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Mincheva G, Felipo V, Moreno-Manzano V, Benítez-Páez A, Llansola M. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells alter gut microbiota and improve neuroinflammation and motor impairment in rats with mild liver damage. Neurotherapeutics 2024:e00445. [PMID: 39242290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota perturbation and motor dysfunction have been reported in steatosis patients. Rats with mild liver damage (MLD) show motor dysfunction mediated by neuroinflammation and altered GABAergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum. The extracellular vesicles (EV) from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have emerged as a promising therapeutic proxy whose molecular basis relies partly upon TGFβ action. This study aimed to assess if MSC-EVs improve motor dysfunction in rats with mild liver damage and analyze underlying mechanisms, including the role of TGFβ, cerebellar neuroinflammation and gut microbiota. MLD in rats was induced by carbon tetrachloride administration and EVs from normal (C-EVs) or TGFβ-siRNA treated MSCs (T-EV) were injected. Motor coordination, locomotor gait, neuroinflammation and TNF-α-activated pathways modulating GABAergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum, microbiota composition in feces and microbial-derived metabolites in plasma were analyzed. C-EVs reduced glial and TNFα-P2X4-BDNF-TrkB pathway activation restoring GABAergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum and improving motor coordination and all the altered gait parameters. T-EVs also improved motor coordination and some gait parameters, but the mechanisms involved differed from those of C-EVs. MLD rats showed increased content of some Bacteroides species in feces, correlating with decreased kynurenine aside from motor alterations. These alterations were all normalized by C-EVs, whereas T-EVs only restored kynurenine levels. Our results support the value of MSC-EVs on improving motor dysfunction in MLD and unveil a possible mechanism by which altered microbiota may contribute to neuroinflammation and motor impairment. Some of the underlying mechanisms are TGFβ-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Mincheva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victoria Moreno-Manzano
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Host-Microbe Interactions in Metabolic Health Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Microbiome, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC). Paterna-Valencia, Spain..
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.
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Li Y, Chen L, Papadopoulos V. The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa): A key multifunctional molecule in liver diseases. Biochimie 2024; 224:91-103. [PMID: 38065288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), previously known as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is an evolutionarily conserved and tryptophan-rich 169-amino-acid protein located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. TSPO plays a crucial role in various fundamental physiological functions and cellular processes. Its expression is altered in pathological conditions, thus rendering TSPO a potential tool for diagnostic imaging and an appealing therapeutic target. The investigation of synthetic TSPO ligands as both agonists and antagonists has provided valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms and functional properties of TSPO. Recently, accumulating evidence has highlighted the significance of TSPO in liver diseases. However, a comprehensive summary of TSPO function in the normal liver and diverse liver diseases is lacking. This review aims to provide an overview of recent advances in understanding TSPO function in both normal liver cells and various liver diseases, with a particular emphasis on its involvement in liver fibrosis and inflammation and addresses the existing knowledge gaps in the field that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Liting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Fatahi N, Jafari-Sabet M, Vahabzadeh G, Komaki A. Role of hippocampal and prefrontal cortical cholinergic transmission in combination therapy valproate and cannabidiol in memory consolidation in rats: involvement of CREB- BDNF signaling pathways. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:5029-5047. [PMID: 38189934 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cognitive disorders are associated with valproate and drugs used to treat neuropsychological diseases. Cannabidiol (CBD) has beneficial effects on cognitive function. This study examined the effects of co-administration of CBD and valproate on memory consolidation, cholinergic transmission, and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC). METHODS One-trial, step-through inhibitory test was used to evaluate memory consolidation in rats. The intra-CA1 injection of physostigmine and atropine was performed to assess the role of cholinergic transmission in this co-administration. Phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB)/CREB ratio and BDNF levels in the PFC and HPC were evaluated. RESULTS Post-training intraperitoneal (i.p.) valproate injection reduced memory consolidation; however, post-training co-administration of CBD with valproate ameliorated memory impairment induced by valproate. Post-training intra-CA1 injection of physostigmine at the ineffective doses in memory consolidation (0.5 and 1 µg/rat), plus injection of 10 mg/kg of CBD as an ineffective dose, improved memory loss induced by valproate, which was associated with BDNF and p-CREB level enhancement in the PFC and HPC. Conversely, post-training intra-CA1 injection of ineffective doses of atropine (1 and 2 µg/rat) reduced the positive effects of injection of CBD at a dose of 20 mg/kg on valproate-induced memory loss associated with BDNF and p-CREB level reduction in the PFC and HPC. CONCLUSION The results indicated a beneficial interplay between valproate and CBD in the process of memory consolidation, which probably creates this interaction through the BDNF-CREB signaling pathways in the cholinergic transmission of the PFC and HPC regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Fatahi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Jafari-Sabet
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
- Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gelareh Vahabzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Gorman BL, Barmada KM, Ravula HP, Huguely CJ, Wallace ED, Peace MR, Poklis JL, Jiang W, Fitting S. Effects of acute cannabidiol on behavior and the endocannabinoid system in HIV-1 Tat transgenic female and male mice. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1358555. [PMID: 38505774 PMCID: PMC10949733 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1358555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Some evidence suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) has potential to help alleviate HIV symptoms due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Here we examined acute CBD effects on various behaviors and the endocannabinoid system in HIV Tat transgenic mice. Methods Tat transgenic mice (female/male) were injected with CBD (3, 10, 30 mg/kg) and assessed for antinociception, activity, coordination, anxiety-like behavior, and recognition memory. Brains were taken to quantify endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid catabolic enzymes. Additionally, CBD and metabolite 7-hydroxy-CBD were quantified in the plasma and cortex. Results Tat decreased supraspinal-related nociception and locomotion. CBD and sex had little to no effects on any of the behavioral measures. For the endocannabinoid system male sex was associated with elevated concentration of the proinflammatory metabolite arachidonic acid in various CNS regions, including the cerebellum that also showed higher FAAH expression levels for Tat(+) males. GPR55 expression levels in the striatum and cerebellum were higher for females compared to males. CBD metabolism was altered by sex and Tat expression. Conclusion Findings indicate that acute CBD effects are not altered by HIV Tat, and acute CBD has no to minimal effects on behavior and the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha J. Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Gorman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Karenna M. Barmada
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Havilah P. Ravula
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Caitlin J. Huguely
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - E. Diane Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michelle R. Peace
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Chu FX, Wang X, Li B, Xu LL, Di B. The NLRP3 inflammasome: a vital player in inflammation and mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of CBD. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:227-242. [PMID: 38191853 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NLRP3 inflammasome is a vital player in the emergence of inflammation. The priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a major trigger for inflammation which is a defense response against adverse stimuli. However, the excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can lead to the development of various inflammatory diseases. Cannabidiol, as the second-most abundant component in cannabis, has a variety of pharmacological properties, particularly anti-inflammation. Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol has a lower affinity for cannabinoid receptors, which may be the reason why it is not psychoactive. Notably, the mechanism by which cannabidiol exerts its anti-inflammatory effect is still unclear. METHODS We have performed a literature review based on published original and review articles encompassing the NLRP3 inflammasome and cannabidiol in inflammation from central databases, including PubMed and Web of Science. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In this review, we first summarize the composition and activation process of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Then, we list possible molecular mechanisms of action of cannabidiol. Next, we explain the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the anti-inflammatory effect of cannabidiol in inflammatory disorders. Finally, we emphasize the capacity of cannabidiol to suppress inflammation by blocking the NLRP3 signaling pathway, which indicates that cannabidiol is a quite promising anti-inflammatory compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Xin Chu
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bo Li
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Li-Li Xu
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Bin Di
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission, China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Schouten M, Dalle S, Mantini D, Koppo K. Cannabidiol and brain function: current knowledge and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1328885. [PMID: 38288087 PMCID: PMC10823027 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1328885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a naturally occurring non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in Cannabis sativa, commonly known as cannabis or hemp. Although currently available CBD products do not meet the safety standards of most food safety authorities to be approved as a dietary supplement or food additive, CBD has been gaining widespread attention in recent years due to its various potential health benefits. While primarily known for its therapeutic effects in managing epileptic seizures, psychosis, anxiety, (neuropathic) pain, and inflammation, CBD's influence on brain function has also piqued the interest of researchers and individuals seeking to enhance cognitive performance. The primary objective of this review is to gather, synthesize, and consolidate scientifically proven evidence on the impact of CBD on brain function and its therapeutic significance in treating neurological and mental disorders. First, basic background information on CBD, including its biomolecular properties and mechanisms of action is presented. Next, evidence for CBD effects in the human brain is provided followed by a discussion on the potential implications of CBD as a neurotherapeutic agent. The potential effectiveness of CBD in reducing chronic pain is considered but also in reducing the symptoms of various brain disorders such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. Additionally, the implications of using CBD to manage psychiatric conditions such as psychosis, anxiety and fear, depression, and substance use disorders are explored. An overview of the beneficial effects of CBD on aspects of human behavior, such as sleep, motor control, cognition and memory, is then provided. As CBD products remain largely unregulated, it is crucial to address the ethical concerns associated with their use, including product quality, consistency, and safety. Therefore, this review discusses the need for responsible research and regulation of CBD to ensure its safety and efficacy as a therapeutic agent for brain disorders or to stimulate behavioral and cognitive abilities of healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Schouten
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Dalle
