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Nađ Škegro S, Penezić L, Šimičević L, Hudolin T, Kaštelan Ž, Božina N, Trkulja V. The reduced function allele SLCO1B1 c.521T>C is of no practical relevance for the renal graft function over the first post-transplant year in patients treated with mycophenolic acid. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2024; 34:226-235. [PMID: 39101384 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear whether renal transplant recipients treated with mycophenolic acid (MPA) who carry the reduced-function allele at polymorphism SLCO1B1 c.521T>C differ from their wild-type peers regarding renal outcomes and tolerability. We aimed to estimate the effect of this polymorphism on the graft function (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR) over the first 12 post-transplant months in patients on MPA-based maintenance immunosuppression. METHODS In a 12-month observational cohort study, consecutive adult patients were repeatedly assessed for eGFR. The SLCO1B1 c.521C>T variant allele carriers (exposed) and wild-type subjects (controls) were balanced on a range of demographic, medical, and genetic variables at baseline, and eGFR trajectory was estimated with further adjustment for time-varying covariates. A subset of patients were assessed for exposure to MPA 5-7 days after the transplantation. RESULTS The adjusted eGFR slopes from day 1 to day 28 (daily), and from day 28 to day 365 (monthly) were practically identical in exposed (n = 86) and control (n = 168) patients [geometric means ratios (GMR) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92-1.06 and GMR = 0.98, 0.94-1.01, respectively]. The rates of adverse renal outcomes and possible MPA-related adverse effects were low, and similar in exposed and controls [rate ratios (RR) = 0.94, 0.49-1.84 and RR = 1.08, 0.74-1.58, respectively]. The pharmacokinetic analysis did not signal meaningful differences regarding exposure to MPA, overall (exposed n = 23, control n = 45), if cotreated with cyclosporine (n = 17 vs. n = 26) or with tacrolimus (n = 8 vs. n = 17). CONCLUSIONS In patients treated with MPA, variant allele SLCO1B1 c.521T>C appears of no practical relevance regarding the 12-month renal graft function, MPA safety and exposure to MPA at early steady-state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luka Penezić
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb
| | - Livija Šimičević
- Divison of Pharmacogenomics and Therapy Individualization University Hospital Center Zagreb and Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Zagreb University School of Medicine
| | - Tvrtko Hudolin
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb
- Department of Urology, Zagreb University School of Medicine
| | - Željko Kaštelan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Center Zagreb
- Department of Urology, Zagreb University School of Medicine
| | - Nada Božina
- Department of Pharmacology, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb Croatia
| | - Vladimir Trkulja
- Department of Pharmacology, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Zagreb Croatia
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Ren Y, Wang J, Guo WW, Chen JW, Xu LZ, Wu ZW, Wang YP. PKM2/Hif-1α signal suppression involved in therapeutics of pulmonary fibrosis with microcystin-RR but not with pirfenidone. Toxicon 2024; 247:107822. [PMID: 38908528 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
To date there are only pirfenidone (PFD) and nintedanib to be given conditional recommendation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) therapies with slowing disease progression, but neither has prospectively shown a reduced mortality. It is one of the urgent topics to find effective drugs for pulmonary fibrosis in medicine. Previous studies have demonstrated that microcystin-RR (MC-RR) effectively alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, but the mechanism has not been fully elucidated yet. We further conducted a comparison of therapeutic effect on the model animals of pulmonary fibrosis between MC-RR and PFD with histopathology and the expression of the molecular markers involved in differentiation, proliferation and metabolism of myofibroblasts, a major effector cell of tissue fibrosis. The levels of the enzyme molecules for maintaining the stability of interstitial structure were also evaluated. Our results showed that MC-RR and PFD effectively alleviated pulmonary fibrosis in model mice with a decreased signaling and marker molecules associated with myofibroblast differentiation and lung fibrotic lesion. In the meantime, both MC-RR and PFD treatment are beneficial to restore molecular dynamics of interstitial tissue and maintain the stability of interstitial architecture. Unexpectedly, MC-RR, rather than PFD, showed a significant effect on inhibiting PKM2-HIF-1α signaling and reducing the level of p-STAT3. Additionally, MC-RR showed a better inhibition effect on FGFR1 expression. Given that PKM2-HIF-1α and activated STAT3 molecular present a critical role in promoting the proliferation of myofibroblasts, MC-RR as a new strategy for IPF treatment has potential advantage over PFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ren
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Wen Guo
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Wen Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Li-Zhi Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210009, China; Center for Public Health Research, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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3
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Tang X, Guo M, Zhang Y, Lv J, Gu C, Yang Y. Examining the evidence for mutual modulation between m6A modification and circular RNAs: current knowledge and future prospects. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:216. [PMID: 39095902 PMCID: PMC11297759 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The resistance of cancer cells to treatment significantly impedes the success of therapy, leading to the recurrence of various types of cancers. Understanding the specific mechanisms of therapy resistance may offer novel approaches for alleviating drug resistance in cancer. Recent research has shown a reciprocal relationship between circular RNAs (circRNAs) and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, and their interaction can affect the resistance and sensitivity of cancer therapy. This review aims to summarize the latest developments in the m6A modification of circRNAs and their importance in regulating therapy resistance in cancer. Furthermore, we explore their mutual interaction and exact mechanisms and provide insights into potential future approaches for reversing cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Tang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjie Guo
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanjiao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junxian Lv
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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4
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F Martins ML, Heydari P, Li W, Martínez-Chávez A, El Yattouti M, Lebre MC, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. The role of drug efflux and uptake transporters in the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue disposition of morphine and its main metabolites. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 490:117040. [PMID: 39032800 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.117040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Morphine is a widely used opioid for the treatment of pain. Differences in drug transporter expression and activity may contribute to variability in morphine pharmacokinetics and response. Using appropriate mouse models, we investigated the impact of the efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 and the OATP uptake transporters on the pharmacokinetics of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), and M6G. Upon subcutaneous administration of morphine, its plasma exposure in Abcb1a/1b-/-;Abcg2-/--, Abcb1a/1b-/-;Abcg2-/-;Oatp1a/1b-/-;Oatp2b1-/- (Bab12), and Oatp1a/1b-/-;Oatp2b1-/- mice was similar to that found in wild-type mice. Forty minutes after dosing, morphine brain accumulation increased by 2-fold when mouse (m)Abcb1 and mAbcg2 were ablated. Relative recovery of morphine in small intestinal content was significantly reduced in all the knockout strains. In the absence of mOatp1a/1b and mOatp2b1, plasma levels of M3G were markedly increased, suggesting a lower elimination rate. Moreover, Oatp-deficient mice displayed reduced hepatic and intestinal M3G accumulation. Mouse Oatps similarly affected plasma and tissue disposition of subcutaneously administered M6G. Human OATP1B1/1B3 transporters modestly contribute to the liver accumulation of M6G. In summary, mAbcb1, in combination with mAbcg2, limits morphine brain penetration and its net intestinal absorption. Variation in ABCB1 activity due to genetic polymorphisms/mutations and/or environmental factors might, therefore, partially affect morphine tissue exposure in patients. The ablation of mOatp1a/1b increases plasma exposure and decreases the liver and small intestinal disposition of M3G and M6G. Since the contribution of human OATP1B1/1B3 to M6G liver uptake was quite modest, the risks of undesirable drug interactions or interindividual variation related to OATP activity are likely negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida L F Martins
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paniz Heydari
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wenlong Li
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Martínez-Chávez
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Malika El Yattouti
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Lebre
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Russell LE, Yadav J, Maldonato BJ, Chien HC, Zou L, Vergara AG, Villavicencio EG. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions: regulatory guidelines, in vitro and in vivo methodologies and translation, special populations, and the blood-brain barrier. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38967415 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2364591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This review, part of a special issue on drug-drug interactions (DDIs) spearheaded by the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics (ISSX) New Investigators, explores the critical role of drug transporters in absorption, disposition, and clearance in the context of DDIs. Over the past two decades, significant advances have been made in understanding the clinical relevance of these transporters. Current knowledge on key uptake and efflux transporters that affect drug disposition and development is summarized. Regulatory guidelines from the FDA, EMA, and PMDA that inform the evaluation of potential transporter-mediated DDIs are discussed in detail. Methodologies for preclinical and clinical testing to assess potential DDIs are reviewed, with an emphasis on the utility of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. This includes the application of relative abundance and expression factors to predict human pharmacokinetics (PK) using preclinical data, integrating the latest regulatory guidelines. Considerations for assessing transporter-mediated DDIs in special populations, including pediatric, hepatic, and renal impairment groups, are provided. Additionally, the impact of transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) on the disposition of CNS-related drugs is explored. Enhancing the understanding of drug transporters and their role in drug disposition and toxicity can improve efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Continued research is essential to bridge remaining gaps in knowledge, particularly in comparison with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Russell
- Department of Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Maldonato
- Department of Nonclinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ling Zou
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana G Vergara
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Erick G Villavicencio
- Department of Biology-Discovery, Imaging and Functional Genomics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
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6
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Stäuble CK, Lampert ML, Allemann SS, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. A Clinical Practice Perspective on the Evaluation of OATP1B1-associated Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 116:30-33. [PMID: 38483031 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline K Stäuble
- Biopharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Solothurner Spitäler AG, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Markus L Lampert
- Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Solothurner Spitäler AG, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Samuel S Allemann
- Pharmaceutical Care, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Suetsugu K, Shigematsu T, Nakamura T, Hirota T, Ieiri I. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Letermovir in Allogenic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Clin Pharmacokinet 2024; 63:945-964. [PMID: 39012618 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-024-01392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Letermovir is a newly developed antiviral agent used for the prophylaxis of human cytomegalovirus infections in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. This novel anti-cytomegalovirus drug, used for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus reactivation until approximately 200 days after transplantation, effectively reduces the risk of clinically significant cytomegalovirus infection. No human counterpart exists for the terminase complex; letermovir is virus specific and lacks some toxicities previously observed with other anti-cytomegalovirus drugs, such as cytopenia and nephrotoxicity. The absolute bioavailability of letermovir in healthy individuals is estimated to be 94% based on a population-pharmacokinetic analysis. In contrast, oral administration of letermovir to patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation results in lower exposure than that in healthy individuals. Renal or hepatic impairment does not influence the intrinsic clearance of letermovir. Co-administration of letermovir may alter the plasma concentrations of other drugs, including itself, as it acts as a substrate and inhibitor/inducer of several drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. In particular, attention should be paid to the drug-drug interactions between letermovir and calcineurin inhibitors or azole antifungal agents, which are commonly used in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. This article reviews and summarizes the clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of letermovir, focusing on patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation, healthy individuals, and specific patient subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitaka Suetsugu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shigematsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirota
