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Vörösházi J, Mackei M, Sebők C, Tráj P, Márton RA, Horváth DG, Huber K, Neogrády Z, Mátis G. Investigation of the effects of T-2 toxin in chicken-derived three-dimensional hepatic cell cultures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1195. [PMID: 38216675 PMCID: PMC10786837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite being one of the most common contaminants of poultry feed, the molecular effects of T-2 toxin on the liver of the exposed animals are still not fully elucidated. To gain more accurate understanding, the effects of T-2 toxin were investigated in the present study in chicken-derived three-dimensional (3D) primary hepatic cell cultures. 3D spheroids were treated with three concentrations (100, 500, 1000 nM) of T-2 toxin for 24 h. Cellular metabolic activity declined in all treated groups as reflected by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, while extracellular lactate dehydrogenase activity was increased after 500 nM T-2 toxin exposure. The levels of oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl were reduced by the toxin, suggesting effective antioxidant compensatory mechanisms of the liver. Concerning the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 concentration was decreased, while IL-8 concentration was increased by 100 nM T-2 toxin exposure, indicating the multifaceted immunomodulatory action of the toxin. Further, the metabolic profile of hepatic spheroids was also modulated, confirming the altered lipid and amino acid metabolism of toxin-exposed liver cells. Based on these results, T-2 toxin affected cell viability, hepatocellular metabolism and inflammatory response, likely carried out its toxic effects by affecting the oxidative homeostasis of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Vörösházi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary.
| | - Máté Mackei
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Csilla Sebők
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Patrik Tráj
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Rege Anna Márton
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Dávid Géza Horváth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Neogrády
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mátis
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
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Ahmed FF, Podder A, Bulbul MF, Hossain MA, Hasan M, Sarkar MAR, Kim D. Investigating the Precise Identification of Citrullination Sites with High- Performance Score Metrics Using a Powerful Computation Predicting Tool. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:1381-1393. [PMID: 37702240 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230912151932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To elucidate the detailed mechanisms of citrullination at the molecular level and design drugs applicable to major human diseases, predicting protein citrullination sites (PCSs) is essential. Using experimental approaches to predict PCSs is time-consuming and costly. However, there is a limited scope of the current PCS predictors. In particular, most predictors are commonly used for PCS prediction and have limited performance scores. OBJECTIVE This work aims to provide an improved sophisticated predictor of citrullination sites using a benchmark dataset in a machine learning platform. METHODS This study presents a reliable citrullination site predictor based on a benchmark dataset containing a 1:1 ratio of positive and negative samples. We classified citrullination sites using the Composition of the K-Spaced Amino Acid Pairs (CKSAAP) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). RESULTS We developed PCS predictors using integrated machine-learning methods that produced the highest average scores. Using 10-fold cross-validation on test datasets, the True Positive Rate (TPR) was 98.34%, the True Negative Rate (TNR) was 99.44%, the accuracy was 98.89%, the Mathew Correlation Coefficient (MCC) was 98.21%, the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) was 0.999, and the partial Area Under the ROC Curve (pAUC) was 0.1968. CONCLUSION According to overall performance, our developed predictor has a significantly higher implementation in comparison with the current tools on the same benchmark dataset. Moreover, it showed better performance metrics on both test and training datasets. Our developed predictor is promising and can be implemented as a complementary technique for identifying fast and precise citrullination sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fee Faysal Ahmed
- Department of Mathematics, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Anamika Podder
- Department of Mathematics, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md Farhad Bulbul
- Department of Mathematics, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Md Amzad Hossain
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore -7408, Bangladesh
| | - Mahedi Hasan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdur Rauf Sarkar
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Daijin Kim
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam, Pohang 37673, Korea
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3
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Park HY, Kim SW, Seo J, Jung YP, Kim H, Kim AJ, Kim S, Lim K. Dietary Arginine and Citrulline Supplements for Cardiovascular Health and Athletic Performance: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:1268. [PMID: 36904267 PMCID: PMC10005484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global market for nutritional supplements (NS) is growing rapidly, and the use of L-arginine (Arg), L-citrulline (Cit), and citrulline malate (CitMal) supplements has been shown to enhance cardiovascular health and athletic performance. Over the past decade, Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements have received considerable attention from researchers in the field of exercise nutrition, who have investigated their potential effects on hemodynamic function, endothelial function, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, strength, power, and endurance. Previous studies were reviewed to determine the potential impact of Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements on cardiovascular health and exercise performance. By synthesizing the existing literature, the study aimed to provide insight into the possible uses and limitations of these supplements for these purposes. The results showed that both recreational and trained athletes did not see improved physical performance or increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis with 0.075 g or 6 g doses of Arg supplement per body weight. However, 2.4 to 6 g of Cit per day for 7 to 16 days of various NSs had a positive impact, increasing NO synthesis, enhancing athletic performance indicators, and reducing feelings of exertion. The effects of an 8 g acute dose of CitMal supplement were inconsistent, and more research is needed to determine its impact on muscle endurance performance. Based on the positive effects reported in previous studies, further testing is warranted in various populations that may benefit from nutritional supplements, including aerobic and anaerobic athletes, resistance-trained individuals, elderly people, and clinical populations, to determine the impact of different doses, timing of ingestion, and long-term and acute effects of Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements on cardiovascular health and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Seo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanghoon P. Jung
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Jin Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonwoo Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Effect of Light Quality on Metabolomic, Ionomic, and Transcriptomic Profiles in Tomato Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113288. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Light quality affects plant growth and the functional component accumulation of fruits. However, there is little knowledge of the effects of light quality based on multiomics profiles. This study combined transcriptomic, ionomic, and metabolomic analyses to elucidate the effects of light quality on metabolism and gene expression in tomato fruit. Micro-Tom plants were grown under blue or red light-emitting diode light for 16 h daily after anthesis. White fluorescent light was used as a reference. The metabolite and element concentrations and the expression of genes markedly changed in response to blue and red light. Based on the metabolomic analysis, amino acid metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis were active in blue light treatment. According to transcriptomic analysis, differentially expressed genes in blue and red light treatments were enriched in the pathways of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, carbon fixation, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, supporting the results of the metabolomic analysis. Ionomic analysis indicated that the element levels in fruits were more susceptible to changes in light quality than in leaves. The concentration of some ions containing Fe in fruits increased under red light compared to under blue light. The altered expression level of genes encoding metal ion-binding proteins, metal tolerance proteins, and metal transporters in response to blue and red light in the transcriptomic analysis contributes to changes in the ionomic profiles of tomato fruit.
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5
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Citrullination: A modification important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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The Effects of Consuming Amino Acids L-Arginine, L-Citrulline (and Their Combination) as a Beverage or Powder, on Athletic and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. BEVERAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages8030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of amino acids L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-citrulline (L-Cit) are purported to increase nitric oxide (NO) production and improve physical performance. Clinical trials have shown relatively more favorable outcomes than not after supplementing with L-Cit and combined L-Arg and L-Cit. However, in most studies, other active ingredients such as malate were included in the supplement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of consuming standalone L-Arg, L-Cit, and their combination (in the form of powder or beverage) on blood NO level and physical performance markers. A systematic review was undertaken following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42021287530). Four electronic databases (PubMed, Ebscohost, Science Direct, and Google scholar) were used. An acute dose of 0.075 g/kg of L-Arg or 6 g L-Arg had no significant increase in NO biomarkers and physical performance markers (p > 0.05). Consumption of 2.4 to 6 g/day of L-Cit over 7 to 16 days significantly increased NO level and physical performance markers (p < 0.05). Combined L-Arg and L-Cit supplementation significantly increased circulating NO, improved performance, and reduced feelings of exertion (p < 0.05). Standalone L-Cit and combined L-Arg with L-Cit consumed over several days effectively increases circulating NO and improves physical performance and feelings of exertion in recreationally active and well-trained athletes.
