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Murray CH, Gannon BM, Winsauer PJ, Cooper ZD, Delatte MS. The Development of Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents in the United States. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:915-955. [PMID: 38849155 PMCID: PMC11331953 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the oldest and widely used substances in the world. Cannabinoids within the cannabis plant, known as phytocannabinoids, mediate cannabis' effects through interactions with the body's endogenous cannabinoid system. This endogenous system, the endocannabinoid system, has important roles in physical and mental health. These roles point to the potential to develop cannabinoids as therapeutic agents while underscoring the risks related to interfering with the endogenous system during nonmedical use. This scoping narrative review synthesizes the current evidence for both the therapeutic and adverse effects of the major (i.e., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) and lesser studied minor phytocannabinoids, from nonclinical to clinical research. We pay particular attention to the areas where evidence is well established, including analgesic effects after acute exposures and neurocognitive risks after acute and chronic use. In addition, drug development considerations for cannabinoids as therapeutic agents within the United States are reviewed. The proposed clinical study design considerations encourage methodological standards for greater scientific rigor and reproducibility to ultimately extend our knowledge of the risks and benefits of cannabinoids for patients and providers. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work provides a review of prior research related to phytocannabinoids, including therapeutic potential and known risks in the context of drug development within the United States. We also provide study design considerations for future cannabinoid drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor H Murray
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Brenda M Gannon
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Peter J Winsauer
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Ziva D Cooper
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
| | - Marcus S Delatte
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (C.H.M.) and Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (Z.D.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (B.M.G.) and Office of Research Regulatory Affairs, Division of Research and Innovation (B.M.G.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine (P.J.W.), and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence (P.J.W.) Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Regulatory and Drug Development Consulting, Allucent, Carey, North Carolina (M.S.D.)
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Souza CF, Borges LB, Oliveira FRMB, Silva PCDS, Patricio DO, Rosales TO, Souza NF, Spiller F, Mansur DS, Assreuy J, Sordi R. Cannabinoid CB 2 receptor agonist reduces local and systemic inflammation associated with pneumonia-induced sepsis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176092. [PMID: 37797676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe condition secondary to dysregulated host response to infection leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Cannabinoid CB2 receptor has modulatory effects on the immune response. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of a cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist on the local and systemic inflammatory process associated with pneumonia-induced sepsis. Pneumonia-induced sepsis was induced in mice by intratracheal inoculation of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were collected 6, 24, or 48 h after surgery. Mice were treated with CB2 agonist (AM1241, 0.3 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) and several parameters of inflammation were evaluated 24 h after sepsis induction. Polymorphonuclear cell migration to the infectious focus peaked 24 h after pneumonia-induced sepsis induction in male and female animals. Septic male mice presented a significant reduction of cannabinoid CB2 receptor density in the lung tissue after 24 h, which was not observed in females. CB2 expression in BAL macrophages was also reduced in septic animals. Treatment of septic mice with AM1241 reduced cell migration, local infection, myeloperoxidase activity, protein extravasation, and NOS-2 expression in the lungs. In addition, the treatment reduced plasma IL-1β, increased IL-10 and reduced the severity and mortality of septic animals. These results suggest that AM1241 promotes an interesting balance in the inflammatory response, maintaining lung function and preventing organ injury. Therefore, cannabinoid CB2 receptors are potential targets to control the excessive inflammatory process that occurs in severe conditions, and agonists of these receptors can be considered promising adjuvants in pneumonia-induced sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Oliveira Patricio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology anda Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando Spiller
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniel Santos Mansur
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology anda Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Regina Sordi
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil.