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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8
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Rollison HE, Mitra P, Chanteux H, Fang Z, Liang X, Park SH, Costales C, Hanna I, Thakkar N, Vergis JM, Bow DAJ, Hillgren KM, Brumm J, Chu X, Hop CECA, Lai Y, Li CY, Mahar KM, Salphati L, Sane R, Shen H, Taskar K, Taub M, Tohyama K, Xu C, Fenner KS. Survey of Pharmaceutical Industry's Best Practices around In Vitro Transporter Assessment and Implications for Drug Development: Considerations from the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality for Pharmaceutical Development Transporter Working Group. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:582-596. [PMID: 38697852 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development Transporter Working Group had a rare opportunity to analyze a crosspharma collation of in vitro data and assay methods for the evaluation of drug transporter substrate and inhibitor potential. Experiments were generally performed in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Discrepancies, such as not considering the impact of preincubation for inhibition and free or measured in vitro drug concentrations, may be due to the retrospective nature of the dataset and analysis. Lipophilicity was a frequent indicator of crosstransport inhibition (P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B, and OCT1), with high molecular weight (MW ≥500 Da) also common for OATP1B and BCRP inhibitors. A high level of overlap in in vitro inhibition across transporters was identified for BCRP, OATP1B1, and MATE1, suggesting that prediction of DDIs for these transporters will be common. In contrast, inhibition of OAT1 did not coincide with inhibition of any other transporter. Neutrals, bases, and compounds with intermediate-high lipophilicity tended to be P-gp and/or BCRP substrates, whereas compounds with MW <500 Da tended to be OAT3 substrates. Interestingly, the majority of in vitro inhibitors were not reported to be followed up with a clinical study by the submitting company, whereas those compounds identified as substrates generally were. Approaches to metabolite testing were generally found to be similar to parent testing, with metabolites generally being equally or less potent than parent compounds. However, examples where metabolites inhibited transporters in vitro were identified, supporting the regulatory requirement for in vitro testing of metabolites to enable integrated clinical DDI risk assessment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A diverse dataset showed that transporter inhibition often correlated with lipophilicity and molecular weight (>500 Da). Overlapping transporter inhibition was identified, particularly that inhibition of BCRP, OATP1B1, and MATE1 was frequent if the compound inhibited other transporters. In contrast, inhibition of OAT1 did not correlate with the other drug transporters tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Rollison
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Pallabi Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Zhizhou Fang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Seong Hee Park
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Chester Costales
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Imad Hanna
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Nilay Thakkar
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - James M Vergis
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Daniel A J Bow
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kathleen M Hillgren
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Jochen Brumm
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Cindy Yanfei Li
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kelly M Mahar
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Rucha Sane
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Hong Shen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kunal Taskar
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Mitchell Taub
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Christine Xu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Katherine S Fenner
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
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9
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Muthumula CMR, Khare S, Jog R, Wickramaratne B, Lee A, Chakder S, Burgess DJ, Gokulan K. Evaluation of gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of oral zileuton nanocrystalline formulation using a rat model. Int J Pharm X 2024; 7:100254. [PMID: 38774112 PMCID: PMC11107231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Zileuton is a leukotriene inhibitor used to treat asthma. As a BCS class II drug it exhibits challenges with solubility which likely impact its absorption. As patient gender significantly impacts the pharmacokinetics of many drugs, this study aimed to investigate potential gender-based pharmacokinetic differences after oral zileuton administration in rats. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats received single oral gavage doses of pure zileuton as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (30 mg/kg body weight (bw)), physical mixture (PM; at 30 mg/kg bw of the formulation contains zileuton, kollidon VA64 fine, dowfax2A1 and trehalose), and nanocrystalline formulation of zileuton (NfZ; at 30 mg/kg bw of the formulation). Plasma, tissue, and urine concentrations were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis showed higher zileuton levels in the plasma of female versus male rats across all evaluated forms of zileuton (API, PM, and NfZ). Female rats demonstrated higher peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and increased area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) relative to males, regardless of formulation. These findings reveal substantial gender disparities in the pharmacokinetics of zileuton in the rat model. This study emphasizes the critical need to evaluate gender differences during preclinical drug development to enable gender-based precision dosing strategies for equivalent efficacy/safety outcomes in male and female patients. Additional studies are warranted to investigate underlying mechanisms of such pharmacokinetic gender divergences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Mohan Reddy Muthumula
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States of America
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States of America
| | - Rajan Jog
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
| | - Bhagya Wickramaratne
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States of America
| | - Angela Lee
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States of America
| | - Sushanta Chakder
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, White Oak Campus, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Diane J. Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States of America
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10
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Du W, Wang X, Zhang D, Zuo X. Genotype-Guided Model for Prediction of Tacrolimus Initial Dosing After Lung Transplantation. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:719-727. [PMID: 38327217 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The determination of the appropriate initial dose for tacrolimus is crucial in achieving the target concentration promptly and avoiding adverse effects and poor prognosis. However, the trial-and-error approach is still common practice. This study aimed to establish a prediction model for an initial dosing algorithm of tacrolimus in patients receiving a lung transplant. A total of 210 lung transplant recipients were enrolled, and 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 18 genes that could potentially affect tacrolimus pharmacokinetics were genotyped. Associations between SNPs and tacrolimus concentration/dose ratio were analyzed. SNPs that remained significant in pharmacogenomic analysis were further combined with clinical factors to construct a prediction model for tacrolimus initial dose. The dose needed to reach steady state tacrolimus concentrations and achieve the target range was used to validate model prediction efficiency. Our final model consisted of 7 predictors-CYP3A5 rs776746, SLCO1B3 rs4149117, SLC2A2 rs1499821, NFATc4 rs1955915, alanine aminotransferase, direct bilirubin, and hematocrit-and explained 41.4% variance in the tacrolimus concentration/dose ratio. It achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.804 (95% confidence interval, 0.746-0.861). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test yielded a nonsignificant P value of .790, suggesting good fit of the model. The predicted dose exhibited good correlation with the observed dose in the early postoperative period (r = 0.748, P less than .001). Our study provided a genotype-guided prediction model for tacrolimus initial dose, which may help to guide individualized dosing of tacrolimus in the lung transplant population in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Du
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbo Zuo
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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11
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Göbel A, Pählig S, Motz A, Breining D, Traikov S, Hofbauer LC, Rachner TD. Overcoming statin resistance in prostate cancer cells by targeting the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 710:149841. [PMID: 38588613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in men. While diagnostic and therapeutic interventions have substantially improved in recent years, disease relapse, treatment resistance, and metastasis remain significant contributors to prostate cancer-related mortality. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are needed. Statins are inhibitors of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway which plays an essential role in cholesterol homeostasis. Numerous preclinical studies have provided evidence for the pleiotropic antitumor effects of statins. However, results from clinical studies remain controversial and have shown substantial benefits to even no effects on human malignancies including prostate cancer. Potential statin resistance mechanisms of tumor cells may account for such discrepancies. In our study, we treated human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, C4-2B, DU-145, LNCaP) with simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin. PC3 cells demonstrated high statin sensitivity, resulting in a significant loss of vitality and clonogenic potential (up to - 70%; p < 0.001) along with an activation of caspases (up to 4-fold; p < 0.001). In contrast, C4-2B and DU-145 cells were statin-resistant. Statin treatment induced a restorative feedback in statin-resistant C4-2B and DU-145 cells through upregulation of the HMGCR gene and protein expression (up to 3-folds; p < 0.01) and its transcription factor sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2). This feedback was absent in PC3 cells. Blocking the feedback using HMGCR-specific small-interfering (si)RNA, the SREBP-2 activation inhibitor dipyridamole or the HMGCR degrader SR12813 abolished statin resistance in C4-2B and DU-145 and induced significant activation of caspases by statin treatment (up to 10-fold; p < 0.001). Consistently, long-term treatment with sublethal concentrations of simvastatin established a stable statin resistance of a PC3SIM subclone accompanied by a significant upregulation of both baseline as well as post-statin HMGCR protein (gene expression up to 70-fold; p < 0.001). Importantly, the statin-resistant phenotype of PC3SIM cells was reversible by HMGCR-specific siRNA and dipyridamole. Our investigations reveal a key role of a restorative feedback driven by the HMGCR/SREBP-2 axis in statin resistance mechanisms of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Göbel
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sophie Pählig
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Motz
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dorit Breining
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sofia Traikov
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman D Rachner
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Downie CG, Highland HM, Alotaibi M, Welch BM, Howard AG, Cheng S, Miller N, Jain M, Kaplan RC, Lilly AG, Long T, Sofer T, Thyagarajan B, Yu B, North KE, Avery CL. Genome-wide association study reveals shared and distinct genetic architecture underlying fatty acid and bioactive oxylipin metabolites in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.21.24307719. [PMID: 38826448 PMCID: PMC11142272 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.24307719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive fatty acid-derived oxylipin molecules play key roles in mediating inflammation and oxidative stress, which underlie many chronic diseases. Circulating levels of fatty acids and oxylipins are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors; characterizing the genetic architecture of bioactive lipids could yield new insights into underlying biological pathways. Thus, we performed a genome wide association study (GWAS) of n=81 fatty acids and oxylipins in n=11,584 Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) participants with genetic and lipidomic data measured at study baseline (58.6% female, mean age = 46.1 years, standard deviation = 13.8 years). Additionally, given the effects of central obesity on inflammation, we examined interactions with waist circumference using two-degree-of-freedom joint tests. Heritability estimates ranged from 0% to 47.9%, and 48 of the 81oxylipins and fatty acids were significantly heritable. Moreover, 40 (49.4%) of the 81 oxylipins and fatty acids had at least one genome-wide significant (p< 6.94E-11) variant resulting in 19 independent genetic loci involved in fatty acid and oxylipin synthesis, as well as downstream pathways. Four loci (lead variant minor allele frequency [MAF] range: 0.08-0.50), including the desaturase-encoding FADS and the OATP1B1 transporter protein-encoding SLCO1B1, exhibited associations with four or more fatty acids and oxylipins. The majority of the 15 remaining loci (87.5%) (lead variant MAF range = 0.03-0.45, mean = 0.23) were only associated with one oxylipin or fatty acid, demonstrating evidence of distinct genetic effects. Finally, while most loci identified in two-degree-of-freedom tests were previously identified in our main effects analyses, we also identified an additional rare variant (MAF = 0.002) near CARS2, a locus previously implicated in inflammation. Our analyses revealed shared and distinct genetic architecture underlying fatty acids and oxylipins, providing insights into genetic factors and motivating future multi-omics work to characterize these compounds and elucidate their roles in disease pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G Downie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Heather M Highland
