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Mohamadzadeh M, Ghiasi M, Aghamollaei H. Optimization of plasmid electrotransformation into Bacillus subtilis using an antibacterial peptide. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:116. [PMID: 38388903 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis can potentially serve as an efficient expression host for biotechnology due to its ability to secrete extracellular proteins and enzymes directly into the culture medium. One of the important challenges in the biotechnology industry is to optimize the transformation conditions of B. subtilis bacteria. This study aims to provide a new method to optimize the transformation conditions and improve the transformation efficiency of B. subtilis WB600. To increase the transformation efficiency in B. subtilis, two methods of adding CM11 antibacterial peptides to the bacterial medium along with electroporation and optimizing the variables including the growth medium composition, time to adding CM11 peptide, electroporation voltage, recovery medium, and cell recovery time are used. The results of this study showed that the addition of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with a concentration of 2 μg/ml increases the transformation efficiency by 4 times compared to the absence of AMP in the bacterial medium. Additionally, the findings from our study indicated that the most optimal rate of transformation for B. subtilis was observed at a voltage of 7.5 kV/cm, with a recovery period of 12 h. With the optimized method, the transformation efficiency came up to 1.69 × 104 CFU/µg DNA. This improvement in transformation efficiency will be attributed to the research of expression of exogenous genes in B. subtilis, gene library construction for transformation of wild-type B. subtilis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsen Ghiasi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Aghamollaei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Babar TK, Glare TR, Hampton JG, Hurst MRH, Narciso J, Sheen CR, Koch B. Linocin M18 protein from the insect pathogenic bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus isolates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:4337-4353. [PMID: 37204448 PMCID: PMC10313851 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bl) is a Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium. Insect pathogenic strains have been characterised in New Zealand, and two isolates, Bl 1821L and Bl 1951, are under development for use in biopesticides. However, growth in culture is sometimes disrupted, affecting mass production. Based on previous work, it was hypothesised that Tectiviridae phages might be implicated. While investigating the cause of the disrupted growth, electron micrographs of crude lysates showed structural components of putative phages including capsid and tail-like structures. Sucrose density gradient purification yielded a putative self-killing protein of ~30 kDa. N-terminal sequencing of the ~30 kDa protein identified matches to a predicted 25 kDa hypothetical and a 31.4 kDa putative encapsulating protein homologs, with the genes encoding each protein adjacent in the genomes. BLASTp analysis of the homologs of 31.4 kDa amino acid sequences shared 98.6% amino acid identity to the Linocin M18 bacteriocin family protein of Brevibacterium sp. JNUCC-42. Bioinformatic tools including AMPA and CellPPD defined that the bactericidal potential originated from a putative encapsulating protein. Antagonistic activity of the ~30 kDa encapsulating protein of Bl 1821L and Bl 1951during growth in broth exhibited bacterial autolytic activity. LIVE/DEAD staining of Bl 1821L cells after treatment with the ~30 kDa encapsulating protein of Bl 1821L substantiated the findings by showing 58.8% cells with the compromised cell membranes as compared to 37.5% cells in the control. Furthermore, antibacterial activity of the identified proteins of Bl 1821L was validated through gene expression in a Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis WB800N. KEY POINTS: • Gene encoding the 31.4 kDa antibacterial Linocin M18 protein was identified • It defined the autocidal activity of Linocin M18 (encapsulating) protein • Identified the possible killing mechanism of the encapsulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef K Babar
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand.
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan.
| | - Travis R Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
| | - John G Hampton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Mark R H Hurst
- Resilient Agriculture, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Josefina Narciso
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Campbell R Sheen
- Protein Science and Engineering, Callaghan Innovation, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Koch
- Protein Science and Engineering, Callaghan Innovation, Christchurch, New Zealand
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3
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Phillips EK, Cannon JA, Zhou Y, Bonifer KS, Reynolds TB. Conjugation-Mediated Plasmid Transfer Enables Genetic Modification of Diverse Bacillus Species. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0370022. [PMID: 36975796 PMCID: PMC10101014 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03700-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Performing genetic manipulations in Bacillus strains is often hindered by difficulty in identifying conditions appropriate for DNA uptake. This shortcoming limits our understanding of the functional diversity within this genus and the practical application of new strains. We have developed a simple method for increasing the genetic tractability of Bacillus spp. through conjugation-mediated plasmid transfer via a diaminopimelic acid (DAP) auxotrophic Escherichia coli donor strain. We observe transfer into representatives of the Bacillus clades subtilis, cereus, galactosidilyticus, and Priestia megaterium and successfully applied this protocol to 9 out of 12 strains attempted. We utilized the BioBrick 2.0 plasmids pECE743 and pECE750, as well as the CRISPR plasmid pJOE9734.1, to generate a xylose-inducible green-fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing conjugal vector, pEP011. The use of xylose-inducible GFP ensures ease of confirming transconjugants, which enables users to quickly rule out false positives. Additionally, our plasmid backbone offers the flexibility to be used in other contexts, including transcriptional fusions and overexpression, with only a few modifications. IMPORTANCE Bacillus species are widely used to produce proteins and to understand microbial differentiation. Unfortunately, outside a few lab strains, genetic manipulation is difficult and can prevent thorough dissection of useful phenotypes. We developed a protocol that utilizes conjugation (plasmids that initiate their own transfer) to introduce plasmids into a diverse range of Bacillus spp. This will facilitate a deeper study of wild isolates for both industrial and pure research uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise K. Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jordan A. Cannon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kyle S. Bonifer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Todd B. Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Cannon JA, Reynolds TB. Synergistic Mutations Create Bacillus Subtilisin Variants with Enhanced Poly-l-Lactic Acid Depolymerization Activity. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1141-1154. [PMID: 36780360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic recycling of poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) plastic has recently become an area of interest; however, investigation of enzymatic mechanisms and engineering strategies to improve activity remains limited. In this study, we have identified a subtilisin from Bacillus pumilus that has the ability to depolymerize high-molecular-weight PLLA. We performed a comparative, mutational analysis of this enzyme with a less active homologue from Bacillus subtilis to determine residues favored for activity. Our results demonstrate that both enzymes contain residues favored for PLLA depolymerization, with the generation of several hyperactive variants. In silico modeling suggests that increases in activity are due to opening of the binding pockets and increased surface hydrophobicity. Combinations of hyperactive mutations have synergistic effects with the generation of subtilisin variants with 830- and 184-fold increases in activity for B. subtilis and B. pumilus subtilisins, respectively. One B. pumilus subtilisin variant can visibly dissolve high-molecular-weight PLLA films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Cannon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Todd B Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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5
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Luo Y, Su A, Yang J, Yu Q, Wang E, Yuan H. Production of 5-aminolevulinic acid from hydrolysates of cassava residue and fish waste by engineered Bacillus cereus PT1. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:381-391. [PMID: 35920136 PMCID: PMC9871517 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The economical production of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has recently received increasing attention for its extensive use in agriculture. In this study, a strain of Bacillus cereus PT1 could initially produce ALA at a titre of 251.72 mg/L by using a hydrolysate mixture of low-cost cassava residue and fish waste. The integration of endogenous hemA encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase led to a 39.30% increase in ALA production. Moreover, improving cell permeability by deletion of the LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) family gene tagU led to a further increase of 59.73% in ALA production. Finally, the engineered strain B. cereus PT1-hemA-ΔtagU produced 2.62 g/L of ALA from the previously mentioned hydrolysate mixture in a 7-L bioreactor. In a pot experiment, foliar spray of the ALA produced by B. cereus PT1-hemA-ΔtagU from the hydrolysates increased salt tolerance of cucumber by improving chlorophyll content and catalase activity, while decreasing malondialdehyde content. Overall, this study demonstrated an economic way to produce ALA using a microbial platform and evidenced the potential of ALA in agricultural application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Anping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qijun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Entao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias BiológicasInstituto Politécnico NacionalMexico CityMexico
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Feng RY, Chen YH, Lin C, Tsai CH, Yang YL, Chen YL. Surfactin secreted by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Ba01 is required to combat Streptomyces scabies causing potato common scab. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:998707. [PMID: 36388520 PMCID: PMC9664162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.998707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Potato common scab, which is mainly caused by the bacterium Streptomyces scabies, occurs in key potato growing regions worldwide. It causes necrotic or corky symptoms on potato tubers and decreases the economic value of potato. At present, there is no recommended chemical or biological control for combating potato common scab in Taiwan. It can only reduce the occurrence by cultivation control, but the efficacy is limited. Previously we found that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Ba01 could control potato common scab in pot assay and in the field. The potential anti-S. scabies mechanism was associated with surfactin secretion, but further molecular dissection was not conducted. Thus, in this study we aimed to determine whether surfactin is the main compound active against S. scabies by knocking out the srf gene cluster in Ba01. The cloning plasmid pRY1 was transformed to Ba01 by electroporation for in-frame deletion. Two independent Δsrf mutants were obtained and confirmed by specific primers and mass spectrometry. The swarming ability and S. scabies inhibition was significantly decreased (P<0.001) in Δsrf mutants. The swarming ability of Δsrf mutants could be restored by the addition of surfactin. Furthermore, we found that Ba01 formed wrinkled biofilm in MSgg liquid medium, while Δsrf mutants formed biofilm abnormally. Furthermore, the α-amylase, protease and phosphate-solubilizing ability of Δsrf mutants was decreased, and the mutants could not inhibit the growth and sporulation of S. scabies on potato tuber slices. In conclusion, srf gene cluster of B. amyloliquefaciens Ba01 is responsible for the secretion of surfactin and inhibition of S. scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Ying Feng