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CB2R activation ameliorates late adolescent chronic alcohol exposure-induced anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in prefrontal cortex microglia in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:60-79. [PMID: 36754245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol exposure (CAE) during late adolescence increases the risk of anxiety development. Alcohol-induced prefrontal cortex (PFC) microglial activation, characterized by morphological changes and increased associations with neurons, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of anxiety. Alcohol exposure increases NLRP3 inflammasome expression, increasing cytokine secretion by activated microglia. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), an essential receptor of the endocannabinoid system, regulates microglial activation and neuroinflammatory reactions. We aimed to investigate the role of CB2R activation in ameliorating late adolescent CAE-induced anxiety-like behaviors and microglial activation in C57BL/6J mice. METHODS Six-week-old C57BL/6J mice were acclimated for 7 days and then were administered alcohol by gavage (4 g/kg, 25 % w/v) for 28 days. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with the specific CB2R agonist AM1241 1 h before alcohol treatment. Anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal were assessed by open field test and elevated plus maze test 24 h after the last alcohol administration. Microglial activation, microglia-neuron interactions, and CB2R and NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecule expression in the PFC were measured using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical, qPCR, and Western blotting assays. Microglial morphology was evaluated by Sholl analysis and the cell body-to-total cell size index. Additionally, N9 microglia were activated by LPS in vitro, and the effects of AM1241 on NLRP3 and N9 microglial activation were investigated. RESULTS After CAE, mice exhibited severe anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal. CAE induced obvious microglia-neuron associations, and increased expression of microglial activation markers, CB2R, and NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecules in the PFC. Microglia also showed marked filament retraction and reduction and cell body enlargement after CAE. AM1241 treatment ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors in CAE model mice, and it prevented microglial morphological changes, reduced microglial activation marker expression, and suppressed the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion induced by CAE. AM1241 suppressed the LPS-induced increase in NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecules, IL-1β release, and M1 phenotype markers (iNOS and CD86) in N9 cell, which was reversed by CB2R antagonist treatment. CONCLUSIONS CAE caused anxiety-like behaviors in late adolescent mice at least partly by inducing microglial activation and increasing microglia-neuron associations in the PFC. CB2R activation ameliorated these effects by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in PFC microglia.
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Microglial Cannabinoid CB 2 Receptors in Pain Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032348. [PMID: 36768668 PMCID: PMC9917135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain, especially chronic pain, can strongly affect patients' quality of life. Cannabinoids ponhave been reported to produce potent analgesic effects in different preclinical pain models, where they primarily function as agonists of Gi/o protein-coupled cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. The CB1 receptors are abundantly expressed in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The central activation of CB1 receptors is strongly associated with psychotropic adverse effects, thus largely limiting its therapeutic potential. However, the CB2 receptors are promising targets for pain treatment without psychotropic adverse effects, as they are primarily expressed in immune cells. Additionally, as the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, microglia are increasingly recognized as critical players in chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the expression of CB2 receptors is significantly increased in activated microglia in the spinal cord, which exerts protective consequences within the surrounding neural circuitry by regulating the activity and function of microglia. In this review, we focused on recent advances in understanding the role of microglial CB2 receptors in spinal nociceptive circuitry, highlighting the mechanism of CB2 receptors in modulating microglia function and its implications for CB2 receptor- selective agonist-mediated analgesia.
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Endocannabinoid System: Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16020148. [PMID: 37017445 PMCID: PMC9966761 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (eCB) has been studied to identify the molecular structures present in Cannabis sativa. eCB consists of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands, and the associated enzymatic apparatus responsible for maintaining energy homeostasis and cognitive processes. Several physiological effects of cannabinoids are exerted through interactions with various receptors, such as CB1 and CB2 receptors, vanilloid receptors, and the recently discovered G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR55, GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, and GPR19). Anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidoylglycerol (2-AG), two small lipids derived from arachidonic acid, showed high-affinity binding to both CB1 and CB2 receptors. eCB plays a critical role in chronic pain and mood disorders and has been extensively studied because of its wide therapeutic potential and because it is a promising target for the development of new drugs. Phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids have shown varied affinities for eCB and are relevant to the treatment of several neurological diseases. This review provides a description of eCB components and discusses how phytocannabinoids and other exogenous compounds may regulate the eCB balance. Furthermore, we show the hypo- or hyperfunctionality of eCB in the body and how eCB is related to chronic pain and mood disorders, even with integrative and complementary health practices (ICHP) harmonizing the eCB.
