochondria and to exert antioxidants effects on the brain. The present study was designed to identify which KCIs are effective neuroprotective compounds against oxidative stress in neuronal cells. Here we found that pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and α-ketoglutarate, but not lactate, citrate, iso-citrate, succinate, fumarate, or malate, protected HT22 cells against hydrogen peroxide-mediated toxicity. These three intermediates reduced the production of hydrogen peroxide-activated reactive oxygen species, measured in terms of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence. In contrast, none of the KCIs—used at 1 mM—protected against cell death induced by high concentrations of glutamate—another type of oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death. Because these protective KCIs did not have any toxic effects (at least up to 10 mM), they have potential use for therapeutic intervention against chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Sawa
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Takumi Uematsu
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Korenaga
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Ryuya Hirasawa
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Kyohei Murata
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Xiaoqing Gai
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Koyama
- Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Takumi Satoh
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
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Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Ceddia MA, Herrlinger KA, Lewis BJ, Feng S, Welleford A, Butterfield DA, Morley JE. Effect of botanical extracts containing carnosic acid or rosmarinic acid on learning and memory in SAMP8 mice. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:328-38. [PMID: 27527000 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is one of the hallmarks of the aging process. The current study evaluated effects of two proprietary antioxidant-based ingredients, rosemary extract and spearmint extract containing carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, respectively, on learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse model of accelerated aging. The two rosemary extracts contained carnosic acid (60% or 10% carnosic acid) and one spearmint extract contained 5% rosmarinic acid. Three doses of actives in each extract were tested: 32, 16, 1.6 or 0mg/kg. After 90days of treatment mice were tested in T-maze foot shock avoidance, object recognition and lever press. Rosemary extract containing 60% carnosic acid improved acquisition and retention in T-maze foot shock, object recognition and lever press. Rosemary extract with 10% carnosic acid improved retention in T-maze foot shock avoidance and lever press. Spearmint with 5% rosmarinic acid improved acquisition and retention in T-maze foot shock avoidance and object recognition. 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) was reduced in the brain cortex after treatment with all three extracts (P<0.001) compared to the vehicle treated SAMP8. Protein carbonyls were reduced in the hippocampus after administration of rosemary with 10% carnosic acid (P<0.05) and spearmint containing 5% rosmarinic acid (P<0.001). The current results indicate that the extracts from spearmint and rosemary have beneficial effects on learning and memory and brain tissue markers of oxidation that occur with age in SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- VA Medical Center, 915 North Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63106, United States; St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States.
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Michael A Ceddia
- Kemin Foods, L.C, 2100 Maury St., Des Moines, IA, 50307, United States
| | | | - Brandon J Lewis
- Kemin Foods, L.C, 2100 Maury St., Des Moines, IA, 50307, United States
| | - Shulin Feng
- Kemin Foods, L.C, 2100 Maury St., Des Moines, IA, 50307, United States
| | - Andrew Welleford
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 249 Chemistry-Physics, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 249 Chemistry-Physics, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - John E Morley
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, United States; St. Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 1402 South Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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25
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Glory A, Averill-Bates DA. The antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 contributes to the protective effect of mild thermotolerance (40°C) against heat shock-induced apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:485-497. [PMID: 27591796 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of cells to low doses of stress induces adaptive survival responses that protect cells against subsequent exposure to toxic stress. The ability of cells to resist subsequent toxic stress following exposure to low dose heat stress at 40°C is known as mild thermotolerance. Mild thermotolerance involves increased expression of heat shock proteins and antioxidants, but the initiating factors in this response are not understood. This study aims to understand the role of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway in acquisition of mild thermotolerance at 40°C, and secondly, whether the Nrf2 pathway could be involved in the protective effect of thermotolerance against heat-shock (42°C)-induced apoptosis. During cell preconditioning at 40°C, protein expression of the Nrf2 transcription factor increased after 15-60min. In addition, levels of the Nrf2 targets MnSOD, catalase, heme oxygenase-1, glutamate cysteine ligase and Hsp70 increased at 40°C. Levels of these Nrf2 targets were enhanced by Nrf2 activator oltipraz and decreased by shRNA targeting Nrf2. Levels of pro-oxidants increased after 30-60min at 40°C. Pro-oxidant levels were decreased by oltipraz and increased by knockdown of Nrf2. Increased Nrf2 expression and catalase activity at 40°C were inhibited by the antioxidant PEG-catalase and by p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α. These results suggest that mild thermotolerance (40°C) increases cellular pro-oxidant levels, which in turn activate Nrf2 and its target genes. Moreover, Nrf2 contributes to the protective effect of thermotolerance against heat-shock (42°C)-induced apoptosis, because Nrf2 activation by oltipraz enhanced thermotolerance, whereas Nrf2 knockdown partly reversed thermotolerance. Improved knowledge about the different protective mechanisms that mild thermotolerance can activate is crucial for the potential use of this adaptive survival response to treat stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Glory
- Département des Sciences Biologiques (TOXEN), Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Center-Ville Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Diana A Averill-Bates
- Département des Sciences Biologiques (TOXEN), Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Center-Ville Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8.