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7
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Wang W, Li M, Miao M, Zhang T. Characterization of a recombinant arginine deiminase from
Halothermothrix orenii
and its application in citrulline production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:526-536. [PMID: 35761421 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, arginine deiminase (ADI, EC 3.5.3.6) has attracted much attention as a biocatalyst that produces the functional amino acid l-citrulline from l-arginine and also as an anticancer enzyme. Here, we identified and characterized a putative ADI from the thermophilic bacterium Halothermothrix orenii. The H. orenii ADI (H-ADI) protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) with a specific activity of 91.8 U/mg protein at 55°C and pH 6.5. The enzyme remained at 74% relative activity after incubation at 45°C for 180 min, only 25% at 50°C. The melting temperature was 56°C. H-ADI is not a metal-requiring enzyme; Ni2+ slightly improved the catalytic activity. The Km and Vmax for l-arginine were 55.5 mM and 156.8 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Moreover, three residues (Arg183, Arg237, and His273) were key to the formation of l-citrulline, as analyzed by alanine-scanning mutagenesis. Finally, the enzymatic synthesis of l-citrulline was carried out at 50°C with a conversion ratio reaching 99.03%. Together, these findings show that H-ADI is a promising biocatalyst for the production of l-citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
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8
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Hu S, Buser E, Arredondo J, Relyea D, Santos Rocha C, Dandekar S. Altered Expression of ACE2 and Co-receptors of SARS-CoV-2 in the Gut Mucosa of the SIV Model of HIV/AIDS. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:879152. [PMID: 35495669 PMCID: PMC9048205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.879152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, is initiated by its binding to the ACE2 receptor and other co-receptors on mucosal epithelial cells. Variable outcomes of the infection and disease severity can be influenced by pre-existing risk factors. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of AIDS, targets the gut mucosal immune system and impairs epithelial barriers and mucosal immunity. We sought to determine the impact and mechanisms of pre-existing HIV infection increasing mucosal vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease. We investigated changes in the expression of ACE2 and other SARS-CoV-2 receptors and related pathways in virally inflamed gut by using the SIV infected rhesus macaque model of HIV/AIDS. Immunohistochemical analysis showed sustained/enhanced ACE2 expression in the gut epithelium of SIV infected animals compared to uninfected controls. Gut mucosal transcriptomic analysis demonstrated enhanced expression of host factors that support SARS-CoV-2 entry, replication, and infection. Metabolomic analysis of gut luminal contents revealed the impact of SIV infection as demonstrated by impaired mitochondrial function and decreased immune response, which render the host more vulnerable to other pathogens. In summary, SIV infection resulted in sustained or increased ACE2 expression in an inflamed and immune-impaired gut mucosal microenvironment. Collectively, these mucosal changes increase the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity and result in ineffective viral clearance. Our study highlights the use of the SIV model of AIDS to fill the knowledge gap of the enteric mechanisms of co-infections as risk factors for poor disease outcomes, generation of new viral variants and immune escape in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elise Buser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Juan Arredondo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dylan Relyea
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Clarissa Santos Rocha
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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9
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Uyanga VA, Oke EO, Amevor FK, Zhao J, Wang X, Jiao H, Onagbesan OM, Lin H. Functional roles of taurine, L-theanine, L-citrulline, and betaine during heat stress in poultry. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:23. [PMID: 35264238 PMCID: PMC8908636 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is an important environmental stress factor affecting poultry production on a global scale. With the rise in ambient temperature and increasing effects of global warming, it becomes pertinent to understand the effects of HS on poultry production and the strategies that can be adopted to mitigate its detrimental impacts on the performance, health, welfare, immunity, and survival of birds. Amino acids (AAs) have been increasingly adopted as nutritional modifiers in animals to ameliorate the adverse effects of HS. They are essential for protein synthesis, growth, maintenance, reproduction, immunity, stress response, and whole-body homeostasis. However, HS tends to adversely affect the availability, transport, absorption, and utilization of these AAs. Studies have investigated the provision of these AAs to poultry during HS conditions, and variable findings have been reported. Taurine, L-theanine, and L-citrulline are non-essential amino acids that are increasingly gaining attention as nutritional supplements in HS animals. Similarly, betaine is an amino acid derivative that possesses favorable biological properties which contributes to its role as a functional additive during HS. Of particular note, taurine is negligible in plants, while betaine, L-theanine, and L-citrulline can be found in selected plants. These nutrients are barely found in feed ingredients, but their supply has been shown to elicit important physiological roles including anti-stress effects, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, gut promoting, and immunomodulatory functions. The present review provides information on the use of these nutritionally and physiologically beneficial nutrients as functional additives to poultry diets during HS conditions. Presently, although several studies have reported on the positive effects of these additives in human and murine studies, however, there is limited information regarding their utilization during heat stress in poultry nutrition. Therefore, this review aims to expound on the functional properties of these nutrients, their potentials for HS alleviation, and to stimulate further researches on their biological roles in poultry nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Anthony Uyanga
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Emmanuel O Oke
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B, Abeokuta, Ogun State, 2240, Nigeria
| | - Felix Kwame Amevor
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Okanlawon M Onagbesan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B, Abeokuta, Ogun State, 2240, Nigeria
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China.
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10
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Citrullination in the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders: recent advances and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:94. [PMID: 35079870 PMCID: PMC8788905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous
post-translational modifications (PTMs) govern the collective metabolism of a cell through altering the structure and functions of proteins. The action of the most prevalent PTMs, encompassing phosphorylation, methylation, acylations, ubiquitination and glycosylation is well documented. A less explored protein PTM, conversion of peptidylarginine to citrulline, is the subject of this review. The process of citrullination is catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of conserved enzymes expressed in a variety of human tissues. Accumulating evidence suggest that citrullination plays a significant role in regulating cellular metabolism and gene expression by affecting a multitude of pathways and modulating the chromatin status. Here, we will discuss the biochemical nature of arginine citrullination, the enzymatic machinery behind it and also provide information on the pathological consequences of citrullination in the development of inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, periodontitis and COVID-19), cancer and thromboembolism. Finally, developments on inhibitors against protein citrullination and recent clinical trials providing a promising therapeutic approach to inflammatory disease by targeting citrullination are discussed.
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11
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Citrulline, Biomarker of Enterocyte Functional Mass and Dietary Supplement. Metabolism, Transport, and Current Evidence for Clinical Use. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082794. [PMID: 34444954 PMCID: PMC8398474 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Citrulline is a non-essential but still important amino acid that is released from enterocytes. Because plasma levels are reduced in case of impaired intestinal function, it has become a biomarker to monitor intestinal integrity. Moreover, oxidative stress induces protein citrullination, and antibodies against anti-citrullinated proteins are useful to monitor rheumatoid diseases. Citrullinated histones, however, may even predict a worse outcome in cancer patients. Supplementation of citrulline is better tolerated compared to arginine and might be useful to slightly improve muscle strength or protein balance. The following article shall provide an overview of L-citrulline properties and functions, as well as the current evidence for its use as a biomarker or as a therapeutic supplement.
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12
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Cruz RCR, Neto FR, Furtado RA, Souza LM, de Sousa FD, Ozelin SD, Bastos JK, Magalhães GM, Tavares DC, de Oliveira PF. Watermelon Reduces the Toxicity of Cisplatin Treatment in C57BL/6 Mice with Induced Melanoma. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1097-1105. [PMID: 34085572 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1918731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An alternative to reduce the undesirable effects of antineoplastic agents has been the combination of classical treatments with nutritional strategies aimed at reducing systemic toxicity without decreasing the antitumor activity of already used drugs. Within this context, this study evaluated the possible reduction of toxicity when cisplatin treatment is combined with watermelon pulp juice supplementation in C57BL/6 mice with melanoma. Watermelon is a fruit rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins, lycopene, carotene, and xanthophylls, which has shown effectiveness in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, weight loss, urinary infections, gout, hypertension, and mutagenicity. The following parameters were analyzed: animal survival, bone marrow genotoxicity, serum creatinine and urea, histopathological features of the tumor tissue, tumor weight and volume, and weight of non-tumor tissues (kidney, liver, spleen, heart, and lung). The results showed that watermelon had no antitumor effect but reduced the toxicity of cisplatin, as demonstrated by an increase in the number of bone marrow cells and a decrease in serum creatinine and urea levels. The data suggest that watermelon pulp juice can be an alternative for reducing the side effects of antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Rinaldi Neto
- Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pollyanna Francielli de Oliveira
- Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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Azizi S, Mahdavi R, Mobasseri M, Aliasgharzadeh S, Abbaszadeh F, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. The impact of L-citrulline supplementation on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and some inflammatory factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3157-3166. [PMID: 33876875 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of L-citrulline on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and inflammatory factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In total, 54 participants with T2D were assigned to L-citrulline (3 g/day L-citrulline) or placebo groups and tested for 8 weeks. Serum levels of insulin, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profile, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and L-citrulline were measured pre- and post-intervention. Totally, 45 patients were enrolled in the research. L-citrulline supplementation decreased serum levels of insulin (p = .025), glucose (p = .032), HbA1c (p = .001), HOMA-IR (p = .037), TNF-α (p = .036), and hs-CRP (p = .027) significantly. At the end of the study, despite the significant decrease in serum levels of triglyceride (p = .027) and the increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p < .001) in the L-citrulline group, no significant differences were found for these parameters between the groups. Moreover, no significant inter- and intra-group changes were observed for dietary intakes, anthropometric indices, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p > .05). In conclusion, L-citrulline supplementation might improve glucose homeostasis, some lipid factors and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Azizi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mobasseri
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soghra Aliasgharzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Duran Barón R, Valle-Vargas MF, Quintero-Gamero G, Quintanilla-Carvajal MX, Alean J. Encapsulation of citrulline extract from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) by-product using spray drying. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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L-Citrulline: A Non-Essential Amino Acid with Important Roles in Human Health. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11073293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine (Arg) has been widely used due to its functional properties as a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) generation. However, L-citrulline (CIT), whose main natural source is watermelon, is a non-essential amino acid but which has important health potential. This review provides a comprehensive approach to different studies of the endogenous synthesis of CIT, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics as well as its ergogenic effect in exercise performance. The novel aspect of this paper focuses on the different effects of CIT, citrulline malate and CIT from natural sources such as watermelon on several topics, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, cancer, and exercise performance. CIT from watermelon could be a natural food-sourced substitute for pharmacological products and therefore the consumption of this fruit is promoted.