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2-Arylpropionic Acid Pyrazolamides as Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Inverse Agonists Endowed with Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121519. [PMID: 36558970 PMCID: PMC9781268 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the most recent proposals regarding the mechanism of action of dipyrone, the modulation of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 appears to be a promising hypothesis. In this context, the present work describes a series of five novel pyrazolamides (7-11) designed as molecular hybrids of dipyrone metabolites and NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and flurbiprofen. Target compounds were obtained in good overall yields (50-80%) by classical amide coupling between 4-aminoantipyrine and arylacetic or arylpropionic acids, followed in some cases by N-methylation of the amide group. The compounds presented good physicochemical properties in addition to stability to chemical (pH 2 and 7.4) and enzymatic (plasma esterases) hydrolysis and showed medium to high gastrointestinal and BBB permeabilities in the PAMPA assay. When subjected to functional testing on CB1- or CB2-transfected cells, compounds demonstrated an inverse agonist profile on CB2 receptors and the further characterization of compound LASSBio-2265 (11) revealed moderate binding affinity to CB2 receptor (Ki = 16 µM) with an EC50 = 0.36 µM (Emax = 63%). LASSBio-2265 (11) (at 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg p.o.) was investigated in the formalin test in mice and a remarkable analgesic activity in the late inflammatory phase was observed, suggesting it could be promising for the treatment of pain syndromes associated with chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Ai Y, She W, Wu S, Shao Q, Jiang Z, Chen P, Mei L, Zou C, Peng Y, He Y. AM1241-Loaded Poly(ethylene glycol)–Dithiothreitol Hydrogel Repairs Cranial Bone Defects by Promoting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and COL-1 Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:888598. [PMID: 35663398 PMCID: PMC9158326 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.888598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the repair effect of the prepared drug-loaded AM1241 poly(ethylene glycol)–dithiothreitol (PEG-DTT) hydrogel on cranial bone defects in SD rats. Methods: The PEG-DTT hydrogel under borax catalysis was quickly prepared, and the characterization of the material was observed by a scanning electron microscope. The effect of AM1241 on cell activity and bone tissue differentiation was tested. The SD rat model of cranial bone defect was established, and the defect was repaired by injecting the prepared hydrogel into the defect. The defect was divided into four groups, namely, sham group, blank group, PEG-DTT group, and PEG-DTT + AM1241 group. The rats were euthanized, and whole cranial bone was taken out for micro-CT and histological observation. Results: The prepared hydrogel is porous; it is liquid when heated to 80°C and a hydrogel when cooled to 25°C. 5–10 μM AM1241 increased osteoblast activity. A moderate amount of AM1241 can promote osteogenic differentiation. Both the PEG-DTT group and PEG-DTT + AM1241 group showed obvious new bone tissue formation, but the PEG-DTT + AM1241 group had a better effect. In addition, the new bone tissue in the PEG-DTT + AM1241 group was significantly more than that in the other groups. Conclusion: The prepared AM1241-loaded PEG-DTT hydrogel showed a good repair effect on SD rats with cranial bone defects. It can be used as materials for cranial bone repair in SD rats with cranial bone defects, but the repair effect is weaker than that of normal bone. These results provide a theoretical and practical basis for its further clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Ai
- Foshan Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Wenting She
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyuan Wu
- Foshan Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qing Shao
- Foshan Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ziran Jiang
- Foshan Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Li Mei
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chen Zou
- Foshan Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Zou, ; Youjian Peng, ; Yan He,
| | - Youjian Peng
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Zou, ; Youjian Peng, ; Yan He,
| | - Yan He
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute for Regenerative and Translational Research, Tianyou Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Zou, ; Youjian Peng, ; Yan He,
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Xin Y, Tang A, Pan S, Zhang J. Components of the Endocannabinoid System and Effects of Cannabinoids Against Bone Diseases: A Mini-Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:793750. [PMID: 35126132 PMCID: PMC8815309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.793750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in multiple physiological processes, including appetite regulation, pain perception, motor function development, and immune response regulation. Cannabinoids have been approved for the clinical treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytostatic therapy or cancer chemotherapy, loss of appetite in HIV/AIDS-associated cachexia, refractory spasms induced by multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, and urinary incontinence. Methods: Check out the research on ECS and bone diseases in the past 20 years. Results: Many studies have demonstrated that endocannabinoids (eCBs) and cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are expressed in bone and synovial tissues, playing important roles in bone metabolism. Preclinical studies using cannabis-based therapies in animal models have shown that cannabinoids (CBs) can alleviate the development of osteoarthritis (OA), prevent osteoporosis (OP), reduce cancer-induced osteolytic destruction, and improve fracture healing, highlighting the therapeutic potential of CBs for human bone diseases. Conclusions: The present review summarizes various components of the ECS in bone diseases and their potential as a therapeutic target.