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Tsai
- Plant Pathology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Chromiková Z, Chovanová RK, Tamindžija D, Bártová B, Radnović D, Bernier-Latmani R, Barák I. Implantation of Bacillus pseudomycoides Chromate Transporter Increases Chromate Tolerance in Bacillus subtilis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842623. [PMID: 35330768 PMCID: PMC8940164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromium of anthropogenic origin contaminates the environment worldwide. The toxicity of chromium, a group I human carcinogen, is greatest when it is in a hexavalent oxidation state, Cr(VI). Cr(VI) is actively transported into the cell, triggering oxidative damage intracellularly. Due to the abundance of unspecific intracellular reductants, any microbial species is capable of bio-transformation of toxic Cr(VI) to innocuous Cr(III), however, this process is often lethal. Only some bacterial species are capable of sustaining the vegetative growth in the presence of a high concentration of Cr(VI) and thus operate as self-sustainable bioremediation agents. One of the successful microbial Cr(VI) detoxification strategies is the activation of chromate efflux pumps. This work describes transplantation of the chromate efflux pump from the potentially pathogenic but highly Cr resistant Bacillus pseudomycoides environmental strain into non-pathogenic but only transiently Cr tolerant Bacillus subtilis strain. In our study, we compared the two Bacillus spp. strains harboring evolutionarily diverged chromate efflux proteins. We have found that individual cells of the Cr-resistant B. pseudomycoides environmental strain accumulate less Cr than the cells of B. subtilis strain. Further, we found that survival of the B. subtilis strain during the Cr stress can be increased by the introduction of the chromate transporter from the Cr resistant environmental strain into its genome. Additionally, the expression of B. pseudomycoides chromate transporter ChrA in B. subtilis seems to be activated by the presence of chromate, hinting at versatility of Cr-efflux proteins. This study outlines the future direction for increasing the Cr-tolerance of non-pathogenic species and safe bioremediation using soil bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chromiková
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Zuzana Chromiková,
| | - Romana Kalianková Chovanová
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dragana Tamindžija
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Barbora Bártová
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dragan Radnović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Rizlan Bernier-Latmani
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Imrich Barák
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Imrich Barák,
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Lee BC, Tsai JC, Hung CW, Lin CY, Sheu JC, Tsai HJ. High antimicrobial activity of lactoferricin-expressing Bacillus subtilis strains. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1895-1909. [PMID: 35238157 PMCID: PMC9151346 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lactoferricin expressed in Bacillus subtilis is relatively low in yield, making it hard to apply in industrial settings. We constructed a six tandem repeat of lactoferricin cDNA driven by promoter PtrnQ. After transformation, two transformants P245 and P263 possessing a stable inheritance of plasmid and high expression of lactoferricin were selected. The bactericidal activities, 1 μl of aliquot of a total 5.5 ml of solution extracted from 5 ml of cultured P245 and P263, were equivalent to the efficacy of 238.25 and 322.7 ng of Ampicillin against Escherichia coli, respectively, and 366.4 and 452.52 ng of Ampicillin against Staphylococcus epidermidis respectively. These extracts were able to kill an Ampicillin‐resistant E. coli strain. The bactericidal activities of P245 and P263 equivalent to the efficacy of Tetracycline against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus were also determined. Moreover, the bactericidal activities of P245 and P263 were 168.04 and 249.94 ng of Ampicillin against Edwardsiella tarda, respectively, and 219.7 and 252.43 ng of Tetracycline against Streptococcus iniae respectively. Interestingly, the survival rate of E. tarda‐infected tilapia fry fed the P263 extract displayed a significantly greater than that of the fry‐fed control strain. Collectively, these B. subtilis transgenic strains are highly promising for use in animal husbandry during a disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Chang Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Che Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Hung
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Chuan Sheu
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Arai T, Aikawa S, Sudesh K, Kondo T, Kosugi A. Electrotransformation of thermophilic bacterium Caldimonas manganoxidans. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 192:106375. [PMID: 34793853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Caldimonas manganoxidans is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, bioplastic-producing bacterium that is a promising strain to overcome the drawbacks of existing bioplastic manufacturing methods. However, genetic manipulation of this species has not previously been studied. Here, we developed an optimized electrotransformation protocol for C. manganoxidans by screening conditions, including the bacterial growth phase, electroporation buffer, pulse strength, and recovery time. The optimized transformation protocol obtained (3.1 ± 0.78) × 108 colony-forming units/μg DNA of plasmid pBBR1MCS-2. High transformation efficiency was observed when using plasmid DNA isolated from C. manganoxidans. The DNA methylases of Escherichia coli did not affect the transformation efficiency of C. manganoxidans. The electrotransformation technique proposed here will be beneficial for the genetic manipulation of thermophilic Caldimonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Arai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Shimpei Aikawa
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Kumar Sudesh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Toshiaki Kondo
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kosugi
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan.