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16
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Endogenous flux of nitric oxide: Citrulline is preferred to Arginine. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13572. [PMID: 33089645 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both arginine (Arg) and its precursor citrulline (Cit) have received much interest in the past two decades because of their potential effects on whole-body nitric oxide (NO) production and augmentation of NO-dependent signalling pathways. However, the usefulness of Arg supplementation for NO production is questionable because of its high splanchnic first pass metabolism (FPM), which limits its systemic availability. Both hepatic- and extrahepatic arginases critically limit the availability of Arg for the NO synthase enzymes (NOSs) and therefore, a limited amount of oral Arg can reach the systemic circulation for NO synthesis. Arg also has some undesired effects including induction of arginase activity, an increase of urea levels, a decrease of cellular uptake of Cit and decrease of recycling of Arg from Cit. In contrast, Cit has more availability as an NO precursor because of its high intestinal absorption, low FPM and high renal reabsorption. At the cellular level, co-localization of Cit transport systems and the enzymes involved in the Cit-Arg-NO pathway facilitates channelling of Cit into NO. Furthermore, cells preferably use Cit rather than either intra- or extracellular Arg to improve NO output, especially in high-demand situations. In conclusion, available evidence strongly supports the concept that Cit leads to higher NO production and suggests that Cit may have a better therapeutic effect than Arg for NO-disrupted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center Research Institute for Endocrine SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Human Dietetics Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology National Nutrition and Food Technology Research InstituteShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education City University of New York School of Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center Research Institute for Endocrine SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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17
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Nolde M, Bahls M, Friedrich N, Dörr M, Dreischulte T, Felix SB, Rückert-Eheberg IM, Ahn N, Amann U, Schwedhelm E, Völzke H, Lerch MM, Linseisen J, Meisinger C, Baumeister SE. Association of proton pump inhibitor use with endothelial function and metabolites of the nitric oxide pathway: A cross-sectional study. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:198-204. [PMID: 33465818 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Long-term intake of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) might increase the risk of cardiovascular events. One suggested mechanism is that PPIs inhibit the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and thereby block the degradation of endothelial asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA). Excess ADMA in turn leads to impaired endothelial nitric oxide (NO) generation. So far, this mechanism has only been established in human cell cultures. Previous studies that examined this pathway in human populations measured circulating ADMA and found no association with PPI use and excess plasma ADMA. But in a recent study, plasma ADMA was not correlated with intracellular ADMA. We therefore focused on changes in plasma citrulline as an indicator for potential DDAH inhibition. DESIGN We analyzed the association between regular daily PPI intake and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery as well as plasma concentrations of citrulline, arginine, ADMA, and symmetric dimethylarginine using inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding and censoring. DATA SOURCE Data of 1298 participants from two independent cohorts of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania were used. PATIENTS Participants of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania are a stratified random sample of the study region. INTERVENTION Regular daily intake of PPIs. MEASUREMENTS FMD of the brachial artery and plasma concentrations of citrulline, arginine, ADMA, and symmetric dimethylarginine. MAIN RESULTS Eighty-seven participants (57.5% female) were regular daily users of PPIs. In the fully adjusted models, associations were identified for FMD and plasma citrulline concentrations. PPI users revealed a 0.99% (95% CI: -1.96 to -0.02) lower FMD and 3.03 µmol/L (95% CI: -4.96 to -1.10) lower plasma citrulline levels as compared to non-users. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence that long-term intake of PPIs might inhibit human DDAH activity, resulting in impaired endothelial NO production and reduced vascular function. In the long run, this might explain an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases associated with long-term PPI use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nolde
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, UNIKA-T Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bahls
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tobias Dreischulte
- Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ina-Maria Rückert-Eheberg
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, UNIKA-T Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Nayeon Ahn
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, UNIKA-T Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Amann
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Edzard Schwedhelm
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jakob Linseisen
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, UNIKA-T Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, UNIKA-T Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian E Baumeister
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, UNIKA-T Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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18
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Shatanawi A, Momani MS, Al-Aqtash R, Hamdan MH, Gharaibeh MN. L-Citrulline Supplementation Increases Plasma Nitric Oxide Levels and Reduces Arginase Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:584669. [PMID: 33414716 PMCID: PMC7783447 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.584669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming a major contributor to cardiovascular disease. One of the early signs of T2DM associated cardiovascular events is the development of vascular dysfunction. This dysfunction has been implicated in increasing the morbidity and mortality of T2DM patients. One of the important characteristics of vascular dysfunction is the impaired ability of endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide (NO). Additionally, decreases in the availability of NO is also a major contributor of this pathology. NO is produced by the activity of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) on its substrate, L-arginine. Reduced availability of L-arginine to eNOS has been implicated in vascular dysfunction in diabetes. Arginase, which metabolizes L-arginine to urea and ornithine, competes directly with NOS for L-arginine. Hence, increases in arginase activity can decrease arginine levels, reducing its availability to eNOS and decreasing NO production. Diabetes has been linked to elevated arginase and associated vascular endothelial dysfunction. We aimed to determine levels of plasma NO and arginase activity in (T2DM) patients and the effects of L-citrulline supplementation, a natural arginase inhibitor, on inhibiting arginase activity in these patients. Levels of arginase correlated with HbA1c levels in diabetic patients. Twenty-five patients received L-citrulline supplements (2000 mg/day) for 1 month. Arginase activity decreased by 21% in T2DM patients after taking L-citrulline supplements. Additionally, plasma NO levels increased by 38%. There was a modest improvement on H1Ac levels in these patients, though not statistically significant. The effect of L-citrulline on arginase activity was also studied in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) grown in high glucose (HG) conditions. HG (25 mM, 72 h) caused a 2-fold increase in arginase activity in BAECs and decreased NO production by 30%. L-citrulline (2.5 mM) completely prevented the increase in arginase activity and restored NO production levels. These data indicate that L-citrulline can have therapeutic benefits in diabetic patients through increasing NO levels and thus maintaining vascular function possibly through an arginase inhibition related pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Shatanawi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Munther S Momani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ruaa Al-Aqtash
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad H Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Munir N Gharaibeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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19
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Yang X, Chang Y, Wei W. Emerging role of targeting macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis: Focus on polarization, metabolism and apoptosis. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12854. [PMID: 32530555 PMCID: PMC7377929 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages maintain a dynamic balance in physiology. Various known or unknown microenvironmental signals influence the polarization, activation and death of macrophages, which creates an imbalance that leads to disease. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the massive infiltration of a variety of chronic inflammatory cells in synovia. Abundant activated macrophages found in RA synovia are an early hallmark of RA, and the number of these macrophages can be decreased after effective treatment. In RA, the proportion of M1 (pro‐inflammatory macrophages) is higher than that of M2 (anti‐inflammatory macrophages). The increased pro‐inflammatory ability of macrophages is related to their excessive activation and proliferation as well as an enhanced anti‐apoptosis ability. At present, there are no clinical therapies specific to macrophages in RA. Understanding the mechanisms and functional consequences of the heterogeneity of macrophages will aid in confirming their potential role in inflammation development. This review will outline RA‐related macrophage properties (focus on polarization, metabolism and apoptosis) as well as the origin of macrophages. The molecular mechanisms that drive macrophage properties also be elucidated to identify novel therapeutic targets for RA and other autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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20
