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Mashzhan A, Kistaubayeva A, Javier-López R, Bissenbay A, Birkeland NK. Caldanaerobacter subterraneus subsp. keratinolyticus subsp. nov., a Novel Feather-Degrading Anaerobic Thermophile. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1277. [PMID: 39065046 PMCID: PMC11278675 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Caldanaerobacter subterraneus subsp. keratinolyticus subsp. nov. strain KAk was isolated from a geothermal hot spring located in Kazakhstan. Growth occurred at temperatures ranging from 50 to 80 °C, with approximately 70 °C as optimum. It also thrived in pH conditions ranging from 4.0 to 9.0, with the best growth occurring at 6.8. Under optimal conditions in a glucose-containing medium, the cells were predominantly observed singly, in pairs, or less frequently in chains, and did not form endospores. However, under conditions involving growth with merino wool or feathers, or under suboptimal conditions, the cells of strain KAk exhibited a notably elongated and thinner morphology, with lengths ranging from 5 to 8 µm, and spores were observed. The KAk strain exhibited efficient degradation of feather keratin and merino wool at temperatures ranging from 65 to 70 °C. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence placed KAk within the genus Caldanaerobacter, family Thermoanaerobacteraceae, with the highest similarity to C. subterraneus subsp. tengcongensis MB4T (98.84% sequence identity). Furthermore, our analysis of the draft genome sequence indicated a genome size of 2.4 Mbp, accompanied by a G+C value of 37.6 mol%. This study elucidated the physiological and genomic characteristics of strain KAk, highlighting its keratinolytic capabilities and distinctiveness compared to other members of the genus Caldanaerobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akzhigit Mashzhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (A.K.); (A.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Science Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology Peoblem, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Almaty Branch of National Center for Biotechnology in Central Reference Laboratory (CRL), Zhahanger St. 14, 050054 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Department of Botany, E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University, Universitet St. 28, 100028 Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Aida Kistaubayeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (A.K.); (A.B.)
- Science Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology Peoblem, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Rubén Javier-López
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Akerke Bissenbay
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan; (A.K.); (A.B.)
- Almaty Branch of National Center for Biotechnology in Central Reference Laboratory (CRL), Zhahanger St. 14, 050054 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nils-Kåre Birkeland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway;
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Sarma A. Biological importance and pharmaceutical significance of keratin: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:395-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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3
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Amara AAAF. Natural Polymer Types and Applications. BIOMOLECULES FROM NATURAL SOURCES 2022:31-81. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119769620.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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4
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Ma Q, Zhang YN, Zheng X, Luan F, Han P, Zhang X, Yin Y, Wang X, Gao X. A Newly Isolated Strain Lysobacter brunescens YQ20 and Its Performance on Wool Waste Biodegradation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:794738. [PMID: 35359724 PMCID: PMC8964289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.794738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wool keratin is difficult to degrade as comparing to feathers because of its tough secondary structure. In order to develop an approach for high-value utilization of wool fiber waste by keratinolytic microorganisms, which is produced from shearing, weaving, and industrial processing of wool, screening of wool-degrading bacterium with high degradation efficiency were performed in this study. To this end, Lysobacter brunescens YQ20 was identified and characterized. The optimized conditions for wool degradation were pH 9.0 and 37°C with 20% liquid volume of Erlenmeyer flask. After fermentation, 15 essential amino acids were detected when wool fiber waste was fermented. The total amino acids produced from 1% wool per hour were 13.7 mg/L. The concentration was 8.6-fold higher than that produced by the strain Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BBE11-1, which had previously been reported to have the highest wool-degrading capacity. Our study reports the first Lysobacter strain that exhibits efficient wool degradation and yields higher concentrations of amino acids than previously reported strains. Whole-genome sequencing indicated that there were 18 keratinase-like genes in the genome of YQ20, which exhibited a long evolutionary distance from those of Bacillus. Therefore, L. brunescens YQ20 may have applications in the environmentally friendly management of wool waste as fertilizer in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ya Ning Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xue Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Fang Luan
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ping Han
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xianghe Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yanmiao Yin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuzhen Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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Dąbrowska M, Sommer A, Sinkiewicz I, Taraszkiewicz A, Staroszczyk H. An optimal designed experiment for the alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24145-24154. [PMID: 34822081 PMCID: PMC8979873 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Feathers, burdensome waste from the poultry industry, can be a cheap source of keratin, a protein with excellent physicochemical, biological, and mechanical properties. Acid and alkaline hydrolyses are usually adopted for isolation of keratin from its natural resources. This study aimed at assessing the statistically significant effect of input variables in the alkaline hydrolysis of keratin from chicken feathers on the process yield and on the molecular weight of peptides obtained. The effect of the volume ratio of 1M NaOH to the feathers' mass, the hydrolysis time, and the shaking speed of the reaction mixture on the process yield were analyzed. The use of statistical analysis at the design step of experiment allowed reducing the trial number from 27 to 9. Among the input variables analyzed, only the volume ratio of 1M NaOH to the feathers' mass had a significant effect on the process yield, while none of them significantly affected the molecular weight of the peptides obtained. All hydrolysates were dominated by two peptides' fractions, with molecular weights of ca. 130 and 250 kDa, and mixture of many peptides of weight close to 10 kDa and smaller. Alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin yielded protein hydrolysates soluble over a wide pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Dąbrowska
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Sommer
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Izabela Sinkiewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Antoni Taraszkiewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Staroszczyk
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Hanrahan-Tan DG, Henderson L, Kertesz MA, Lilje O. The Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Colony Growth and Zoospore Characteristics of Soil Chytridiomycota. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040341. [PMID: 35448572 PMCID: PMC9024642 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chytridiomycota phylum contributes to nutrient cycling and the flow of energy between trophic levels in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems yet remains poorly described or absent from publications discussing fungal communities in these environments. This study contributes to the understanding of three species of soil chytrids in vitro—Gaertneriomyces semiglobifer, Spizellomyces sp. and Rhizophlyctis rosea—in the presence of elevated concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and with different sources of nitrogen. Colony growth was measured after 4 weeks as dry weight and total protein. To determine the impacts on zoospore reproduction, motility, lipid content, and attachment to organic substrates, 4- and 8-week incubation times were investigated. Whilst all isolates were able to assimilate ammonium as a sole source of nitrogen, nitrate was less preferred or even unsuitable as a nutrient source for G. semiglobifer and R. rosea, respectively. Increasing phosphate concentrations led to diverse responses between isolates. Zoospore production was also variable between isolates, and the parameters for zoospore motility appeared only to be influenced by the phosphate concentration for Spizellomyces sp. and R. rosea. Attachment rates increased for G. semiglobifer in the absence of an inorganic nitrogen source. These findings highlight variability between the adaptive responses utilised by chytrids to persist in a range of environments and provide new techniques to study soil chytrid biomass and zoospore motility by total protein quantification and fluorescent imaging respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre G. Hanrahan-Tan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence: (D.G.H.-T.); (O.L.)
| | - Linda Henderson
- Department of Planning and Environment, Locked Bag 5022, Parramatta, NSW 2124, Australia;
| | - Michael A. Kertesz
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Osu Lilje
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence: (D.G.H.-T.); (O.L.)