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mona Alotaibi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Barrett M Welch
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV
| | - Annie Green Howard
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Mohit Jain
- Sapient Bioanalytics, San Diego, CA
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Adam G Lilly
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Tao Long
- Sapient Bioanalytics, San Diego, CA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- CardioVascular Institute (CVI), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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13
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Bechtold BJ, Lynch KD, Oyanna VO, Call MR, Graf TN, Oberlies NH, Clarke JD. Rifampin- and Silymarin-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Exogenous and Endogenous Substrates in a Transgenic OATP1B Mouse Model. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2284-2297. [PMID: 38529622 PMCID: PMC11073900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3, encoded by the SLCO gene family of the solute carrier superfamily, are involved in the disposition of many exogenous and endogenous compounds. Preclinical rodent models help assess risks of pharmacokinetic interactions, but interspecies differences in transporter orthologs and expression limit direct clinical translation. An OATP1B transgenic mouse model comprising a rodent Slco1a/1b gene cluster knockout and human SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 gene insertions provides a potential physiologically relevant preclinical tool to predict pharmacokinetic interactions. Pharmacokinetics of exogenous probe substrates, pitavastatin and pravastatin, and endogenous OATP1B biomarkers, coproporphyrin-I and coproporphyrin-III, were determined in the presence and absence of known OATP/Oatp inhibitors, rifampin or silymarin (an extract of milk thistle [Silybum marianum]), in wild-type FVB mice and humanized OATP1B mice. Rifampin increased exposure of pitavastatin (4.6- and 2.8-fold), pravastatin (3.6- and 2.2-fold), and coproporphyrin-III (1.6- and 2.1-fold) in FVB and OATP1B mice, respectively, but increased coproporphyrin-I AUC0-24h only (1.8-fold) in the OATP1B mice. Silymarin did not significantly affect substrate AUC, likely because the silymarin flavonolignan concentrations were at or below their reported IC50 values for the relevant OATPs/Oatps. Silymarin increased the Cmax of pitavastatin 2.7-fold and pravastatin 1.9-fold in the OATP1B mice. The data of the OATP1B mice were similar to those of the pitavastatin and pravastatin clinical data; however, the FVB mice data more closely recapitulated pitavastatin clinical data than the data of the OATP1B mice, suggesting that the OATP1B mice are a reasonable, though costly, preclinical strain for predicting pharmacokinetic interactions when doses are optimized to achieve clinically relevant plasma concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baron J. Bechtold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Katherine D. Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Victoria O. Oyanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - M. Ridge Call
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Tyler N. Graf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina, 27412, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina, 27412, United States
| | - John D. Clarke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
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14
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Spahn MA, Luyten K, Van Loy T, Sathekge M, Deroose CM, Koole M, Schols D, Vanduffel W, De Vos K, Annaert P, Bormans G, Cleeren F. Second generation Al 18F-labeled D-amino acid peptide for CXCR4 targeted molecular imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 132-133:108906. [PMID: 38518400 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is overexpressed in many cancers, e.g. multiple myeloma and acute leukemia, yet solely [68Ga]PentixaFor is used for clinical PET imaging. The aim of this study was to develop and assess a second generation Al18F-labeled D-amino acid peptide based on the viral macrophage inflammatory protein II for CXCR4 targeted molecular imaging. METHODS We designed a library of monomer and multimer constructs and evaluated their binding affinity for human and mouse CXCR4. Based on these results, we selected the best vector molecule for development of an Al18F-labeled ligand, [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s), which was further evaluated in a cell-based binding assay to assess its binding properties and specificity for CXCR4. Next, pharmacokinetics and tumor uptake of [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) were evaluated in naïve mice and mice with xenografts derived from U87.CXCR4 cells. Finally, we performed an imaging study in a non-human primate to assess the in vivo distribution of this novel radioligand in a species closely related to humans. RESULTS The lead ligand AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) showed six-fold higher affinity for human CXCR4 compared to Ga-Pentixafor. The corresponding radiotracer was obtained in a good radiochemical yield of 40.1 ± 13.5 % (n = 4) and apparent molar activity of 20.4 ± 3.3 MBq/nmol (n = 4) after optimization. In U87.CD4.CXCR4 cell binding assays, the total bound fraction of [18F]AlF-NOTA-(2×)DV1(c11sc12s) was 32.4 ± 1.8 %. This fraction could be reduced by 82.5 % in the presence of 75 μM AMD3100. In naïve mice, [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) accumulated in organs expressing mouse CXCR4, e.g. the liver (SUVmean (mean standardized uptake value) 75 min p.i. 11.7 ± 0.6), which was blockable by co-injecting AMD3100 (5 mg/kg). In U87.CXCR4 xenografted tumor mice, the tumor uptake of [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) remained low (SUVmean 0.5 ± 0.1), but was reduced by co-administration of AMD3100. Surprisingly, [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) exhibited a similar biodistribution in a non-human primate as in mice indicating off-target binding of [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) in liver tissue. We confirmed that [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) is taken up by hepatocytes using in vitro studies and that the uptake can be blocked with AMD3100 and rifampicin, a potent organic anion-transporting-polypeptide (OATP)1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitor. CONCLUSION The second generation D-peptide AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) showed high affinity for human CXCR4 and the corresponding radiotracer was produced in good radiochemical yields. However, [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) is not specific for CXCR4 and is also a substrate for OATP1B1 and/or OATP1B3, known to mediate hepatic uptake. Therefore, D-amino acid peptides, based on the viral macrophage inflammatory protein II, are not the prefered vector molecule for the development of CXCR4 targeting molecular imaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Aline Spahn
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Luyten
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Loy
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mike Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christophe M Deroose
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof De Vos
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik Cleeren
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Nigam AK, Momper JD, Ojha AA, Nigam SK. Distinguishing Molecular Properties of OAT, OATP, and MRP Drug Substrates by Machine Learning. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:592. [PMID: 38794254 PMCID: PMC11125978 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The movement of organic anionic drugs across cell membranes is partly governed by interactions with SLC and ABC transporters in the intestine, liver, kidney, blood-brain barrier, placenta, breast, and other tissues. Major transporters involved include organic anion transporters (OATs, SLC22 family), organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs, SLCO family), and multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs, ABCC family). However, the sets of molecular properties of drugs that are necessary for interactions with OATs (OAT1, OAT3) vs. OATPs (OATP1B1, OATP1B3) vs. MRPs (MRP2, MRP4) are not well-understood. Defining these molecular properties is necessary for a better understanding of drug and metabolite handling across the gut-liver-kidney axis, gut-brain axis, and other multi-organ axes. It is also useful for tissue targeting of small molecule drugs and predicting drug-drug interactions and drug-metabolite interactions. Here, we curated a database of drugs shown to interact with these transporters in vitro and used chemoinformatic approaches to describe their molecular properties. We then sought to define sets of molecular properties that distinguish drugs interacting with OATs, OATPs, and MRPs in binary classifications using machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches. We identified sets of key molecular properties (e.g., rotatable bond count, lipophilicity, number of ringed structures) for classifying OATs vs. MRPs and OATs vs. OATPs. However, sets of molecular properties differentiating OATP vs. MRP substrates were less evident, as drugs interacting with MRP2 and MRP4 do not form a tight group owing to differing hydrophobicity and molecular complexity for interactions with the two transporters. If the results also hold for endogenous metabolites, they may deepen our knowledge of organ crosstalk, as described in the Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory. The results also provide a molecular basis for understanding how small organic molecules differentially interact with OATs, OATPs, and MRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha K. Nigam
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Jeremiah D. Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Anupam Anand Ojha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Sanjay K. Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (Nephrology), University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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16
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Namjoshi P, Lubembe DM, Sultana H, Neelakanta G. Antibody-blocking of a tick transporter impairs Anaplasma phagocytophilum colonization in Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9003. [PMID: 38637614 PMCID: PMC11026487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The invasive Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis that vectors and transmits several animal pathogens is significantly expanding in the United States. Recent studies report that these ticks also harbor human pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Therefore, studies that address the interactions of these ticks with human pathogens are important. In this study, we report the characterization of H. longicornis organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in interactions of these ticks with A. phagocytophilum. Using OATP-signature sequence, we identified six OATPs in the H. longicornis genome. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that H. longicornis OATPs are closer to other tick orthologs rather than to mammalian counterparts. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that OATPs are highly expressed in immature stages when compared to mature stages of these ticks. In addition, we noted that the presence of A. phagocytophilum upregulates a specific OATP in these ticks. We also noted that exogenous treatment of H. longicornis with xanthurenic acid, a tryptophan metabolite, influenced OATP expression in these ticks. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that antibody generated against Ixodes scapularis OATP cross-reacted with H. longicornis OATP. Furthermore, treatment of H. longicornis with OATP antibody impaired colonization of A. phagocytophilum in these ticks. These results not only provide evidence that the OATP-tryptophan pathway is important for A. phagocytophilum survival in H. longicornis ticks but also indicate OATP as a promising candidate for the development of a universal anti-tick vaccine to target this bacterium and perhaps other rickettsial pathogens of medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Namjoshi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Donald M Lubembe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Hameeda Sultana
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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17
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Sugiyama K, Shimano H, Takahashi M, Shimura Y, Shimura A, Furuya T, Tomabechi R, Shirasaka Y, Higuchi K, Kishimoto H, Inoue K. The Use of Carboxyfluorescein Reveals the Transport Function of MCT6/SLC16A5 Associated with CD147 as a Chloride-Sensitive Organic Anion Transporter in Mammalian Cells. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1113-1120. [PMID: 38160712 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Oral drug absorption involves drug permeation across the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes. Although transporters mediating the influx of anionic drugs in the apical membranes have been identified, transporters responsible for efflux in the basolateral membranes remain unclear. Monocarboxylate transporter 6 (MCT6/SLC16A5) has been reported to localize to the apical and basolateral membranes of human enterocytes and to transport organic anions such as bumetanide and nateglinide in the Xenopus oocyte expression system; however, its transport functions have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we characterized the function of MCT6 expressed in HEK293T cells and explored fluorescent probes to more easily evaluate MCT6 function. The results illustrated that MCT6 interacts with CD147 to localize at the plasma membrane. When the uptake of various fluorescein derivatives was examined in NaCl-free uptake buffer (pH 5.5), the uptake of 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-CF) was significantly greater in MCT6 and CD147-expressing cells. MCT6-mediated 5-CF uptake was saturable with a Km of 1.07 mM and inhibited by several substrates/inhibitors of organic anion transporters and extracellular Cl ion with an IC50 of 53.7 mM. These results suggest that MCT6 is a chloride-sensitive organic anion transporter that can be characterized using 5-CF as a fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Sugiyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Shimano
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Shimura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Shimura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahito Furuya