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Singh A, Verma AK, Das P, Prakash S, Pramanik R, Nayak B, Datta Gupta S, Sreenivas V, Kumar L, Ahuja V, Makharia GK. Non-immunological biomarkers for assessment of villous abnormalities in patients with celiac disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:438-445. [PMID: 31498492 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Demonstration of villous abnormalities is an essential component of diagnosis of celiac disease (CeD) that requires duodenal biopsies. There is a need for non-invasive biomarker(s) that can predict the presence of villous abnormalities. METHODS Levels of plasma citrulline, plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), and serum regenerating gene 1α (Reg1α) were estimated in treatment naïve patients with CeD and controls. The levels of these biomarkers and their cyclical pattern were validated in a predicted model of enteropathy. Optimum diagnostic cut-off values were derived, and the results were further validated in a prospective validation cohort. RESULTS While level of plasma citrulline was significantly lower, the levels of plasma I-FABP and serum Reg1α were significantly higher in patients with CeD (n = 131) in comparison with healthy (n = 216) and disease controls (n = 133), and their levels reversed after a gluten-free diet (GFD). In the model of predicted enteropathy (n = 70), a sequential decrease and then increase in the level of plasma citrulline was observed; such a sequential change was not observed with I-FABP and Reg1α. The diagnostic accuracy for prediction of presence of villous abnormality was 89% and 78% if citrulline level was ≤ 30 μM/L and I-FABP levels were ≥ 1100 pg/mL, respectively. The results were validated in a prospective validation cohort (n = 104) with a sensitivity and specificity of 79.5% and 83.1%, respectively, for predicting villous abnormalities of modified Marsh grade > 2 at calculated cut-off values of citrulline and I-FABP. CONCLUSIONS Plasma citrulline ≤ 30 μM/L is the most consistent, highly reproducible non-invasive biomarker that can predict the presence of villous abnormality and has the potential for avoiding duodenal biopsies in 78% patients suspected to have CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil K Verma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Celiac Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Departments of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Prakash
- Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Raja Pramanik
- Department of Medical Oncology, BRA Rotary Cancer Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - B Nayak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - V Sreenivas
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, BRA Rotary Cancer Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Govind K Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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21
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Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function by Amino Acids. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010261. [PMID: 31963899 PMCID: PMC7019684 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are components of proteins that also exist free-form in the body; their functions can be divided into (1) nutritional, (2) sensory, and (3) biological regulatory roles. The skeletal muscle, which is the largest organ in the human body, representing ~40% of the total body weight, plays important roles in exercise, energy expenditure, and glucose/amino acid usage—processes that are modulated by various amino acids and their metabolites. In this review, we address the metabolism and function of amino acids in the skeletal muscle. The expression of PGC1α, a transcriptional coactivator, is increased in the skeletal muscle during exercise. PGC1α activates branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism and is used for energy in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Leucine, a BCAA, and its metabolite, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), both activate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and increase protein synthesis, but the mechanisms of activation appear to be different. The metabolite of valine (another BCAA), β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), is increased by exercise, is secreted by the skeletal muscle, and acts on other tissues, such as white adipose tissue, to increase energy expenditure. In addition, several amino acid-related molecules reportedly activate skeletal muscle function. Oral 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) supplementation can protect against mild hyperglycemia and help prevent type 2 diabetes. β-alanine levels are decreased in the skeletal muscles of aged mice. β-alanine supplementation increased the physical performance and improved the executive function induced by endurance exercise in middle-aged individuals. Further studies focusing on the effects of amino acids and their metabolites on skeletal muscle function will provide data essential for the production of food supplements for older adults, athletes, and individuals with metabolic diseases.
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22
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Effect of citrulline on muscle protein turnover in an in vitro model of muscle catabolism. Nutrition 2020; 71:110597. [PMID: 31896062 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscle net catabolism, as seen after severe trauma or sepsis or in postoperative situations, is mediated by hormones (e.g., cortisol) and proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]). Specific amino acids may be able to limit this muscle mass loss. Citrulline (CIT) stimulates muscle protein synthesis in various situations, but little data exist on hypercatabolic situations and the effects on protein breakdown are unknown. Our aim was to assess the effect of CIT on protein turnover in an in vitro model of muscle hypercatabolism. METHODS Myotubes derived from C2C12 myoblasts were treated with 150 nM dexamethasone (DEX), 10 ng/mL TNF-α, or 0.006% ethanol (as control [CON]) for 24 h. Subsequently, myotubes were incubated with or without 5 mM CIT for 6 h. Muscle protein synthesis rate was evaluated by the surface sensing of translation method and by l-[3,5-3H]tyrosine (Tyr) incorporation. The muscle protein breakdown rate was evaluated from Tyr release into culture medium. CIT action was analyzed by non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS CIT treatment significantly increased protein synthesis rates compared with the DEX or TNF-α group (surface sensing of translation method; DEX + CIT versus DEX; P = 0.03 and TNF-α+CIT versus TNF-α; P = 0.05) and significantly decreased protein breakdown rate in the CON and DEX groups (CON + CIT versus CON; P = 0.05 and DEX + CIT versus DEX; P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CIT treatment regulated muscle protein turnover in an in vitro model of muscle net catabolism. Exploring the underlying mechanisms would also be of interest.
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23
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An Overview of the Intrinsic Role of Citrullination in Autoimmune Disorders. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7592851. [PMID: 31886309 PMCID: PMC6899306 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7592851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A protein undergoes many types of posttranslation modification. Citrullination is one of these modifications, where an arginine amino acid is converted to a citrulline amino acid. This process depends on catalytic enzymes such as peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes (PADs). This modification leads to a charge shift, which affects the protein structure, protein-protein interactions, and hydrogen bond formation, and it may cause protein denaturation. The irreversible citrullination reaction is not limited to a specific protein, cell, or tissue. It can target a wide range of proteins in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria. Citrullination is a normal reaction during cell death. Apoptosis is normally accompanied with a clearance process via scavenger cells. A defect in the clearance system either in terms of efficiency or capacity may occur due to massive cell death, which may result in the accumulation and leakage of PAD enzymes and the citrullinated peptide from the necrotized cell which could be recognized by the immune system, where the immunological tolerance will be avoided and the autoimmune disorders will be subsequently triggered. The induction of autoimmune responses, autoantibody production, and cytokines involved in the major autoimmune diseases will be discussed.
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24
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Terasawa N, Nakada K. Effect of L-citrulline intake on intermittent short-time high-intensity exercise performance in male collegiate track athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.8.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenta Nakada
- Division of Regional Development Studies, Graduate School of Human and Socio-Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University
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25
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Joshi V, Joshi M, Silwal D, Noonan K, Rodriguez S, Penalosa A. Systematized biosynthesis and catabolism regulate citrulline accumulation in watermelon. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 162:129-140. [PMID: 30884257 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Citrulline, a non-protein amino acid, is present in large amounts in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Cucurbitaceae) fruits. Amino acid profiling of various tissues of cv. Charleston Gray during plant development confirmed progressive accumulation of citrulline only in the fruit flesh and rind tissues. Citrulline content was positively correlated with precursor (ornithine) and by-product (arginine) amino acids during fruit ripening. Genetic variation in the partitioning of citrulline and related amino acids in the flesh and rind tissues was confirmed in a sub-set of watermelon cultivars. No correlation was established between morphological fruit traits (size and rind properties) and citrulline content. To understand the regulation of citrulline accumulation, we investigated the expression of genes associated with its biosynthesis and catabolism in flesh and rind tissues during fruit development. The expression of ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTC) involved in the ultimate step of citrulline synthesis remained steady in both tissues. The expression of N-acetylornithine aminotransferase (N-AOA) involved in the production of N-acetylornithine and N-acetylornithine deacetylase (AOD-3) involved in ornithine synthesis coincided with increasing accumulation of citrulline in flesh and rind tissues during fruit development. Down-regulation N-acetylornithine-glutamate acetyltransferase (N-AOGA) suggests the subordinate role of the non-cyclic pathway in citrulline synthesis. Eccentricity between citrulline accumulation and expression of carbamoyl phosphate synthases (CPS-1, CPS-2) during fruit development suggest that the localized synthesis of carbamoyl phosphates may not be required for citrulline synthesis. Most genes involved in citrulline break-down (Argininosuccinate synthases - ASS-1, ASS-2, and ASS-3, Argininosuccinate lyases - ASL-1, Ornithine decarboxylase - ODC, Arginine decarboxylase - ADC) were consistently down-regulated during fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX, 78801, USA.