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7
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Anbesaw MS. Bioconversion of Keratin Wastes Using Keratinolytic Microorganisms to Generate Value-Added Products. Int J Biomater 2022; 2022:2048031. [PMID: 37251738 PMCID: PMC10212687 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2048031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of keratinous wastes generated from different industries is becoming a major concern across the world. In each year, more than a billion tons of keratin waste is released into the environment. Despite some trials that have been performed and utilize this waste into valuable products, still a huge amount of keratin waste from different sources is a less explored biomaterial for making valuable products. This indicates that the huge amount of keratin waste is neither disposed properly nor converted into usable products rather thrown away to the environment that causes environmental pollution. Due to the introduction of this waste associated with different pathogenic organisms into soil and water bodies, human beings and other small and large animals are affected by different diseases. Therefore, there is a need for modern and ecofriendly approaches to dispose and convert this waste into usable products. Hence, the objective of this review is to give a concise overview regarding the degradation of keratin waste by biological approaches using keratinase producing microorganisms. The review also focuses on the practical use of keratinases and the economical importance of bioconverted products of keratinous wastes for different applications. Various researches have been studied about the source, disposal mechanisms, techniques of hydrolysis, potential use, and physical and chemical properties of keratin wastes. However, there is negligible information with regard to the use of keratin wastes as media supplements for the growth of keratinolytic microorganisms and silver retrieval from photographic and used X-ray films. Hence, this review differs from other similar reviews in the literature in that it discusses these neglected concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Seid Anbesaw
- Wollo University, School of Bio-Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Dessie, Ethiopia
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8
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Effective bioconversion of feather-waste Keratin by Thermo-Surfactant Stable Alkaline Keratinase produced from Aspergillus sp. DHE7 with promising biotechnological application in detergent formulations. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Masood S, Hussain A, Javid A, Bukahri SM, Ali W, Ali S, Ghaffar I, Imtiaz A, Amin HMA, Salahuddin H, Inayat M, Razzaq S, Kafayat F, Rafiq H, Yasmeen M, Muneeb M, Sattar S. Fungal decomposition of chicken-feather waste in submerged and solid-state fermentation. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e246389. [PMID: 34320050 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.246389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry industry is expanding rapidly and producing million tons of feather waste annually. Massive production of keratinaceous byproducts in the form of industrial wastes throughout the world necessitates its justified utilization. Chemical treatment of keratin waste is proclaimed as an eco-destructive approach by various researchers since it generates secondary pollutants. Keratinase released by a variety of microbes (bacteria and fungi) can be used for the effective treatment of keratin waste. Microbial degradation of keratin waste is an emerging and eco-friendly approach and offers dual benefits, i.e., treatment of recalcitrant pollutant (keratin) and procurement of a commercially important enzyme (keratinase). This study involves the isolation, characterization, and potential utility of fungal species for the degradation of chicken-feather waste through submerged and solid-state fermentation. The isolated fungus was identified and characterized as Aspergillus (A.) flavus. In a trial of 30 days, it was appeared that 74 and 8% feather weight was reduced through sub-merged and solid-state fermentation, respectively by A. flavus. The pH of the growth media in submerged fermentation was changed from 4.8 to 8.35. The exploited application of keratinolytic microbes is, therefore, recommended for the treatment of keratinaceous wastes to achieve dual benefits of remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Masood
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Hussain
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Javid
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S M Bukahri
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - W Ali
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Ali
- University of the Punjab, Department of Botany, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Ghaffar
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Imtiaz
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H M A Amin
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Dairy Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H Salahuddin
- University of Okara, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - M Inayat
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Razzaq
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - F Kafayat
- University of Okara, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - H Rafiq
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Yasmeen
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Muneeb
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Sattar
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
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10
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Arslan NP. Use of wool protein hydrolysate as nitrogen source in production of microbial pigments. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Nakamura A, Takahashi H, Sulaiman S, Phraephaisarn C, Keeratipibul S, Kuda T, Kimura B. Evaluation of peptones from chicken waste as a nitrogen source for micro-organisms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:408-414. [PMID: 33188703 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, chicken peptone was produced by hydrolysing inedible parts derived from chickens using endo-protease and exo-protease. The usefulness of chicken peptone as a nutrient source for bacteria was evaluated in comparison with other commercially produced peptones (animal, soy and casein-derived peptone). Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were used as test strains to determine the effect of peptones from different sources on their growth ability. Both bacteria were successfully cultured in chicken peptone solution, which is similar to peptone solution containing commercial peptones apart from animal peptone. In chemical analysis, chicken peptone contained 12·0% nitrogen; this was similar to the nitrogen content from other commercial peptone sources, except for the 9·0% nitrogen found in soy peptones. The molecular weight of the peptone was determined by gel filtration chromatography, and those of all peptone, except animal-derived peptone, were found to be <5000 Da. In addition, when B. subtilis was cultured in a medium containing chicken peptone, it was shown that the protease activity was highest as compared with other commercial peptones. From these results, it is suggested that chicken peptone can be utilized for microbial culture, and this is an effective method to reuse chicken waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakamura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Sulaiman
- Research and Development Center, Betagro Group, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - C Phraephaisarn
- Research and Development Center, Betagro Group, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - S Keeratipibul
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Kuda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - B Kimura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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González V, Vargas-Straube MJ, Beys-da-Silva WO, Santi L, Valencia P, Beltrametti F, Cámara B. Enzyme Bioprospection of Marine-Derived Actinobacteria from the Chilean Coast and New Insight in the Mechanism of Keratin Degradation in Streptomyces sp. G11C. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E537. [PMID: 33126528 PMCID: PMC7693968 DOI: 10.3390/md18110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine actinobacteria are viewed as a promising source of enzymes with potential technological applications. They contribute to the turnover of complex biopolymers, such as pectin, lignocellulose, chitin, and keratin, being able to secrete a wide variety of extracellular enzymes. Among these, keratinases are a valuable alternative for recycling keratin-rich waste, which is generated in large quantities by the poultry industry. In this work, we explored the biocatalytic potential of 75 marine-derived actinobacterial strains, focusing mainly on the search for keratinases. A major part of the strains secreted industrially important enzymes, such as proteases, lipases, cellulases, amylases, and keratinases. Among these, we identified two streptomycete strains that presented great potential for recycling keratin wastes-Streptomyces sp. CHA1 and Streptomyces sp. G11C. Substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, inoculum size were found to be important parameters that influenced the production of keratinolytic enzymes in both strains. In addition, proteomic analysis of culture broths from Streptomyces sp. G11C on turkey feathers showed a high abundance and diversity of peptidases, belonging mainly to the serine and metallo-superfamilies. Two proteases from families S08 and M06 were highly expressed. These results contributed to elucidate the mechanism of keratin degradation mediated by streptomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química y Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (V.G.); (M.J.V.-S.)