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuto Tomabechi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisanao Kishimoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Inoue
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Kaci H, Dombi Á, Gömbös P, Szabó A, Bakos É, Özvegy-Laczka C, Poór M. Interaction of mycotoxins zearalenone, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol with cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4) enzymes and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1). Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 96:105789. [PMID: 38341109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycoestrogen produced by Fusarium fungi. ZEN is a frequent contaminant in cereal-based products, representing significant health threat. The major reduced metabolites of ZEN are α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL). Since the toxicokinetic interactions of ZEN/ZELs with cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) have been barely characterized, we examined these interactions applying in vitro models. ZEN and ZELs were relatively strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and moderate inhibitors of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. Both CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 decreased ZEN and β-ZEL concentrations in depletion assays, while only CYP1A2 reduced α-ZEL levels. OATPs tested were strongly or moderately inhibited by ZEN and ZELs; however, these mycotoxins did not show higher cytotoxicity in OATP-overexpressing cells. Our results help the deeper understanding of the toxicokinetic/pharmacokinetic interactions of ZEN, α-ZEL, and β-ZEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kaci
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HUN-REN, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Dombi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Patrik Gömbös
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő H-2103, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő H-2103, Hungary; HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary
| | - Éva Bakos
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HUN-REN, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, HUN-REN, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 13, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Molecular Medicine Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
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19
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Zhang Y, Huang J, Huang S, Liu J, Deng L, Liang C, Guo Y, Yao B, Wang X. Construction and characterization of a humanized SLCO1B1 rat model with its application in evaluating the uptake of different statins. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1592-1604. [PMID: 38572097 PMCID: PMC10985027 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1B1 (OATP1B1) plays a crucial role in the transport of statins. However, there are too few animal models related to OATP1B1, especially humanized animal models. In this study, the human SLCO1B1 cDNA was inserted into the second exon of the rat Slco1b2 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of statins were conducted in wild-type (WT), humanized OATP1B1 (hOATP1B1), and OATP1B2 knockout (OATP1B2 KO) rats, respectively. The results showed that human OATP1B1 was successfully expressed in rat liver and exhibited transport function. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic results revealed that OATP1B1 exhibited varying uptake levels of pivastatin, rosuvastatin, and fluvastatin, leading to different levels of exposure within the body. These results were consistent with those obtained from in vitro experiments using overexpressed cell lines. In conclusion, we established a novel humanized SLCO1B1 transgenic rat model to assess the role of human OATP1B1 in the uptake of different statins. The different uptake mediated by OATP1B1 may be an important reason for the different efficacy of statins. The hOATP1B1 rat is a promising model for improving the prediction of human drug transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjin Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junze Huang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shengbo Huang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Luyao Deng
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chenmeizi Liang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanqing Guo
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bingyi Yao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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20
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Loos NHC, Sparidans RW, Heydari P, Bui V, Lebre MC, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. The ABCB1 and ABCG2 efflux transporters limit brain disposition of the SYK inhibitors entospletinib and lanraplenib. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 485:116911. [PMID: 38527694 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The highly selective Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) inhibitors entospletinib and lanraplenib disrupt kinase activity and inhibit immune cell functions. They are developed for treatment of B-cell malignancies and autoimmunity diseases. The impact of P-gp/ABCB1 and BCRP/ABCG2 efflux transporters, OATP1a/1b uptake transporters and CYP3A drug-metabolizing enzymes on the oral pharmacokinetics of these drugs was assessed using mouse models. Entospletinib and lanraplenib were orally administered simultaneously at moderate dosages (10 mg/kg each) to female mice to assess the possibility of examining two structurally and mechanistically similar drugs at the same time, while reducing the number of experimental animals and sample-processing workload. The plasma pharmacokinetics of both drugs were not substantially restricted by Abcb1 or Abcg2. The brain-to-plasma ratios of entospletinib in Abcb1a/b-/-, Abcg2-/- and Abcb1a/b;Abcg2-/- mice were 1.7-, 1.8- and 2.9-fold higher, respectively, compared to those in wild-type mice. For lanraplenib these brain-to-plasma ratios were 3.0-, 1.3- and 10.4-fold higher, respectively. This transporter-mediated restriction of brain penetration for both drugs could be almost fully inhibited by coadministration of the dual ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibitor elacridar, without signs of acute toxicity. Oatp1a/b and human CYP3A4 did not seem to affect the pharmacokinetics of entospletinib and lanraplenib, but mouse Cyp3a may limit lanraplenib plasma exposure. Unexpectedly, entospletinib and lanraplenib increased each other's plasma exposure by 2.6- to 2.9-fold, indicating a significant drug-drug interaction. This interaction was, however, unlikely to be mediated through any of the studied transporters or CYP3A. The obtained insights may perhaps help to further improve the safety and efficacy of entospletinib and lanraplenib.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- Female
- Mice
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/drug effects
- Syk Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Syk Kinase/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Administration, Oral
- Indazoles
- Morpholines
- Pyrazines
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H C Loos
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf W Sparidans
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paniz Heydari
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Viët Bui
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Lebre
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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21
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Loos NHC, Ferreira Martins ML, Rijmers J, de Jong D, Lebre MC, Tibben M, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. Interplay of Ritonavir-Boosted Oral Cabazitaxel with the Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide (OATP) Uptake Transporters and Carboxylesterase 1 in Mice. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1952-1964. [PMID: 38423793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Intravenously administered chemotherapeutic cabazitaxel is used for palliative treatment of prostate cancer. An oral formulation would be more patient-friendly and reduce the need for hospitalization. We therefore study determinants of the oral pharmacokinetics of cabazitaxel in a ritonavir-boosted setting, which reduces the CYP3A-mediated first-pass metabolism of cabazitaxel. We here assessed the role of organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in the disposition of orally boosted cabazitaxel and its active metabolites, using the Oatp1a/b-knockout and the OATP1B1/1B3-transgenic mice. These transporters may substantially affect plasma clearance and hepatic and intestinal drug disposition. The pharmacokinetics of cabazitaxel and DM2 were not significantly affected by Oatp1a/b and OATP1B1/1B3 activity. In contrast, the plasma AUC0-120 min of DM1 in Oatp1a/b-/- was 1.9-fold (p < 0.05) higher than that in wild-type mice, and that of docetaxel was 2.4-fold (p < 0.05) higher. We further observed impaired hepatic uptake and intestinal disposition for DM1 and docetaxel in the Oatp-ablated strains. None of these parameters showed rescue by the OATP1B1 or -1B3 transporters in the humanized mouse strains, suggesting a minimal role of OATP1B1/1B3. Ritonavir itself was also a potent substrate for mOatp1a/b, showing a 2.9-fold (p < 0.0001) increased plasma AUC0-120 min and 3.5-fold (p < 0.0001) decreased liver-to-plasma ratio in Oatp1a/b-/- compared to those in wild-type mice. Furthermore, we observed the tight binding of cabazitaxel and its active metabolites, including docetaxel, to plasma carboxylesterase (Ces1c) in mice, which may complicate the interpretation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mouse studies. Collectively, these results will help to further optimize (pre)clinical research into the safety and efficacy of orally applied cabazitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H C Loos
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jamie Rijmers
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle de Jong
- Division of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C Lebre
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Tibben
- Division of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
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22
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Kowal-Chwast A, Gabor-Worwa E, Gaud N, Gogola D, Piątek A, Zarębski A, Littlewood P, Smoluch M, Brzózka K, Kuś K. Novel method of measurement of in vitro drug uptake in OATP1B3 overexpressing cells in the presence of dextran. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:400-415. [PMID: 38530582 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In predictions about hepatic clearance (CLH), a number of studies explored the role of albumin and transporters in drug uptake by liver cells, challenging the traditional free-drug theory. It was proposed that liver uptake can occur for transporter substrate compounds not only from the drug's unbound form but also directly from the drug-albumin complex, a phenomenon known as uptake facilitated by albumin. In contrast to albumin, dextran does not exhibit binding properties for compounds. However, as a result of its inherent capacity for stabilization, it is widely used to mimic conditions within cells. METHODS The uptake of eight known substrates of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) was assessed using a human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293), which stably overexpresses this transporter. An inert polymer, dextran, was used to simulate cellular conditions, and the results were compared with experiments involving human plasma and human serum albumin (HSA). RESULTS This study is the first to demonstrate that dextran increases compound uptake in cells with overexpression of the OATP1B3 transporter. Contrary to the common theory that highly protein-bound ligands interact with hepatocytes to increase drug uptake, the results indicate that dextran's interaction with test compounds does not significantly increase concentrations near the cell membrane surface. CONCLUSIONS We evaluated the effect of dextran on the uptake of known substrates using OATP1B3 overexpressed in the HEK293 cell line, and we suggest that its impact on drug concentrations in liver cells may differ from the traditional role of plasma proteins and albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kowal-Chwast
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Gabor-Worwa
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Nilesh Gaud
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Gogola
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piątek
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adrian Zarębski
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Peter Littlewood
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Smoluch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Brzózka
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Kuś
- Ryvu Therapeutics S.A., Leona Henryka Sternbacha 2, 30-394, Kraków, Poland
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23
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Marin JJG, Cives-Losada C, Macias RIR, Romero MR, Marijuan RP, Hortelano-Hernandez N, Delgado-Calvo K, Villar C, Gonzalez-Santiago JM, Monte MJ, Asensio M. Impact of liver diseases and pharmacological interactions on the transportome involved in hepatic drug disposition. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116166. [PMID: 38527556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in drug disposition owing to the expression of transporters accounting for the uptake at the sinusoidal membrane and the efflux across the basolateral and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes of many different compounds. Moreover, intracellular mechanisms of phases I and II biotransformation generate, in general, inactive compounds that are more polar and easier to eliminate into bile or refluxed back toward the blood for their elimination by the kidneys, which becomes crucial when the biliary route is hampered. The set of transporters expressed at a given time, i.e., the so-called transportome, is encoded by genes belonging to two gene superfamilies named Solute Carriers (SLC) and ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC), which account mainly, but not exclusively, for the uptake and efflux of endogenous substances and xenobiotics, which include many different drugs. Besides the existence of genetic variants, which determines a marked interindividual heterogeneity regarding liver drug disposition among patients, prevalent diseases, such as cirrhosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and several cholestatic liver diseases, can alter the transportome and hence affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat these patients. Moreover, hepatic drug transporters are involved in many drug-drug interactions (DDI) that challenge the safety of using a combination of agents handled by these proteins. Updated information on these questions has been organized in this article by superfamilies and families of members of the transportome involved in hepatic drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Candela Cives-Losada