| | - Madhumita Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX, 78801, USA
| | - Diwas Silwal
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kayce Noonan
- NovoThelium, San Antonio Technology Center, Texas, 78229, USA
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KOGA R, YOSHIDA H, NOHTA H, HAMASE K. Multi-Dimensional HPLC Analysis of Metabolic Related Chiral Amino Acids -Method Development and Biological/Clinical Applications-. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko KOGA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Hitoshi NOHTA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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Kandinasti S, Farapti F. Obesitas: Pentingkah Memperhatikan Konsumsi Makanan di Akhir Pekan? AMERTA NUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v2i4.2018.307-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of obesity in all age groups has increased in some countries. Epidemiological studies indicated that the intake of energy and macronutrient over the weekend were increasing rather than on weekdays and contributed to the incidence of obesity. Objectives: The aim of this literature review is to analyze the different between intake of energy and macronutrients in weekdays compared to weekend and how it contributes to obesity . Methode: The literature review method used international journal article that was searched using the electronic database such as Medline NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), embases, and google scholar.Result: The results showed that energy and macronutrient intake were increasing over the weekend than on weekdays. Consumption of unhealthy food on weekend such as foods and beverages with high sugar, high fat and alcohol increase the energy and play a role in the incidence of obesity. Conclusion: The health promotion concerning food intake on weekdays and weekend both in terms of quantity and quality is needed for obesity prevention.ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Prevalensi obesitas pada semua kelompok umur meningkat di hampir seluruh negara di dunia. Studi epidemiologi menunjukkan bahwa asupan energi dan zat gizi makro diakhir pekan meningkat dibandingkan hari biasa dan berperan pada kejadian obesitas.Tujuan: Tujuan dari literatur review ini adalah untuk menganalisis perbedaan asupan energi dan zat gizi makro diakhir pekan dibandingkan hari biasa dan bagaimana kontribusinya terhadap obesitas.Metode: Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelusuran artikel jurnal internasional yang ditelusuri menggunakan electronic database seperti medline NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), embase, dan penelusuran dengan google schoolar.Hasil: Hasil telaah beberapa artikel menunjukan bahwa rata-rata asupan energi dan zat gizi makro mengalami peningkatan saat akhir pekan dibandingkan hari biasa. Konsumsi unhealthy food di akhir pekan seperti makanan dan minuman dengan kandungan tinggi gula, tinggi lemak, dan alkohol tampaknya menyebabkan peningkatan kalori dan berperan pada insiden obesitas.Kesimpulan: Diperlukan upaya pencegahan obesitas melalui promosi kesehatan masyarakat dengan memperhatikan asupan makanan saat hari libur baik dari segi kuantitas maupun kualitasnya.
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Rizal M, Segalita C. Peran Asam Amino Sitrulin dalam Meningkatkan Performa Olahraga Pada Atlet. AMERTA NUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.20473/amnt.v2i4.2018.299-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Citrulline is an ergogenic non-essential amino acid which is able to increase production, efficiency, and use of energy, as well as performance in sport. Purpose: The objective of this literature review was to explain the role of citrulline in improving exercise performance through both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways. Discussion: The results showed evidence that citrulline has role in improving exercise performance. Several articles indicate that the consumption of citrulline either supplement or watermelon given during certain period or acute before the test might increase VO2max, retard muscle fatigue, and decrease delayed onset muscle soreness. Some studies used 6-8 g citrulline before exercise, but lower dose was used in some other studies. Conclusion: Amino acids citrulline either supplement or watermelon is believed to have role in improving exercise performance in athletes although there is no recommendation dose has been found. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Sitrulin merupakan asam amino non esensial yang bersifat ergogenik yaitu dapat meningkatkan produksi, efisiensi, dan penggunaan energi serta performa olahraga.Tujuan: Tujuan penulisan kajian pustaka ini adalah untuk menjabarkan peran sitrulin dalam meningkatkan performa olahraga melalui jalur metabolisme baik aerobik maupun anaerobik.Ulasan: Hasil literature review menunjukkan bukti bahwa sitrulin memiliki peran dalam meningkatkan performa olahraga atlet. Beberapa artikel menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi sitrulin baik dalam bentuk suplemen maupun buah semangka yang diberikan selama jangka waktu tertentu maupun sesaat sebelum dilakukan tes latihan fisik mampu meningkatkan VO2max, menunda kelelahan otot, dan mengurangi rasa nyeri otot pasca latihan. Beberapa penelitian menggunakan dosis 6-8 g sitrulin sebelum olahraga, beberapa penelitian lain menggunakan dosis yang lebih rendah.Kesimpulan: Asam amino sitrulin baik dalam bentuk suplemen maupun buah semangka diyakini memiliki peran dalam meningkatkan performa olahraga atlet walaupun rekomendasi dosis baku yang disarankan belum ditemukan.
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Cai X, Jiang H, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W, Miao M. Thermostability and Specific-Activity Enhancement of an Arginine Deiminase from Enterococcus faecalis SK23.001 via Semirational Design for l-Citrulline Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8841-8850. [PMID: 30047723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
l-Citrulline is a nonessential amino acid with a variety of physiological functions and can be enzymatically produced by arginine deiminase (ADI, EC 3.5.3.6). The enzymatic-production approach is of immense interest because of its mild conditions, high yield, low cost, and environmental benignity. However, the major hindrances of l-citrulline industrialization are the poor thermostability and enzyme activity of ADI. Hence, in this work, directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis aided with in silico screening, including the use of b-factor values and HoTMuSiC, were applied to a previously identified ADI from Enterococcus faecalis SK23.001 ( EfADI), and a triple-site variant R15K-F269Y-G292P was obtained. The triple-site variant displays a 2.5-fold higher specific enzyme activity (333 U mg-1), a lower Km value of 6.4 mM, and a 6.1-fold longer half-life ( t1/2,45°C = 86.7 min) than wild-type EfADI. This work provides a protein-engineering strategy to improve enzyme activity and thermostability, which might be transferrable to other ADIs and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Hangyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , China
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Allerton TD, Proctor DN, Stephens JM, Dugas TR, Spielmann G, Irving BA. l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070921. [PMID: 30029482 PMCID: PMC6073798 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), the gaseous signaling molecule involved in the regulation of numerous vital biological functions, contributes to the development and progression of multiple age- and lifestyle-related diseases. While l-arginine is the precursor for the synthesis of NO by endothelial-nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), oral l-arginine supplementation is largely ineffective at increasing NO synthesis and/or bioavailability for a variety of reasons. l-citrulline, found in high concentrations in watermelon, is a neutral alpha-amino acid formed by enzymes in the mitochondria that also serves as a substrate for recycling l-arginine. Unlike l-arginine, l-citrulline is not quantitatively extracted from the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., enterocytes) or liver and its supplementation is therefore more effective at increasing l-arginine levels and NO synthesis. Supplementation with l-citrulline has shown promise as a blood pressure lowering intervention (both resting and stress-induced) in adults with pre-/hypertension, with pre-clinical (animal) evidence for atherogenic-endothelial protection. Preliminary evidence is also available for l-citrulline-induced benefits to muscle and metabolic health (via vascular and non-vascular pathways) in susceptible/older populations. In this review, we examine the impact of supplementing this important urea cycle intermediate on cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes and identify future directions for investigating its therapeutic impact on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David N Proctor
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | - Tammy R Dugas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Brian A Irving