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10
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Zhao L, Liu Q, Huang Q, Liu F, Liu H, Wang G. Isocitrate dehydrogenase of Bacillus cereus is involved in biofilm formation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:207. [PMID: 34719734 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), a key enzyme in the TCA cycle, participates in the formation of biofilms in Staphylococcus aureus, but it remains to be clarified whether it is involved in the formation of Bacillus cereus biofilms. In this study, we scanned the genome of B. cereus 0-9 and found a gene encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase (FRY47_22620) named icdH. The IcdH protein was expressed and purified. The enzyme activity assay showed that the protein had IDH activity dependent on NADP+, indicating that this gene encoded an IDH. The ΔicdH mutant and its complemented strains were obtained by a homologous recombination strategy, and crystal violet data and CLSM were measured. The results showed that the biofilm yield of the mutant ΔicdH decreased, and the biofilm morphology also changed, while the growth of ΔicdH was not affected. The extracellular pH and citric acid content results showed that the ΔicdH mutant exhibited citric acid accumulation and acidification of the extracellular matrix. In addition, the addition of excess Fe3+ restored the biofilm formation of the ΔicdH mutant. It is speculated that IDH in B. cereus may regulate biofilm formation by modulating intracellular redox homeostasis. In addition, we found that the icdH deletion of B. cereus 0-9 could result in a reduced sporulation rate, which was significantly different from sporulation in B. subtilis caused by interruption of the stage I sporulation process due to icdH loss. All the above results provide us with new insights for further research on IDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, School of Life Science, Hennan Univeristy, Jinming Street, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, School of Life Science, Hennan Univeristy, Jinming Street, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiubin Huang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, School of Life Science, Hennan Univeristy, Jinming Street, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology, Hennan Province, Kaifeng, Hennan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, School of Life Science, Hennan Univeristy, Jinming Street, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology, Hennan Province, Kaifeng, Hennan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, School of Life Science, Hennan Univeristy, Jinming Street, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, School of Life Science, Hennan Univeristy, Jinming Street, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology, Hennan Province, Kaifeng, Hennan, 475004, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Zhang H, Li X, Liu Q, Sun J, Secundo F, Mao X. Construction of a Super-Folder Fluorescent Protein-Guided Secretory Expression System for the Production of Phospholipase D in Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6842-6849. [PMID: 34124889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) are one of the main ingredients in food and nutraceutical, cosmetics, agriculture, and pharmaceutical products. Phospholipase D (PLD) is a crucial enzyme for the biocatalytic synthesis or modification of PLs. Here, to prepare PLD more efficiently, we constructed a PLD expression and secretion system in Bacillus subtilis and developed an environmentally friendly reaction system. A nonclassical secretory pathway where a super-folder green fluorescent protein plays as an N-terminal guide protein was introduced. This expression system can not only achieve rapid screening of high-level expression strains but can also achieve the secretion of the target proteins. Under optimal fermentation conditions, the enzyme activity of the culture medium was 0.35 U/mL, which was 2.05-fold that of the Sec secretion pathway strains. Meanwhile, the effects of several organic solvents in the biphasic reaction media were compared. The results showed that when using cyclopentyl methyl ether as the organic phase, the final conversion rate reached 96.9%. It has shown good application potential in the synthesis of phosphatidylserine, laid the foundation for the synthesis and application of other rare and high-value PLs, and provided a reference for the production of other biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuehan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, v. Mario Bianco 9, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Pavlova JA, Khairullina ZZ, Tereshchenkov AG, Nazarov PA, Lukianov DA, Volynkina IA, Skvortsov DA, Makarov GI, Abad E, Murayama SY, Kajiwara S, Paleskava A, Konevega AL, Antonenko YN, Lyakhovich A, Osterman IA, Bogdanov AA, Sumbatyan NV. Triphenilphosphonium Analogs of Chloramphenicol as Dual-Acting Antimicrobial and Antiproliferating Agents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050489. [PMID: 33922611 PMCID: PMC8145938 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current work, in continuation of our recent research, we synthesized and studied new chimeric compounds, including the ribosome-targeting antibiotic chloramphenicol (CHL) and the membrane-penetrating cation triphenylphosphonium (TPP), which are linked by alkyl groups of different lengths. Using various biochemical assays, we showed that these CAM-Cn-TPP compounds bind to the bacterial ribosome, inhibit protein synthesis in vitro and in vivo in a way similar to that of the parent CHL, and significantly reduce membrane potential. Similar to CAM-C4-TPP, the mode of action of CAM-C10-TPP and CAM-C14-TPP in bacterial ribosomes differs from that of CHL. By simulating the dynamics of CAM-Cn-TPP complexes with bacterial ribosomes, we proposed a possible explanation for the specificity of the action of these analogs in the translation process. CAM-C10-TPP and CAM-C14-TPP more strongly inhibit the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria, as compared to CHL, and suppress some CHL-resistant bacterial strains. Thus, we have shown that TPP derivatives of CHL are dual-acting compounds targeting both the ribosomes and cellular membranes of bacteria. The TPP fragment of CAM-Cn-TPP compounds has an inhibitory effect on bacteria. Moreover, since the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells possess qualities similar to those of their prokaryotic ancestors, we demonstrate the possibility of targeting chemoresistant cancer cells with these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Pavlova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.P.); (Z.Z.K.); (D.A.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Zimfira Z. Khairullina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.P.); (Z.Z.K.); (D.A.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Andrey G. Tereshchenkov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.T.); (P.A.N.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Pavel A. Nazarov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.T.); (P.A.N.); (Y.N.A.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Dmitrii A. Lukianov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143028 Skolkovo, Russia;
| | - Inna A. Volynkina
- School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry A. Skvortsov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.P.); (Z.Z.K.); (D.A.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Gennady I. Makarov
- Laboratory of the Multiscale Modeling of Multicomponent Materials, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia;
| | - Etna Abad
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Somay Y. Murayama
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8340, Japan;
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan;
| | - Alena Paleskava
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (A.P.); (A.L.K.)