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta R Romero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca P Marijuan
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Kevin Delgado-Calvo
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Villar
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus M Gonzalez-Santiago
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maitane Asensio
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Tapparo M, Saccu G, Pasquino C, Fonsato V, Medana C, Schiavo V, Mecarelli E, Maccagno M, Silengo L, Bruno S, Camussi G, Herrera Sanchez MB. In vitro characterization of 3D culture-based differentiation of human liver stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1352013. [PMID: 38389704 PMCID: PMC10881830 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1352013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The lack of functional hepatocytes poses a significant challenge for drug safety testing and therapeutic applications due to the inability of mature hepatocytes to expand and their tendency to lose functionality in vitro. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of Human Liver Stem Cells (HLSCs) to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells within an in vitro rotary cell culture system, guided by a combination of growth factors and molecules known to regulate hepatocyte maturation. In this study, we employed a matrix multi-assay approach to comprehensively characterize HLSC differentiation. Methods: We evaluated the expression of hepatic markers using qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis. Additionally, we measured urea and FVIII secretion into the supernatant and developed an updated indocyanine green in vitro assay to assess hepatocyte functionality. Results: Molecular analyses of differentiated HLSC aggregates revealed significant upregulation of hepatic genes, including CYP450, urea cycle enzymes, and uptake transporters exclusively expressed on the sinusoidal side of mature hepatocytes, evident as early as 1 day post-differentiation. Interestingly, HLSCs transiently upregulated stem cell markers during differentiation, followed by downregulation after 7 days. Furthermore, differentiated aggregates demonstrated the ability to release urea and FVIII into the supernatant as early as the first 24 h, with accumulation over time. Discussion: These findings suggest that a 3D rotation culture system may facilitate rapid hepatic differentiation of HLSCs. Despite the limitations of this rotary culture system, its unique advantages hold promise for characterizing HLSC GMP batches for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Saccu
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Pasquino
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Officina Farmaceutica, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Officina Farmaceutica, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Schiavo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Mecarelli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Maccagno
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Silengo
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Beatriz Herrera Sanchez
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- 2i3T, Società per la Gestione dell'incubatore di Imprese e per il Trasferimento Tecnologico, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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25
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Cho CK, Mo JY, Ko E, Kang P, Jang CG, Lee SY, Lee YJ, Bae JW, Choi CI. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of pitavastatin in relation to SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphism. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:95-110. [PMID: 38159179 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pitavastatin, a potent 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. Hepatic uptake of pitavastatin is predominantly occupied by the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene, which is a polymorphic gene that encodes OATP1B1. SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphism significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin. This study aimed to establish the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict pitavastatin pharmacokinetics according to SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphism. PK-Sim® version 10.0 was used to establish the whole-body PBPK model of pitavastatin. Our pharmacogenomic data and a total of 27 clinical pharmacokinetic data with different dose administration and demographic properties were used to develop and validate the model, respectively. Physicochemical properties and disposition characteristics of pitavastatin were acquired from previously reported data or optimized to capture the plasma concentration-time profiles in different SLCO1B1 diplotypes. Model evaluation was performed by comparing the predicted pharmacokinetic parameters and profiles to the observed data. Predicted plasma concentration-time profiles were visually similar to the observed profiles in the non-genotyped populations and different SLCO1B1 diplotypes. All fold error values for AUC and Cmax were included in the two fold range of observed values. Thus, the PBPK model of pitavastatin in different SLCO1B1 diplotypes was properly established. The present study can be useful to individualize the dose administration strategy of pitavastatin in individuals with various ages, races, and SLCO1B1 diplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Keun Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Mo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunvin Ko
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureum Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ik Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Huttunen J, Tampio J, Järvinen J, Montaser AB, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM. Amino acid derivative of probenecid potentiates apoptosis-inducing effects of vinblastine by increasing oxidative stress in a cancer cell-specific manner. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 388:110833. [PMID: 38101600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Many chemotherapeutic drugs suffer from multidrug resistance (MDR). Efflux transporters, namely ATP-binding cassettes (ABCs), that pump the drugs out of the cancer cells comprise one major reason behind MDR. Therefore, ABC inhibitors have been under development for ages, but unfortunately, without clinical success. In the present study, an l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-utilizing derivative of probenecid (PRB) was developed as a cancer cell-targeted efflux inhibitor for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) and/or several multidrug resistant proteins (MRPs), and its ability to increase vinblastine (VBL) cellular accumulation and apoptosis-inducing effects were explored. The novel amino acid derivative of PRB (2) increased the VBL exposure in triple-negative human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and human glioma cells (U-87MG) by 10-68 -times and 2-5-times, respectively, but not in estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). However, the combination therapy had greater cytotoxic effects in MCF-7 compared to MDA-MB-231 cells due to the increased oxidative stress recorded in MCF-7 cells. The metabolomic study also revealed that compound 2, together with VBL, decreased the transport of those amino acids essential for the biosynthesis of endogenous anti-oxidant glutathione (GSH). Moreover, the metabolic differences between the outcomes of the studied breast cancer cell lines were explained by the distinct expression profiles of solute carriers (SLCs) that can be concomitantly inhibited. Therefore, attacking several SLCs simultaneously to change the nutrient environment of cancer cells can serve as an adjuvant therapy to other chemotherapeutics, offering an alternative to ABC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne Tampio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juulia Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed B Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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27
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Guo P, Zhang R, Zhou J, Li P, Liu Y, Shi S. Intracellular tacrolimus concentration correlates with impaired renal function through regulation of the IS-AHR-ABC transporter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111233. [PMID: 37979449 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Tacrolimus (TAC) concentration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is regarded as a better predictor of its immunosuppressive effect than the TAC concentration in whole blood. However, whether the exposure of TAC in PBMCs or WB was altered in post-transplant recipients with renal impairment remains unclear. METHODS We investigated the relationship of trough TAC concentration in WB and PBMCs with renal functions in post-transplant recipients. The pharmacokinetic profiles of TAC in PBMCs and WB in the two chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat models were examined using UPLC-MS/MS. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to analyze the expression of proteins and mRNAs related to TAC metabolism and transport, respectively. In addition, the effects of uremic toxins on human PBMCs were investigated using whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing [RNA-seq]). RESULTS We observed a decrease in the trough TAC concentration in PBMCs in the recipients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 90 mL/min, compared with those of recipients with eGFR > 90 mL/min, but there was no difference in blood based on TAC concentrations (C0Blood). In a 150-patient post-transplant cohort, no significant relationship was observed between PBMCs and WB concentrations of TAC, and the eGFR value was correlated with TAC C0PBMCs but not with TAC C0Blood. In two CKD rat models, the TAC pharmacokinetic profile in the PBMCs was significantly lower than that in the control group; however, the blood TAC pharmacokinetic profiles in the two groups were similar. Transcriptome results showed that co-incubation of human PBMCs with uremic toxins upregulated the expression of AHR, ABCB1, and ABCC2. Compared to control rats, plasma IS increased by 1.93- and 2.26-fold and the expression of AHR, P-gp, and MRP2 in PBMCs was higher in AD and 5/6 nephrectomy (NX) rats, without modifying the expression of other proteins related to TAC exposure. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetics of TAC in PBMCs changed with a decline in renal function. Uremic toxins accumulate during renal insufficiency, which activates AHR, upregulates the expression of P-gp and MRP2, and affects their intracellular concentrations. Our findings suggest that monitoring TAC concentrations in PBMCs is more important than monitoring WB concentrations in post-transplant recipients with renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peixia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yani Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Shaojun Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Zheng E, Madura P, Grandos J, Broncel M, Pawlos A, Woźniak E, Gorzelak-Pabiś P. When the same treatment has different response: The role of pharmacogenomics in statin therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115966. [PMID: 38061135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins, also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are one of the most potently prescribed and thoroughly researched medications, predominantly utilized for managing cardiovascular diseases by modulating serum cholesterol levels. Despite the well-documented efficacy of statins in reducing overall mortality via attenuating the risk of cardiovascular diseases, notable interindividual variability in therapeutic responses persists as such variability could compromise the lipid-lowering efficacy of the drug, potentially increasing susceptibility to adverse effects or attenuating therapeutic outcomes.This phenomenon has catalysed a growing interest in the scientific community to explore common genetic polymorphisms within genes that encode for pivotal enzymes within the pharmacokinetic pathways of statins. In our review, we focus to provide insight into potentially clinically relevant polymorphisms associated with statins' pharmacokinetic participants and assess their consequent implications on modulating the therapeutic outcomes of statins among distinct genetic carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Zheng
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Madura
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Grandos
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawlos
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Woźniak
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Gorzelak-Pabiś
- Dept. of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, The Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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Ghorbannezhad G, Mehrabadi S, Golampour-Shamkani N, Barjasteh A, Etesamizadeh P, Tayyebi M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM, Ferns GA, Avan A. Genetic Determinants of Response to Statins in Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:20-28. [PMID: 38204221 PMCID: PMC11107471 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x267793231220114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to identify patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) who could most benefit from the treatment approach, patients vary in their benefit from therapy and propensity for adverse drug events. Genetic variability in individual responses to drugs (pharmacogenetics) is considered an essential determinant in responding to a drug. Thus, understanding these pharmacogenomic relationships has led to a substantial focus on mechanisms of disease and drug response. In turn, understanding the genomic and molecular bases of variables that might be involved in drug response is the main step in personalized medicine. There is a growing body of data evaluating drug-gene interactions in recent years, some of which have led to FDA recommendations and detection of markers to predict drug responses (e.g., genetic variant in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes for prediction of drug response in warfarin treatment). Also, statins are widely prescribed drugs for the prevention of CVD. Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin are the most common statins used to manage dyslipidemia. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the pharmacogenetics of statins, which are being used to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Ghorbannezhad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Mehrabadi