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26
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Thibodeau A, Geng X, Previch LE, Ding Y. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Circ 2016; 2:61-66. [PMID: 30276274 PMCID: PMC6126256 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.186256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that serves a critical role in the conversion of anaerobic to aerobic cerebral energy. The regulatory complexity of PDH, coupled with its significant influence in brain metabolism, underscores its susceptibility to, and significance in, ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here, we evaluate proposed mechanisms of PDH-mediated neurodysfunction in stroke, including oxidative stress, altered regulatory enzymatic control, and loss of PDH activity. We also describe the neuroprotective influence of antioxidants, dichloroacetate, acetyl-L-carnitine, and combined therapy with ethanol and normobaric oxygen, explained in relation to PDH modulation. Our review highlights the significance of PDH impairment in stroke injury through an understanding of the mechanisms by which it is modulated, as well as an exploration of neuroprotective strategies available to limit its impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Thibodeau
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lauren E Previch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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28
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Matte A, De Falco L, Iolascon A, Mohandas N, An X, Siciliano A, Leboeuf C, Janin A, Bruno M, Choi SY, Kim DW, De Franceschi L. The Interplay Between Peroxiredoxin-2 and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2 Is Important in Limiting Oxidative Mediated Dysfunction in β-Thalassemic Erythropoiesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1284-97. [PMID: 26058667 PMCID: PMC4677567 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS β-Thalassemia is a common inherited red cell disorder characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and severe oxidative stress. Peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx2), a typical 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin, is upregulated during β-thalassemic erythropoiesis, but its contribution to stress erythropoiesis, a common feature of thalassemia, is yet to be fully defined. RESULTS Here, we showed that Prx2(-/-) mice displayed reactive oxygen species related abnormalities in erythropoiesis similar to that of Hbb(th3/+) mice associated with activation of redox response transcriptional factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (Nrf2). We generated β-thalassemic mice genetically lacking Prx2 (Prx2(-/-)Hbb(th3/+)) and documented a worsened β-thalassemic hematological phenotype with severe ineffective erythropoiesis. To further validate a key role of Prx2 in stress erythropoiesis, we administrated fused recombinant PEP1Prx2 to Hbb(th3/+) mice and documented a decrease in ineffective erythropoiesis. We further show that Prx2 effects are mediated by activation of Nrf2 and upregulation of genes that protect against oxidative damage such as gluthatione S-transferase, heme-oxygenase-1, and NADPH dehydrogenase quinone-1. INNOVATION We propose Prx2 as a key antioxidant system and Nrf2 activation is a cellular adaptive process in response to oxidative stress, resulting in upregulation of antioxidant (antioxidant responsive element) genes required to ensure cell survival. CONCLUSION Our data shed new light on adaptive mechanisms against oxidative damage through the interplay of Prx2 and Nrf2 during stress erythropoiesis and suggest new therapeutic options to decrease ineffective erythropoiesis by modulation of endogenous antioxidant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Matte
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Luigia De Falco
- 2 CEINGE and Department of Biochemistry, University of Naples , Naples, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- 2 CEINGE and Department of Biochemistry, University of Naples , Naples, Italy
| | | | - Xiuli An
- 3 New York Blood Center , New York, New York
| | - Angela Siciliano
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona , Verona, Italy
| | | | - Anne Janin
- 4 Inserm , U1165, Paris, France .,5 Université Paris 7 , Denis Diderot, Paris, France .,6 AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis , Paris, France
| | - Mariasole Bruno
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona , Verona, Italy .,2 CEINGE and Department of Biochemistry, University of Naples , Naples, Italy
| | - Soo Young Choi
- 7 Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- 7 Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University , Chuncheon, Korea
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DeLoach A, Cozart M, Kiaei A, Kiaei M. A retrospective review of the progress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drug discovery over the last decade and a look at the latest strategies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1099-118. [PMID: 26307158 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1067197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug discovery for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has experienced a surge in clinical studies and remarkable preclinical milestones utilizing a variety of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 model systems. Of the drugs that were tested and showed positive preclinical effects, none demonstrated therapeutic benefits to ALS patients in clinical settings. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the advances made in drug discovery for ALS and highlights why drug development is proving to be so difficult. It also discusses how a closer look at both preclinical and clinical studies could uncover the reasons why these preclinical successes have yet to result in the availability of an effective drug for clinical use. EXPERT OPINION Valuable lessons from the numerous preclinical and clinical studies supply the biggest advantage in the monumental task of finding a cure for ALS. Obviously, a single design type for ALS clinical trials has not yielded success. The authors suggest a two-pronged approach that may prove essential to achieve clinical efficacy in the identification of novel targets and preclinical testing in multiple models to identify biomarkers that can function in diagnostic, predictive and prognostic roles, and changes to clinical trial design and patient recruitment criteria. The advancement of technology and invention of more powerful tools will further enhance the above. This will give rise to more sophisticated clinical trials with consideration of a range of criteria from: optimum dose, route of delivery, specific biomarkers, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology to biomarkers, timing for trial and patients' clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail DeLoach
- a 1 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences , Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Michael Cozart
- b 2 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Arianna Kiaei
- a 1 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences , Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Mahmoud Kiaei
- a 1 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences , Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.,b 2 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.,c 3 University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology , 4301 W. Markham St, 846, Little Rock, AR 72205 7199, USA
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Endogenous Generation and Signaling Actions of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Electrophilic Derivatives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:501792. [PMID: 26339618 PMCID: PMC4538325 DOI: 10.1155/2015/501792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are beneficial for a number of conditions ranging from cardiovascular disease to chronic airways disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Growing evidence has shown that bioactive oxygenated derivatives are responsible for transducing these salutary effects. Electrophilic oxo-derivatives of omega-3 PUFAs represent a class of oxidized derivatives that can be generated via enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. Inflammation and oxidative stress favor the formation of these signaling species to promote the resolution of inflammation within a fine autoregulatory loop. Endogenous generation of electrophilic oxo-derivatives of omega-3 PUFAs has been observed in in vitro and ex vivo human models and dietary supplementation of omega-3 PUFAs has been reported to increase their formation. Due to the presence of an α,β-unsaturated ketone moiety, these compounds covalently and reversibly react with nucleophilic residues on target proteins triggering the activation of cytoprotective pathways, including the Nrf2 antioxidant response, the heat shock response, and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and suppressing the NF-κB proinflammatory pathway. The endogenous nature of electrophilic oxo-derivatives of omega-3 PUFAs combined with their ability to simultaneously activate multiple cytoprotective pathways has made these compounds attractive for the development of new therapies for the treatment of chronic disorders and acute events characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Satoh T, Stalder R, McKercher SR, Williamson RE, Roth GP, Lipton SA. Nrf2 and HSF-1 Pathway Activation via Hydroquinone-Based Proelectrophilic Small Molecules is Regulated by Electrochemical Oxidation Potential. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:1759091415593294. [PMID: 26243592 PMCID: PMC4550314 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415593294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and heat-shock protein 90/heat-shock factor-1 signal-transduction pathways plays a central role in combatting cellular oxidative damage and related endoplasmic reticulum stress. Electrophilic compounds have been shown to be activators of these transcription-mediated responses through S-alkylation of specific regulatory proteins. Previously, we reported that a prototype compound (D1, a small molecule representing a proelectrophilic, para-hydroquinone species) exhibited neuroprotective action by activating both of these pathways. We hypothesized that the para-hydroquinone moiety was critical for this activation because it enhanced transcription of these neuroprotective pathways to a greater degree than that of the corresponding ortho-hydroquinone isomer. This notion was based on the differential oxidation potentials of the isomers for the transformation of the hydroquinone to the active, electrophilic quinone species. Here, to further test this hypothesis, we synthesized a pair of para- and ortho-hydroquinone-based proelectrophilic compounds and measured their redox potentials using analytical cyclic voltammetry. The redox potential was then compared with functional biological activity, and the para-hydroquinones demonstrated a superior neuroprotective profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Satoh
- Sanford-Burnham Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachiouji, Japan
| | - Romain Stalder
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Scott R McKercher
- Sanford-Burnham Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Gregory P Roth
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Sanford-Burnham Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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32