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Wilkerson JL, Alberti LB, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Peripherally administered cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB 2R) agonists lose anti-allodynic effects in TRPV1 knockout mice, while intrathecal administration leads to anti-allodynia and reduced GFAP, CCL2 and TRPV1 expression in the dorsal spinal cord and DRG. Brain Res 2022; 1774:147721. [PMID: 34774500 PMCID: PMC10763621 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of cation channels, of which the TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor plays a critical role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, is expressed on nociceptors and spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. TRPV1 is also expressed on spinal astrocytes and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) satellite cells. Agonists of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) suppress allodynia, with some that can bind TRPV1. The neuroimmune C-C class chemokine-2 (CCL2) expressed on injured DRG nociceptor cell bodies, Schwann cells and spinal astrocytes, stimulates immune cell accumulation in DRG and spinal cord, a known critical element in chronic allodynia. The current report examined whether two CB2R agonists, AM1710 and AM1241, previously shown to reverse light touch mechanical allodynia in rodent models of sciatic neuropathy, require TRPV1 activation that leads to receptor insensitivity resulting in reversal of allodynia. Global TRPV1 knockout (KO) mice with sciatic neuropathy given intrathecal or intraperitoneal AM1710 were examined for anti-allodynia followed by immunofluorescent microscopy analysis of lumbar spinal cord and DRG of astrocyte and CCL2 markers. Additionally, immunofluorescent analysis following intrathecal AM1710 and AM1241 in rat was performed. Data reveal that intrathecal AM1710 resulted in mouse anti-allodynia, reduced spinal astrocyte activation and CCL2 expression independent of TRPV1 gene deletion. Conversely, peripheral AM1710 in TRPV1-KO mice failed to reverse allodynia. In rat, intrathecal AM1710 and AM1241 reduced spinal and DRG TRPV1 expression, with CCL2-astrocyte and -microglial co-expression. These data support that CB2R agonists can impact spinal and DRG TRPV1 expression critical for anti-allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren B Alberti
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Bryant J, Ngwa W. The Endocannabinoid System: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9472. [PMID: 34502379 PMCID: PMC8430969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis, a balance in internal environment (temperature, mood, and immune system) and energy input and output in living, biological systems. In addition to regulating physiological processes, the ECS directly influences anxiety, feeding behaviour/appetite, emotional behaviour, depression, nervous functions, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, reward, cognition, learning, memory, pain sensation, fertility, pregnancy, and pre-and post-natal development. The ECS is also involved in several pathophysiological diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the ECS has gained significant interest in medicine, research, and drug discovery and development. The distribution of the components of the ECS system throughout the body, and the physiological/pathophysiological role of the ECS-signalling pathways in many diseases, all offer promising opportunities for the development of novel cannabinergic, cannabimimetic, and cannabinoid-based therapeutic drugs that genetically or pharmacologically modulate the ECS via inhibition of metabolic pathways and/or agonism or antagonism of the receptors of the ECS. This modulation results in the differential expression/activity of the components of the ECS that may be beneficial in the treatment of a number of diseases. This manuscript in-depth review will investigate the potential of the ECS in the treatment of various diseases, and to put forth the suggestion that many of these secondary metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. (hereafter referred to as "C. sativa L." or "medical cannabis"), may also have potential as lead compounds in the development of cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lowe
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Ngeh Toyang
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Blair Steele
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Wilfred Ngwa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Cabañero D, Martín-García E, Maldonado R. The CB2 cannabinoid receptor as a therapeutic target in the central nervous system. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:659-676. [PMID: 34424117 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1971196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Targeting CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2r) represents a promising approach for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. These receptors were identified in peripheral tissues, but also in neurons in the central nervous system. New findings have highlighted the interest to target these central receptors to obtain therapeutic effects devoid of the classical cannabinoid side-effects. AREAS COVERED In this review, we searched PubMed (January 1991-May 2021), ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane Library databases for articles, reviews and clinical trials. We first introduce the relevance of CB2r as a key component of the endocannabinoid system. We discuss CB2r interest as a possible novel target in the treatment of pain. This receptor has raised interest as a potential target for neurodegenerative disorders treatment, as we then discussed. Finally, we underline studies revealing a novel potential CB2r interest in mental disorders treatment. EXPERT OPINION In spite of the interest of targeting CB2r for pain, clinical trials evaluating CB2r agonist analgesic efficacy have currently failed. The preferential involvement of CB2r in preventing the development of chronic pain could influence the failure of clinical trials designed for the treatment of already established pain syndromes. Specific trials should be designed to target the prevention of chronic pain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cabañero