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Olszewska K, Ksiazyk J, Kozlowski D, Pajdowska M, Janusz M, Jaworski M. Nutritional therapy complications in children with ultra-short bowel syndrome include growth deficiency but not cholestasis. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:1088-1093. [PMID: 29405447 PMCID: PMC5969228 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aim Children with ultra‐short bowel syndrome (USBS) have not been extensively studied to date because the condition is rare. The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status of children with USBS receiving home parenteral nutrition, using citrulline serum concentration and cholestasis. Methods We studied 17 patients with USBS, with a median age of 6.6 years and median duration of parenteral nutrition of 6.6 years. The study was carried out at The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, from January 2014 to January 2015. Results The median standard deviation score (SDS) was −1.2 for body mass according to chronological age, −1.72 according to height and −0.59 according to height for age. Patients requiring seven days per week parenteral nutrition had a citrulline concentration below 10 μmol/L. Decreased bone‐mineral density was observed in 87% of the patients. Low values of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D were found in 53% of the children. None of the patients had elevated conjugated bilirubin levels above 34.2 μmol/L. Conclusion Children with USBS were growth deficient according to their chronological age, with frequent abnormal bone mineralisation and vitamin D deficiency. Children requiring parenteral nutrition seven days a week had citrulline concentrations below 10 μmol/L. Cholestasis was not seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Olszewska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases; The Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Janusz Ksiazyk
- Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases; The Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Dariusz Kozlowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine; The Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Magdalena Pajdowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine; The Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Malgorzata Janusz
- Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases; The Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Maciej Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine; The Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
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Zarei I, Brown DG, Nealon NJ, Ryan EP. Rice Bran Metabolome Contains Amino Acids, Vitamins & Cofactors, and Phytochemicals with Medicinal and Nutritional Properties. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 10:24. [PMID: 28547736 PMCID: PMC5453916 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice bran is a functional food that has shown protection against major chronic diseases (e.g. obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer) in animals and humans, and these health effects have been associated with the presence of bioactive phytochemicals. Food metabolomics uses multiple chromatography and mass spectrometry platforms to detect and identify a diverse range of small molecules with high sensitivity and precision, and has not been completed for rice bran. RESULTS This study utilized global, non-targeted metabolomics to identify small molecules in rice bran, and conducted a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature to determine bioactive compounds. Three U.S. rice varieties (Calrose, Dixiebelle, and Neptune), that have been used for human dietary intervention trials, were assessed herein for bioactive compounds that have disease control and prevention properties. The profiling of rice bran by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 453 distinct phytochemicals, 209 of which were classified as amino acids, cofactors & vitamins, and secondary metabolites, and were further assessed for bioactivity. A scientific literature search revealed 65 compounds with health properties, 16 of which had not been previously identified in rice bran. This suite of amino acids, cofactors & vitamins, and secondary metabolites comprised 46% of the identified rice bran metabolome, which substantially enhanced our knowledge of health-promoting rice bran compounds provided during dietary supplementation. CONCLUSION Rice bran metabolite profiling revealed a suite of biochemical molecules that can be further investigated and exploited for multiple nutritional therapies and medical food applications. These bioactive compounds may also be biomarkers of dietary rice bran intake. The medicinal compounds associated with rice bran can function as a network across metabolic pathways and this metabolite network may occur via additive and synergistic effects between compounds in the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Zarei
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food, College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Nora Jean Nealon
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
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A structural and computational study of citrulline in biochemical reactions. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-0996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Li R, Dai J, Kang H. The construction of a panel of serum amino acids for the identification of early chronic kidney disease patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2017. [PMID: 28643348 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum creatinine, urea, and cystatin-c are standardly used for the evaluation of renal function in the clinic. However, some patients have chronic kidney disease but still retain kidney function; a conventional serum index in these patients can be completely normal. Serum amino acid levels can reflect subtle changes in metabolism and are closely related to renal function. Here, we investigated how amino acids change as renal impairment increases. METHODS Subjects were divided into three groups by renal function glomerular filtration rate: healthy controls, patients with chronic kidney disease with normal kidney function, and patients with chronic kidney disease with decreased kidney function group. We identified 11 amino acids of interest using LC-MS/MS on MRM (+) mode. RESULTS Statistical analysis indicated that alanine (ALA), valine (VAL), and tyrosine (TYR) decrease with renal function impairment, whereas phenylalanine (PHE) and citrulline (CIT) increase. We tried to construct a diagnostic model utilizing a combination of amino acids capable of identifying early chronic kidney disease patients. The accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of the combining predictors were 86.9%, 84.6%, and 90.9%, respectively, which is superior to the reported values for serum creatinine, urea, and cystatin-c. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that serum amino acid levels may supply important information for the early detection of chronic kidney disease. We are the first to establish a diagnostic model utilizing serum levels of multiple amino acids for the diagnosis of patients with early-stage chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinna Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Le Plénier S, Goron A, Sotiropoulos A, Archambault E, Guihenneuc C, Walrand S, Salles J, Jourdan M, Neveux N, Cynober L, Moinard C. Citrulline directly modulates muscle protein synthesis via the PI3K/MAPK/4E-BP1 pathway in a malnourished state: evidence from in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro studies. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E27-E36. [PMID: 27827806 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00203.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Citrulline (CIT) is an endogenous amino acid produced by the intestine. Recent literature has consistently shown CIT to be an activator of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). However, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Our working hypothesis was that CIT might regulate muscle homeostasis directly through the mTORC1/PI3K/MAPK pathways. Because CIT undergoes both interorgan and intraorgan trafficking and metabolism, we combined three approaches: in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. Using a model of malnourished aged rats, CIT supplementation activated the phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4E-BP1 in muscle. Interestingly, the increase in S6K1 phosphorylation was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with plasma CIT concentration. In a model of isolated incubated skeletal muscle from malnourished rats, CIT enhanced MPS (from 30 to 80% CIT vs. Ctrl, P < 0.05), and the CIT effect was abolished in the presence of wortmannin, rapamycin, and PD-98059. In vitro, on myotubes in culture, CIT led to a 2.5-fold increase in S6K1 phosphorylation and a 1.5-fold increase in 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. Both rapamycin and PD-98059 inhibited the CIT effect on S6K1, whereas only LY-294002 inhibited the CIT effect on both S6K1 and 4E-BP1. These findings show that CIT is a signaling agent for muscle homeostasis, suggesting a new role of the intestine in muscle mass control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Le Plénier
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France;
| | - Arthur Goron
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Athanassia Sotiropoulos
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Archambault
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Guihenneuc
- Laboratoire d'épidémiologie environnementale, EA 4064, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- Unité de Nutrition humaine, UMR 1019, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and
| | - Jérome Salles
- Unité de Nutrition humaine, UMR 1019, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and
| | - Marion Jourdan
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Neveux
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Luc Cynober
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Biochimie interhospitalier Cochin et Hôtel-Dieu, GH Hôpitaux universitaire Paris Centre, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA4466, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