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Golampour-Shamkani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Barjasteh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Poorya Etesamizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tayyebi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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30
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Sadowska A, Osiński P, Roztocka A, Kaczmarz-Chojnacka K, Zapora E, Sawicka D, Car H. Statins-From Fungi to Pharmacy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:466. [PMID: 38203637 PMCID: PMC10779115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins have been used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, both as monotherapy and in combination therapy. Natural fermentation processes of fungi such as Monascus spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus terreus, and Pleurotus ostreatus have given rise to natural statins. Compactin (mevastatin), the original naturally occurring statin, is the primary biotransformation substrate in the manufacturing process of marketed drugs. Statins are classified into natural, semi-synthetic derivatives of natural statins, and synthetic ones. Synthetic statins differ from natural statins in their structural composition, with the only common feature being the HMG-CoA-like moiety responsible for suppressing HMG-CoA reductase. Statins do not differ significantly regarding their pleiotropic and adverse effects, but their characteristics depend on their pharmacokinetic parameters and chemical properties. This paper focuses on describing the processes of obtaining natural statins, detailing the pharmacokinetics of available statins, divided into natural and synthetic, and indicating their pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Patryk Osiński
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Alicja Roztocka
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Karolina Kaczmarz-Chojnacka
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Ewa Zapora
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Use, Institute of Forest Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Diana Sawicka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
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31
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Sun A, Hagenbuch B, Kelly EJ, Wang J. Molecular Mechanisms of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide-Mediated Organic Anion Clearance at the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:255-265. [PMID: 37652713 PMCID: PMC10658916 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), formed by the choroid plexus epithelial (CPE) cells, plays an active role in removing drugs and metabolic wastes from the brain. Recent functional studies in isolated mouse choroid plexus (CP) tissues suggested the presence of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs, encoded by SLCOs) at the apical membrane of BCSFB, which may clear large organic anions from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, the specific OATP isoform involved is unclear. Using quantitative fluorescence imaging, we showed that the fluorescent anions sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), fluorescein methotrexate (FL-MTX), and 8-fluorescein-cAMP (fluo-cAMP) are actively transported from the CSF to the subepithelial space in CP tissues isolated from wild-type mice. In contrast, transepithelial transport of these compounds across the CPE cells was abolished in Oatp1a/1b-/- mice due to impaired apical uptake. Using transporter-expressing cell lines, SR101, FL-MTX, and fluo-cAMP were additionally shown to be transported by mouse OATP1A5 and its human counterpart OATP1A2. Kinetic analysis showed that estrone-3-sulfate and SR101 are transported by OATP1A2 and OATP1A5 with similar Michaelis-Menten constants (Km). Immunofluorescence staining further revealed the presence of OATP1A2 protein in human CP tissues. Together, our results suggest that large organic anions in the CSF are actively transported into CPE cells by apical OATP1A2 (OATP1A5 in mice), then subsequently effluxed into the blood by basolateral multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs). As OATP1A2 transports a wide array of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics, the presence of this transporter at the BCSFB may imply a novel clearance route for drugs and neurohormones from the CSF. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drug transporters at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier play an important but understudied role in brain drug disposition. This study revealed a functional contribution of rodent organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1A5 towards the CSF clearance of organic anions and suggested a similar role for OATP1A2 in humans. Delineating the molecular mechanisms governing CSF organic anion clearance may help to improve the prediction of central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics and identify drug candidates with favorable CNS pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics (A.S., E.J.K., J.W.) and Kidney Research Institute (E.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmaceutics (A.S., E.J.K., J.W.) and Kidney Research Institute (E.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics (A.S., E.J.K., J.W.) and Kidney Research Institute (E.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics (A.S., E.J.K., J.W.) and Kidney Research Institute (E.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (B.H.)
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32
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Shan Z, Yang X, Liu H, Yuan Y, Xiao Y, Nan J, Zhang W, Song W, Wang J, Wei F, Zhang Y. Cryo-EM structures of human organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP1B1. Cell Res 2023; 33:940-951. [PMID: 37674011 PMCID: PMC10709409 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the solute carrier organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATPs) family function as transporters for a large variety of amphipathic organic anions including endogenous metabolites and clinical drugs, such as bile salts, steroids, thyroid hormones, statins, antibiotics, antivirals, and anticancer drugs. OATP1B1 plays a vital role in transporting such substances into the liver for hepatic clearance. FDA and EMA recommend conducting in vitro testing of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving OATP1B1. However, the structure and working mechanism of OATPs still remains elusive. In this study, we determined cryo-EM structures of human OATP1B1 bound with representative endogenous metabolites (bilirubin and estrone-3-sulfate), a clinical drug (simeprevir), and a fluorescent indicator (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein), in both outward- and inward-open states. These structures reveal major and minor substrate binding pockets and conformational changes during transport. In combination with mutagenesis studies and molecular dynamics simulations, our work comprehensively elucidates the transport mechanism of OATP1B1 and provides the structural basis for DDI predictions involving OATP1B1, which will greatly promote our understanding of OATPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Shan
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yafei Yuan
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Nan
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqi Song
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiwen Wei
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Kikuchi R, Chothe PP, Chu X, Huth F, Ishida K, Ishiguro N, Jiang R, Shen H, Stahl SH, Varma MVS, Willemin ME, Morse BL. Utilization of OATP1B Biomarker Coproporphyrin-I to Guide Drug-Drug Interaction Risk Assessment: Evaluation by the Pharmaceutical Industry. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:1170-1183. [PMID: 37750401 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides 1B1/1B3 (OATP1B) can be substantial, however, challenges remain for predicting interaction risk. Emerging evidence suggests that endogenous biomarkers, particularly coproporphyrin-I (CP-I), can be used to assess in vivo OATP1B activity. The present work under the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development was aimed primarily at assessing CP-I as a biomarker for informing OATP1B DDI risk. Literature and unpublished CP-I data along with pertinent in vitro and clinical DDI information were collected to identify DDIs primarily involving OATP1B inhibition and assess the relationship between OATP1B substrate drug and CP-I exposure changes. Static models to predict changes in exposure of CP-I, as a selective OATP1B substrate, were also evaluated. Significant correlations were observed between CP-I area under the curve ratio (AUCR) or maximum concentration ratio (Cmax R) and AUCR of substrate drugs. In general, the CP-I Cmax R was equal to or greater than the CP-I AUCR. CP-I Cmax R < 1.25 was associated with absence of OATP1B-mediated DDIs (AUCR < 1.25) with no false negative predictions. CP-I Cmax R < 2 was associated with weak OATP1B-mediated DDIs (AUCR < 2). A correlation was identified between CP-I exposure changes and OATP1B1 static DDI predictions. Recommendations for collecting and interpreting CP-I data are discussed, including a decision tree for guiding DDI risk assessment. In conclusion, measurement of CP-I is recommended to inform OATP1B inhibition potential. The current analysis identified changes in CP-I exposure that may be used to prioritize, delay, or replace clinical DDI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kikuchi
- Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Paresh P Chothe
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc. (TDCA), Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- ADME and Discovery Toxicology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Felix Huth
- PK Sciences, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kazuya Ishida
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Rongrong Jiang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Simone H Stahl
- CVRM Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marie-Emilie Willemin
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bridget L Morse
- Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Karpa V, Kalinderi K, Fidani L, Tragiannidis A. Association of microRNA Polymorphisms with Toxicities Induced by Methotrexate in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Hematol Rep 2023; 15:634-650. [PMID: 37987321 PMCID: PMC10660515 DOI: 10.3390/hematolrep15040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX), a structurally related substance to folic acid, is an important chemotherapeutic agent used for decades in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and other types of cancer as non-Hodgkin lymphomas and osteosarcomas. Despite the successful outcomes observed, the primary drawback is the variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between patients. The main adverse events related to its use are nephrotoxicity, mucositis, and myelosuppression, especially when used in high doses. The potential adverse reactions and toxicities associated with MTX are a cause for concern and may lead to dose reduction or treatment interruption. Genetic variants in MTX transport genes have been linked to toxicity. Pharmacogenetic studies conducted in the past focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding and 5'-regulatory regions of genes. Recent studies have demonstrated a significant role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the transport and metabolism of drugs and in the regulation of target genes. In the last few years, the number of annotated miRNAs has continually risen, in addition to the studies of miRNA polymorphisms and MTX toxicity. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to investigate the role of miRNA variants related to MTX adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Karpa
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.K.); (L.F.)
| | - Kallirhoe Kalinderi
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.K.); (L.F.)
| | - Liana Fidani
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.K.); (L.F.)
| | - Athanasios Tragiannidis
- Pediatric & Adolescent Hematology-Oncology Unit, 2nd Pediatric Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, S. Kiriakidi 1, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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35
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Lash LH. A Novel Approach to Predicting Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Function in Human Hepatic Drug Disposition and Biliary Clearance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 387:131-134. [PMID: 37844920 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Harold Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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36
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Zhu X, Chen Y, Lan T, Liu C. Transcriptome analysis of healthy and fatty liver revealed that inhibition of SLCO1B3 induces abnormal liver metabolism and lipid synthesis. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103023. [PMID: 37748246 PMCID: PMC10523000 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver serves as the central organ for lipid metabolism, making it a crucial component of chicken physiology. However, the intricate regulation of lipid absorption, synthesis, decomposition, and transport within the liver is influenced by various factors, such as environmental conditions, diet, and genetics. Recent research has suggested that numerous functional genes and transcription factors play a pivotal role in liver metabolism via different molecular mechanisms. In this study, we examined the transcriptomes of both healthy and fatty chicken livers to better understand the role of functional genes in chicken liver fat metabolism. Our bioinformatics analysis of RNA-seq data revealed differential expression of SLCO1B3 in healthy liver and fatty liver, with lower ex-pression levels observed in fatty liver. To further investigate the potential role of SLCO1B3 in liver metabolism, we conducted in vitro experiments to knock down its expression in primary hepatocytes. Our results indicated that SLCO1B3 could suppress lipogenesis, hepatocyte apoptosis, and inflammation. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism of SLCO1B3 as a functional gene capable of regulating fat metabolism in chicken liver, and may contribute to ad-dressing the issue of fatty liver in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Tian Lan
- Division of liver surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Liver Transplant Center, Transplant Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610213, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Division of liver surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Department of Minimal Invasive Surgery, Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu 610037, PR China.