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández. Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Elena Martín-García
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Ma C, Zhang M, Liu L, Zhang P, Liu D, Zheng X, Zhong X, Wang G. Low-dose cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist induces microglial activation in a cancer pain-morphine tolerance rat model. Life Sci 2021; 264:118635. [PMID: 33131746 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cancer pain seriously affects the life quality of patients. Morphine is commonly used for cancer pain, but tolerance development limits its clinical administration. Central immune signaling is important in the development of cancer pain and morphine tolerance. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) inhibits cancer pain and morphine tolerance by regulating central immune signaling. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of central immune signaling involved in morphine tolerance inhibition by the CB2 agonist AM1241 in cancer pain treatment. MAIN METHODS Rats were implanted with tumor cells and divided into 4 groups: Vehicle (PBS), 0.07 μg AM1241, 0.03 μg AM1241, and AM630 (10 μg) + AM1241 (0.07 μg). All groups received morphine (20 μg/day, i.t.) for 8 days. AM630 (CB2 antagonist) was intrathecally injected 30 min before AM1241, and AM1241 was intrathecally injected 30 min before morphine. The spinal cord (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were collected to determine the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), microglial markers, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. KEY FINDINGS The expression of TLR4, p38 MAPK, microglial markers, IL-1β, and TNF-α was significantly higher in AM1241-pretreated groups than in the vehicle group (P < 0.05). No difference in microglial markers, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression was detected in the AM630 + AM1241 group compared with the vehicle group. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that in a cancer pain-morphine tolerance model, an i.t. non-analgesic dose of AM1241 induces microglial activation and IL-1β TNF-α upregulation in SC and DRG via the CB2 receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Pinyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xuelai Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guonian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Pain Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
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13
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Wilkerson JL, Alberti LB, Kerwin AA, Ledent CA, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Peripheral versus central mechanisms of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist AM1710 in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01850. [PMID: 32977358 PMCID: PMC7749576 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The CB2 R agonist AM1710, examined in animal models of peripheral neuropathy, is effective in controlling aberrant light touch sensitivity, referred to as mechanical allodynia. However, nonspecific binding of AM1710 to CB1 R, either peripherally or centrally, could be partially responsible for the analgesic effects of AM1710. Thus, we sought to determine in mice whether spinal (intrathecal; i.t.) or peripheral AM1710 administration could lead to anti-allodynia by reducing the protein expression of spinal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) proinflammatory cytokines and elevating the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the absence of CB1 R. Macrophage cell cultures were examined to characterize AM1710-mediated suppression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Either i.p. or i.t. AM1710 reversed CCI-induced mechanical allodynia to sham levels in CB1 R (-/-), (+/-), (+/+) mice. CCI-induced neuropathy decreased IL-10 immunoreactivity (IR) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, with i.t. AM1710 restoring basal IL-10 IR. CCI-induced elevations in proinflammatory cytokine IR were decreased within the spinal cord only after i.t. AM1710 in all mouse genotypes. Meanwhile, within DRG tissue from neuropathic mice, proinflammatory cytokines were decreased following either i.p. or i.t. AM1710. Analysis of cultured supernatants revealed AM1710 decreased TNF-alpha protein. We conclude that CB1 R is dispensable for either peripheral or central anti-allodynic actions of AM1710 in neuropathic mice. Cannabinoid CB2 R agonists produce heightened spinal IL-10 which may be clinically relevant to successfully treat neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren B Alberti
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Audra A Kerwin
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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14