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Habib E, Linher-Melville K, Lin HX, Singh G. Expression of xCT and activity of system xc(-) are regulated by NRF2 in human breast cancer cells in response to oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2015; 5:33-42. [PMID: 25827424 PMCID: PMC4392061 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells adapt to high levels of oxidative stress in order to survive and proliferate by activating key transcription factors. One such master regulator, the redox sensitive transcription factor NF E2 Related Factor 2 (NRF2), controls the expression of cellular defense genes including those encoding intracellular redox-balancing proteins involved in glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Under basal conditions, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) targets NRF2 for ubiquitination. In response to oxidative stress, NRF2 dissociates from KEAP1, entering the nucleus and binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter of its target genes. Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production may deplete GSH levels within cancer cells. System xc(-), an antiporter that exports glutamate while importing cystine to be converted into cysteine for GSH synthesis, is upregulated in cancer cells in response to oxidative stress. Here, we provided evidence that the expression of xCT, the light chain subunit of system xc(-), is regulated by NRF2 in representative human breast cancer cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment increased nuclear translocation of NRF2, also increasing levels of xCT mRNA and protein and extracellular glutamate release. Overexpression of NRF2 up-regulated the activity of the xCT promoter, which contains a proximal ARE. In contrast, overexpression of KEAP1 repressed promoter activity and decreased xCT protein levels, while siRNA knockdown of KEAP1 up-regulated xCT protein levels and transporter activity. These results demonstrate the importance of the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway in balancing oxidative stress in breast cancer cells through system xc(-). We have previously shown that xCT is upregulated in various cancer cell lines under oxidative stress. In the current investigation, we focused on MCF-7 cells as a model for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Habib
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Katja Linher-Melville
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Han-Xin Lin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8.
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Zhang D, Lee B, Nutter A, Song P, Dolatabadi N, Parker J, Sanz-Blasco S, Newmeyer T, Ambasudhan R, McKercher SR, Masliah E, Lipton SA. Protection from cyanide-induced brain injury by the Nrf2 transcriptional activator carnosic acid. J Neurochem 2015; 133:898-908. [PMID: 25692407 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is a life-threatening, bioterrorist agent, preventing cellular respiration by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in cardiopulmonary failure, hypoxic brain injury, and death within minutes. However, even after treatment with various antidotes to protect cytochrome oxidase, cyanide intoxication in humans can induce a delayed-onset neurological syndrome that includes symptoms of Parkinsonism. Additional mechanisms are thought to underlie cyanide-induced neuronal damage, including generation of reactive oxygen species. This may account for the fact that antioxidants prevent some aspects of cyanide-induced neuronal damage. Here, as a potential preemptive countermeasure against a bioterrorist attack with cyanide, we tested the CNS protective effect of carnosic acid (CA), a pro-electrophilic compound found in the herb rosemary. CA crosses the blood-brain barrier to up-regulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes via activation of the Nrf2 transcriptional pathway. We demonstrate that CA exerts neuroprotective effects on cyanide-induced brain damage in cultured rodent and human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons in vitro, and in vivo in various brain areas of a non-Swiss albino mouse model of cyanide poisoning that simulates damage observed in the human brain. Cyanide, a potential bioterrorist agent, can produce a chronic delayed-onset neurological syndrome that includes symptoms of Parkinsonism. Here, cyanide poisoning treated with the proelectrophillic compound carnosic acid, results in reduced neuronal cell death in both in vitro and in vivo models through activation of the Nrf2/ARE transcriptional pathway. Carnosic acid is therefore a potential treatment for the toxic central nervous system (CNS) effects of cyanide poisoning. ARE, antioxidant responsive element; Nrf2 (NFE2L2, Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian Zhang
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian Lee
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anthony Nutter
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul Song
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nima Dolatabadi
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James Parker
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sara Sanz-Blasco
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Traci Newmeyer
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rajesh Ambasudhan
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Scott R McKercher
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
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Shimizu H, Koyama T, Yamada S, Lipton SA, Satoh T. Zonarol, a sesquiterpene from the brown algae Dictyopteris undulata, provides neuroprotection by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:718-22. [PMID: 25623531 PMCID: PMC4577281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seaweed-origin electrophilic compounds are proposed as a class of neuroprotective compounds that provide neuroprotection through activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Electrophilic hydroquinones are of particular interest due to their ability to become electrophilic quinones upon auto-oxidation. Although many marine plants produce a variety of electrophilic compounds, the detailed mechanism of action of these compounds remain unknown. Here, we focused on the neuroprotective effects of zonarol (ZO), a para-hydroquinone-type pro-electrophilic compound from the brown algae Dictyopteris undulata. We show that ZO activates the Nrf2/ARE pathway, induces phase-2 enzymes, and protects neuronal cells from oxidative stress. ZO is the first example of a neuroprotective pro-electrophilic compound obtained from brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koyama
- Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Science, Tokyo University of Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Sanford-Burnham Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Takumi Satoh
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
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Dayalan Naidu S, Kostov RV, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Transcription factors Hsf1 and Nrf2 engage in crosstalk for cytoprotection. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 36:6-14. [PMID: 25465722 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors heat shock factor (Hsf)1 and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor (Nrf)2 are critical for adaptation and survival. Each is maintained at low basal levels, but is robustly activated by various stimuli, including cysteine-reactive small molecules (inducers). Although each is regulated by distinct mechanisms, it is emerging that these transcription factors engage in crosstalk by sharing overlapping transcriptional targets, such as heat shock protein (HSP)70, p62, and activating transcription factor (ATF)3, and in certain cases, compensating for each other. Critically, activation of Hsf1 or Nrf2 affects the cellular redox balance by promoting the reduced state. Conversely, deletion of Hsf1 or Nrf2 is associated with oxidative stress and impaired mitochondrial function. Transient activation of Hsf1 and Nrf2 is cytoprotective, but their persistent upregulation may be detrimental, causing cardiomyopathy or accelerating carcinogenesis, and should be considered when designing strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharadha Dayalan Naidu
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Rumen V Kostov
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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36
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Wolf IML, Fan Z, Rauh M, Seufert S, Hore N, Buchfelder M, Savaskan NE, Eyüpoglu IY. Histone deacetylases inhibition by SAHA/Vorinostat normalizes the glioma microenvironment via xCT equilibration. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6226. [PMID: 25228443 PMCID: PMC4165982 DOI: 10.1038/srep06226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are characterized by neurodegenerative actions leading to the destruction of surrounding brain parenchyma. The disturbance in glutamate homeostasis caused by increased expression of the glutamate transporter xCT plays a key role in glioma progression. We demonstrate that the HDAC-inhibitor SAHA specifically inhibits the xCT-transporter expression. Thereby, tumor cell stress is engendered, marked by increase in ROS. Moreover, SAHA dependent xCT-reduction correlates with the inhibition of ATF4-expression, a factor known to foster xCT expression. Since xCT/system Xc- is pivotal for the brain tumor microenvironment, normalization of this system is a key in the management of malignant gliomas. To date, the problem lay in the inability to specifically target xCT due to the ubiquitous expression of the xCT-transporter—i.e. in non-cancerously transformed cells too—as well as its essential role in physiological CNS processes. Here, we show xCT-transporter equilibration through SAHA is specific for malignant brain tumors whereas SAHA does not affect the physiological xCT levels in healthy brain parenchyma. Our data indicate that SAHA operates on gliomas specifically via normalizing xCT expression which in consequence leads to reduced extracellular glutamate levels. This in turn causes a marked reduction in neuronal cell death and normalized tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines M L Wolf
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) [2]
| | - Zheng Fan
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) [2]
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
| | | | - Nirjhar Hore
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
| | - Nic E Savaskan
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) [2]
| | - Ilker Y Eyüpoglu
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) [2]
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Wijeratne EMK, Xu YM, Scherz-Shouval R, Marron MT, Rocha DD, Liu MX, Costa-Lotufo LV, Santagata S, Lindquist S, Whitesell L, Gunatilaka AAL. Structure–Activity Relationships for Withanolides as Inducers of the Cellular Heat-Shock Response. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2851-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401279n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- SW
Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School
of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Ya-Ming Xu
- SW
Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School
of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Ruth Scherz-Shouval
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marilyn T. Marron
- SW
Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School
of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Danilo D. Rocha
- SW
Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School
of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
- Laboratório
de Oncologia Experimental, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, P.O. Box 3157, Fortaleza, Ceará 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Manping X. Liu
- SW
Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School
of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Leticia V. Costa-Lotufo
- Laboratório
de Oncologia Experimental, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, P.O. Box 3157, Fortaleza, Ceará 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- SW
Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School
of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 East Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