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Bomfim AJDL, Zuze SMF, Fabrício DDM, Pessoa RMDP, Crippa JAS, Chagas MHN. Effects of the Acute and Chronic Administration of Cannabidiol on Cognition in Humans and Animals: A Systematic Review. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:955-973. [PMID: 37792394 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition has been investigated in recent years to determine the therapeutic potential of this cannabinoid for a broad gamut of medical conditions, including neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review of studies that analyzed the effects of the acute and chronic administration of CBD on cognition in humans and animals both to assess the cognitive safety of CBD and to determine a beneficial potential of CBD on cognition. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched in December of 2022 for relevant articles using the following combinations of keywords: ("cannabidiol" OR "CBD") AND ("cognition" OR "processing cognitive" OR "memory" OR "language" OR "attention" OR "executive function" OR "social cognition" OR "perceptual motor ability" OR "processing speed"). Results: Fifty-nine articles were included in the present review (36 preclinical and 23 clinical trials). CBD seems not to have any negative effect on cognitive processing in rats. The clinical trials confirmed these findings in humans. One study found that repeated dosing with CBD may improve cognitive in people who use cannabis heavily but not individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders. Considering the context of neuropsychiatric disorders in animal models, CBD seems to reverse the harm caused by the experimental paradigms, such that the performance of these animals becomes similar to that of control animals. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the chronic and acute administration of CBD seems not to impair cognition in humans without neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, preclinical studies report promising results regarding the effects of CBD on the cognitive processing of animals. Future double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials with larger, less selective samples, with standardized tests, and using different doses of CBD in outpatients are of particular interest to elucidate the cognitive effects of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Julia de Lima Bomfim
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefany Mirrelle Fávero Zuze
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daiene de Morais Fabrício
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Mendes de Paula Pessoa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre S Crippa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes N Chagas
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Boehm E, Droessler L, Amasheh S. Cannabidiol attenuates inflammatory impairment of intestinal cells expanding biomaterial-based therapeutic approaches. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100808. [PMID: 37779918 PMCID: PMC10539670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis-based biomaterials have the potential to deliver anti-inflammatory therapeutics specifically to desired cells, tissues, and organs, enhancing drug delivery and the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory treatment while minimizing toxicity. As a major component of Cannabis, Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained major attention in recent years because of its potential therapeutic properties, e.g., for restoring a disturbed barrier resulting from inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that CBD has beneficial effects under normal and inflammatory conditions in the established non-transformed intestinal epithelial cell model IPEC-J2. CBD induced a significant increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) values and a decrease in the paracellular permeability of [³H]-D-Mannitol, indicating a strengthening effect on the barrier. Under inflammatory conditions induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), CBD stabilized the TER and mitigated the increase in paracellular permeability. Additionally, CBD prevented the barrier-disrupting effects of TNFα on the distribution and localization of sealing TJ proteins. CBD also affected the expression of TNF receptors. These findings demonstrate the potential of CBD as a component of Cannabis-based biomaterials used in the development of novel therapeutic approaches against inflammatory pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Boehm
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Droessler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Zhang J, Lin C, Jin S, Wang H, Wang Y, Du X, Hutchinson MR, Zhao H, Fang L, Wang X. The pharmacology and therapeutic role of cannabidiol in diabetes. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20230047. [PMID: 37933286 PMCID: PMC10582612 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotropic cannabinoid, has garnered substantial interest in drug development due to its broad pharmacological activity and multi-target effects. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that can damage multiple organs in the body, leading to the development of complications such as abnormal kidney function, vision loss, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. CBD has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in treating diabetes mellitus and its complications owing to its various pharmacological effects. This work summarizes the role of CBD in diabetes and its impact on complications such as cardiovascular dysfunction, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Strategies for discovering molecular targets for CBD in the treatment of diabetes and its complications are also proposed. Moreover, ways to optimize the structure of CBD based on known targets to generate new CBD analogues are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of GeriatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunPeople's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Cong Lin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Sha Jin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiubo Du
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and EcologyCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mark R. Hutchinson
- Discipline of PhysiologyAdelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideThe Commonwealth of AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
- ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonicsUniversity of AdelaideThe Commonwealth of AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Department of GeriatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Le Fang
- Department of NeurologyThe China‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPeople's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesBeijingPeople's Republic of China
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Luo B. Insights into the advances in therapeutic drugs for neuroinflammation-related diseases. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-26. [PMID: 37722706 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2260088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD are related to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a common inflammatory condition that can lead to a variety of dysfunction in the body. At present, it is no medications specifically approved to prevent or cure neuroinflammation, so even though many drugs can temporarily control the neurological symptoms of neuroinflammation, but no one can reverse the progress of neuroinflammation, let al.one completely cure neuroinflammation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new drug development for neuroinflammation treatment. In this review, we highlight the therapeutic advancement in the field of neurodegenerative disorders, by focusing on the impact of neuroinflammation treatment has on these conditions, and the effective drugs for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases and their latest research progress are reviewed according to the related signaling pathway, as well as the prospect of their clinical application is also discussed. The purpose of this review is to enable specialists to better understand the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs, promote the development of therapeutic drugs for neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, and further provide therapeutic references for clinical neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhi Luo
- School of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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11
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Santos RPC, Toscano ECDB, Rachid MA. Anti-inflammatory strategies for hepatic encephalopathy: preclinical studies. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2023. [PMID: 37487550 PMCID: PMC10371400 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1767819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a potentially reversible neuropsychiatric syndrome. Often, HE causes cognitive and motor dysfunctions due to an acute or chronic insufficiency of the liver or a shunting between the hepatic portal vein and systemic vasculature. Liver damage induces peripheral changes, such as in the metabolism and peripheral inflammatory responses that trigger exacerbated neuroinflammation. In experimental models, anti-inflammatory strategies have demonstrated neuroprotective effects, leading to a reduction in HE-related cognitive and motor impairments. In this scenario, a growing body of evidence has shown that peripheral and central nervous system inflammation are promising preclinical targets. In this review, we performed an overview of FDA-approved drugs and natural compounds which are used in the treatment of other neurological and nonneurological diseases that have played a neuroprotective role in experimental HE, at least in part, through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Despite the exciting results from animal models, the available data should be critically interpreted, highlighting the importance of translating the findings for clinical essays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Pinto Coelho Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa em Patologia, Juiz de Fora MG, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Juiz e Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Juiz de Fora MG, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Geral, Laboratório de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
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Bianchi F, Pautex S, Wampfler J, Curtin F, Daali Y, Desmeules JA, Broers B. Medical cannabinoids for painful symptoms in patients with severe dementia: a randomized, double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled trial protocol. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1108832. [PMID: 37293434 PMCID: PMC10244760 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1108832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In an observational study in Geneva (Switzerland), we found that administering a standardized THC/CBD oil was feasible, safe, and beneficial in an elderly polymedicated population with severe dementia, behavioral troubles, and pain. Those findings need to be confirmed in a randomized clinical trial. Objectives The MedCanDem trial is a randomized, double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled trial to study the efficacy of cannabinoids in improving painful symptoms during severe dementia disorders in patients living in long-term care facilities in Geneva. This manuscript describes the MedCanDem trial protocol. Materials and methods Participants will be patients suffering from severe dementia associated with pain and behavioral troubles and living in long-term care facilities. We selected five facilities specialized in caring for severely demented patients in Geneva (Switzerland). A total of 24 subjects will be randomized 1:1 to the sequence study intervention/placebo or the sequence placebo/study intervention. Patients will receive study intervention treatment or placebo for eight weeks, and then after a one-week wash-out, treatments will be inversed for another eight weeks. The intervention will be a standardized THC/CBD 1:2 oil extract, and the placebo will be a hemp seed oil. The primary outcome is the reduction from the baseline of the Cohen-Mansfield score; secondary outcomes include the reduction in the Doloplus scale, the reduction of rigidity, the monitoring of concomitant drugs prescription and de-prescription, the safety assessment, and a pharmacokinetic evaluation. The primary and secondary outcomes will be assessed at the baseline, after 28 days, and at the end of both study periods. In addition, safety laboratory analysis, pharmacokinetic evaluation, and therapeutic drug monitoring for the cannabinoids will be evaluated through a blood sample analysis conducted at the beginning and the end of both study periods. Discussion and conclusion This study will allow us to confirm the clinical results observed during the observational study. It represents one of the few studies aiming to prove natural medical cannabis efficacy in a population of non-communicating patients with severe dementia, experimenting with behavioral troubles, pain, and rigidity. Trial registration The trial has Swissethics authorization (BASEC 2022-00999), and it is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05432206) and the SNCTP (000005168).