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Khasabova IA, Golovko MY, Golovko SA, Simone DA, Khasabov SG. Intrathecal administration of Resolvin D1 and E1 decreases hyperalgesia in mice with bone cancer pain: Involvement of endocannabinoid signaling. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 151:106479. [PMID: 32745525 PMCID: PMC7669692 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain produced by bone cancer is often severe and difficult to treat. Here we examined effects of Resolvin D1 (RvD1) or E1 (RvE1), antinociceptive products of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on cancer-induced mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia. Experiments were performed using a mouse model of bone cancer produced by implantation of osteolytic ficrosarcoma into and around the calcaneus bone. Mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia in the tumor-bearing paw were assessed by measuring withdrawal responses to a von Frey monofilament and to radiant heat applied on the plantar hind paw. RvD1, RvE1, and cannabinoid receptor antagonists were injected intrathecally. Spinal content of endocannabinoids was evaluated using UPLC-MS/MS analysis. RvD1 and RvE1 had similar antinociceptive potencies. ED50s for RvD1 and RvE1 in reducing mechanical allodynia were 0.2 pg (0.53 fmol) and 0.6 pg (1.71 fmol), respectively, and were 0.3 pg (0.8 fmol) and 0.2 pg (0.57 fmol) for reducing heat hyperalgesia. Comparisons of dose-response relationships showed equal efficacy for reducing mechanical allodynia, however, efficacy for reducing heat hyperalgesia was greater for of RvD1. Using UPLC-MS/MS we determined that RvD1, but not RvE1, increased levels of the endocannabinoids Anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in the spinal cord. Importantly, Resolvins did not alter acute nociception or motor function in naïve mice. Our data indicate, that RvD1 and RvE1 produce potent antiallodynia and antihyperalgesia in a model of bone cancer pain. RvD1 also triggers spinal upregulation of endocannabinoids that produce additional antinociception predominantly through CB2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna A Khasabova
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Donald A Simone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sergey G Khasabov
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prevalence of cancer pain will continue to rise as pain is common among the survivorship and general cancer population. As interest in cannabis and cannabinoids for medicinal use including pain management continues to rise, there is growing need to update and review the current state of evidence for their use. The literature was searched for articles in English with key words cannabis, cannabinoids, and cancer pain. The sources of articles were PubMed, Embase, and open Google search. RECENT FINDINGS In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial including a 3-week treatment period of nabiximol for advanced cancer patients with pain refractory to optimized opiate therapy, improvements in average pain were seen in the intention to treat population (P = 0.0854) and per- protocol population (P = 0.0378). SUMMARY To date, preclinical data has demonstrated evidence to suggest promising potential for cancer pain and the urgent need to translate this into clinical practice. Unfortunately, due to limited data, for adults with advanced cancer being treated with opiate therapy, the addition of cannabis or cannabinoids is not currently supported to address cancer pain effectively.
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16
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Zhang J, Zhu S, Tan Q, Cheng D, Dai Q, Yang Z, Zhang L, Li F, Zuo Y, Dai W, Chen L, Gu E, Xu G, Wei Z, Cao Y, Liu X. Combination therapy with ropivacaine-loaded liposomes and nutrient deprivation for simultaneous cancer therapy and cancer pain relief. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:4885-4899. [PMID: 32308756 PMCID: PMC7163441 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy allows cancer cells to respond changes in nutrient status by degrading and recycling non-essential intracellular contents. Inhibition of autophagy combined with nutrient deprivation is an effective strategy to treat cancer. Pain is a primary determinant of poor quality of life in advanced cancer patients, but there is currently no satisfactory treatment. In addition, effective treatment of cancer does not efficiently relieve cancer pain, but may increase pain in many cases. Hence, few studies focus on simultaneous cancer therapy and pain relief, and made this situation even worse. Method: Ropivacaine was loaded into tumor-active targeted liposomes. The cytotoxicity of ropivacaine-based combination therapy in B16 and HeLa cells were tested. Moreover, a mice model of cancer pain which was induced by inoculation of melanoma near the sciatic nerve was constructed to assess the cancer suppression and pain relief effects of ropivacaine-based combination therapy. Results: Ropivacaine and ropivacaine-loaded liposomes (Rop-DPRL) were novelly found to damage autophagic degradation. Replicated administration of Rop-DPRL and calorie restriction (CR) could efficiently repress the development of tumor. In addition, administration of Rop-DPRL could relieve cancer pain with its own analgestic ability in a short duration, while repeated administration of Rop-DPRL and CR resulted in continuous alleviation of cancer pain through reduction of VEGF-A levels in advanced cancer mice. Further, dual inhibition of phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 and Ser727 by Rop-DPRL and CR contribute to the reduction of VEGF-A. Conclusion: Combination therapy with Rop-DPRL and nutrient deprivation simultaneously suppresses cancer growth and relieves cancer pain.