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Nrf2/ARE pathway activation, HO-1 and NQO1 induction by polychlorinated biphenyl quinone is associated with reactive oxygen species and PI3K/AKT signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 209:56-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Living cells maintain a balance between oxidation and reduction, and perturbations of this redox balance are thought to contribute to various diseases. Recent attempts to regulate redox state have focused on electrophiles (EPs), which activate potent cellular defense systems against oxidative stress. One example of this approach is exemplified by carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS), compounds that are found in the herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Importantly, CA and CS themselves are not electrophilic, but in response to oxidation, become electrophilic, and then activate the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant-response element) transcription pathway to synthesize endogenous antioxidant "phase 2"enzymes. As a result of our efforts to develop these compounds as therapeutics for brain health, we have formulated two innovative criteria for drug development: the first concept is the use of pro-electrophilic drugs (PEDs) that are innocuous in and of themselves; and the second concept involves the use of compounds that are pathologically activated therapeutics (PATs); i.e., these small molecules are chemically converted to their active form by the very oxidative stress that they are designed to then combat. The chemical basis for PED and PAT drugs is embodied in the ortho- and para-hydroquinone electrophilic cores of the molecules, which are oxidized by the Cu(2+)/Cu(+) cycling system (or potentially by other transition metals). Importantly, this cycling pathway is under stringent regulation by the cell redox state. We propose that redox-dependent quinone formation is the predominant mechanism for formation of PED and PAT drugs from their precursor compounds. In fact, redox-dependent generation of the active form of drug from the "pro-form" distinguishes this therapeutic approach from traditional EPs such as curcumin, and results in a decrease in clinical side effects at therapeutic concentrations, e.g., lack of reaction with other thiols such as glutathione (GSH), which can result in lowering GSH and inducing oxidative stress in normal cells. We consider this pro-drug quality of PED/PAT compounds to be a key factor for generating drugs to be used to combat neurodegenerative diseases that will be clinically tolerated. Given the contribution of oxidative stress to the pathology of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway represents a promising drug target for these PED/PAT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Satoh
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Welfare Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan.
| | - Scott R McKercher
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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40
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Satoh T, McKercher SR, Lipton SA. Nrf2/ARE-mediated antioxidant actions of pro-electrophilic drugs. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:645-657. [PMID: 23892355 PMCID: PMC3859717 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Living cells maintain a balance between oxidation and reduction, and perturbations of this redox balance are thought to contribute to various diseases. Recent attempts to regulate redox state have focused on electrophiles (EPs), which activate potent cellular defense systems against oxidative stress. One example of this approach is exemplified by carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS), compounds that are found in the herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Importantly, CA and CS themselves are not electrophilic, but in response to oxidation, become electrophilic, and then activate the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant-response element) transcription pathway to synthesize endogenous antioxidant "phase 2" enzymes. As a result of our efforts to develop these compounds as therapeutics for brain health, we have formulated two innovative criteria for drug development: the first concept is the use of pro-electrophilic drugs (PEDs) that are innocuous in and of themselves; and the second concept involves the use of compounds that are pathologically activated therapeutics (PATs);i.e., these small molecules are chemically converted to their active form by the very oxidative stress that they are designed to then combat. The chemical basis for PED and PAT drugs is embodied in the ortho- and para-hydroquinone electrophilic cores of the molecules, which are oxidized by the Cu(2+)/Cu(+) cycling system (or potentially by other transition metals). Importantly, this cycling pathway is under stringent regulation by the cell redox state. We propose that redox-dependent quinone formation is the predominant mechanism for formation of PED and PAT drugs from their precursor compounds. In fact, redox-dependent generation of the active form of drug from the "pro-form" distinguishes this therapeutic approach from traditional EPs such as curcumin, and results in a decrease in clinical side effects at therapeutic concentrations, e.g., lack of reaction with other thiols such as glutathione (GSH), which can result in lowering GSH and inducing oxidative stress in normal cells. We consider this pro-drug quality of PED/PAT compoundsto be a key factor for generating drugs to be used to combat neurodegenerative diseases that will be clinically tolerated. Given the contribution of oxidative stress to the pathology of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway represents a promising drug target for these PED/PAT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Satoh
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Welfare Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan.