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey L. Konevega
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (A.P.); (A.L.K.)
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.T.); (P.A.N.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Vall D’Hebron Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilya A. Osterman
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.P.); (Z.Z.K.); (D.A.S.); (A.A.B.)
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143028 Skolkovo, Russia;
- Genetics and Life Sciences Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.A.O.); (N.V.S.)
| | - Alexey A. Bogdanov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.P.); (Z.Z.K.); (D.A.S.); (A.A.B.)
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.T.); (P.A.N.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Natalia V. Sumbatyan
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (J.A.P.); (Z.Z.K.); (D.A.S.); (A.A.B.)
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.T.); (P.A.N.); (Y.N.A.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.O.); (N.V.S.)
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Xu JX, Li ZY, Lv X, Yan H, Zhou GY, Cao LX, Yang Q, He YH. Isolation and characterization of Bacillus subtilis strain 1-L-29, an endophytic bacteria from Camellia oleifera with antimicrobial activity and efficient plant-root colonization. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232096. [PMID: 32339210 PMCID: PMC7185607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria, which are common in plant tissues, may help to control plant pathogens and enhance plant growth. Camellia oleifera, an oil-producing plant, is widely grown in warm, subtropical, hilly regions in China. However, C. oleifera is strongly negatively affected by C. oleifera anthracnose, which is caused by Colletetrichum fructicola. To find a suitable biocontrol agent for C. oleifera anthracnose, 41 endophytes were isolated from the stems, leaves, and roots of C. oleifera. Bacterial cultures were identified based on analyses of 16S rDNA sequences; most strains belonged to the genus Bacillus. The antagonistic effects of these strains on C. fructicola were tested in vitro. In total, 16 strains inhibited C. fructicola growth, with B. subtilis strain 1-L-29 being the most efficient. Strain 1-L-29 demonstrated antagonistic activity against C. siamense, C. asianum, Fusarium proliferatum, Agaricodochium camellia, and Pseudomonas syringae. In addition, this strain produced indole acetic acid, solubilized phosphate, grew on N-free media, and produced siderophores. To facilitate further microecological studies of this strain, a rifampicin-resistant, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled strain, 1-L-29gfpr, was created using protoplast transformation. This plasmid had good segregational stability. Strain 1-L-29gfpr was re-introduced into C. oleifera and successfully colonized root, stem, and leaf tissues. This strain remained at a stable concentration in the root more than 20 d after inoculation. Fluorescence microscopic analysis showed that strain 1-L-29gfpr thoroughly colonized the root surfaces of C. fructicola as well as the root vascular tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Xu
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zi-Yang Li
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Lv
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Yan
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Ying Zhou
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Xue Cao
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Yang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan-Hao He
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Understanding the underlying biology of pathogens is essential to develop novel treatment options. To drive this understanding, genetic tools are essential. In recent years, the genetic toolbox available to Clostridioides difficile researchers has expanded significantly but still requires the conjugal transfer of DNA from a donor strain into C. difficile. Here we describe an electroporation-based transformation protocol that was effective at introducing existing genetic tools into different C. difficile strains. An important risk factor for acquiring Clostridioides difficile infection is antibiotic use. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of the physiology and the virulence factors can help drive the development of new diagnostic tools and nonantibiotic therapeutic agents to combat these organisms. Several genetic systems are available to study C. difficile in the laboratory environment, and all rely on stably replicating or segregationally unstable plasmids. Currently, the transfer of plasmids into C. difficile can only be performed by conjugation using Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis as conjugal donors. Here we report a method to introduce plasmid DNA into C. difficile using electroporation and test factors that might contribute to higher transformation efficiencies: osmolyte used to stabilize weakened cells, DNA concentration, and recovery time postelectroporation. Depending on the C. difficile strain and plasmid used, this transformation protocol achieves between 20 and 200 colonies per microgram of DNA and is mostly influenced by the recovery time postelectroporation. Based on our findings, we recommend that each strain be tested for the optimum recovery time in each lab. IMPORTANCE Understanding the underlying biology of pathogens is essential to develop novel treatment options. To drive this understanding, genetic tools are essential. In recent years, the genetic toolbox available to Clostridioides difficile researchers has expanded significantly but still requires the conjugal transfer of DNA from a donor strain into C. difficile. Here we describe an electroporation-based transformation protocol that was effective at introducing existing genetic tools into different C. difficile strains.