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17
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Dichotomic effects of clinically used drugs on tumor growth, bone remodeling and pain management. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20155. [PMID: 31882872 PMCID: PMC6934511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in the survival of breast cancer patients have led to the emergence of bone health and pain management as key aspects of patient’s quality of life. Here, we used a female rat MRMT-1 model of breast cancer-induced bone pain to compare the effects of three drugs used clinically morphine, nabilone and zoledronate on tumor progression, bone remodeling and pain relief. We found that chronic morphine reduced the mechanical hypersensitivity induced by the proliferation of the luminal B aggressive breast cancer cells in the tumor-bearing femur and prevented spinal neuronal and astrocyte activation. Using MTT cell viability assay and MRI coupled to 18FDG PET imaging followed by ex vivo 3D µCT, we further demonstrated that morphine did not directly exert tumor growth promoting or inhibiting effects on MRMT-1 cancer cells but induced detrimental effects on bone healing by disturbing the balance between bone formation and breakdown. In sharp contrast, both the FDA-approved bisphosphonate zoledronate and the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone prescribed as antiemetics to patients receiving chemotherapy were effective in limiting the osteolytic bone destruction, thus preserving the bone architecture. The protective effect of nabilone on bone metabolism was further accompanied by a direct inhibition of tumor growth. As opposed to zoledronate, nabilone was however not able to manage bone tumor-induced pain and reactive gliosis. Altogether, our results revealed that morphine, nabilone and zoledronate exert disparate effects on tumor growth, bone metabolism and pain control. These findings also support the use of nabilone as an adjuvant therapy for bone metastases.
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18
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The endocannabinoid system: Novel targets for treating cancer induced bone pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109504. [PMID: 31627091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) continues to be a major clinical challenge and underlying mechanisms of CIBP remain unclear. Recently, emerging body of evidence suggested the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may play essential roles in CIBP. Here, we summarized the current understanding of the antinociceptive mechanisms of endocannabinoids in CIBP and discussed the beneficial effects of endocannabinoid for CIBP treatment. Targeting non-selective cannabinoid 1 receptors or selective cannabinoid 2 receptors, and modulation of peripheral AEA and 2-AG, as well as the inhibition the function of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) have produced analgesic effects in animal models of CIBP. Management of ECS therefore appears to be a promising way for the treatment of CIBP in terms of efficacy and safety. Further clinical studies are encouraged to confirm the possible translation to humans of the very promising results already obtained in the preclinical studies.
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19
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Bayram S, Parlar A, Arslan SO. The curative effect of cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist on functional failure and disruptive inflammation caused by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:80-90. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sait Bayram
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty University of Duzce Duzce Turkey
| | - Ali Parlar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty University of Adiyaman Adiyaman Turkey
| | - Seyfullah Oktay Arslan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty University of Ankara Yildirim Beyazit Bilkent yolu 3.Km. Çankaya Ankara 06010 Turkey
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20
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The Systemic Administration of the Chemokine CCL1 Evokes Thermal Analgesia in Mice Through the Activation of the Endocannabinoid System. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:1115-1124. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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The Endocannabinoid/Endovanilloid System in Bone: From Osteoporosis to Osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081919. [PMID: 31003519 PMCID: PMC6514542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue, whose homeostasis is maintained by a fine balance between osteoclast (OC) and osteoblast (OB) activity. The endocannabinoid/endovanilloid (EC/EV) system’s receptors are the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), and the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). Their stimulation modulates bone formation and bone resorption. Bone diseases are very common worldwide. Osteoporosis is the principal cause of bone loss and it can be caused by several factors such as postmenopausal estrogen decrease, glucocorticoid (GC) treatments, iron overload, and chemotherapies. Studies have demonstrated that CB1 and TRPV1 stimulation exerts osteoclastogenic effects, whereas CB2 stimulation has an anti-osteoclastogenic role. Moreover, the EC/EV system has been demonstrated to have a role in cancer, favoring apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. In particular, in bone cancer, the modulation of the EC/EV system not only reduces cell growth and enhances apoptosis but it also reduces cell invasion and bone pain in mouse models. Therefore, EC/EV receptors may be a useful pharmacological target in the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. More studies to better investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlining the EC/EV system effects in bone are needed, but the synthesis of hybrid molecules, targeting these receptors and capable of oppositely regulating bone homeostasis, seems to be a promising and encouraging prospective in bone disease management.