| | - María José Vargas-Straube
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química y Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (V.G.); (M.J.V.-S.)
| | - Walter O. Beys-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; (W.O.B.-d.-S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil; (W.O.B.-d.-S.); (L.S.)
| | - Pedro Valencia
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Procesamiento de Alimentos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | | | - Beatriz Cámara
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química y Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (V.G.); (M.J.V.-S.)
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Goda DA, Bassiouny AR, Abdel Monem NM, Soliman NA, Abdel Fattah YR. Effective multi-functional biotechnological applications of protease/keratinase enzyme produced by new Egyptian isolate (Laceyella sacchari YNDH). J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:23. [PMID: 32617705 PMCID: PMC7332587 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to a multitude of industrial applications of keratinolytic proteases, their demands are increasing. The present investigation studied the production and monitoring of the most possible multi-functional applications of YNDH thermoalkaline keratin-degrading enzyme. RESULTS This work is considered the first that reported YNDH strain closely related to Laceyella sacchari strain; YNDH is a producer of protease/keratinase enzyme and able to degrade natural keratin such as feathers, wool, human hairs, and nails. Experimental design Plackett-Burman (PBD) was applied to evaluate culture conditions affecting the production of thermoalkaline protease/keratinase. Afterwards, Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to find out the optimum level of significant variables namely, NH4Cl, yeast extract, and NaNO3 with a predicted activity of 1324.7 U/ml. Accordingly, the following medium composition and parameters were calculated to be optimum (%w/v): NH4Cl, 0.08; feather, 1; yeast extract, 0.04; MgSO4.7H2O, 0.02; NaNO3, 0.016; KH2PO4, 0.01; K2HPO4, 0.01; pH, 8; inoculum size; 5%, cultivation temperature (Temp.) 45 °C and incubation time 48 h. The studied enzyme can degrade keratin-azure, remove proteinaceous materials, and is able to remove hairs from goat hides. These interesting characteristics make this enzyme a good candidate in many applications especially in detergent (Det.), in leather industries, and in pharmaceuticals particularly in nail treatment. CONCLUSION The promising properties of the newly keratin-degrading protease enzyme from Laceyella sacchari strain YNDH would underpin its efficient exploitation in several industries to cope with the demands of worldwide enzyme markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa A Goda
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Burg El-Arab City, Universities and Research Institutes Zone, Alexandria, Post 21934, Egypt
| | | | | | - Nadia A Soliman
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Burg El-Arab City, Universities and Research Institutes Zone, Alexandria, Post 21934, Egypt.
| | - Yasser R Abdel Fattah
- Bioprocess Development Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Burg El-Arab City, Universities and Research Institutes Zone, Alexandria, Post 21934, Egypt
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14
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Huang Y, Łężyk M, Herbst FA, Busk PK, Lange L. Novel keratinolytic enzymes, discovered from a talented and efficient bacterial keratin degrader. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10033. [PMID: 32572051 PMCID: PMC7308268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Huge quantities of keratinaceous waste are a substantial and almost totally unexploited protein resource which could be upgraded for use as high value-added products by efficient keratinolytic enzymes. In this study, we found that Bacillus sp. 8A6 can efficiently degrade chicken feather after 24 h growth. According to phylogenetic analysis, the strain (formerly identified as Bacillus pumilus 8A6) belongs to the B. pumilus species clade but it is more closely related to B. safensis. Hotpep predicted 233 putative proteases from Bacillus sp. 8A6 genome. Proteomic analysis of culture broths from Bacillus sp. 8A6 cultured on chicken feathers or on a mixture of bristles and hooves showed high abundance of proteins with functions related to peptidase activity. Five proteases (one from family M12, one from family S01A, two from family S08A and one from family T3) and four oligopeptide and dipeptide binding proteins were highly expressed when Bacillus sp. 8A6 was grown in keratin media compared to LB medium. This study is the first to report that bacterial proteases in families M12, S01A and T3 are involved in keratin degradation together with proteases from family S08.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mateusz Łężyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Water Supply and Bioeconomy Division, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Florian-Alexander Herbst
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Peter Kamp Busk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lene Lange
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Bioeconomy, Research & Advisory, Karensgade 5, DK-2500, Valby, Denmark.
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15
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Navone L, Moffitt K, Hansen KA, Blinco J, Payne A, Speight R. Closing the textile loop: Enzymatic fibre separation and recycling of wool/polyester fabric blends. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:149-160. [PMID: 31678801 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Textile waste presents a serious environmental problem with only a small fraction of products from the fashion industry collected and re-used or recycled. The problem is exacerbated in the case of post-consumer waste by the mixture of different natural and synthetic fibres in blended textiles. The separation of mixed fibre waste, where garments are often multicomponent, presents a major recycling problem as fibres must be separated to single components to enable effective recycling. This work investigates the selective digestion of wool fibres from wool/polyester blended fabrics using an enzymatic approach. Complete degradation of wool fibres was achieved by application of a keratinase in a two-step process with addition of reducing agent and undigested polyester fibres were recovered. Electron microscopy showed complete breakdown of the natural fibres in the fabric blends, while spectroscopic and mechanical analysis of the recovered synthetic fibres confirmed that the enzymatic treatment had no significant impact on the properties of the polyester compared to virgin samples. The polyester fibres are therefore suitable to be recycled to polyester yarn and re-used in the manufacture of new garments or other products. The nutrient rich keratin hydrolysate could be used in microbial growth media or incorporated into bio-fertilisers or animal feed, contributing to the development of the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Navone
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kaylee Moffitt
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kai-Anders Hansen
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James Blinco
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alice Payne
- Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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A Ismail S, M Abdel-Fattah A, A Emran M, H Azzaz H, S El-Gamal M, M Hashem A. Effect of Partial Substitution of Ration's Soybean Meal by Biologically Treated Feathers on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics (<I>in vitro</I>). Pak J Biol Sci 2019; 21:110-118. [PMID: 30187720 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2018.110.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Feather wastes are the most abundant keratinous material in the nature and its accumulation causes multiple environmental problems. Nutritive value upgrading of such wastes through biological treatments may provide ruminant's rations with high quality and cost effective source of protein. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the potential uses of biologically treated feathers (BTF) as a feedstuff for ruminants through in vitro experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Keratinase production time course was performed by ten microbial isolates (3 fungal, 3 actinomyces and 4 bacterial isolates) under static and shaking conditions using turkey feather- synthetic medium. The chemical composition and amino acid analysis for the crude feathers, BTF and soybean meal were determined according to AOAC methods. Two in vitro experiments were conducted to study the effects of crude feathers, BTF and modified ruminant rations (in which soybean meal were substituted by the BTF in 10, 20 and 30%) on rumen fermentation characteristics. Ration's Dry Matter (DM), Organic Matter (OM), Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and Acid detergent Fibre (ADF) degradability by rumen microorganisms were tested using batch culture technique. Ruminal final pH, ammonia-nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids and short chain fatty acids concentrations were determined after 24 h of incubation. The total gas production volume was determined using 100 mL glass syringes. RESULTS Bacillus licheniformis ALW1 was the most potent keratinase producer strain under static condition at 37°C for four days of incubation. Feather biological treatment by Bacillus licheniformis increased its content of some of essential-sulphur amino acids. The degradability of BTF by rumen microorganisms was 4 folds higher than crude feather degradability. There were no significant differences between control and partially substituted (R10 and R20) rations in all of rumen fermentation characteristics. CONCLUSION The utilization of BTF as substitute for costly soybean meal in ruminant's rations up to 20% had no negative effect on all rumen fermentation characteristics.