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Mu D, Li H, Chen Q, Zhu J, Wu X, Luo S, Zhao Y, Wang L, Jiang S, Li X, Zheng Z. Secretion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus subtilis and Its Application in Enzymatic Synthesis of l-Theanine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:14129-14136. [PMID: 31747270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the gene of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BaGGT) controlled by the Plac promoter was cloned into Bacillus subtilis to construct two recombinant vectors with either one or two signal peptides to drive extracellular secretion. After optimization, 90 ± 0.2 mg/L BaGGT was obtained when the inducing conditions were 24 h and 80 μM (IPTG). The properties of BaGGT were measured, showing that the optimal reaction conditions were 40 °C and pH 9.0 with 55.0 ± 0.5 U/mg enzymatic activity. Km and Vmax were 0.214 mM and 88.13 μmol/min/mg. BaGGT could be stored for 72 h with 90% of the initial activity at 40 °C and retained more than 50% of the initial activity after being maintained at different pH values for 24 h. Finally, enzymatic synthesis of l-theanine was performed with the optimal conditions: 20 mM l-Gln, 100 mM ethylamine HCl, 0.5 U/mL BaGGT, incubated at 40 °C for 6 h, 200 rpm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Mu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Haowen Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Shuizhong Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Lei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230001 , China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Xingjiang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
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Lee BC, Hung CW, Lin CY, Shih CH, Tsai HJ. Oral administration of transgenic biosafe microorganism containing antimicrobial peptide enhances the survival of tilapia fry infected bacterial pathogen. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:606-616. [PMID: 31682999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To develop an alternative to conventional antibiotics used in the aquaculture and livestock industries, we employed Bacillus subtilis, considered a biosafe microorganism, to express the degradable antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin. An expression plasmid pP43-6LFBII-GFP, in which reporter GFP cDNA was fused downstream of lactoferricin cDNA driven by an endogenous constitutive P43 promoter was electroporated into B. subtilis, followed by regeneration and cultivation. The putative colonies harboring plasmids were primarily screened by PCR-amplification of lactoferricin cDNA. Four transformants which were stable inheritance of plasmid containing lactoferricin cDNA included strains T1, T4, T7 and T13. Based on Western blot and Southern blot analyses, we found that transgenic strains T1 and T13 not only highly expressed exogenous recombinant lactoferricin, but also exhibited more stable inheritance of plasmids with 931 and 647 copies per cell, respectively. In the antibacterial in vitro experiment, the bactericidal activity of each microliter of cell lysate from transgenic strains T1 and T13 (5 × 108 CFU) for Escherichia coli was equivalent to 56 and 53 ng of Ampicillin dosage, respectively, while for Staphylococcus epidermidis, the equivalency T1 and T13 was 154 and 130 ng of Ampicillin dosage, respectively. Equivalencies of bacterial activity for Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Edwardsiella tarda followed suit. In the antibacterial in vivo experiment, we oral-in-tube fed tilapia fry (Oreochromis mossambicus X O. niloticus) with cell lysate from transgenic strain T1 and T13 individually. After 1-h of incubation, we immersed these treated fish fry in a water tank containing E. tarda (5 × 1011 CFU) for a 5-hr bacterial challenge. After one month cultivation, an average survival rate of 63 and 67% was observed after having fed the fish fry with transgenic strains T1 and T13, respectively. However, the average survival rate of fish fry fed with B. subtilis WT strain and transgenic strain T19 without expressing recombinant lactoferricin reached only 5 and 9%, respectively. These data indicate that the survival of fish fry infected by the intestinal pathogen tested could be significantly enhanced by feeding transgenic B. subtilis containing antibacterial peptide. Therefore, we suggest that this strategy could be applied to both aquaculture and livestock industries to (i) reduce the dependency on conventional antibiotics during seasonal outbreaks and (ii) eliminate the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Chang Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Wei Hung
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Han Shih
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
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Ren J, Karna S, Lee HM, Yoo SM, Na D. Artificial transformation methodologies for improving the efficiency of plasmid DNA transformation and simplifying its use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9205-9215. [PMID: 31650193 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of exogenous DNA materials through the cell membrane by bacteria, known as transformation, is essential for the genetic manipulation of bacteria and, thus, plays key roles in biotechnological and biological research. The efficiency of natural transformation is very low; therefore, various artificial transformation methods have been developed for simple and efficient bacterial transformation. The basic bacterial transformation method is based on chemical, physical, and electrical processes and other means to permeabilize the bacterial cell membrane to allow plasmid DNA uptake. With the introduction of novel chemicals, materials, and devices and the optimization of protocols, new transformation methods have become simpler, cheaper, and more reproducible for use in diverse bacterial species compared with conventional methods. In this review, artificial transformation methods have been classified according to the membrane-permeabilizing mechanisms employed by them. Their influential factors, transformation efficiency, advantages, disadvantages, and practical applications are briefly illustrated. Finally, physicochemical transformation as a new bacterial transformation technique has also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ren
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandeep Karna
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Yoo