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Koga R, Miyoshi Y, Sato Y, Mita M, Konno R, Lindner W, Hamase K. Enantioselective determination of citrulline and ornithine in the urine of d -amino acid oxidase deficient mice using a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatographic system. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:312-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Geck RC, Toker A. Nonessential amino acid metabolism in breast cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2016; 62:11-17. [PMID: 26838061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Interest in studying cancer metabolism has risen in recent years, as it has become evident that the relationship between cancer and metabolic pathways could reveal novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Metabolic starvation therapy is particularly promising due to its low toxicity. Nonessential amino acids are promising metabolites for such therapy because they become essential in many tumor cells, including breast cancer cells. This review will focus on four nonessential amino acid metabolism pathways: glutamine-glutamate, serine-glycine, cysteine, and arginine-proline metabolism. Recent studies of these amino acids have revealed metabolic enzymes that have the potential to be effective as cancer therapy targets or biomarkers for response to metabolic starvation therapy. The review will also discuss features of nonessential amino acid metabolism that merit further investigation to determine their relevancy to breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee C Geck
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Alex Toker
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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Toda N, Okamura T. Cigarette smoking impairs nitric oxide-mediated cerebral blood flow increase: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 131:223-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Chen IF, Wu HJ, Chen CY, Chou KM, Chang CK. Branched-chain amino acids, arginine, citrulline alleviate central fatigue after 3 simulated matches in taekwondo athletes: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:28. [PMID: 27418883 PMCID: PMC4944315 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The decline in cognitive performance has been shown after fatiguing exercise. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) have been suggested to alleviate exercise-induced central fatigue. Arginine and citrulline could remove the excess NH3 accumulation accompanied with BCAA supplementation by increasing nitric oxide biosynthesis and/or urea cycle. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the combined supplementation of BCAA, arginine, and citrulline on central fatigue after three simulated matches in well-trained taekwondo athletes. Methods In a double-blind randomized cross-over design, 12 male taekwondo athletes performed two trials containing three simulated matches each. Each match contained three 2-min rounds of high-intensity intermittent exercise. At the end of the second match, two different supplementations were consumed. In the AA trial, the subjects ingested 0.17 g/kg BCAA, 0.05 g/kg arginine and 0.05 g/kg citrulline, while placebo was consumed in the PL trial. A validated taekwondo-specific reaction test battery was used to measure the cognitive performance after each match. Results The premotor reaction time in the three single-task tests and the reaction time in the secondary task in the dual-task test were maintained in the AA trial after three matches, while they were impaired in the PL trial, resulting in significantly better performance in the AA trial. These improvements in the AA trial coincided with significantly lower plasma free tryptophan/BCAA ratio, increased NOx concentrations, and similar NH3 concentrations. Conclusions This study suggested that the combined supplementation could alleviate the exercise-induced central fatigue in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Fan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, 55, Huagang Rd, Shilin District Taipei, 111 Taiwan
| | - Huey-June Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, 55, Huagang Rd, Shilin District Taipei, 111 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan University of Sport, 16, Sec 1, Shuan-Shih Rd, Taichung, 404 Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Ming Chou
- Department of Combat Sport, National Taiwan University of Sport, 16, Sec 1, Shuan-Shih Rd, Taichung, 404 Taiwan
| | - Chen-Kang Chang
- Sport Science Research Center, National Taiwan University of Sport, 16, Sec 1, Shuan-Shih Rd, Taichung, 404 Taiwan
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Enteral Glutamine Administration in Critically Ill Nonseptic Patients Does Not Trigger Arginine Synthesis. J Nutr Metab 2016; 2016:1373060. [PMID: 27200186 PMCID: PMC4855021 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1373060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine supplementation in specific groups of critically ill patients results in favourable clinical outcome. Enhancement of citrulline and arginine synthesis by glutamine could serve as a potential mechanism. However, while receiving optimal enteral nutrition, uptake and enteral metabolism of glutamine in critically ill patients remain unknown. Therefore we investigated the effect of a therapeutically relevant dose of L-glutamine on synthesis of L-citrulline and subsequent L-arginine in this group. Ten versus ten critically ill patients receiving full enteral nutrition, or isocaloric isonitrogenous enteral nutrition including 0.5 g/kg L-alanyl-L-glutamine, were studied using stable isotopes. A cross-over design using intravenous and enteral tracers enabled splanchnic extraction (SE) calculations. Endogenous rate of appearance and SE of glutamine citrulline and arginine was not different (SE controls versus alanyl-glutamine: glutamine 48 and 48%, citrulline 33 versus 45%, and arginine 45 versus 42%). Turnover from glutamine to citrulline and arginine was not higher in glutamine-administered patients. In critically ill nonseptic patients receiving adequate nutrition and a relevant dose of glutamine there was no extra citrulline or arginine synthesis and glutamine SE was not increased. This suggests that for arginine synthesis enhancement there is no need for an additional dose of glutamine when this population is adequately fed. This trial is registered with NTR2285.
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Jensen JVK, Eberhardt D, Wendisch VF. Modular pathway engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for production of the glutamate-derived compounds ornithine, proline, putrescine, citrulline, and arginine. J Biotechnol 2015; 214:85-94. [PMID: 26393954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The glutamate-derived bioproducts ornithine, citrulline, proline, putrescine, and arginine have applications in the food and feed, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Corynebacterium glutamicum is not only an excellent producer of glutamate but also of glutamate-derived products. Here, engineering targets beneficial for ornithine production were identified and the advantage of rationally constructing a platform strain for the production of the amino acids citrulline, proline, and arginine, and the diamine putrescine was demonstrated. Feedback alleviation of N-acetylglutamate kinase, tuning of the promoter of glutamate dehydrogenase gene gdh, lowering expression of phosphoglucoisomerase gene pgi, along with the introduction of a second copy of the arginine biosynthesis operon argCJB(A49V,M54V)D into the chromosome resulted in a C. glutamicum strain producing ornithine with a yield of 0.52 g ornithine per g glucose, an increase of 71% as compared to the parental ΔargFRG strain. Strains capable of producing 0.41 g citrulline per g glucose, 0.29 g proline per g glucose, 0.30 g arginine per g glucose, and 0.17 g putrescine per g glucose were derived from the ornithine-producing platform strain by plasmid-based overexpression of appropriate pathway modules with one to three genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaide V K Jensen
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Dorit Eberhardt
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the known mechanisms of alloimmunity that occur after transplantation and what is being done in order to improve graft and patient survival, particularly in the long term. RECENT FINDINGS The presence of mismatched antigens and epitopes might relate directly to the development of de-novo donor-specific antibodies (DSA), and thus, rejection. In an abdominal wall transplant, the skin graft could be the first to show signs of rejection. The epithelial or endothelial cells are the main targets in acute and chronic rejection, respectively. Possible therapeutical targets are gut homing T cells and cells of the innate immune system. Chimerism development might mostly occur in isolated lymph nodes, but also in the epithelium, particularly after transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. SUMMARY Ischemia-reperfusion, surgical injury, and bacterial translocation trigger the innate immune system, starting acute rejection. Interaction between donor and recipient immune cells generate injury and tolerance, which occur mostly in secondary lymphoid organs, lamina propria, and epithelium. Chronic rejection mostly affects the endothelial cells, generating graft dysfunction. DSA increase the risk of graft rejection both acutely and chronically, and the liver protects against their effects. Induction therapies deplete lymphocytes prior to implantation, and maintenance therapies inhibit T-cell expansion. Rejection rates are the lowest when depleting drugs and a combination of interleukin 2 receptor blockade, inhibition of T-cell expansion, and steroids are used as maintenance therapy. Chimerism and tolerogenic regiments that induce Tregs and prevent the development of DSA are important treatment goals for the future.