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17
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Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Peptides Extracted from Meat By-products: a Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Dib W, Grar H, Gourine H, El Mecherfi KE, Negaoui H, Biscola V, Kaddouri H, Chobert JM, Haertlé T, Saidi D, Kheroua O. Prophylactic properties of Bacillus subtilis in a bovine β-lactoglobulin sensitized mice model. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Valeika V, Širvaitytė J, Bridžiuvienė D, Švedienė J. An application of advanced hair-save processes in leather industry as the reason of formation of keratinous waste: few peculiarities of its utilisation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:6223-6233. [PMID: 30635886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of more environmentally friendly hide and skin unhairing technologies in leather processing results in a significant increase in keratin waste. There are currently two most promising hair-saving unhairing methods: enzymatic and hair immunisation. The complete use of hair-saving unhairing methods in the leather industry will lead to the formation of approximately 143 thousand tons of hair/wool waste annually, which will require disposal. The disposal of keratin wastes from the leather industry has not been adequately studied, bearing in mind the possible amount of such wastes that will be produced in the future. Unfortunately, existing studies pay little attention to the method of unhairing, even though the unhairing method has a vast influence on the properties of keratin in the obtained hair/wool wastes. Accordingly, the present research is an attempt to establish how the differently obtained keratin wastes behave following disposal. The obtained results have shown that waste wool is characterised by different behaviour during burial in soil, and the behaviour depends on the method of unhairing. This proposition is valid for waste wool bioresistance as well. It was concluded that the deterioration of any sort of keratinous waste from the leather industry should be investigated thoroughly before disposal by burial in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilijus Valeika
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Justa Širvaitytė
- JSC Plungės kooperatinė prekyba "Viciunai group", Birutes str. 50, LT-90112, Plunge, Lithuania
| | - Danguolė Bridžiuvienė
- Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Švedienė
- Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
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20
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Vineis C, Varesano A, Varchi G, Aluigi A. Extraction and Characterization of Keratin from Different Biomasses. KERATIN AS A PROTEIN BIOPOLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02901-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Akpor OB, Odesola DE, Thomas RE, Oluba OM. Chicken feather hydrolysate as alternative peptone source for microbial cultivation. F1000Res 2018; 7:1918. [PMID: 31489177 PMCID: PMC6707403 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17134.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Commercially available conventional growth medium for the culture of microbes are expensive, hence the need for alternative cheaper sources. Poultry waste, in the form of feather and blood, are of value in biotechnology because of their high protein content. Hence the primary aim of this study was to produce a cheaper peptone alternative from chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) and blood meal (BM). Methods: We monitored the growth of selected bacteria and fungi in different concentrations of medium produced from varying combination of peptone, CFPH and BM in order to determine the combination that produced maximum growth. Five different media, namely 100% peptone (control), 100% BM, 40% peptone + 60% CFPH, 40% BM + 60% CFPH and 20% peptone + 20% BM + 60% CFPH were prepared and used for the study. The different media were inoculated with 1 ml of each test organism ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida carpophila, Candida tropicalis and Pichia kundriavzevii) and their growth monitored for 10 h. Results:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus grew best in the 100% peptone, Klebsiella pneumoniae grew best in 100 BM. The fungi species were observed to grow best in 100% peptone. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitic acid (HNO 3) gave the best growth of E. coli. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of TCA) also gave the best growth of C. tropicalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusions: Overall, the 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination showed the most potential as an alternative to peptone, especially for E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oghenerobor B. Akpor
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Damilola E. Odesola
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Remilekun E. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Olarewaju M. Oluba
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, 251101, Nigeria
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22
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Akpor OB, Odesola DE, Thomas RE, Oluba OM. Chicken feather hydrolysate as alternative peptone source for microbial cultivation. F1000Res 2018; 7:1918. [PMID: 31489177 PMCID: PMC6707403 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17134.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Commercially available conventional growth medium for the culture of microbes are expensive, hence the need for alternative cheaper sources. Poultry waste, in the form of feather and blood, are of value in biotechnology because of their high protein content. Hence the primary aim of this study was to produce a cheaper peptone alternative from chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) and blood meal (BM). Methods: We monitored the growth of selected bacteria and fungi in different concentrations of medium produced from varying combination of peptone, CFPH and BM in order to determine the combination that produced maximum growth. Five different media, namely 100% peptone (control), 100% BM, 40% peptone + 60% CFPH, 40% BM + 60% CFPH and 20% peptone + 20% BM + 60% CFPH were prepared and used for the study. The different media were inoculated with 1 ml of each test organism ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida carpophila, Candida tropicalis and Pichia kundriavzevii) and their growth monitored for 10 h. Results:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus grew best in the 100% peptone, Klebsiella pneumoniae grew best in 100 BM. The fungi species were observed to grow best in 100% peptone. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of TCA, HCl, and HNO 3 gave the best growth of E. coli. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of TCA) also gave the best growth of C. tropicalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. Conclusions: Overall, the 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination showed the most potential as an alternative to peptone, especially for E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oghenerobor B. Akpor
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Damilola E. Odesola
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Remilekun E. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Olarewaju M. Oluba
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, 251101, Nigeria
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23
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Akpor OB, Odesola DE, Thomas RE, Oluba OM. Chicken feather hydrolysate as alternative peptone source for microbial cultivation. F1000Res 2018; 7:1918. [PMID: 31489177 PMCID: PMC6707403 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17134.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Commercially available conventional growth media for the culture of microbes are expensive, hence the need for alternative cheaper sources. Livestock waste, in the form of feather and blood, are of value in biotechnology because of their high protein content. Hence the primary aim of this study was to produce a cheaper peptone alternative from chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) and blood meal (BM). Methods: The growth of selected bacteria and fungi was monitored in different media prepared from varied concentrations of peptone, CFPH and BM in order to determine the combination that produced maximum growth. Five different media, namely 100% peptone (control), 100% BM, 40% peptone + 60% CFPH, 40% BM + 60% CFPH and 20% peptone + 20% BM + 60% CFPH were prepared and used for the study. The different media were inoculated with 1 ml of each test organism ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida carpophila, Candida tropicalis and Pichia kundriavzevii) and their growth monitored for 10 h. Results:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus grew best in the 100% peptone, Klebsiella pneumoniae grew best in 100 BM. The fungi species were observed to grow best in 100% peptone. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO 3) gave the best growth of E. coli. The 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination (CFPH obtained with precipitate of TCA) also gave the best growth of C. tropicalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusions: Overall, the 60% CFPH + 40% peptone combination showed the most potential as an alternative to peptone, especially for E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oghenerobor B. Akpor