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Hu X, Kang F, Yang B, Zhang W, Qin C, Gao Y. Extracellular Polymeric Substances Acting as a Permeable Barrier Hinder the Lateral Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:736. [PMID: 31057498 PMCID: PMC6479211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria are emerging contaminants as their proliferation in the environment poses significant threats to human health. It is well recognized that extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) can protect microorganisms against stress or damage from exogenous contaminants. However, it is not clear whether EPS could affect the lateral transfer of ARGs into bacteria, which is one of the major processes for the dissemination of ARGs. This study investigated the lateral transfer of ARGs carried by plasmids (pUC19, pHSG298, and pHSG396) into competent Escherichia coli cells with and without EPS. Transformant numbers and transformation efficiency for E. coli without EPS were up to 29 times of those with EPS at pH 7.0 in an aqueous system. The EPS removal further increased cell permeability in addition to the enhanced cell permeability by Ca2+, which could be responsible for the enhanced lateral transfer of ARGs. The fluorescence quenching experiments showed that EPS could strongly bind to plasmid DNA in the presence of Ca2+ and the binding strength (LogKA = 10.65–15.80 L mol-1) between EPS and plasmids was positively correlated with the enhancement percentage of transformation efficiency resulting from the EPS removal. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses and model computation further showed that Ca2+ could electrostatically bind with EPS mainly through the carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, and RC-O-CR in glucoside, thus bridging the plasmid and EPS. As a result, the binding of plasmids with EPS hindered the lateral transfer of plasmid-borne ARGs. This study improved our understanding on the function of EPS in controlling the fate and transport of ARGs on the molecular and cellular scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuxing Kang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Environmental Science and Policy Program, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Chao Qin
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Abstract
Electroporation has been an established tool for DNA delivery into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, thus facilitating basic research studies and improving medical treatments. Here we describe its use for introduction of phage genomic DNA into Escherichia coli cells, including preparation of electrocompetent cells, electric pulse optimization and recovery of electrotransformed cells. The technique can also be adapted for other bacterial species.
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20
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Display of Escherichia coli Phytase on the Surface of Bacillus subtilis Spore Using CotG as an Anchor Protein. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:838-855. [PMID: 30088242 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli phytase (AppA) has been widely used as an exogenous feed enzyme for monogastric animals; however, the production of this enzyme has been examined primarily in E. coli and yeast expression systems. As an alternative to production of soluble phytase, an enzyme immobilization method using the Bacillus subtilis spore outer-coat protein CotG as an anchoring motif for the display of the AppA was attempted. Using this motif, AppA was successfully produced on the spore surface of B. subtilis as verified by Western blot analysis and phytase activity measurements. Analysis of the pH stability indicated that more than 50% activity was retained after incubation at four different pH values (2.0, 4.0, 7.0, and 8.0) for up to 12 h, with maximum activity observed at pH 4.5. The highest enzyme activity seen at 55 °C and thermal stability measurements demonstrated that more than 30% activity remained after 30 min incubation at 60 °C. The spore surface-displayed AppA was resistant to pepsin, and more stable than phytase produced previously using a yeast expression system. Furthermore, we present data indicating that the use of peptide linkers may help improve the bioactivity of displayed enzymes on the spore surface of B. subtilis.
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21
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Dorau R, Görbe T, Svedendahl Humble M. Improved Enantioselectivity of Subtilisin Carlsberg towards Secondary Alcohols by Protein Engineering. Chembiochem 2018; 19:338-346. [PMID: 29105250 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Generally, the catalytic activity of subtilisin Carlsberg (SC) for transacylation reactions with secondary alcohols in organic solvent is low. Enzyme immobilization and protein engineering was performed to improve the enantioselectivity of SC towards secondary alcohols. Possible amino-acid residues for mutagenesis were found by combining available literature data with molecular modeling. SC variants were created by site-directed mutagenesis and were evaluated for a model transacylation reaction containing 1-phenylethanol in THF. Variants showing high E values (>100) were found. However, the conversions were still low. A second mutation was made, and both the E values and conversions were increased. Relative to that shown by the wild type, the most successful variant, G165L/M221F, showed increased conversion (up to 36 %), enantioselectivity (E values up to 400), substrate scope, and stability in THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Dorau
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Microbiology and Production, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Bygning 201, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tamás Görbe
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Svedendahl Humble
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pharem Biotech AB, Biovation Park, Forskargatan 20 J, 151 36, Stockholm, Sweden
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Song Y, Fu G, Dong H, Li J, Du Y, Zhang D. High-Efficiency Secretion of β-Mannanase in Bacillus subtilis through Protein Synthesis and Secretion Optimization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2540-2548. [PMID: 28262014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The manno endo-1,4-mannosidase (β-mannanase, EC. 3.2.1.78) catalyzes the random hydrolysis of internal (1 → 4)-β-mannosidic linkages in the mannan polymers. A codon optimized β-mannanase gene from Bacillus licheniformis DSM13 was expressed in Bacillus subtilis. When four Sec-dependent and two Tat-dependent signal peptide sequences cloned from B. subtilis were placed upstream of the target gene, the highest activity of β-mannanase was observed using SPlipA as a signal peptide. Then a 1.25-fold activity of β-mannanase was obtained when another copy of groESL operon was inserted into the genome of host strain. Finally, five different promoters were separately used to enhance the synthesis of the target protein. The results showed that promoter Pmglv, a modified maltose-inducible promoter, significantly elevated the production of β-mannanase. After 72 h of flask fermentation, the enzyme activity of β-mannanase in the supernatant when using locust bean gum as substrate reached 2207 U/mL. This work provided a promising β-mannanase production strain in industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Song