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Moinard C, Le Plenier S, Noirez P, Morio B, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Kharchi C, Ferry A, Neveux N, Cynober L, Raynaud-Simon A. Citrulline Supplementation Induces Changes in Body Composition and Limits Age-Related Metabolic Changes in Healthy Male Rats. J Nutr 2015; 145:1429-37. [PMID: 26019250 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.200626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with profound metabolic disturbances, and citrulline may be of use to limit them. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to evaluate the long-term effect of citrulline supplementation on metabolism in healthy aged rats. METHODS Twenty-month-old male rats were randomly assigned to be fed (ad libitum) for 12 wk with either a citrulline-enriched diet (1 g ⋅ kg(-1) ⋅ d(-1)) or a standard diet [rendered isonitrogenous by addition of nonessential amino acids (NEAAs)]. Motor activity and muscle strength were measured, body composition was assessed, and muscle metabolism (protein structure, mitochondrial exploration, and transductional factors) and lipid metabolism (lipoprotein composition and sensitivity to oxidative stress) were explored. RESULTS Compared with the NEAA-treated group, citrulline supplementation was associated with lower mortality (0% vs. 20%; P = 0.05), 9% higher lean body mass (P < 0.05), and 13% lower fat mass (P < 0.05). Compared with the NEAA-treated group, citrulline-treated rats had greater muscle mass (+14-48% depending on type of muscle; P < 0.05 for tibialis, gastrocnemius, and plantaris). Susceptibility to oxidation of lipoproteins, as measured by the maximal concentration of 7-ketocholesterol after copper-induced VLDL and LDL oxidation, was lower in citrulline-treated rats than in NEAA-treated rats (187 ± 8 μmol/L vs. 243 ± 7 μmol/L; P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS Citrulline treatment in male aged rats favorably modulates body composition and protects against lipid oxidation and, thus, emerges as an interesting candidate to help prevent the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Noirez
- Department of Experimental, Metabolic, and Clinical Biology, EA 4466
| | - Béatrice Morio
- National Institute for Agronomic Research, Mixed Research Unit 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, Human Nutrition Research Center Auvergne and Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Public Assistance of Parisian Hospital (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Kharchi
- Animalerie Centrale, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de l'Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- National Institute for Medical Research U974, National Scientific Research Center, Mixed Research Unit 7215, Institut de Myologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Neveux
- Department of Experimental, Metabolic, and Clinical Biology, EA 4466, Service Biochimie Interhospitalier Hôtel-Dieu et Cochin, Public Assistance of Parisian Hospital, Paris, France; and
| | - Luc Cynober
- Department of Experimental, Metabolic, and Clinical Biology, EA 4466, Service Biochimie Interhospitalier Hôtel-Dieu et Cochin, Public Assistance of Parisian Hospital, Paris, France; and
| | - Agathe Raynaud-Simon
- Department of Experimental, Metabolic, and Clinical Biology, EA 4466, Département de Gériatrie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Bichat et Beaujon, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Odewunmi NA, Umoren SA, Gasem ZM, Ganiyu SA, Muhammad Q. l-Citrulline: An active corrosion inhibitor component of watermelon rind extract for mild steel in HCl medium. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Poole A, Deane A, Summers M, Fletcher J, Chapman M. The relationship between fasting plasma citrulline concentration and small intestinal function in the critically ill. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:16. [PMID: 25599966 PMCID: PMC4355456 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether fasting plasma citrulline concentration predicts subsequent glucose absorption in critically ill patients. Methods In a prospective observational study involving 15 healthy and 20 critically ill subjects, fasting plasma citrulline concentrations were assayed in blood samples immediately prior to the administration of a liquid test meal (1 kcal/ml; containing 3 g of 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG)) that was infused directly into the small intestine. Serum 3-OMG concentrations were measured over the following 4 hours, with the area under the 3-OMG concentration curve (AUC) calculated as an index of glucose absorption. Results The groups were well matched in terms of age, sex and body mass index (BMI) (healthy subjects versus patients, mean (range) values: age, 47 (18 to 88) versus 49 (21 to 77) years; sex ratio, 60% versus 80% male; BMI, 25.2 (18.8 to 30.0) versus 25.5 (19.4 to 32.2) kg/m2). Compared to the healthy subjects, patients who were critically ill had reduced fasting citrulline concentration (26.5 (13.9 to 43.0) versus 15.2 (5.7 to 28.6) μmol/L; P < 0.01) and glucose absorption (3-OMG AUC, 79.7 (28.6 to 117.8) versus 61.0 (4.5 to 97.1) mmol/L/240 min; P = 0.05). There was no relationship between fasting citrulline concentration and subsequent glucose absorption (r = 0.28; P = 0.12). Conclusions Whereas both plasma citrulline concentrations and glucose absorption were reduced in critical illness, fasting plasma citrulline concentrations were not predictive of subsequent glucose absorption. These data suggest that fasting citrulline concentration does not appear to be a marker of small intestinal absorptive function in patients who are critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Poole
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Adam Deane
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.,Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Matthew Summers
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.,Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Janice Fletcher
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Marianne Chapman
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia. .,Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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van Ommen B, van der Greef J, Ordovas JM, Daniel H. Phenotypic flexibility as key factor in the human nutrition and health relationship. GENES & NUTRITION 2014; 9:423. [PMID: 25106484 PMCID: PMC4172643 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic adaptation to a disturbance of homeostasis is determined by a series of interconnected physiological processes and molecular mechanisms that can be followed in space (i.e., different organs or organelles) and in time. The amplitudes of these responses of this "systems flexibility network" determine to what extent the individual can adequately react to external challenges of varying nature and thus determine the individual's health status and disease predisposition. Connected pathways and regulatory networks act as "adaptive response systems" with metabolic and inflammatory processes as a core-but embedded into psycho-neuro-endocrine control mechanisms that in their totality define the phenotypic flexibility in an individual. Optimal metabolic health is thus the orchestration of all mechanisms and processes that maintain this flexibility in an organism as a phenotype. Consequently, onset of many chronic metabolic diseases results from impairment or even loss of flexibility in parts of the system. This also means that metabolic diseases need to be diagnosed and treated from a systems perspective referring to a "systems medicine" approach. This requires a far better understanding of the mechanisms involved in maintaining, optimizing and restoring phenotypic flexibility. Although a loss of flexibility in a specific part of the network may promote pathologies, this not necessarily takes place in the same part because the system compensates. Diagnosis at systems level therefore needs the quantification of the response reactions of all relevant parts of the phenotypic flexibility system. This can be achieved by disturbing the homeostatic system by any challenge from extended fasting, to intensive exercise or a caloric overload.
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Effect of feed restriction on performance and postprandial nutrient metabolism in pigs co-infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and swine influenza virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104605. [PMID: 25101681 PMCID: PMC4125196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As nutritional status and inflammation are strongly connected, feeding and nutritional strategies could be effective to improve the ability of pigs to cope with disease. The aims of this study were to investigate the impact of a feed restriction on the ability of pigs to resist and be tolerant to a coinfection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) and the European H1N1 swine influenza virus, and the consequences for nutrient metabolism, with a focus on amino acids. Two groups of specific pathogen-free pigs were inoculated with Mhp and H1N1 21 days apart. One group was fed ad libitum, the other group was subjected to a two-week 40% feed restriction starting one week before H1N1 infection. The two respective mock control groups were included. Three days post-H1N1 infection, 200 g of feed was given to pigs previously fasted overnight and serial blood samples were taken over 4 hours to measure plasma nutrient concentrations. Throughout the study, clinical signs were observed and pathogens were detected in nasal swabs and lung tissues. Feed-restricted pigs presented shorter hyperthermia and a positive mean weight gain over the 3 days post-H1N1 infection whereas animals fed ad libitum lost weight. Both infection and feed restriction reduced postprandial glucose concentrations, indicating changes in glucose metabolism. Post-prandial plasma concentrations of the essential amino acids histidine, arginine and threonine were lower in co-infected pigs suggesting a greater use of those amino acids for metabolic purposes associated with the immune response. Altogether, these results indicate that modifying feeding practices could help to prepare animals to overcome an influenza infection. Connections with metabolism changes are discussed.
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Forteschi M, Sotgia S, Pintus G, Zinellu A, Carru C. Simultaneous determination of citrulline and arginine in human blood plasma by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet absorption detection. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2418-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Forteschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sassari; Italy
| | | | | | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sassari; Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sassari; Italy
- Quality Control Unit; Hospital University of Sassari (AOU); Sassari Italy
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Zhu J, Zhou Y, Chen X, Li J. A metaanalysis of the increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis-related pulmonary disease as a result of serum anticitrullinated protein antibody positivity. J Rheumatol 2014; 41:1282-9. [PMID: 24882837 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.131341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An inconsistent association has been reported between the serum anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) level and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-related pulmonary disease risk. We conducted a metaanalysis to reveal the association between them. METHODS An electronic search was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink databases for studies published up to August 2013. The distributions of the serum ACPA level in cases and controls were obtained from eligible studies. The risk of RA-related pulmonary disease associated with serum ACPA positivity was estimated by OR and 95% CI. According to the heterogeneity results, a fixed-effects model or a random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled OR. Publication bias and sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS Overall, 243 patients with RA-related pulmonary disease and 1442 RA controls were included in the metaanalysis. The results showed that the pooled OR was 2.621 (95% CI, 1.561-4.403, p < 0.001) for the increased risk of RA-related pulmonary disease due to the serum ACPA positivity. In the white population subgroup, an increased OR was 3.453 (95% CI 1.798-6.630, p < 0.001), whereas no association was found in the Asian population subgroup. Additionally, we further revealed that serum ACPA positivity indicated a higher risk for interstitial lung disease (ILD) and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) among patients with RA (OR 4.679, 95% CI 2.071-10.572, p < 0.001). The heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analyses had no statistical significance in any group. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first metaanalysis to reveal that serum ACPA positivity is highly associated with the risk of RA-related pulmonary disease, particularly in RA-related ILD and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Zhu
- From the Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; the Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; and the Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.J. Zhu, PhD; J. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, and Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; Y. Zhou, MD, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; X. Chen, MD, PhD, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University
| | - Yi Zhou
- From the Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; the Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; and the Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.J. Zhu, PhD; J. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, and Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; Y. Zhou, MD, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; X. Chen, MD, PhD, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- From the Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; the Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; and the Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.J. Zhu, PhD; J. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, and Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; Y. Zhou, MD, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; X. Chen, MD, PhD, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University
| | - Juan Li
- From the Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; the Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; and the Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.J. Zhu, PhD; J. Li, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, and Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University; Y. Zhou, MD, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; X. Chen, MD, PhD, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University.
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Kuypers FA. Hemoglobin S Polymerization and Red Cell Membrane Changes. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2014; 28:155-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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