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Damilola E. Odesola
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Remilekun E. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara, 251101, Nigeria
| | - Olarewaju M. Oluba
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, 251101, Nigeria
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24
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Navone L, Speight R. Understanding the dynamics of keratin weakening and hydrolysis by proteases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202608. [PMID: 30114294 PMCID: PMC6095591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin is the structural protein in hair, nails, feathers and horns. Keratin is recalcitrant, highly disulfide bonded and is generally inaccessible to common proteases. Only certain types of proteases, called keratinases, are able to cleave the peptide bonds within the keratin structure. Due to this outstanding activity, keratinases have potential application in industries such as livestock, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Yet, the process of enzymatic keratin degradation is poorly understood, affecting the development of industrial enzyme formulations that may require full or only partial modification or weakening. Here we investigate the dynamics of keratin weakening and hydrolysis, showing that the decrease in hair mechanical strength is associated with cuticle removal and damage to the cortex and complete breakdown is dependent on reducing agents. Proteases with keratinolytic activity were selected and applied to hair with degradation examined by mechanical, biochemical and microscopic techniques. The extent of keratin degradation was highly enhanced by the presence of reducing agents, principally sodium thioglycolate, exceeding 90% degradation within 16 h of enzymatic treatment. Application was extended to feathers showing that the findings are relevant to improving the use of keratinases in a variety of industries. Overall, the outcomes provide valuable insights into the keratin degradation process by enzymes for the optimization of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products and for livestock waste recycling among other important applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Navone
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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25
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da Silva RR. Enzymatic Synthesis of Protein Hydrolysates From Animal Proteins: Exploring Microbial Peptidases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:735. [PMID: 29755423 PMCID: PMC5932383 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronivaldo Rodrigues da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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26
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Esparza Y, Bandara N, Ullah A, Wu J. Hydrogels from feather keratin show higher viscoelastic properties and cell proliferation than those from hair and wool keratins. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 90:446-453. [PMID: 29853111 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel prepared from keratin shows potential applications in tissue engineering. However, the importance of the keratin sources has not been considered. The objectives of this study were to characterize and compare the rheological (storage modulus), physical (porosity, pore size, swelling capacity, and water contact angle) and in vitro cell compatibility of hydrogel scaffolds prepared from various keratin sources. Keratins were characterized by means of their molecular weight, amino acid composition, thermal and conformational properties. Hydrogels from chicken feather keratins demonstrated substantially higher storage modulus (G') than hair and wool keratin hydrogels. However, higher swelling capacity (>3000%) was determined in hair and wool over feather keratin (1500%) hydrogels. Our results suggest that small molecular weight and β-sheet conformation of feather keratin (~10 kDa) facilitated the self-assembly of rigid hydrogels through disulfide bond re-oxidation. Whereas, high molecular weight (10-75 kDa) stretchable α-helix conformation in hair and wool keratins resulted in weaker hydrogels. The cell cultures using fibroblasts showed the highest proliferation rate on chicken feather keratin hydrogel scaffolds. After 15 days of culture, partial breakdown of keratin fibers was observed. Results indicate that stiffer avian keratins can be used to fabricate more mechanically robust biomaterials than mammalian keratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yussef Esparza
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Nandika Bandara
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Aman Ullah
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
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27
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da Silva RR. Comment on mRNA-Sequencing Analysis Reveals Transcriptional Changes in Root of Maize Seedlings Treated with Two Increasing Concentrations of a New Biostimulant. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2061-2062. [PMID: 29443526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Overpopulation is already a reality, and the need for alternative technologies to meet a continuously increasing food demand has been much discussed around the world. In addition, soil decreasing fertility and desertification are obstacles that we will need to be overcome to increase crop productivity with a much-reduced dependence upon inorganic fertilizers. In this context, protein hydrolysates has emerged as an important strategy to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers, whose applications as biostimulants for plant growth have shown very promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronivaldo Rodrigues da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Avenida do Café, s/n Campus Universitário da USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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28
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Vidmar B, Vodovnik M. Microbial Keratinases: Enzymes with Promising Biotechnological Applications. Food Technol Biotechnol 2018; 56:312-328. [PMID: 30510475 PMCID: PMC6233012 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.56.03.18.5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin is a complex and structurally stable protein found in human and animal hard tissues, such as feathers, wool, hair, hoof and nails. Some of these, like feathers and wool, represent one of the main sources of protein-rich waste with significant potential to be transformed into value-added products such as feed, fertilizers or bioenergy. A major limitation impeding valorization of keratinous substrates is their recalcitrant structure and resistance to hydrolysis by common proteases. However, specialized keratinolytic enzymes produced by some microorganisms can efficiently degrade these substrates. Keratinases have already found a purpose in pharmaceutical, textile and leather industries. However, their wider implementation in other processes, such as cost-effective (pre)treatment of poultry waste, still requires optimization of production and performance of the available enzymes. Here we present a comprehensive review covering molecular properties and characteristics of keratinases, their classification, traditional and novel approaches in discovery of novel enzymes, production, characterization, improvement and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beti Vidmar
- Chair of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3,
SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Maša Vodovnik
- Chair of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3,
SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia
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29