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Fondation pour l’accueil et l’hébergement de personnes âgées, Long-term Care Home “les Tilleuls”, Geneva, Switzerland
- Palliative Medicine Division, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Pautex
- Palliative Medicine Division, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James Wampfler
- Fondation pour l’accueil et l’hébergement de personnes âgées, Long-term Care Home “les Tilleuls”, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Curtin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Daali
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jules Alexandre Desmeules
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Broers
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Primary Care Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Jîtcă G, Ősz BE, Vari CE, Rusz CM, Tero-Vescan A, Pușcaș A. Cannabidiol: Bridge between Antioxidant Effect, Cellular Protection, and Cognitive and Physical Performance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020485. [PMID: 36830042 PMCID: PMC9952814 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature provides scientific evidence for the beneficial effects of cannabidiol (CBD), and these effects extend beyond epilepsy treatment (e.g., Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes), notably the influence on oxidative status, neurodegeneration, cellular protection, cognitive function, and physical performance. However, products containing CBD are not allowed to be marketed everywhere in the world, which may ultimately have a negative effect on health as a result of the uncontrolled CBD market. After the isolation of CBD follows the discovery of CB1 and CB2 receptors and the main enzymatic components (diacylglycerol lipase (DAG lipase), monoacyl glycerol lipase (MAGL), fatty acid amino hydrolase (FAAH)). At the same time, the antioxidant potential of CBD is due not only to the molecular structure but also to the fact that this compound increases the expression of the main endogenous antioxidant systems, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), through the nuclear complex erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)/Keep1. Regarding the role in the control of inflammation, this function is exercised by inhibiting (nuclear factor kappa B) NF-κB, and also the genes that encode the expression of molecules with a pro-inflammatory role (cytokines and metalloproteinases). The other effects of CBD on cognitive function and physical performance should not be excluded. In conclusion, the CBD market needs to be regulated more thoroughly, given the previously listed properties, with the mention that the safety profile is a very good one.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Bianca E. Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Camil E. Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Carmen-Maria Rusz
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, I.O.S.U.D, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Amalia Pușcaș
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
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Omran GA, Abd Allah ESH, Mohammed SA, El Shehaby DM. Behavioral, biochemical and histopathological toxic profiles induced by sub-chronic cannabimimetic WIN55, 212-2 administration in mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 24:8. [PMID: 36750905 PMCID: PMC9906926 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-023-00644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
WIN55, 212-2 mesylate is a synthetic cannabinoid (SC) agonist of CB1 and CB2 receptors with much higher affinity to CB1 receptor than tetrahydrocannabinol and many potential therapeutic effects. Few studies have evaluated SCs effects on more complex animal behavior and sex differences in cannabinoids toxicology. The current study was undertaken for determination of behavioral (Open Field test), biochemical (liver and kidney function test plus GABA & Glutamate levels), histopathological and CB1 immunohistochemistry risks of sub-chronic administration of SC WIN55, 212-2 mesylate in male and female mice. A total of 40 healthy adult mice were randomly divided into four groups (5 mice each): a negative control group, a vehicle group, a low dose (0.05 mg/kg) group and a high dose group (0.1 mg/kg) for each gender.Open Field Test revealed dose and gender-dependent anxiogenic effect with reduced locomotor activity in both sexes especially the higher doses with female mice being less compromised. GABA and glutamate levels increased significantly in both dose groups compared to controls alongside female mice versus males. No significant biochemical alterations were found in all groups with minimal histopathological changes. The CB1 receptors immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase in the number of CB1 positive neurons in both low and high dose groups against controls with higher expression in female brains.ConclusionsThere were sexual dimorphism effects induced by sub-chronic exposure to WIN55, 212-2 with lesser female mice affection and dose-dependent influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A. Omran
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XForensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman S. H. Abd Allah
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XMedical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sherine Ahmed Mohammed
- grid.412659.d0000 0004 0621 726XMedical Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Doaa M. El Shehaby
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XForensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Hartmann A, Vila-Verde C, Guimarães FS, Joca SR, Lisboa SF. The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Stress Response: Another Target for the Promiscuous Cannabidiol. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:284-308. [PMID: 35410608 PMCID: PMC10190150 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220411101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many psychiatric patients do not respond to conventional therapy. There is a vast effort to investigate possible mechanisms involved in treatment resistance, trying to provide better treatment options, and several data points toward a possible involvement of inflammatory mechanisms. Microglia, glial, and resident immune cells are involved in complex responses in the brain, orchestrating homeostatic functions, such as synaptic pruning and maintaining neuronal activity. In contrast, microglia play a major role in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cell death. Increasing evidence implicate microglia dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. The mechanisms are still unclear, but one pathway in microglia has received increased attention in the last 8 years, i.e., the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Stress response and inflammation, including microglia activation, can be attenuated by Cannabidiol (CBD). CBD has antidepressant, anti-stress, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory, and other properties. CBD effects are mediated by direct or indirect modulation of many receptors, enzymes, and other targets. This review will highlight some findings for neuroinflammation and microglia involvement in stress-related psychiatric disorders, particularly addressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Moreover, we will discuss evidence and mechanisms for CBD effects in psychiatric disorders and animal models and address its potential effects on stress response via neuroinflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Hartmann
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carla Vila-Verde
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sâmia R. Joca
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- BioMolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP);
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sabrina F. Lisboa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- BioMolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP);
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16
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Sánchez-Zavaleta R, Ávalos-Fuentes JA, González-Hernández AV, Recillas-Morales S, Paz-Bermúdez FJ, Leyva-Gómez G, Cortés H, Florán B. Presynaptic nigral GPR55 receptors stimulate [ 3 H]-GABA release through [ 3 H]-cAMP production and PKA activation and promote motor behavior. Synapse 2022; 76:e22246. [PMID: 35831708 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Striatal medium-sized spiny neurons express mRNA and protein of GPR55 receptors that stimulate neurotransmitter release; thus, GPR55 could be sent to nigral striatal projections, where it might modulate GABA release and motor behavior. Here we study the presence of GPR55 receptors at striato-nigral terminals, their modulation of GABA release, their signaling pathway, and their effect on motor activity. By double immunohistochemistry, we found the colocation of GPR55 protein and substance P in the dorsal striatum. In slices of the rat substantia nigra, the GPR55 agonists LPI and O-1602 stimulated [3 H]-GABA release induced by high K+ depolarization in a dose-dependent manner. The antagonists CID16020046 and cannabidiol prevented agonist stimulation in a dose-dependent way. The effect of GPR55 on nigral [3 H]-GABA release was prevented by lesion of the striatum with kainic acid, which was accompanied by a decrement of GPR55 protein in nigral synaptosomes, indicating the presynaptic location of receptors. The depletion of internal Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin did not prevent the effect of LPI on [3 H]-GABA release, but the remotion or chelation of external calcium did. Blockade of Gi, Gs, PLC, PKC, or dopamine D1 receptor signaling proteins did not prevent the effect of GPR55 on release. However, the activation of GPR55 stimulated [3 H]-cAMP accumulation and PKA activity. Intranigral unilateral injection of LPI induces contralateral turning. This turning was prevented by CID16020046, cannabidiol, and bicuculline but not by SCH 23390. Our data indicate that presynaptic GPR55 receptors stimulate [3 H]-GABA release at striato-nigral terminals through [3 H]-cAMP production and stimulate motor behavior. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Sánchez-Zavaleta
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
| | - José Arturo Ávalos-Fuentes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
| | - Antonio Valentín González-Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
| | | | - Francisco Javier Paz-Bermúdez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortés
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Benjamín Florán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M, Poulsen M, Prieto Maradona M, Schlatter JR, Trezza V, van Loveren H, Albert O, Dumas C, Germini A, Gelbmann W, Kass G, Kouloura E, Noriega Fernandez E, Rossi A, Knutsen HK. Statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food: data gaps and uncertainties. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07322. [PMID: 35686177 PMCID: PMC9172591 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission has determined that cannabidiol (CBD) can be considered as a novel food (NF), and currently, 19 applications are under assessment at EFSA. While assessing these, it has become clear that there are knowledge gaps that need to be addressed before a conclusion on the safety of CBD can be reached. Consequently, EFSA has issued this statement, summarising the state of knowledge on the safety of CBD consumption and highlighting areas where more data are needed. Literature searches for both animal and human studies have been conducted to identify safety concerns. Many human studies have been carried out with Epidyolex®, a CBD drug authorised to treat refractory epilepsies. In the context of medical conditions, adverse effects are tolerated if the benefit outweighs the adverse effect. This is, however, not acceptable when considering CBD as a NF. Furthermore, most of the human data referred to in the CBD applications investigated the efficacy of Epidyolex (or CBD) at therapeutic doses. No NOAEL could be identified from these studies. Given the complexity and importance of CBD receptors and pathways, interactions need to be taken into account when considering CBD as a NF. The effects on drug metabolism need to be clarified. Toxicokinetics in different matrices, the half‐life and accumulation need to be examined. The effect of CBD on liver, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine system, nervous system and on psychological function needs to be clarified. Studies in animals show significant reproductive toxicity, and the extent to which this occurs in humans generally and in women of child‐bearing age specifically needs to be assessed. Considering the significant uncertainties and data gaps, the Panel concludes that the safety of CBD as a NF cannot currently be established.