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Fu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Huina Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology , Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuguang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology , Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
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Development of an efficient electroporation method for rhizobacterial Bacillus mycoides strains. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 133:82-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Hohmann HP, van Dijl JM, Krishnappa L, Prágai Z. Host Organisms:Bacillus subtilis. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Hohmann
- Nutrition Innovation Center R&D Biotechnology; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd; Wurmisweg 576 CH-4303 Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - Jan M. van Dijl
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Department of Medical Microbiology; Hanzeplein 1 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Laxmi Krishnappa
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Department of Medical Microbiology; Hanzeplein 1 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Zoltán Prágai
- Nutrition Innovation Center R&D Biotechnology; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd; Wurmisweg 576 CH-4303 Kaiseraugst Switzerland
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How to transform a recalcitrant Paenibacillus strain: From culture medium to restriction barrier. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 131:135-143. [PMID: 27780731 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paenibacillus riograndensis SBR5T is a plant growth-promoting bacterium isolated from the wheat rhizosphere. Its recalcitrance to genetic manipulation is a major bottleneck for molecular studies, as has been reported for other Paenibacillus environmental isolates. An efficient electroporation protocol was established by evaluating diverse parameters and optimizing the culture medium, culture growth phase, electroporation solution, recovery medium, DNA input, and electric field strength. Efficiencies of approximately 2.8×104transformantsμg-1 of plasmid DNA were obtained. The optimized protocol was tested with other Paenibacillus species, and the relevance of bypassing the restriction DNA defense system to transform Paenibacillus was highlighted. This protocol is the tool needed to deepen molecular studies with this strain and will aid in the manipulation of other new environmental isolates that also exhibit recalcitrant transformation difficulties.
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26
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Kananavičiūtė R, Čitavičius D. Genetic engineering of Geobacillus spp. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 111:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Development of an efficient electroporation method for iturin A-producing Bacillus subtilis ZK. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7334-51. [PMID: 25837631 PMCID: PMC4425020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to efficiently introduce DNA into B. subtilis ZK, which produces iturin A at a high level, we optimized seven electroporation conditions and explored an efficient electroporation method. Using the optimal conditions, the electroporation efficiency was improved to 1.03 × 107 transformants/μg of DNA, an approximately 10,000-fold increase in electroporation efficiency. This efficiency is the highest electroporation efficiency for B. subtilis and enables the construction of a directed evolution library or the knockout of a gene in B. subtilis ZK for molecular genetics studies. In the optimization process, the combined effects of three types of wall-weakening agents were evaluated using a response surface methodology (RSM) design, which led to a two orders of magnitude increase in electroporation efficiency. To the best of our limited knowledge, this study provides the first demonstration of using an RSM design for optimization of the electroporation conditions for B. subtilis. To validate the electroporation efficiency, a case study was performed and a gene (rapC) was inactivated in B. subtilis ZK using a suicide plasmid pMUTIN4. Moreover, we found that the rapC mutants exhibited a marked decrease in iturin A production, suggesting that the rapC gene was closely related to the iturin A production.
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28
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Zhang C, Lu J, Chen L, Lu F, Lu Z. Biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid by a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain expressing the glutamate decarboxylase gene derived from Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus Y2. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Establishment of an efficient transformation protocol and its application in marine-derived Bacillus strain. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:627-35. [PMID: 24771061 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Marine-derived Bacillus strains have been proved to be a very promising source for natural product leads. However, transformation of environmental strains is much more difficult than that of domesticated strains. Here, we report the development of an efficient and robust electroporation-based transformation system for marine-derived Bacillus marinus B-9987, which is a macrolactin antibiotics producer and a very promising biological control agent against fungal plant diseases. The transformation efficiency was greatly enhanced 10(3)-fold by using unmethylated plasmid to bypass modification-restriction barrier, and using glycine betaine to protect cells from electrical damages during electroporation. Addition of HEPES and 2 mmol L(-1) MgCl2 further improved the efficiency by additional 2-fold, with a maximum value of 7.1×10(4) cfu/μg pHT3101. To demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the protocol, a green fluorescent protein reporter system was constructed; furthermore, phosphopantetheinyl transferase gene sfp, which is essential to the biosynthesis of polyketides and nonribosomal peptides, was overexpressed in B-9987, leading to increased production of macrolactin A by about 1.6-fold. In addition, this protocol is also applicable to marine-derived Bacillus licheniforms EI-34-6, indicating it could be a reference for other undomesticated Bacillus strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the transformation of marine-derived Bacillus strain.
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30
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Kananavičiūtė R, Butaitė E, Čitavičius D. Characterization of two novel plasmids from Geobacillus sp. 610 and 1121 strains. Plasmid 2014; 71:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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