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Mokrejš P, Huťťa M, Pavlačková J, Egner P. Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286371 DOI: 10.3791/56254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin hydrolysates (KHs) are established standard components in hair cosmetics. Understanding the moisturizing effects of KH is advantageous for skin-care cosmetics. The goals of the protocol are: (1) to process chicken feathers into KH by alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis and purify it by dialysis, and (2) to test if adding KH into an ointment base (OB) increases hydration of the skin and improves skin barrier function by diminishing transepidermal water loss (TEWL). During alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis feathers are first incubated at a higher temperature in an alkaline environment and then, under mild conditions, hydrolyzed with proteolytic enzyme. The solution of KH is dialyzed, vacuum dried, and milled to a fine powder. Cosmetic formulations comprising from oil in water emulsion (O/W) containing 2, 4, and 6 weight% of KH (based on the weight of the OB) are prepared. Testing the moisturizing properties of KH is carried out on 10 men and 10 women at time intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, and 48 h. Tested formulations are spread at degreased volar forearm sites. The skin hydration of stratum corneum (SC) is assessed by measuring capacitance of the skin, which is one of the most world-wide used and simple methods. TEWL is based on measuring the quantity of water transported per a defined area and period of time from the skin. Both methods are fully non-invasive. KH makes for an excellent occlusive; depending on the addition of KH into OB, it brings about a 30% reduction in TEWL after application. KH also functions as a humectant, as it binds water from the lower layers of the epidermis to the SC; at the optimum KH addition in the OB, up to 19% rise in hydration in men and 22% rise in women occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Mokrejš
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín;
| | - Matouš Huťťa
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín
| | - Jana Pavlačková
- Department of Fat, Tenside and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín
| | - Pavlína Egner
- Department of Fat, Tenside and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín
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Sahoo DK, Thatoi HN, Mitra B, Mondal KC, Das Mohapatra PK. Advances in Microbial Keratinase and Its Potential Applications. Microb Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6847-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kadirvelu K, Fathima NN. Self-assembly of keratin peptides: Its implication on the performance of electrospun PVA nanofibers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36558. [PMID: 27812004 PMCID: PMC5109905 DOI: 10.1038/srep36558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drawing inspiration from the field of designer self-assembling materials, this work is aimed to focus on the self-assembling nature of extracted peptides. Hair keratin, a proteinacious reject in tanning industry has been chosen since they have been extracted and used for wide range of applications. Keratin source was subjected to five hydrolysis treatments (viz., sulphitolysis, β-mercaptoethanol, ionic liquid, thioglycolic acid and alkali) and assayed for functional groups. This was followed by the prediction of secondary structure using circular dichroism, determining the microstructural level to which the extracted peptide has self-assembled. Sulphitolysis and thioglycolic acid based hydrolysates exist in monomeric conformation, whereas β-mercaptoethanol based hydrolysate exhibited dimeric conformation. The subsequent part of the study is to incorporate these peptides into the nanofibers to study the structural implication of keratin peptides on its characteristics. Accordingly, the peptides were electrospun with PVA and subjected to morphological, mechanical, thermal and biological characterizations. Monomeric nanofiber mat has high tensile strength of around 5.5 MPa and offered lower mass transport resistance, whereas dimeric mat has high Tm of around 290 °C and was more biocompatible. These results help in understanding the extraction-structure-function aspect of the hydrolysates stressing the role of extraction methods on the choice of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kadirvelu
- Chemical laboratory, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai -600020, Tamil Nadu, India
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Eaksuree W, Prachayakitti A, Upathanpreecha T, Taharnklaew R, Nitisinprasert S, Keawsompong S. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of protein quality of enzymatic treated feather meals. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:971. [PMID: 27429881 PMCID: PMC4932015 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Feeding trials were designed to evaluate the nutritive value of feather meal treated by K6 and K82 keratinase. There were five treatments in feather meal preparation: CFM (non-enzymatically treated feather meal), K6FM (K6 keratinase treated feather meal), K82FM (K82 keratinase treated feather meal), K6:K82FM [K6 and K82 keratinase (5:1) treated feather meal] and CMFM (commercial enzyme treated feather meal). The pepsin digestibility of CFM (70 %) and CMFM (68 %) was significantly higher than K6FM (60 %), K82FM (61 %) and K6:K82FM (63 %). Total amino acid content of K82FM (89.65/100 g) was the highest compared with the other treatments. The nutrient digestibility of the feather meals was determined for broiler chicks between 21 and 27 days old. The apparent nitrogen retention of K82FM (85.82 %) and K6FM (77.31 %) was significantly higher than K6:K82FM (55.42 %), CMFM (45.70 %) and CFM (48.16 %). The apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) was not significantly different between the feather meal treatments, although K82FM, K6FM and K6:K82FM showed AMEn higher than CMFM and CFM. The results indicated that both K6 and K82 keratinase had a positive effect on the protein quality of the feather meal produced by the enzymatic–hydrothermal method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warintorn Eaksuree
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Akkharadet Prachayakitti
- Research and Development Center of BETAGRO Group, Science Park, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Tewa Upathanpreecha
- Research and Development Center of BETAGRO Group, Science Park, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Rutjawate Taharnklaew
- Research and Development Center of BETAGRO Group, Science Park, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Sunee Nitisinprasert
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand ; Special Research Unit: Probiotic and Prebiotics for Health, Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Suttipun Keawsompong
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand ; Special Research Unit: Probiotic and Prebiotics for Health, Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food (CASAF), Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
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Hou J, Dong G, Tian Z, Lu J, Wang Q, Ai S, Wang M. A sensitive fluorescent sensor for selective determination of dichlorvos based on the recovered fluorescence of carbon dots-Cu(II) system. Food Chem 2016; 202:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kumawat TK, Sharma A, Bhadauria S. Biodegradation of Keratinous Waste Substrates by Arthroderma multifidum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajaps.2016.106.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Verma A, Singh H, Anwar S, Chattopadhyay A, Tiwari KK, Kaur S, Dhilon GS. Microbial keratinases: industrial enzymes with waste management potential. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:476-491. [PMID: 27291252 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1185388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes that occur in various biological systems ranging from microorganisms to higher organisms. Microbial proteases are largely utilized in various established industrial processes. Despite their numerous industrial applications, they are not efficient in hydrolysis of recalcitrant, protein-rich keratinous wastes which result in environmental pollution and health hazards. This paved the way for the search of keratinolytic microorganisms having the ability to hydrolyze "hard to degrade" keratinous wastes. This new class of proteases is known as "keratinases". Due to their specificity, keratinases have an advantage over normal proteases and have replaced them in many industrial applications, such as nematicidal agents, nitrogenous fertilizer production from keratinous waste, animal feed and biofuel production. Keratinases have also replaced the normal proteases in the leather industry and detergent additive application due to their better performance. They have also been proved efficient in prion protein degradation. Above all, one of the major hurdles of enzyme industrial applications (cost effective production) can be achieved by using keratinous waste biomass, such as chicken feathers and hairs as fermentation substrate. Use of these low cost waste materials serves dual purposes: to reduce the fermentation cost for enzyme production as well as reducing the environmental waste load. The advent of keratinases has given new direction for waste management with industrial applications giving rise to green technology for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Verma