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37
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Alhazzani K, Alanazi AZ, Mostafa AM, Barker J, El-Wekil MM, Ali AMBH. A novel microextraction technique aided by air agitation using a natural hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for the extraction of fluvastatin and empagliflozin from plasma samples: application to pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction study. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31201-31212. [PMID: 37881757 PMCID: PMC10595561 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05929d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the interaction between the antihyperlipidemic drug fluvastatin (FLV) and the antidiabetic drug empagliflozin (EMP), which are commonly co-administered medications. EMP's impact on FLV levels is attributed to its inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), responsible for FLV liver uptake, consequently elevating FLV concentrations in blood. Traditional extraction methods for FLV faced difficulties due to its high hydrophobicity. In this study, a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent (NDES) using air assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (AA-DLLME) was utilized as an excellent choice for achieving the highest extraction recovery, reaching 96% for FLV and 92% for EMP. The NDES was created through the combination of menthol and hippuric acid in a 4 : 1 ratio, making it a green and cost-effective pathway. Liquid phase microextraction followed by spectrofluorometric measurements of FLV at λem = 395 nm and EMP at λem = 303 nm, with excitation at a single wavelength of 275 nm was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) relying on central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the variables affecting the AA-NDES-DLLME. The optimized conditions for extraction are: NDES volume of 200 μL, centrifugation time of 15 minutes, air-agitation cycle of 6 cycles, and sample pH of 4.0. Under these optimized conditions, the developed method exhibited good linearity and precision. The method showed good recoveries from rabbit plasma samples spiked at varying concentrations of the analyzed compounds. To assess the applicability and effectiveness of the hydrophobic DES, the validated method was applied to extract the studied drugs from rabbit plasma samples after oral administration of FLV alone and in combination with EMP. The pharmacokinetic parameters of FLV were calculated in both cases to investigate any changes and determine the need for dose adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Z Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Aya M Mostafa
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University Kingston-upon-Thames London KT1 2EE UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - James Barker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University Kingston-upon-Thames London KT1 2EE UK
| | - Mohamed M El-Wekil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Al-Montaser Bellah H Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut Egypt
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Parvez MM, Sadighi A, Ahn Y, Keller SF, Enoru JO. Uptake Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier and Their Role in Brain Drug Disposition. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2473. [PMID: 37896233 PMCID: PMC10610385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake drug transporters play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs within the brain, facilitating their entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding brain drug disposition is always challenging, especially with respect to preclinical to clinical translation. These transporters are members of the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, which includes organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), and amino acid transporters. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of uptake drug transporters in the brain and their contribution to drug disposition. Here, we also assemble currently available proteomics-based expression levels of uptake transporters in the human brain and their application in translational drug development. Proteomics data suggest that in association with efflux transporters, uptake drug transporters present at the BBB play a significant role in brain drug disposition. It is noteworthy that a significant level of species differences in uptake drug transporters activity exists, and this may contribute toward a disconnect in inter-species scaling. Taken together, uptake drug transporters at the BBB could play a significant role in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Continuous research is crucial for advancing our understanding of active uptake across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Parvez
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Armin Sadighi
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Yeseul Ahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Steve F. Keller
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Julius O. Enoru
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
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Kapoor E, Faubion SS, Kuhle CL, Kling JM, Miller VM, Fokken S, Mara KC, Moyer AM. The effect of genetic variation in estrogen transportation and metabolism on the severity of menopause symptoms: A study from the RIGHT 10K cohort. Maturitas 2023; 176:107797. [PMID: 37595497 PMCID: PMC10478674 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The severity of menopause-related symptoms varies considerably among women. The determinants of this variation are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to assess the association between genetic variation in estrogen metabolism and transport pathways and the severity of menopause symptoms. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 60 peri- and postmenopausal women in the Mayo Clinic RIGHT study (which involved sequencing of genes involved in drug metabolism and transport), who had also been evaluated in the Women's Health Clinic at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. All participants completed the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) for assessment of menopause symptoms, including hot flashes. The association between severity of menopause symptoms and the variation in genes encoding 8 enzymes and transporters involved in estrogen metabolism was evaluated. RESULTS Lower CYP3A4 activity and higher COMT activity were associated with lower severity of somatic menopause symptoms (p = 0.04 and 0.06, respectively). These associations did not persist after adjustment for hormone therapy use. No differences in MRS scores or hot flash severity were noted among other genetic variant groups. Age at natural menopause was not affected by variations in the genes studied. CONCLUSION The current study did not show an association between genetic variation in estrogen metabolism and transport pathways and the severity of menopause symptoms. Further studies with larger sample sizes may be required to understand this potentially complex association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Kapoor
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Menopause and Women's Sexual Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Women's Health Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Stephanie S Faubion
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Carol L Kuhle
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Menopause and Women's Sexual Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Juliana M Kling
- Center for Women's Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Women's Health Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Virginia M Miller
- Emerita Staff, Departments of Surgery and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shawn Fokken
- Menopause and Women's Sexual Health Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kristin C Mara
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann M Moyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Murray M. Mechanisms and Clinical Significance of Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions Mediated by FDA and EMA-approved Hepatitis C Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 2023; 62:1365-1392. [PMID: 37731164 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been revolutionised by the development of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that target specific HCV proteins involved in viral replication. The first DAAs were associated with clinical problems such as adverse drug reactions and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Current FDA/EMA-approved treatments are combinations of DAAs that simultaneously target the HCV N5A-protein, the HCV N5B-polymerase and the HCV NS3/4A-protease. Adverse events and DDIs are less likely with these DAA combinations but several DDIs of potential clinical significance remain. Much of the available information on the interaction of DAAs with CYP drug-metabolising enzymes and influx and efflux transporters is contained in regulatory summaries and is focused on DDIs of likely clinical importance. Important DDIs perpetrated by current DAAs include increases in the pharmacokinetic exposure to statins and dabigatran. Some mechanistic information can be deduced. Although the free concentrations of DAAs in serum are very low, a number of these DDIs are likely mediated by the inhibition of systemic influx transporters, especially OATP1B1/1B3. Other DDIs may arise by DAA-mediated inhibition of intestinal efflux transporters, which increases the systemic concentrations of some coadministered drugs. Conversely, DAAs are victims of DDIs mediated by cyclosporin, ketoconazole, omeprazole and HIV antiretroviral drug combinations, especially when boosted by ritonavir and, to a lesser extent, cobicistat. In addition, concurrent administration of inducers, such as rifampicin, carbamazepine and efavirenz, decreases exposure to some DAAs. Drug-drug interactions that increase the accumulation of HCV N3/4A-protease inhibitors like grazoprevir may exacerbate hepatic injury in HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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41
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Han JM, Jang EJ, Yee J, Song TJ, Kim DH, Park J, Gwak HS. Association between SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphisms and bleeding risk in patients treated with edoxaban. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15967. [PMID: 37749323 PMCID: PMC10520058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since SLCO1B1 encodes the uptake transporter OATP1B1, which can influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of edoxaban, polymorphisms in SLCO1B1 may affect the edoxaban response. This study aimed to investigate the association between SLCO1B1 gene polymorphisms and the bleeding risk in patients receiving edoxaban. We genotyped 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the SLCO1B1 gene in patients receiving edoxaban. We also analyzed rs3842 of ABCB1 as a confounder. The odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR) were calculated from univariate and multivariable analysis, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was constructed for the discrimination of the model. A total of 159 patients receiving edoxaban were analyzed. Overdose and rs4149056 showed significant association with bleeding complications by around 11- and 5.5-fold, respectively. Additionally, patients with the rs4149057 variant allele (C) had a 3.9-fold increased bleeding risk compared with wild-type homozygote carriers (TT), whereas rs2306283 variant homozygote (GG) carriers had a 0.27-fold reduced bleeding risk compared with wild-type allele (A) carriers. Patients with the variant-type homozygote (CC) of ABCB1 rs3842 had a higher bleeding risk than T allele carriers (AOR = 5.3 and 5.9). The final models for multivariable analyses were acceptable based on the AUROC values (> 0.70). These findings may help predict bleeding risk in patients taking edoxaban and help personalize treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-Si, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Jang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-Gil, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yee
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-Gil, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyeok Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junbeom Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07985, Korea.