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Bandawe G. Medical cannabis and cannabidiol: A new harvest for Malawi. Malawi Med J 2022; 34:138-142. [PMID: 35991815 PMCID: PMC9356517 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v34i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In February 2020 parliament passed the Cannabis Regulation Bill (2020) which regulates the cultivation and production of industrial hemp and medical cannabis. The country will only fully benefit from this development if the medical and scientific community can take the lead in enabling the country to exploit the plant's potential to help address some of our economic and public health challenges. This special communication provides some basic information on cannabis and discusses its history and medical uses. Cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as one of the most important cannabis-derived phytochemicals and has formed the basis for the growth of the medical cannabis industry. The scientific data on the mechanisms of the effects of CBD on the human neuroendocrine-immune network is reviewed and the first effective cannabis-based FDA-approved treatment for epilepsy discussed. Some clinical research that is being done on the antipsychotic and neuroprotective properties of CBD is also reviewed. A case is made for the potential of CBD as a neuroprotective adjunctive therapy for the prevention of neuropsychological sequelae associated with complicated malaria. The safety profile of CBD is reviewed and finally, the potential importance of the re-medicalization of cannabis-based therapies for the broader field of phytomedicine is pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gama Bandawe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology
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Martín-Sánchez A, González-Pardo H, Alegre-Zurano L, Castro-Zavala A, López-Taboada I, Valverde O, Conejo NM. Early-life stress induces emotional and molecular alterations in female mice that are partially reversed by cannabidiol. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 115:110508. [PMID: 34973413 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gender is considered as a pivotal determinant of mental health. Indeed, several psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression are more common and persistent in women than in men. In the past two decades, impaired brain energy metabolism has been highlighted as a risk factor for the development of these psychiatric disorders. However, comprehensive behavioural and neurobiological studies in brain regions relevant to anxiety and depression symptomatology are scarce. In the present study, we summarize findings describing cannabidiol effects on anxiety and depression in maternally separated female mice as a well-established rodent model of early-life stress associated with many mental disorders. Our results indicate that cannabidiol could prevent anxiolytic- and depressive-related behaviour in early-life stressed female mice. Additionally, maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW) caused long-term changes in brain oxidative metabolism in both nucleus accumbens and amygdalar complex measured by cytochrome c oxidase quantitative histochemistry. However, cannabidiol treatment could not revert brain oxidative metabolism impairment. Moreover, we identified hyperphosphorylation of mTOR and ERK 1/2 proteins in the amygdala but not in the striatum, that could also reflect altered brain intracellular signalling related with to bioenergetic impairment. Altogether, our study supports the hypothesis that MSEW induces profound long-lasting molecular changes in mTOR signalling and brain energy metabolism related to depressive-like and anxiety-like behaviours in female mice, which were partially ameliorated by CBD administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Sánchez
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor González-Pardo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laia Alegre-Zurano
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Castro-Zavala
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel López-Taboada
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nélida M Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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20
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Wang M, Liu H, Ma Z. Roles of the Cannabinoid System in the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:832854. [PMID: 35264932 PMCID: PMC8900732 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.832854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease usually caused by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and other etiologies. Recent studies have found that the cannabinoid system present in the basal ganglia has a strong influence on the progression of PD. Altering the cannabinoid receptor activation status by modulating endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) levels can exert an anti-movement disorder effect. Therefore, the development of drugs that modulate the endocannabinoid system may be a novel strategy for the treatment of PD. However, eCB regulation is complex, with diverse cannabinoid receptor functions and the presence of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and γ-aminobutyric signals interacting with cannabinoid signaling in the basal ganglia region. Therefore, the study of eCB is challenging. Here, we have described the function of the cannabinoid system in the basal ganglia and its association with PD in three parts (eCBs, cannabinoid receptors, and factors regulating the cannabinoid metabolism) and summarized the mechanisms of action related to the cannabinoid analogs currently aimed at treating PD. The shortcomings identified from previous studies and the directions that should be explored in the future will provide insights into new approaches and ideas for the future development of cannabinoid-based drugs and the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huayuan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zegang Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Zegang Ma,
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21
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Li H, Gao Y, Zou Y, Qiao S, Zhi W, Ma L, Xu X, Zhao X, Zhang J, Wang L, Hu X. Associations Between a Polymorphism in the Rat 5-HT1A Receptor Gene Promoter Region (rs198585630) and Cognitive Alterations Induced by Microwave Exposure. Front Public Health 2022; 10:802386. [PMID: 35252088 PMCID: PMC8891156 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.802386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is a sensitive target of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Chronic microwave exposure can induce cognitive deficits, and 5-HT system is involved in this effect. Genetic polymorphisms lead to individual differences. In this study, we evaluated whether the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs198585630 of 5-HT1A receptor is associated with cognitive alterations in rats after microwave exposure with a frequency of 2.856 GHz and an average power density of 30 mW/cm2. Rats were exposed to microwaves for 6 min three times a week for up to 6 weeks. PC12 cells and 293T cells were exposed to microwaves for 5 min up to 3 times at 2 intervals of 5 min. Transcriptional activity of 5-HT1A receptor promoter containing rs198585630 C/T allele was determined in vitro. Electroencephalograms (EEGs), spatial learning and memory, and mRNA and protein expression of 5-HT1A receptor were evaluated in vivo. We demonstrated that transcriptional activity of 5-HT1A receptor promoter containing rs198585630 C allele was higher than that of 5-HT1A receptor promoter containing T allele. The transcriptional activity of 5-HT1A receptor promoter was stimulated by 30 mW/cm2 microwave exposure, and rs198585630 C allele was more sensitive to microwave exposure, as it showed stronger transcriptional activation. Rats carrying rs198585630 C allele exhibited increased mRNA and protein expression of 5-HT1A receptor and were more susceptible to 30 mW/cm2 microwave exposure, showing cognitive deficits and inhibition of brain electrical activity. These findings suggest SNP rs198585630 of the 5-HT1A receptor is an important target for further research exploring the mechanisms of hypersensitivity to microwave exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Urology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Simo Qiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhi
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhen Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelong Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Jingxi Medical District of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lifeng Wang
| | - Xiangjun Hu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Xiangjun Hu
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22
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Xiong Y, Lim CS. Understanding the Modulatory Effects of Cannabidiol on Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091211. [PMID: 34573232 PMCID: PMC8472755 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. The deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau is considered the hallmark of AD pathology. Many therapeutic approaches such as Food and Drug Administration-approved cholinesterase inhibitors and N–methyl–D–aspartate receptor antagonists have been used to intervene in AD pathology. However, current therapies only provide limited symptomatic relief and are ineffective in preventing AD progression. Cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid devoid of psychoactive responses, provides neuroprotective effects through both cannabinoid and noncannabinoid receptors. Recent studies using an AD mouse model have suggested that CBD can reverse cognitive deficits along with Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory, oxidative responses, and neuronal death. Furthermore, CBD can reduce the accumulation of Aβ and hyperphosphorylation of tau, suggesting the possibility of delaying AD progression. Particularly, the noncannabinoid receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, has been suggested to be involved in multiple functions of CBD. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of CBD is necessary for intervening in AD pathology in depth and for the translation of preclinical studies into clinical settings. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the effect of CBD in AD and suggest problems to be overcome for the therapeutic use of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyi Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea;
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Chae-Seok Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-850-6765; Fax: +82-63-850-7262
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García-Baos A, Puig-Reyne X, García-Algar Ó, Valverde O. Cannabidiol attenuates cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation induced by early alcohol exposure in a mice model. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111813. [PMID: 34126352 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the umbrella term used to describe the physical and mental disabilities induced by alcohol exposure during development. Early alcohol exposure induces cognitive impairments resulting from damage to the central nervous system (CNS). The neuroinflammatory response accompanied by neurodegenerative mechanisms contribute to those detrimental alterations. Cannabidiol (CBD) has recently emerged as an anti-inflammatory drug that might be useful to treat several neuropsychiatric disorders. In our study, we assessed the effects of CBD on long-lasting cognitive deficits induced by early alcohol exposure. Furthermore, we analysed long-term pro-inflammatory and apoptotic markers within the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. To model alcohol binge drinking during gestational and lactation periods, we used pregnant C57BL/6 female mice with time-limited access to 20% v/v alcohol solution. Following the prenatal and lactation alcohol exposure (PLAE), we treated the male and female offspring with CBD from post-natal day (PD) 25 until PD34, and we evaluated their cognitive performance at PD60. Our results showed that CBD treatment during peri-adolescence period ameliorates cognitive deficits observed in our FASD-like mouse model, without sex differences. Moreover, CBD restores the PLAE-induced increased levels of TNFα and IL-6 in the hippocampus. Thus, our study provides new insights for CBD as a therapeutic agent to counteract cognitive impairments and neuroinflammation caused by early alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba García-Baos
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Puig-Reyne
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar García-Algar