- a CBSH, SD Agricultural University , Gujarat , India
| | - Hukum Singh
- b Climate Change and Forest Influences Division , Forest Research Institute, ICFRE , Dehradun , India
| | - Shahbaz Anwar
- c Department of Microbiology , GBPUAT , Pantnagar , India
| | | | | | - Surinder Kaur
- e Department of Biological Sciences , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , AB , Canada.,f Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada , Lethbridge , AB , Canada
| | - Gurpreet Singh Dhilon
- g Department of Food, Agricultural, and Nutritional Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB , Canada
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Lange L, Huang Y, Busk PK. Microbial decomposition of keratin in nature-a new hypothesis of industrial relevance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2083-96. [PMID: 26754820 PMCID: PMC4756042 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of keratin-degrading enzymes from fungi and bacteria has primarily focused on finding one protease with efficient keratinase activity. Recently, an investigation was conducted of all keratinases secreted from a fungus known to grow on keratinaceous materials, such as feather, horn, and hooves. The study demonstrated that a minimum of three keratinases is needed to break down keratin, an endo-acting, an exo-acting, and an oligopeptide-acting keratinase. Further, several studies have documented that disruption of sulfur bridges of the keratin structure acts synergistically with the keratinases to loosen the molecular structure, thus giving the enzymes access to their substrate, the protein structure. With such complexity, it is relevant to compare microbial keratin decomposition with the microbial decomposition of well-studied polymers such as cellulose and chitin. Interestingly, it was recently shown that the specialized enzymes, lytic polysaccharide monoxygenases (LPMOs), shown to be important for breaking the recalcitrance of cellulose and chitin, are also found in keratin-degrading fungi. A holistic view of the complex molecular self-assembling structure of keratin and knowledge about enzymatic and boosting factors needed for keratin breakdown have been used to formulate a hypothesis for mode of action of the LPMOs in keratin decomposition and for a model for degradation of keratin in nature. Testing such hypotheses and models still needs to be done. Even now, the hypothesis can serve as an inspiration for designing industrial processes for keratin decomposition for conversion of unexploited waste streams, chicken feather, and pig bristles into bioaccessible animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Lange
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Kamp Busk
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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Yang L, Wang H, Lv Y, Bai Y, Luo H, Shi P, Huang H, Yao B. Construction of a Rapid Feather-Degrading Bacterium by Overexpression of a Highly Efficient Alkaline Keratinase in Its Parent Strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K11. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:78-84. [PMID: 26671753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Keratinase is essential to degrade the main feather component, keratin, and is of importance for wide industrial applications. In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain K11 was found to have significant feather-degrading capacity (completely degraded whole feathers within 24 h). The keratinase encoding gene, kerK, was expressed in Bacillus subtilis SCK6. The purified recombinant KerK showed optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 11.0 and degraded whole feathers within 0.5 h in the presence of DTT. The recombinant plasmids harboring kerK were extracted from B. subtilis SCK6 and transformed into B. amyloliquefaciens K11. As a result, the recombinant B. amyloliquefaciens K11 exhibited enhanced feather-degrading capacity with shortened reaction time within 12 h and increased keratinolytic activity (1500 U/mL) by 6-fold. This efficient and rapid feather-degrading character makes the recombinant strain of B. amyloliquefaciens K11 have potential for applications in feather meal preparation and waste feather disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lv
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Pengjun Shi
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Optimization for production of liquid nitrogen fertilizer from the degradation of chicken feather by iron-oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles coupled β-keratinase. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sivakumar N, Raveendran S. Keratin degradation by bacteria and fungi isolated from a poultry farm and plumage. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:210-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.996119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang L, Cheng G, Ren Y, Dai Z, Zhao ZS, Liu F, Li S, Wei Y, Xiong J, Tang XF, Tang B. Degradation of intact chicken feathers by Thermoactinomyces sp. CDF and characterization of its keratinolytic protease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:3949-59. [PMID: 25412577 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thermoactinomyces is known for its resistance to extreme environmental conditions and its ability to digest a wide range of hard-to-degrade compounds. Here, Thermoactinomyces sp. strain CDF isolated from soil was found to completely degrade intact chicken feathers at 55 °C, with the resulting degradation products sufficient to support growth as the primary source of both carbon and nitrogen. Although feathers were not essential for the expression of keratinase, the use of this substrate led to a further 50-300 % increase in enzyme production level under different nutrition conditions, with extracellular keratinolytic activity reaching its highest level (∼400 U/mL) during the late-log phase. Full degradation of feathers required the presence of living cells, which are thought to supply reducing agents necessary for the cleavage of keratin disulfide bonds. Direct contact between the hyphae and substrate may enhance the reducing power and protease concentrations present in the local microenvironment, thereby facilitating keratin degradation. The gene encoding the major keratinolytic protease (protease C2) of strain CDF was cloned, revealing an amino acid sequence identical to that of subtilisin-like E79 protease from Thermoactinomyces sp. E79, albeit with significant differences in the upstream flanking region. Exogenous expression of protease C2 in Escherichia coli resulted in the production of inclusion bodies with proteolytic activity, which could be solubilized to an alkaline solution to produce mature protease C2. Purified protease C2 was able to efficiently hydrolyze α- and β-keratins at 60-80 °C and pH 11.0, representing a promising candidate for enzymatic processing of hard-to-degrade proteins such as keratinous wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Electrospun PLGA/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/wool keratin composite membranes: morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties, and their bioactivities in vitro. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Microsporum fulvum IBRL SD3: as novel isolate for chicken feathers degradation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1900-10. [PMID: 24013862 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Keratinous wastes have increasingly become a problem and accumulate in the environment mainly in the form of feathers, generated mainly from a large number of poultry industries. As keratins are very difficult to degrade by general proteases, they pose a major environmental problem. Therefore, microorganisms which would effectively degrade keratins are needed for recycling such wastes. A geophilic dermatophyte, Microsporum fulvum IBRL SD3 which was isolated from a soil sample collected from a chicken feather dumping site using a baiting technique, was capable to produce keratinase significantly. The crude keratinase was able to degrade whole chicken feathers effectively. The end product of the degradation was protein that contained essential amino acids and may have potential application in animal feed production. Thus, M. fulvum could be a novel organism to produce keratinase for chicken feathers degradation.