| | - Hye Sun Gwak
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-Gil, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Ciută AD, Nosol K, Kowal J, Mukherjee S, Ramírez AS, Stieger B, Kossiakoff AA, Locher KP. Structure of human drug transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5774. [PMID: 37723174 PMCID: PMC10507018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 are membrane proteins that mediate uptake of drugs into the liver for subsequent conjugation and biliary excretion, a key step in drug elimination from the human body. Polymorphic variants of these transporters can cause reduced drug clearance and adverse drug effects such as statin-induced rhabdomyolysis, and co-administration of OATP substrates can lead to damaging drug-drug interaction. Despite their clinical relevance in drug disposition and pharmacokinetics, the structure and mechanism of OATPs are unknown. Here we present cryo-EM structures of human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 bound to synthetic Fab fragments and in functionally distinct states. A single estrone-3-sulfate molecule is bound in a pocket located in the C-terminal half of OATP1B1. The shape and chemical nature of the pocket rationalize the preference for diverse organic anions and allow in silico docking of statins. The structure of OATP1B3 is determined in a drug-free state but reveals a bicarbonate molecule bound to the conserved signature motif and a histidine residue that is prevalent in OATPs exhibiting pH-dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Denise Ciută
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kamil Nosol
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Kowal
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ana S Ramírez
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaspar P Locher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Naritaka H, Aoki Y, Obata Y, Mimuro S, Nakajima Y. Rhabdomyolysis in a Long-Term Statin User Without Traditional Risk Factors: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e46069. [PMID: 37900543 PMCID: PMC10607640 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a rare case of rhabdomyolysis in a 64-year-old man who had been receiving long-term statin therapy for hyperlipidemia. The patient initially presented with symptoms of acute appendicitis, which later progressed to acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis. No commonly identified risk factors for rhabdomyolysis, including drug interactions and statin doses, were observed. The patient was urgently admitted to the intensive care unit where the relevant medications were discontinued in a timely manner and infusion resuscitation was performed. Renal function and serum creatine kinase levels gradually stabilized without the need for hemodialysis. After four days, the patient was transferred to a general ward and was fully discharged from the hospital 13 days after admission. This case highlights the importance of considering rhabdomyolysis as a possible complication among patients receiving statin therapy, even in the absence of traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Naritaka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JPN
| | - Yoshitaka Aoki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JPN
| | - Yukako Obata
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JPN
| | - Soichiro Mimuro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JPN
| | - Yoshiki Nakajima
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, JPN
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Feng C, Yang Y, Lu A, Tan D, Lu Y, Qin L, He Y. Multi‑omics‑based analysis of the regulatory mechanism of gypenosides on bile acids in hypercholesterolemic mice. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:438. [PMID: 37614436 PMCID: PMC10443059 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a traditional medicine used by ethnic minorities in southwest China and gypenosides are currently recognized as essential components of the pharmacological substances of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, which are effective in regulating metabolic syndrome, especially in improving hepatic metabolic disorders. The present study randomly divided C57BL/6J male mice into the normal diet control group (ND), high-fat diet modeling group (HFD) and gypenosides group (GP). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was applied to quantify bile acids in the liver, bile and serum of mice in ND, HFD and GP groups. Liver proteins were extracted for trypsin hydrolysis and analyzed quantitatively using UPLC-MS + MS/MS (timsTOF Pro 2). Total mouse liver RNA was extracted from ND, HFD and GP groups respectively, cDNA sequencing libraries constructed and sequenced using BGISEQ-500 sequencing platform. The expression of key genes Fxr, Shp, Cyp7a1, Cyp8b1, and Abab11 was detected by RT-qPCR. The results showed that gypenosides accelerated free bile acid synthesis by promoting the expression of bile acid synthase CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 genes and proteins and accelerating the secretion of conjugated bile acids from the liver to the bile ducts. GP inhibited the bile acid transporters solute carrier organic anion transporter family member (SLCO) 1A1 and SLCO1A4, reducing the reabsorption of free bile acids and accelerating the excretion of free bile acids from the blood to the kidneys. It also promoted the metabolic enzyme CYP3A11, which accelerated the metabolism and clearance of bile acids, thus maintaining the balance of the bile acid internal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Feng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Anjing Lu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Daopeng Tan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yanliu Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Qin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yuqi He
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-Technology for Dendrobium Nobile, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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Kasprzyk PG, Tremaine L, Fahmi OA, Weng JK. In Vitro Evaluation of the Potential for Drug Interactions by Salidroside. Nutrients 2023; 15:3723. [PMID: 37686755 PMCID: PMC10489644 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies utilizing Rhodiola rosea, which contains a complex mixture of phytochemicals, reported some positive drug-drug interaction (DDI) findings based on in vitro CYP450's enzyme inhibition, MAO-A and MAO-B inhibition, and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies in either rats or rabbits. However, variation in and multiplicity of constituents present in Rhodiola products is a cause for concern for accurately evaluating drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk. In this report, we examined the effects of bioengineered, nature-identical salidroside on the inhibition potential of salidroside on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 utilizing human liver microsomes, the induction potential of salidroside on CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in cryopreserved human hepatocytes, the inhibitory potential of salidroside against recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B, and the OATP human uptake transport inhibitory potential of salidroside using transfected HEK293-OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 cells. The results demonstrate that the bioengineered salidroside at a concentration exceeding the predicted plasma concentrations of <2 µM (based on 60 mg PO) shows no risk for drug-drug interaction due to CYP450, MAO enzymes, or OATP drug transport proteins. Our current studies further support the safe use of salidroside in combination with other drugs cleared by CYP or MAO metabolism or OATP-mediated disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry Tremaine
- Tremaine DMPK Consulting, LLC, Merritt Island, FL 32899, USA;
| | | | - Jing-Ke Weng
- DoubleRainbow Biosciences Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA;
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Spanakis M, Alon-Ellenbogen D, Ioannou P, Spernovasilis N. Antibiotics and Lipid-Modifying Agents: Potential Drug-Drug Interactions and Their Clinical Implications. PHARMACY 2023; 11:130. [PMID: 37624085 PMCID: PMC10457919 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence-based prescribing requires taking into consideration the many aspects of optimal drug administration (e.g., dosage, comorbidities, co-administered drugs, etc.). A key issue is the administration of drugs for acute disorders that may potentially interfere with previously prescribed long-term medications. Initiating an antibiotic for an acute bacterial infection constitutes a common example. Hence, appropriate knowledge and awareness of the potential DDIs of antibiotics would lead to proper adjustments, thus preventing over- or under-treatment. For example, some statins, which are the most prescribed lipid-modifying agent (LMA), can lead to clinically important drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with the concurrent administration of antibiotics, e.g., macrolides. This review discusses the clinically significant DDIs of antibiotics associated with co-administrated lipid-lowering therapy and highlights common cases where regimen modifications may or may not be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Spanakis
- Department Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Danny Alon-Ellenbogen
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Petros Ioannou
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
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Wu R, Prachyathipsakul T, Zhuang J, Liu H, Han Y, Liu B, Gong S, Qiu J, Wong S, Ribbe A, Medeiros J, Bhagabati J, Gao J, Wu P, Dutta R, Herrera R, Faraci S, Xiao H, Thayumanavan S. Conferring liver selectivity to a thyromimetic using a novel nanoparticle increases therapeutic efficacy in a diet-induced obesity animal model. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad252. [PMID: 37649581 PMCID: PMC10465086 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of metabolic regulation is a promising solution for many pathologies, including obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and inflammatory liver disease. Synthetic thyroid hormone mimics-based regulation of metabolic balance in the liver showed promise but was hampered by the low biocompatibility and harmful effects on the extrahepatic axis. In this work, we show that specifically directing the thyromimetic to the liver utilizing a nanogel-based carrier substantially increased therapeutic efficacy in a diet-induced obesity mouse model, evidenced by the near-complete reversal of body weight gain, liver weight and inflammation, and cholesterol levels with no alteration in the thyroxine (T4) / thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) axis. Mechanistically, the drug acts by binding to thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ), a ligand-inducible transcription factor that interacts with thyroid hormone response elements and modulates target gene expression. The reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway is specifically implicated in the observed therapeutic effect. Overall, the study demonstrates a unique approach to restoring metabolic regulation impacting obesity and related metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Theeraphop Prachyathipsakul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jiaming Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yanhui Han
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shuai Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jingyi Qiu
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Siu Wong
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alexander Ribbe
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jewel Medeiros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jayashree Bhagabati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jingjing Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Peidong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ranit Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | | - Hang Xiao
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - S Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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48
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Bian J, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Hao X, He S, Li Y, Huang L. Impact of individual factors on DNA methylation of drug metabolism genes: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2023; 64:401-415. [PMID: 37522536 DOI: 10.1002/em.22567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in drug response have always existed in clinical treatment. Many non-genetic factors show non-negligible impacts on personalized medicine. Emerging studies have demonstrated epigenetic could connect non-genetic factors and individual treatment differences. We used systematic retrieval methods and reviewed studies that showed individual factors' impact on DNA methylation of drug metabolism genes. In total, 68 studies were included, and half (n = 36) were cohort studies. Six aspects of individual factors were summarized from the perspective of personalized medicine: parental exposure, environmental pollutants exposure, obesity and diet, drugs, gender and others. The most research (n = 11) focused on ABCG1 methylation. The majority of studies showed non-genetic factors could result in a significant DNA methylation alteration in drug metabolism genes, which subsequently affects the pharmacokinetic processes. However, the underlying mechanism remained unknown. Finally, some viewpoints were presented for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Bian
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu He
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
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49
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Bi Y, Xing Y, Gui C, Tian Y, Zhang M, Yao Y, Hu G, Han L, He F, Zhang Y. Potential Involvement of Organic Anion Transporters in Drug Interactions with Shuganning Injection, a Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:940-951. [PMID: 37236232 DOI: 10.1055/a-2085-2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine injections have been widely used in China for the treatment of various diseases. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are a major contributor to adverse drug reactions. However, the research on transporter-mediated Traditional Chinese medicine injection-drug interactions is limited. Shuganning injection is a widely used Traditional Chinese medicine injection for treating various liver diseases. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Shuganning injection and its four main ingredients (baicalin, geniposide, chlorogenic acid, and oroxylin A) on 9 drug transporters. Shuganning injection strongly inhibited organic anion transporter 1 and organic anion transporter 3 with IC50 values < 0.1% (v/v), and moderately inhibited organic anion transporter 2, organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B1, and organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B3 with IC50 values < 1.0%. Baicalin, the most abundant bioactive ingredient in the Shuganning injection, was identified as both an inhibitor and substrate of organic anion transporter 1, organic anion transporter 3, and organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B3. Oroxylin A had the potential to act as both an inhibitor and substrate of organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B1 and organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B3. In contrast, geniposide and chlorogenic acid had no significant inhibitory effect on drug transporters. Notably, Shuganning injection markedly altered the pharmacokinetics of furosemide and atorvastatin in rats. Using Shuganning injection as an example, our findings support the implementation of transporter-mediated Traditional Chinese medicine injection-drug interactions in the development of Traditional Chinese medicine injection standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yanchao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yiqing Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhe Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ge Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Feng He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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50
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Ishikawa R, Saito K, Misawa T, Demizu Y, Saito Y. Identification of the Stapled α-Helical Peptide ATSP-7041 as a Substrate and Strong Inhibitor of OATP1B1 In Vitro. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1002. [PMID: 37371582 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATSP-7041, a stapled α-helical peptide that inhibits murine double minute-2 (MDM2) and MDMX activities, is a promising modality targeting protein-protein interactions. As peptides of molecular weights over 1000 Da are not usually evaluated, data on the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of stapled α-helical peptides remain scarce. Here, we evaluate the interaction of ATSP-7041 with hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs; CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6) and transporters (organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs; OATP1B1 and OATP1B3), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)). ATSP-7041 demonstrated negligible metabolism in human liver S9 fraction and a limited inhibition of CYP activities in yeast microsomes or S9 fractions. On the contrary, a substantial uptake by OATPs in HEK 293 cells, a strong inhibition of OATP activities in the cells, and an inhibition of P-gp and BCRP activities in reversed membrane vesicles were observed for ATSP-7041. A recent report describes that ALRN-6924, an ATSP-7041 analog, inhibited OATP activities in vivo; therefore, we focused on the interaction between ATSP-7041 and OATP1B1 to demonstrate that ATSP-7041, as a higher molecular weight stapled peptide, is a substrate and strong inhibitor of OATP1B1 activity. Our findings demonstrated the possibility of transporter-mediated DDI potential by high molecular weight stapled peptides and the necessity of their evaluation for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Ishikawa
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Misawa
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
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