- Neonatology Unit, ICGON, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, BCNatal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Research Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Molaei P, Vaseghi S, Entezari M, Hashemi M, Nasehi M. The Effect of NeuroAid (MLC901) on Cholestasis-Induced Spatial Memory Impairment with Respect to the Expression of BAX, BCL-2, BAD, PGC-1α and TFAM Genes in the Hippocampus of Male Wistar Rats. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2154-2166. [PMID: 34031842 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a bile flow reduction that is induced following Bile Duct Ligation (BDL). Cholestasis impairs memory and induces apoptosis. Apoptosis consists of two pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic pathway is modulated by BCL-2 (B cell lymphoma-2) family proteins. BCL-2 (a pro-survival BCL-2 protein) has anti-apoptotic effect, while BAD (BCL-2-associated death) and BAX (BCL-2-associated X), the other members of BCL-2 family have pro-apoptotic effect. Furthermore, TFAM (mitochondrial transcriptional factor A) is involved in transcription and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, NeuroAid is a Traditional Chinese Medicine with neuroprotective and anti-apoptosis effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of cholestasis on spatial memory and expression of BCL-2, BAD, BAX, TFAM, and PGC-1α in the hippocampus of rats. Additionally, we assessed the effect of NeuroAid on cholestasis-induced cognitive and genetic alterations. Cholestasis was induced by BDL surgery and NeuroAid was injected intraperitoneal at the dose of 0.4 mg/kg. Furthermore, spatial memory was evaluated using Morris Water Maze (MWM) apparatus. The results showed cholestasis impaired spatial memory, increased the expression of BAD and BAX, decreased the expression of TFAM and PGC-1α, and did not alter the expression of BCL-2. Also, NeuroAid decreased the expression of BAD and BAX and increased the expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, and BCL-2. In conclusion, cholestasis impaired spatial memory and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic genes. Also, cholestasis decreased the expression of TFAM and PGC-1α. Interestingly, NeuroAid restored the effects of cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Molaei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Igarashi K, Kuchiiwa T, Kuchiiwa S, Iwai H, Tomita K, Sato T. Kamishoyosan (a Japanese traditional herbal formula), which effectively reduces the aggressive biting behavior of male and female mice, and potential regulation through increase of Tph1, Tph2, and Esr2 mRNA levels. Brain Res 2021; 1768:147580. [PMID: 34260963 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Kamishoyosan (KSS), a Japanese traditional herbal formula, is used to treat symptoms related to the autonomic nervous system in men and women; it is especially known for improving the symptoms of irritability (e.g., bad temper and persistent anger). Although clinical and ethological studies of KSS have been conducted, its efficacy in reducing irritability remains to be validated. In the present study, male and female ddY-strain mice were isolation-reared for 8 weeks (from the third postnatal week) to induce pathologically aggressive biting behavior (ABB), which was used as an indicator of irritability. The ABB of mice toward metal rods was measured using the Aggressive Response Meter. An intraperitoneal administration of KSS (100 mg/kg) effectively reduced ABB in male and female mice at 2 h after the administration; however, this effect was canceled by prior administration of WAY-100635 [a 5-hydroxytryptoamine (5-HT)-1A receptor antagonist; 0.5 mg/kg] and bicuculline (a type-A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist; 1.0 mg/kg). Additionally, tamoxifen, ICI-182780, and G-15 (all estrogen receptor antagonists) inhibited the action of KSS in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, gene expression of tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph) 1 and Tph2 were increased and 5-HT immunofluorescence was slightly increased in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of isolation-reared mice administered with KSS. Collectively, these results indicate that KSS effectively reduces ABB in isolation-reared male and female mice through stimulation of 5-HT production in the DRN. Our findings also suggest that gene expression of estrogen receptor (Esr) 2 increased in the DRN might be associated with the reduction of ABB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Igarashi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshiko Kuchiiwa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Human Science, Kagoshima Immaculate Herat University, 2365 Amatatsu-Cho, Satsuma-Sendai 895-0011, Japan; Department of Morphological Science, Field of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuchiiwa
- Department of Morphological Science, Field of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Haruki Iwai
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sato
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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26
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Kaminski NE, Kaplan BLF. Immunomodulation by cannabinoids: Current uses, mechanisms, and identification of data gaps to be addressed for additional therapeutic application. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:1-59. [PMID: 34099105 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays a critical role in immunity and therefore its components, including cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), are putative druggable targets for immune-mediated diseases. Whether modulating endogenous cannabinoid levels or interacting with CB1 or CB2 receptors directly, cannabinoids or cannabinoid-based therapeutics (CBTs) show promise as anti-inflammatory or immune suppressive agents. Herein we provide an overview of cannabinoid effects in animals and humans that provide support for the use of CBTs in immune-mediated disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), asthma, arthritis, diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). This is not an exhaustive review of cannabinoid effects on immune responses, but rather provides: (1) key studies in which initial and/or novel observations were made in animal studies; (2) critical human studies including meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in which CBTs have been assessed; and (3) evidence for the role of CB1 or CB2 receptors in immune-mediated diseases through genetic analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR1 and CNR2 genes that encode CB1 or CB2 receptors, respectively. Perhaps most importantly, we provide our view of data gaps that exist, which if addressed, would allow for more rigorous evaluation of the efficacy and risk to benefit ratio of the use of cannabinoids and/or CBTs for immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert E Kaminski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States.
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27
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Florensa-Zanuy E, Garro-Martínez E, Adell A, Castro E, Díaz Á, Pazos Á, Mac-Dowell KS, Martín-Hernández D, Pilar-Cuéllar F. Cannabidiol antidepressant-like effect in the lipopolysaccharide model in mice: Modulation of inflammatory pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114433. [PMID: 33513342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major Depression is a severe psychiatric condition with a still poorly understood etiology. In the last years, evidence supporting the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of depression has increased. In the current clinical scenario, in which the available treatments for depression is far from optimal, there is an urgent need to develop fast-acting drugs with fewer side effects. In this regard, recent pieces of evidence suggest that cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa with anti-inflammatory properties, appears as a drug with antidepressant properties. In this work, CBD 30 mg/kg was administered systemically to mice 30 min before lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.83 mg/kg) administration as a neuroinflammatory model, and behavioral tests for depressive-, anhedonic- and anxious-like behavior were performed. NF-ĸB, IκBα and PPARγ levels were analyzed by western blot in nuclear and cytosolic fractions of cortical samples. IL-6 and TNFα levels were determined in plasma and prefrontal cortex using ELISA and qPCR techniques, respectively. The precursor tryptophan (TRP), and its metabolites kynurenine (KYN) and serotonin (5-HT) were measured in hippocampus and cortex by HPLC. The ratios KYN/TRP and KYN/5-HT were used to estimate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity and the balance of both metabolic pathways, respectively. CBD reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test and increased sucrose preference in the LPS model, without affecting locomotion and central activity in the open-field test. CBD diminished cortical NF-ĸB activation, IL-6 levels in plasma and brain, and the increased KYN/TRP and KYN/5-HT ratios in hippocampus and cortex in the LPS model. Our results demonstrate that CBD produced antidepressant-like effects in the LPS neuroinflammatory model, associated to a reduction in the kynurenine pathway activation, IL-6 levels and NF-ĸB activation. As CBD stands out as a promising antidepressant drug, more research is needed to completely understand its mechanisms of action in depression linked to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Florensa-Zanuy
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Emilio Garro-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Albert Adell
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Elena Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Álvaro Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Ángel Pazos
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Karina S Mac-Dowell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Departmento de Farmacología y Toxicología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IUIN-UCM, Imas12 Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Martín-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Pilar-Cuéllar
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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28
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Chen Z, Ruan J, Li D, Wang M, Han Z, Qiu W, Wu G. The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut-Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:595759. [PMID: 33553004 PMCID: PMC7859631 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that occurs in patients with liver insufficiency. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Pharmacotherapy is the main therapeutic option for HE. It targets the pathogenesis of HE by reducing ammonia levels, improving neurotransmitter signal transduction, and modulating intestinal microbiota. Compared to healthy individuals, the intestinal microbiota of patients with liver disease is significantly different and is associated with the occurrence of HE. Moreover, intestinal microbiota is closely associated with multiple links in the pathogenesis of HE, including the theory of ammonia intoxication, bile acid circulation, GABA-ergic tone hypothesis, and neuroinflammation, which contribute to cognitive and motor disorders in patients. Restoring the homeostasis of intestinal bacteria or providing specific probiotics has significant effects on neurological disorders in HE. Therefore, this review aims at elucidating the potential microbial mechanisms and metabolic effects in the progression of HE through the gut-brain axis and its potential role as a therapeutic target in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guobin Wu
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
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29
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Eslimi Esfahani D, Zarrindast MR. Cholestasis and behavioral disorders. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2021; 14:95-107. [PMID: 33968336 PMCID: PMC8101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic failure in liver function may give rise to cognitive and non-cognitive impairments in the brain, namely hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Liver diseases may cause cholestasis, which is defined as the impaired secretion of bile. It is characterized by the accumulation of substances in plasma that are normally excreted in bile such as bile acids. Cholestasis can lead to hepatic encephalopathy. Several investigations have indicated that HE induces several symptoms, such as the impairment of learning and memory, anxiolytic-like behaviors, alterations in sleep pattern, and tremors. It has been reported that after HE, all classical neurotransmitter systems such as opioidergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic systems can be altered. This review focuses on cholestasis, hepatic encephalopathy, and behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaram Eslimi Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Patricio F, Morales-Andrade AA, Patricio-Martínez A, Limón ID. Cannabidiol as a Therapeutic Target: Evidence of its Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Function in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:595635. [PMID: 33384602 PMCID: PMC7770114 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytocannabinoids of Cannabis sativa L. have, since ancient times, been proposed as a pharmacological alternative for treating various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Interestingly, cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are highly expressed in the basal ganglia (BG) circuit of both animals and humans. The BG are subcortical structures that regulate the initiation, execution, and orientation of movement. CBRs regulate dopaminergic transmission in the nigro-striatal pathway and, thus, the BG circuit also. The functioning of the BG is affected in pathologies related to movement disorders, especially those occurring in Parkinson’s disease (PD), which produces motor and non-motor symptoms that involving GABAergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic neural networks. To date, the most effective medication for PD is levodopa (l-DOPA); however, long-term levodopa treatment causes a type of long-term dyskinesias, l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). With neuromodulation offering a novel treatment strategy for PD patients, research has focused on the endocannabinoid system (ECS), as it participates in the physiological neuromodulation of the BG in order to control movement. CBRs have been shown to inhibit neurotransmitter release, while endocannabinoids (eCBs) play a key role in the synaptic regulation of the BG. In the past decade, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid, has been shown to have compensatory effects both on the ECS and as a neuromodulator and neuroprotector in models such as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and reserpine, as well as other PD models. Although the CBD-induced neuroprotection observed in animal models of PD has been attributed to the activation of the CB1 receptor, recent research conducted at a molecular level has proposed that CBD is capable of activating other receptors, such as CB2 and the TRPV-1 receptor, both of which are expressed in the dopaminergic neurons of the nigro-striatal pathway. These findings open new lines of scientific inquiry into the effects of CBD at the level of neural communication. Cannabidiol activates the PPARγ, GPR55, GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, and GPR18 receptors, causing a variety of biochemical, molecular, and behavioral effects due to the broad range of receptors it activates in the CNS. Given the low number of pharmacological treatment alternatives for PD currently available, the search for molecules with the therapeutic potential to improve neuronal communication is crucial. Therefore, the investigation of CBD and the mechanisms involved in its function is required in order to ascertain whether receptor activation could be a treatment alternative for both PD and LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Patricio