| | - Scott R McKercher
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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41
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Diterpene para-hydroquinone compounds derived from cryptoquinone inhibit adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells and activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:2131-3. [PMID: 24096646 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cryptoquinone, an abietane-type diterpene para-quinone from the bark of Cryptomeria japonica has antifungal and cytotoxic activities, but its biological actions are largely unknown. In this study, we found that para-hydroquinone derivatives inhibited adipocyte differentiation. The actions might have been mediated, at least in part, by activation of the antioxidant-response element induction of phase 2 enzymes and increases in total glutathione.
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42
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Stamler JS. Redox pioneer: Professor Stuart A. Lipton. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:757-64. [PMID: 23815466 PMCID: PMC3749706 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text] Stuart A. Lipton, M.D., Ph.D. is recognized here as a Redox Pioneer because of his publication of four articles that have been cited more than 1000 times, and 96 reports which have been cited more than 100 times. In the redox field, Dr. Lipton is best known for his work on the regulation by S-nitrosylation of the NMDA-subtype of neuronal glutamate receptor, which provided early evidence for in situ regulation of protein activity by S-nitrosylation and a prototypic model of allosteric control by this post-translational modification. Over the past several years, Lipton's group has pioneered the discovery of aberrant protein nitrosylation that may contribute to a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease). In particular, the phenotypic effects of rare genetic mutations may be understood to be enhanced or mimicked by nitrosative (and oxidative) modifications of cysteines and thereby help explain common sporadic forms of disease. Thus, Lipton has contributed in a major way to the understanding that nitrosative stress may result from modifications of specific proteins and may operate in conjunction with genetic mutation to create disease phenotype. Lipton (collaborating with Jonathan S. Stamler) has also employed the concept of targeted S-nitrosylation to produce novel neuroprotective drugs that act at allosteric sites in the NMDA receptor. Lipton has won a number of awards, including the Ernst Jung Prize in Medicine, and is an elected fellow of the AAAS. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 19, 757-764.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine and Harrington Discovery Institute, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospital Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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43
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Sasaki S, Tozawa T, Sugamoto K, Matsushita YI, Satoh T. A novel di terpene para-hydroquinone compound derived from cryptoquinone protects neuronal cells against oxidative stress and activates the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Neurosci Lett 2013; 548:132-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Schönthal AH. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:857516. [PMID: 24278747 PMCID: PMC3820435 DOI: 10.6064/2012/857516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle required for lipid biosynthesis, calcium storage, and protein folding and processing. A number of physiological and pathological conditions, as well as a variety of pharmacological agents, are able to disturb proper ER function and thereby cause ER stress, which severely impairs protein folding and therefore poses the risk of proteotoxicity. Specific triggers for ER stress include, for example, particular intracellular alterations (e.g., calcium or redox imbalances), certain microenvironmental conditions (e.g., hypoglycemia, hypoxia, and acidosis), high-fat and high-sugar diet, a variety of natural compounds (e.g., thapsigargin, tunicamycin, and geldanamycin), and several prescription drugs (e.g., bortezomib/Velcade, celecoxib/Celebrex, and nelfinavir/Viracept). The cell reacts to ER stress by initiating a defensive process, called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is comprised of cellular mechanisms aimed at adaptation and safeguarding cellular survival or, in cases of excessively severe stress, at initiation of apoptosis and elimination of the faulty cell. In recent years, this dichotomic stress response system has been linked to several human diseases, and efforts are underway to develop approaches to exploit ER stress mechanisms for therapy. For example, obesity and type 2 diabetes have been linked to ER stress-induced failure of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, and current research efforts are aimed at developing drugs that ameliorate cellular stress and thereby protect beta cell function. Other studies seek to pharmacologically aggravate chronic ER stress in cancer cells in order to enhance apoptosis and achieve tumor cell death. In the following, these principles will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel H. Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-405, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Dinkova-Kostova AT. The Role of Sulfhydryl Reactivity of Small Molecules for the Activation of the KEAP1/NRF2 Pathway and the Heat Shock Response. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:606104. [PMID: 24278719 PMCID: PMC3820647 DOI: 10.6064/2012/606104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The KEAP1/NRF2 pathway and the heat shock response are two essential cytoprotective mechanisms that allow adaptation and survival under conditions of oxidative, electrophilic, and thermal stress by regulating the expression of elaborate networks of genes with versatile protective functions. The two pathways are independently regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), respectively. The activity of these transcriptional master regulators increases during conditions of stress and also upon encounter of small molecules (inducers), both naturally occurring as well as synthetically produced. Inducers have a common chemical property: the ability to react with sulfhydryl groups. The protein targets of such sulfhydryl-reactive compounds are equipped with highly reactive cysteine residues, which serve as sensors for inducers. The initial cysteine-sensed signal is further relayed to affect the expression of large networks of genes, which in turn can ultimately influence complex cell fate decisions such as life and death. The paper summarizes the multiple lines of experimental evidence demonstrating that the reactivity with sulfhydryl groups is a major determinant of the mechanism of action of small molecule dual activators of the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway and the heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, James Arrott Drive, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Yanagitai M, Itoh S, Kitagawa T, Takenouchi T, Kitani H, Satoh T. Carnosic acid, a pro-electrophilic compound, inhibits LPS-induced activation of microglia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 418:22-6. [PMID: 22214931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the previous studies, we reported that carnosic acid (CA) protects cortical neurons by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, which activation is initiated by S-alkylation of the critical cysteine thiol of the Keap1 protein by the "electrophilic"quinone-type CA. Here, we found that the pro-electrophilic CA inhibited the in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of cells of the mouse microglial cell line MG6. LPS induced the expression of IL-1β and IL-6, typical inflammatory cytokines released from microglial cells. CA inhibited the NO production associated with a decrease in the level of inducible NO synthase. Neither CA nor LPS affected cell survival at the concentrations used here. These actions of CA seemed to be mediated by induction of phase 2 genes (gclc, gclm, nqo1 and xct). We propose that an inducer of phase 2 genes may be a critical regulator of microglial activation. Thus, CA is a unique pro-electrophilic compound that provides both a protective effect on neurons and an anti-inflammatory one on microglia through induction of phase 2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Yanagitai
- Department of Welfare Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
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Yanagitai M, Kitagawa T, Okawa K, Koyama H, Satoh T. Phenylenediamine derivatives induce GDF-15/MIC-1 and inhibit adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:294-8. [PMID: 22155240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenylenediamine derivatives can function as a hydrogen donor and reportedly exert various biological actions including cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress, possibly by acting as an antioxidant. Previous studies showed that feeding of such compounds to mice reduced their body weight, but the precise mechanism remains unknown at present. Here, we found that these compounds inhibited the in vitro differentiation of mouse preadipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells, into adipocytes, suggesting that, at least in part, reduced generation of adipocytes might contribute to the observed weight loss in mice. Next, we performed array analysis and found that the expression of GDF-15/MIC-1, which is a TGFβ superfamily cytokine, and Trib 3, an intracellular downstream effector of the cytokines, was up-regulated by these derivatives. Thus, we identified the compounds as inducers of GDF-15/MIC-1 and suggest that such induction may have led to inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, which could account for the weight-loss effect of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Yanagitai
- Department of Welfare Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Sasaki S, Tozawa T, Van Wagoner RM, Ireland CM, Harper MK, Satoh T. Strongylophorine-8, a pro-electrophilic compound from the marine sponge Petrosia (Strongylophora) corticata, provides neuroprotection through Nrf2/ARE pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:6-10. [PMID: 21982768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Green plant-origin electrophilic compounds are a newly-recognized class of neuroprotective compounds that provide neuroprotection through activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Electrophilic hydroquinones are of particular interest due to their ability to become electrophilic quinones upon auto-oxidation. Although marine organisms frequently produce a variety of electrophilic compounds, the detailed mechanisms of action of these compounds remain unknown. Here, we focused on the neuroprotective effects of strongylophorine-8 (STR8), a para-hydroquinone-type pro-electrophilic compound from the sponge Petrosia (Strongylophora) corticata. STR8 activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway, induced phase 2 enzymes, and increased glutathione, thus protecting neuronal cells from oxidative stress. Microarray analysis indicated that STR8 induced a large number of phase 2 genes, the regulation of which is controlled by the Nrf2/ARE pathway. STR8 is the first example of a neuroprotective pro-electrophilic compound from marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sasaki
- Department of Welfare Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
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