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Production and characterization of keratinolytic protease from new wool-degrading Bacillus species isolated from Egyptian ecosystem. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:175012. [PMID: 23936776 PMCID: PMC3725791 DOI: 10.1155/2013/175012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel keratin-degrading bacteria were isolated from sand soil samples collected from Minia Governorate, Egypt. In this study, the isolates were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MA20 and Bacillus subtilis MA21 based on morphological and biochemical characteristics as well as 16S rRNA gene sequencing. B. amyloliquefaciens MA20 and B. subtilis MA21 produced alkaline keratinolytic serine protease when cultivated in mineral medium containing 1% of wool straight off sheep as sole carbon and nitrogen source. The two strains were observed to degrade wool completely to powder at pH 7 and 37°C within 5 days. Under these conditions the maximum activity of proteases produced by B. amyloliquefaciens MA20 and B. subtilis MA21 was 922 and 814 U/ml, respectively. The proteases exhibited optimum temperature and pH at 60°C and 9, respectively. However, the keratinolytic proteases were stable in broad range of temperature and pH values towards casein Hammerstein. Furthermore the protease inhibitor studies indicated that the produced proteases belong to serine protease because of their sensitivity to PMSF while they were inhibited partially in presence of EDTA. The two proteases are stable in most of the used organic solvents and enhanced by metals suggesting their potential use in biotechnological applications such as wool industry.
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Fang Z, Zhang J, Liu B, Du G, Chen J. Biodegradation of wool waste and keratinase production in scale-up fermenter with different strategies by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BBE11-1. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 140:286-291. [PMID: 23708787 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A keratin-degrading strain Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BBE11-1 was grown in a 3-L batch fermenter containing wool waste as the main medium and cell growth rate was determined as the key factor to affect keratinase yield. Three strategies of temperature-shift procedure, two-stage DO control and fed-batch process were used to change growth rate. And a 62.2% improvement of keratinase yield was achieved. With the glucose fed-batch procedure in 30-L fermenter, keratinase production was significantly improved up to 117.7% (1728 U/ml) as compared with initial data (793.8 U/ml) in a 3-L fermenter and with much shortened fermentation time within 18 h. Significant structure changes and high levels of free amino acids from wool decomposition indicated the possible applications for wool waste management and fertilizer industry. The remarkable digestion of wool cuticle also suggested its potential utilization in textile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Fakhfakh N, Ktari N, Siala R, Nasri M. Wool-waste valorization: production of protein hydrolysate with high antioxidative potential by fermentation with a new keratinolytic bacterium, Bacillus pumilus A1. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:424-33. [PMID: 23663724 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Wool, a recalcitrant waste mainly composed of keratin, constituted a serious problem for the environment and was not effectively valorized. This study reported the optimization of wool-waste biodegradation by a new keratinolytic bacterium Bacillus pumilus A1. The in vitro digestibility and the antioxidant potential of wool protein hydrolysate (WPH) were also investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS The antioxidant potential of WPH was evaluated using in vitro antioxidant assays, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, reducing power and metal (Fe(2+)) chelating activity. Cultivation on 50 g l(-1) of wool for 2 days, at 45°C and at initial pH of 10, resulted in maximum production of amino acids and peptides (39.7 g l(-1)). WPH presented a very high in vitro digestibility (97%) as compared with that of the untreated wool (3%). CONCLUSIONS The keratin present into the wool-waste was completely solubilized. Interestingly, WPH presented an important DPPH radical-scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 0.14 ± 0.01 mg ml(-1). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY WPH would be a very useful source of protein and antioxidants in animals' diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fakhfakh
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Exploitation of chicken feather waste as a plant growth promoting agent using keratinase producing novel isolate Paenibacillus woosongensis TKB2. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lo WH, Too JR, Wu JY. Production of keratinolytic enzyme by an indigenous feather–degrading strain Bacillus cereus Wu2. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 114:640-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Zhang Q, Liebeck BM, Yan K, Demco DE, Körner A, Popescu C. Alpha-Helix Self-Assembly of Oligopeptides Originated From Beta-Sheet Keratin. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Costa JC, Barbosa SG, Sousa DZ. Effects of pre-treatment and bioaugmentation strategies on the anaerobic digestion of chicken feathers. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 120:114-119. [PMID: 22784961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion of raw chicken feather waste and its co-digestion with poultry litter were assessed in batch assays. Following, two strategies were evaluated to improve methane production from chicken feathers: (i) waste pre-hydrolysis through thermochemical treatment using lime and sodium hydroxide, and (ii) amendment of digestion broth with the proteolytic bacterium Fervidobacterium pennivorans. Anaerobic digestion of the raw waste (2.5% total solids) allowed a specific methane production of 123 ± 3 L CH(4) kg(-1) VS. Pre-treatment and bioaugmentation strategies did not improve methane production from feather waste, despite the significant increase in waste solubilisation, from 45 ± 5% up to 64 ± 1% using F. pennivorans and up to 96% after pre-treatment with 2g NaOH g(-1) waste. These results indicate that conversion of soluble organic matter to methane, and not the hydrolysis rate, was the limiting step for the anaerobic digestion of chicken feather waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Costa
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Xia Y, Massé DI, McAllister TA, Beaulieu C, Ungerfeld E. Anaerobic digestion of chicken feather with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge for biogas production. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:404-409. [PMID: 22088961 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of chicken feathers with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge was assessed in two separate experiments. Ground feathers without any pre-treatment were added to 42-L digesters inoculated with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge, representing 37% and 23% of total solids, respectively and incubated at 25°C in batch mode. Compared to the control without feather addition, total CH(4) production increased by 130% (P<0.001) and 110% (P=0.09) in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. Mixed liquor NH(4)N concentration increased (P<0.001) from 4.8 and 3.1g/L at the beginning of the digestion to 6.9 and 3.5 g/L at the end of digestion in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. The fraction of proteolytic microorganisms increased (P<0.001) during the digestion from 12.5% to 14.5% and 11.3% to 13.0% in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters with feather addition, respectively, but decreased in the controls. These results are reflective of feather digestion. Feather addition did not affect CH(4) yields of the swine manure digesters (P=0.082) and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters (P=0.21), indicating that feathers can be digested together with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge without negatively affecting the digestion of swine manure and slaughterhouse sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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