- Laboratorio De Neurofarmacología, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alan Axel Morales-Andrade
- Laboratorio De Neurofarmacología, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio De Neurofarmacología, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.,Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio De Neurofarmacología, Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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31
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Martínez-Aguirre C, Carmona-Cruz F, Velasco AL, Velasco F, Aguado-Carrillo G, Cuéllar-Herrera M, Rocha L. Cannabidiol Acts at 5-HT 1A Receptors in the Human Brain: Relevance for Treating Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:611278. [PMID: 33384591 PMCID: PMC7770178 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.611278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence indicates that cannabidiol (CBD) induces anxiolytic and antiepileptic effects through the activation of 5-HT1A receptors. These receptors are coupled to Gi/o proteins and induce inhibitory effects. At present, the interaction of CBD with 5-HT1A receptors in the human brain is unknown. The aim of this study focused on evaluating the interaction between CBD and 5-HT1A receptors in cell membranes obtained from the hippocampus and temporal neocortex of autopsies and patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (DR-MTLE). Cell membranes were isolated from the hippocampus and temporal neocortex of a group of patients with DR-MTLE who were submitted to epilepsy surgery (n = 11) and from a group of autopsies (n = 11). The [3H]-8-OH-DPAT binding assay was used to determine the pharmacological interaction of CBD with 5-HT1A receptors. The [35S]-GTPγS assay was used to investigate the CBD-induced activation of Gi/o proteins through its action on 5-HT1A receptors.The CBD affinity (pK i) for 5-HT1A receptors was similar for autopsies and patients with DR-MTLE (hippocampus: 4.29 and 4.47, respectively; temporal neocortex: 4.67 and 4.74, respectively). Concerning the [35S]-GTPγS assay, no statistically significant changes were observed for both hippocampal and neocortical tissue (p > 0.05) at low CBD concentrations (1 pM to 10 μM). In contrast, at high concentrations (100 μM), CBD reduced the constitutive activity of Gi/o proteins of autopsies and DR-MTLE patients (hippocampus: 39.2% and 39.6%, respectively; temporal neocortex: 35.2% and 24.4%, respectively). These changes were partially reversed in the presence of WAY-100635, an antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors, in the autopsy group (hippocampus, 59.8%, p < 0.0001; temporal neocortex, 71.5%, p < 0.0001) and the group of patients with DR-MTLE (hippocampus, 53.7%, p < 0.0001; temporal neocortex, 68.5%, p < 0.001). Our results show that CBD interacts with human 5-HT1A receptors of the hippocampus and temporal neocortex. At low concentrations, the effect of CBD upon Gi/o protein activation is limited. However, at high concentrations, CBD acts as an inverse agonist of 5-HT1A receptors. This effect could modify neuronal excitation and epileptic seizures in patients with DR-MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francia Carmona-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Luisa Velasco
- Epilepsy Clinic, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Velasco
- Epilepsy Clinic, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Luisa Rocha
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico
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Curcumin prevents cognitive deficits in the bile duct ligated rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3529-3537. [PMID: 32761362 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bile duct ligation (BDL) in rodents can cause impaired liver function and cognition deficits. Curcumin has shown a preventive and therapeutic role in memory impairment. OBJECTIVES Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of curcumin on the performance of male adult Wistar rats that underwent BDL, a model of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in the Morris water maze (MWM). METHODS Four weeks after surgery, sham (manipulation of common bile duct without ligation) and BDL rats underwent the MWM test. RESULTS The representative data showed that BDL rats exhibited impairments in spatial learning and reference memory in the MWM compared with the sham rats. Treatment of BDL rats with curcumin (40 mg/kg, i.p., for 4 weeks) prevented these impairments, while it did not affect spatial learning and memory in the sham rats, by itself. Curcumin increased expression levels of the pro-survival B cell lymphoma extra-large (Bcl-xL) gene and two genes involved in mitochondrial function, peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), in the hippocampus of BDL rats compared with the vehicle-treated sham or BDL rats, while it decreased the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) gene expression level. BDL up-regulated Bax and down-regulated TFAM, by itself. Furthermore, curcumin reduced the mRNA level of Bax, while it increased Bcl-2 and TFAM mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the beneficial effect of curcumin on cognitive function in BDL rats of the HE model. The curcumin effect may be related to mitochondrial function improvement in the HE.
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Molecular Targets of Cannabidiol in Experimental Models of Neurological Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215186. [PMID: 33171772 PMCID: PMC7664437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid known for its beneficial effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, CBD is a compound with antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and antipsychotic effects. Thanks to all these properties, the interest of the scientific community for it has grown. Indeed, CBD is a great candidate for the management of neurological diseases. The purpose of our review is to summarize the in vitro and in vivo studies published in the last 15 years that describe the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of CBD and its therapeutic application in neurological diseases. CBD exerts its neuroprotective effects through three G protein coupled-receptors (adenosine receptor subtype 2A, serotonin receptor subtype 1A and G protein-coupled receptor 55), one ligand-gated ion channel (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel-1) and one nuclear factor (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ). Moreover, the therapeutical properties of CBD are also due to GABAergic modulation. In conclusion, CBD, through multi-target mechanisms, represents a valid therapeutic tool for the management of epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease.
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Bloomfield MAP, Green SF, Hindocha C, Yamamori Y, Yim JLL, Jones APM, Walker HR, Tokarczuk P, Statton B, Howes OD, Curran HV, Freeman TP. The effects of acute cannabidiol on cerebral blood flow and its relationship to memory: An arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging study. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:981-989. [PMID: 32762272 PMCID: PMC7436497 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120936419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD) is being investigated as a potential treatment for several medical indications, many of which are characterised by altered memory processing. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are unclear. AIMS Our primary aim was to investigate how CBD influences cerebral blood flow (CBF) in regions involved in memory processing. Our secondary aim was to determine if the effects of CBD on CBF were associated with differences in working and episodic memory task performance. METHODS We used a randomised, crossover, double-blind design in which 15 healthy participants were administered 600 mg oral CBD or placebo on separate days. We measured regional CBF at rest using arterial spin labelling 3 h after drug ingestion. We assessed working memory with the digit span (forward, backward) and n-back (0-back, 1-back, 2-back) tasks, and we used a prose recall task (immediate and delayed) to assess episodic memory. RESULTS CBD increased CBF in the hippocampus (mean (95% confidence intervals) = 15.00 (5.78-24.21) mL/100 g/min, t14 = 3.489, Cohen's d = 0.75, p = 0.004). There were no differences in memory task performance, but there was a significant correlation whereby greater CBD-induced increases in orbitofrontal CBF were associated with reduced reaction time on the 2-back working memory task ( r= -0.73, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CBD increases CBF to key regions involved in memory processing, particularly the hippocampus. These results identify potential mechanisms of CBD for a range of conditions associated with altered memory processing, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder and cannabis-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A P Bloomfield
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK,NIHR University College Hospitals London Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK,The Traumatic Stress Clinic, St Pancras Hospital, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Michael Bloomfield, Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK.
| | - Sebastian F Green
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chandni Hindocha
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK,NIHR University College Hospitals London Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yumeya Yamamori
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jocelyn Lok Ling Yim
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Augustus P M Jones
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah R Walker
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pawel Tokarczuk
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ben Statton
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK,Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK,NIHR University College Hospitals London Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Watt G, Chesworth R, Przybyla M, Ittner A, Garner B, Ittner LM, Karl T. Chronic cannabidiol (CBD) treatment did not exhibit beneficial effects in 4-month-old male TAU58/2 transgenic mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172970. [PMID: 32562718 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline, motor impairments, and accumulation of hallmark proteins, amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau. Traditionally, transgenic mouse models for AD have focused on Aβ pathology, however, recently a number of tauopathy transgenic models have been developed, including the TAU58/2 transgenic model. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-toxic constituent of the Cannabis sativa plant, has been shown to prevent and reverse cognitive deficits in Aβ transgenic mouse models of AD. Importantly, the therapeutic properties of CBD on the behavioural phenotype of tauopathy mouse models have not been investigated. We assessed the impact of chronic CBD treatment (i.e. 50 mg/kg CBD i.p. administration starting 3 weeks prior to behavioural assessments) on disease-relevant behaviours of 4-month-old TAU58/2 transgenic males in paradigms for anxiety, motor functions, and cognition. TAU58/2 transgenic males demonstrated reduced body weight, anxiety and impaired motor functions. Furthermore, they demonstrated increased freezing in fear conditioning compared to wild type-like animals. Interestingly, both sociability and social recognition memory were intact in AD transgenic mice. Chronic CBD treatment did not affect behavioural changes in transgenic males. In summary, 4-month-old TAU58/2 transgenic males exhibited no deficits in social recognition memory, suggesting that motor deficits and changes in anxiety at this age do not impact on social domains. The moderate increase in fear-associated memory needs further investigation but could be related to differences in fear extinction. Future investigations will need to clarify CBD's therapeutic potential for reversing motor deficits in TAU58/2 transgenic mice by considering alternative CBD treatment designs including changed CBD dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Watt
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
| | - Rose Chesworth
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
| | - Magdalena Przybyla
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Arne Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Brett Garner
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Tim Karl
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Randwick, Australia.
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Neuroprotective effect of chronic administration of cannabidiol during the abstinence period on methamphetamine-induced impairment of recognition memory in the rats. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 31:385-396. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Stohs SJ, Ray SD. Is cannabidiol hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective: A review. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320922944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Questions have been raised regarding the potential hepatotoxicity of cannabidiol (CBD). Conversely, several animal studies have demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of CBD against bile duct ligation, cocaine, thioacetamide, alcohol, and several other chemicals. This review summarizes the current literature concerning the hepatic effects of CBD in humans and animals. Based on the available data, it may be concluded that there is a low probability of serious hepatotoxicity at the high therapeutic doses that are used and a much lower risk of adverse hepatic effects and a potential for hepatoprotection effects at the lower doses commonly used in dietary supplements and food products. However, a detailed safety study in rats using highly purified CBD rather than enriched Cannabis extracts is needed, enabling the determination of hepatic as well as other tissue effects and potential margin of safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- SJ Stohs
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Boston Biopharm Inc., Southlake, TX, USA
| | - SD Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, Manhattan, NY, USA
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38
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Taylor Levine M, Gao J, Satyanarayanan SK, Berman S, Rogers JT, Mischoulon D. S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe), cannabidiol (CBD), and kratom in psychiatric disorders: Clinical and mechanistic considerations. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 85:152-161. [PMID: 31301401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the limitations of prescription antidepressants, many individuals have turned to natural remedies for the management of their mood disorders. We review three selected natural remedies that may be of potential use as treatments for depressive disorders and other psychiatric or neurological conditions. The best studied and best supported of these three remedies is S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe), a methyl donor with a wide range of physiological functions in the human organism. With the increasing legalization of cannabis-related products, cannabidiol (CBD) has gained popularity for various potential indications and has even obtained approval in the United States and Canada for certain neurological conditions. Kratom, while potentially useful for certain individuals with psychiatric disorders, is perhaps the most controversial of the three remedies, in view of its greater potential for abuse and dependence. For each remedy, we will review indications, doses and delivery systems, potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action, adverse effects, and will provide recommendations for clinicians who may be considering prescribing these remedies in their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taylor Levine
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin Gao
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Clinical Psychology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Sarah Berman
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Mischoulon
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD) as Epidiolex® (GW Pharmaceuticals) was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat rare forms of epilepsy in patients 2 years of age and older. Together with the increased societal acceptance of recreational cannabis and CBD oil for putative medical use in many states, the exposure to CBD is increasing, even though all of its biological effects are not understood. Once such example is the ability of CBD to be anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive, so the purpose of this review is to summarize effects and mechanisms of CBD in the immune system. It includes a consideration of reports identifying receptors through which CBD acts, since the “CBD receptor,” if a single one exists, has not been definitively identified for the myriad immune system effects. The review then provides a summary of in vivo and in vitro effects in the immune system, in autoimmune models, with a focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and ends with identification of knowledge gaps. Conclusion: Overall, the data overwhelmingly support the notion that CBD is immune suppressive and that the mechanisms involve direct suppression of activation of various immune cell types, induction of apoptosis, and promotion of regulatory cells, which, in turn, control other immune cell targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Nichols
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
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40
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Abstract
ABSTRACT:Cannabidiol (CBD) has been generating increasing interest in medicine due to its therapeutic properties and an apparent lack of negative side effects. Research has suggested that high dosages of CBD can be taken acutely and chronically with little to no risk. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of a CBD, with an emphasis on its implications for recovering from a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) or concussion. CBD has been shown to influence the endocannabinoid system, both by affecting cannabinoid receptors and other receptors involved in the endocannabinoid system such as vanilloid receptor 1, adenosine receptors, and 5-hydroxytryptamine via cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanisms. Concussions can result in many physiological consequences, potentially resulting in post-concussion syndrome. While impairments in cerebrovascular and cardiovascular physiology following concussion have been shown, there is unfortunately still no single treatment available to enhance recovery. CBD has been shown to influence the blood brain barrier, brain-derived neurotrophic factors, cognitive capacity, the cerebrovasculature, cardiovascular physiology, and neurogenesis, all of which have been shown to be altered by concussion. CBD can therefore potentially provide treatment to enhance neuroprotection by reducing inflammation, regulating cerebral blood flow, enhancing neurogenesis, and protecting the brain against reactive oxygen species. Double-blind randomized controlled trials are still required to validate the use of CBD as medication following mild TBIs, such as concussion.
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Cho I, Koo BN, Kam EH, Lee SK, Oh H, Kim SY. Bile duct ligation of C57BL/6 mice as a model of hepatic encephalopathy. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul) 2020; 15:19-27. [PMID: 33329785 PMCID: PMC7713851 DOI: 10.17085/apm.2020.15.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bile duct ligation (BDL) has been used for experimental research on hepatic encephalopathy (HE) caused by chronic liver disease. However, little research has been done on a BDL model in C57BL/6 mouse. Therefore, we evaluated the suitability of a BDL model in C57BL/6 mouse for the study of HE and determined which behavioral tests are appropriate for the identification of HE in this model. Methods Twelve to fourteen-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to either sham group or BDL group. Histological changes in liver were confirmed by hematoxylin/eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. Liver function alterations were detected by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ammonia levels. To identify behavioral changes, open field, elevated plus maze, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance tests were performed. Results Inflammatory liver injury and fibrosis were observed 14 days after BDL. ALT and ammonia levels were significantly higher in BDL group than in sham group. There were no differences in general locomotor activity or anxiety between the groups. No difference was observed between these two groups in the novel object recognition test, but BDL group showed significant learning/memory impairment in the passive avoidance test compared to sham group. Conclusions Fourteen days of BDL in 12–14-week-old male C57BL/6 mice is a clinically relevant model for HE, as these mice have liver fibrosis with impaired liver function, hyperammonemia, and learning/memory impairment. Passive avoidance can be used as the major behavioral test in this model of HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inja Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bon-Nyeo Koo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Kyoung Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanseul Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Calapai G, Mannucci C, Chinou I, Cardia L, Calapai F, Sorbara EE, Firenzuoli B, Ricca V, Gensini GF, Firenzuoli F. Preclinical and Clinical Evidence Supporting Use of Cannabidiol in Psychiatry. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:2509129. [PMID: 31558911 PMCID: PMC6735178 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2509129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major chemical compound present in Cannabis sativa. CBD is a nonpsychotomimetic substance, and it is considered one of the most promising candidates for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to illustrate the state of art about scientific research and the evidence of effectiveness of CBD in psychiatric patients. METHODS This review collects the main scientific findings on the potential role of CBD in the psychiatric field, and results of clinical trials carried out on psychiatric patients are commented. A research was conducted in the PUBMED, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect databases using combinations of the words cannabidiol, psychiatry, and neuropsychiatric. RESULTS Preclinical and clinical studies on potential role of CBD in psychiatry were collected and further discussed. We found four clinical studies describing the effects of CBD in psychiatric patients: two studies about schizophrenic patients and the other two studies carried out on CBD effects in patients affected by generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD). CONCLUSION Results from these studies are promising and suggest that CBD may have a role in the development of new therapeutic strategies in mental diseases, and they justify an in-depth commitment in this field. However, clinical evidence we show for CBD in psychiatric patients is instead still poor and limited to schizophrenia and anxiety, and it needs to be implemented with further studies carried out on psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ioanna Chinou
- Division of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Luigi Cardia
- Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, A.O.U. G. Martino Messina, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Elisa Sorbara
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Bernardo Firenzuoli
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Referring Center for Phytotherapy of Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Franco Gensini
- Permanent Commission for Guidelines, Coordinator, Tuscany Region, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Referring Center for Phytotherapy of Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Baron EP. Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain: An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science. Headache 2019; 58:1139-1186. [PMID: 30152161 DOI: 10.1111/head.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive literature reviews of historical perspectives and evidence supporting cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of pain, including migraine and headache, with associated neurobiological mechanisms of pain modulation have been well described. Most of the existing literature reports on the cannabinoids Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), or cannabis in general. There are many cannabis strains that vary widely in the composition of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other compounds. These components work synergistically to produce wide variations in benefits, side effects, and strain characteristics. Knowledge of the individual medicinal properties of the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids is necessary to cross-breed strains to obtain optimal standardized synergistic compositions. This will enable targeting individual symptoms and/or diseases, including migraine, headache, and pain. OBJECTIVE Review the medical literature for the use of cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of migraine, headache, facial pain, and other chronic pain syndromes, and for supporting evidence of a potential role in combatting the opioid epidemic. Review the medical literature involving major and minor cannabinoids, primary and secondary terpenes, and flavonoids that underlie the synergistic entourage effects of cannabis. Summarize the individual medicinal benefits of these substances, including analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSION There is accumulating evidence for various therapeutic benefits of cannabis/cannabinoids, especially in the treatment of pain, which may also apply to the treatment of migraine and headache. There is also supporting evidence that cannabis may assist in opioid detoxification and weaning, thus making it a potential weapon in battling the opioid epidemic. Cannabis science is a rapidly evolving medical sector and industry with increasingly regulated production standards. Further research is anticipated to optimize breeding of strain-specific synergistic ratios of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other phytochemicals for predictable user effects, characteristics, and improved symptom and disease-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Baron
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurological Restoration - Headache and Chronic Pain Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Zamberletti E, Gabaglio M, Piscitelli F, Brodie JS, Woolley-Roberts M, Barbiero I, Tramarin M, Binelli G, Landsberger N, Kilstrup-Nielsen C, Rubino T, Di Marzo V, Parolaro D. Cannabidivarin completely rescues cognitive deficits and delays neurological and motor defects in male Mecp2 mutant mice. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:894-907. [PMID: 31084246 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119844184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that 2-week treatment with the non-psychotomimetic cannabinoid cannabidivarin (CBDV) could be beneficial towards neurological and social deficits in early symptomatic Mecp2 mutant mice, a model of Rett syndrome (RTT). AIM The aim of this study was to provide further insights into the efficacy of CBDV in Mecp2-null mice using a lifelong treatment schedule (from 4 to 9 weeks of age) to evaluate its effect on recognition memory and neurological defects in both early and advanced stages of the phenotype progression. METHODS CBDV 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 mg/kg/day was administered to Mecp2-null mice from 4 to 9 weeks of age. Cognitive and neurological defects were monitored during the whole treatment schedule. Biochemical analyses were carried out in brain lysates from 9-week-old wild-type and knockout mice to evaluate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels as well as components of the endocannabinoid system. RESULTS CBDV rescues recognition memory deficits in Mecp2 mutant mice and delays the appearance of neurological defects. At the biochemical level, it normalizes BDNF/IGF1 levels and the defective PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in Mecp2 mutant mice at an advanced stage of the disease. Mecp2 deletion upregulates CB1 and CB2 receptor levels in the brain and these changes are restored after CBDV treatment. CONCLUSIONS CBDV administration exerts an enduring rescue of memory deficits in Mecp2 mutant mice, an effect that is associated with the normalization of BDNF, IGF-1 and rpS6 phosphorylation levels as well as CB1 and CB2 receptor expression. CBDV delays neurological defects but this effect is only transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Zamberletti
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marina Gabaglio
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- 2 Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Isabella Barbiero
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Tramarin
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giorgio Binelli
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Landsberger
- 4 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Rubino
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- 2 Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Parolaro
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,5 Zardi Gori Foundation, Milan, Italy
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El Khiat A, Tamegart L, Draoui A, El Fari R, Sellami S, Rais H, El Hiba O, Gamrani H. Kinetic deterioration of short memory in rat with acute hepatic encephalopathy: Involvement of astroglial and neuronal dysfunctions. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:201-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Brook E, Mamo J, Wong R, Al-Salami H, Falasca M, Lam V, Takechi R. Blood-brain barrier disturbances in diabetes-associated dementia: Therapeutic potential for cannabinoids. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:291-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Patra PH, Barker‐Haliski M, White HS, Whalley BJ, Glyn S, Sandhu H, Jones N, Bazelot M, Williams CM, McNeish AJ. Cannabidiol reduces seizures and associated behavioral comorbidities in a range of animal seizure and epilepsy models. Epilepsia 2019; 60:303-314. [PMID: 30588604 PMCID: PMC6378611 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a progressive neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures and behavioral comorbidities. We investigated the antiseizure effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in a battery of acute seizure models. Additionally, we defined the disease-modifying potential of chronic oral administration of CBD on associated comorbidities in the reduced intensity status epilepticus-spontaneous recurrent seizures (RISE-SRS) model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS We evaluated the acute antiseizure effect of CBD in the maximal electroshock seizure, 6-Hz psychomotor seizure, and pentylenetetrazol acute seizure tests, as well as the corneal kindling model of chronic seizures in mice following intraperitoneal administration. Median effective or behavioral toxic dose was determined in both mice and rats. Next, we tested an intravenous preparation of CBD (10 mg/kg single dose) in a rat model of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. We defined the effect of chronic CBD administration (200 mg/kg orally) on spontaneous seizures, motor control, gait, and memory function in the rat RISE-SRS model of TLE. RESULTS CBD was effective in a battery of acute seizure models in both mice and rats following intraperitoneal administration. In the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rat model, CBD attenuated maximum seizure severity following intravenous administration, further demonstrating CBD's acute antiseizure efficacy in this rat model. We established that oral CBD attenuated the time-dependent increase in seizure burden and improved TLE-associated motor comorbidities of epileptic rats in the RISE-SRS model without affecting gait. Chronic administration of CBD after the onset of SRS ameliorated reference memory and working memory errors of epileptic animals in a spatial learning and memory task. SIGNIFICANCE The present study illustrates that CBD is a well-tolerated and effective antiseizure agent and illustrates a potential disease-modifying effect of CBD on reducing both seizure burden and associated comorbidities well after the onset of symptomatic seizures in a model of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabitra Hriday Patra
- School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingReadingUnited Kingdom
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUnited Kingdom
| | | | - H. Steve White
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | - Sarah Glyn
- School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingReadingUnited Kingdom
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUnited Kingdom
| | - Haramrit Sandhu
- School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingReadingUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Bazelot
- School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingReadingUnited Kingdom
- GW ResearchCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Claire M. Williams
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUnited Kingdom
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Abstract
The recent legalization of recreational marijuana use in some parts of the world, the discovery of new indications for the clinical application of cannabis, and the acceptance of the use of cannabis in practice has been paralleled by extensive research on the active components of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system within the human body. In this review, we evaluate the available evidence on cannabis and its constituents and the application of this evidence in clinical practice, focusing particularly on the liver and liver diseases. Constituents of cannabis, such as cannabidiol and Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol, have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects both in in vitro and clinical studies, and appear to have potential in the symptom management and treatment of various liver diseases that were previously considered difficult to manage conservatively. In addition, the manipulation of the inherent endocannabinoid response system has found favor in many clinical fields and has generated considerable research and clinical interest. Moreover, evidence with regard to the adverse effects of marijuana use in liver diseases is weak, which has led to raise a question on the prior rules, with regard to a denial of liver transplantation to marijuana users. All in all, the recent trends in research, clinical experiences, as well as the legislature, has opened up new avenues towards the widespread clinical application of cannabis and its derivatives as well as modifiers of the components of the endocannabinoid system. More research is required to fully exploit these new evidences.
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Bashiri H, Hosseini-Chegeni H, Alsadat Sharifi K, Sahebgharani M, Salari AA. Activation of TRPV1 receptors affects memory function and hippocampal TRPV1 and CREB mRNA expression in a rat model of biliary cirrhosis. Neurol Res 2018; 40:938-947. [PMID: 30079821 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1504158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Memory impairment induced by biliary cirrhosis is associated with abnormalities in the function of different neurotransmitter systems. However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in the learning and memory dysfunctions following biliary cirrhosis is largely unknown. This study set out to determine whether activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) in the CA1 area of the hippocampus in rats improve memory impairment induced by biliary cirrhosis. METHODS To assess learning and memory, passive avoidance task was carried out using a shuttle box. The mRNA expression of TRPV1 and cAMP response element binding (CREB) protein in the hippocampus were also evaluated by qT-PCR. RESULTS Our results indicated that activation of TRPV1 channels by capsaicin significantly decreased memory impairment and increased mRNA expression of the TRPV1 and CREB in the hippocampus of rats with biliary cirrhosis. Our findings also demonstrated that a positive correlation existed between mRNA expression of TRPV1 and CREB, and between memory function and TRPV1 expression. DISCUSSION Taken together, the results of this study support the view that TRPV1 receptor may play an important role in the regulation of learning and memory functions, and suggest that activation of TRPV1 channels seems to be a promising therapeutic target for learning and memory impairments following biliary cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Bashiri
- a Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology , Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medical, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | | | - Khadijeh Alsadat Sharifi
- c Department of Neuroscience , School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mousa Sahebgharani
- d Department of Pharmacology , School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Salari
- e Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
- f Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD) , Alborz , Iran
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Crippa JA, Guimarães FS, Campos AC, Zuardi AW. Translational Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a New Age. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2009. [PMID: 30298064 PMCID: PMC6161644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among the many cannabinoids in the cannabis plant, cannabidiol (CBD) is a compound that does not produce the typical subjective effects of marijuana. Objectives: The aim of the present review is to describe the main advances in the development of the experimental and clinical use of cannabidiol CBD in neuropsychiatry. Methods: A non-systematic search was performed for studies dealing with therapeutic applications of CBD, especially performed by Brazilian researchers. Results: CBD was shown to have anxiolytic, antipsychotic and neuroprotective properties. In addition, basic and clinical investigations on the effects of CBD have been carried out in the context of many other health conditions, including its potential use in epilepsy, substance abuse and dependence, schizophrenia, social phobia, post-traumatic stress, depression, bipolar disorder, sleep disorders, and Parkinson. Discussion: CBD is an useful and promising molecule that may help patients with a number of clinical conditions. Controlled clinical trials with different neuropsychiatric populations that are currently under investigation should bring important answers in the near future and support the translation of research findings to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Crippa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM; CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM; CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alline C. Campos
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM; CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio W. Zuardi
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM; CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
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