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22
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Peripherally restricted cannabinoid 1 receptor agonist as a novel analgesic in cancer-induced bone pain. Pain 2019; 159:1814-1823. [PMID: 29781960 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many malignant cancers, including breast cancer, have a propensity to invade bones, leading to excruciating bone pain. Opioids are the primary analgesics used to alleviate this cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) but are associated with numerous severe side effects, including enhanced bone degradation, which significantly impairs patients' quality of life. By contrast, agonists activating only peripheral CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) have been shown to effectively alleviate multiple chronic pain conditions with limited side effects, yet no studies have evaluated their role(s) in CIBP. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that a peripherally selective CB1R agonist can effectively suppress CIBP. Our studies using a syngeneic murine model of CIBP show that both acute and sustained administration of a peripherally restricted CB1R agonist, 4-{2-[-(1E)-1[(4-propylnaphthalen-1-yl)methylidene]-1H-inden-3-yl]ethyl}morpholine (PrNMI), significantly alleviated spontaneous pain behaviors in the animals. This analgesic effect by PrNMI can be reversed by a systemic administration but not spinal injection of SR141716, a selective CB1R antagonist. In addition, the cancer-induced bone loss in the animals was not exacerbated by a repeated administration of PrNMI. Furthermore, catalepsy and hypothermia, the common side effects induced by cannabinoids, were measured at the supratherapeutic doses of PrNMI tested. PrNMI induced mild sedation, yet no anxiety or a decrease in limb movements was detected. Overall, our studies demonstrate that CIBP can be effectively managed by using a peripherally restricted CB1R agonist, PrNMI, without inducing dose-limiting central side effects. Thus, targeting peripheral CB1Rs could be an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CIBP.
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23
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Pascual D, Sánchez-Robles E, García M, Goicoechea C. Chronic pain and cannabinoids. Great expectations or a christmas carol. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yuill MB, Hale DE, Guindon J, Morgan DJ. Anti-nociceptive interactions between opioids and a cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist in inflammatory pain. Mol Pain 2018; 13:1744806917728227. [PMID: 28879802 PMCID: PMC5593227 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917728227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid 1 receptor and cannabinoid 2 receptor can both be targeted in the treatment of pain; yet, they have some important differences. Cannabinoid 1 receptor is expressed at high levels in the central nervous system, whereas cannabinoid 2 receptor is found predominantly, although not exclusively, outside the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to investigate potential interactions between cannabinoid 2 receptor and the mu-opioid receptor in pathological pain. The low level of adverse side effects and lack of tolerance for cannabinoid 2 receptor agonists are attractive pharmacotherapeutic traits. This study assessed the anti-nociceptive effects of a selective cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist (JWH-133) in pathological pain using mice subjected to inflammatory pain using the formalin test. Furthermore, we examined several ways in which JWH-133 may interact with morphine. JWH-133 produces dose-dependent anti-nociception during both the acute and inflammatory phases of the formalin test. This was observed in both male and female mice. However, a maximally efficacious dose of JWH-133 (1 mg/kg) was not associated with somatic withdrawal symptoms, motor impairment, or hypothermia. After eleven once-daily injections of 1 mg/JWH-133, no tolerance was observed in the formalin test. Cross-tolerance for the anti-nociceptive effects of JWH-133 and morphine were assessed to gain insight into physiologically relevant cannabinoid 2 receptor and mu-opioid receptor interaction. Mice made tolerant to the effects of morphine exhibited a lower JWH-133 response in both phases of the formalin test compared to vehicle-treated morphine-naïve animals. However, repeated daily JWH-133 administration did not cause cross-tolerance for morphine, suggesting opioid and cannabinoid 2 receptor cross-tolerance is unidirectional. However, preliminary data suggest co-administration of JWH-133 with morphine modestly attenuates morphine tolerance. Isobolographic analysis revealed that co-administration of JWH-133 and morphine has an additive effect on anti-nociception in the formalin test. Overall these findings show that cannabinoid 2 receptor may functionally interact with mu-opioid receptor to modulate anti-nociception in the formalin test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Yuill
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,3 Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David E Hale
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Josée Guindon
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Morgan
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,3 Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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25
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Zhang M, Dong L, Zou H, Li J, Li Q, Wang G, Li H. Effects of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor Agonist AM1241 on Morphine-Induced Antinociception, Acute and Chronic Tolerance, and Dependence in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:1113-1129. [PMID: 29729431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic used to alleviate moderate or severe pain, but the development of drug tolerance and dependence limits its use in pain management. Previous studies showed that cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor ligands may modulate opioid effects. However, there is no report of the effect of CB2 receptor agonist on acute morphine tolerance and physical dependence. We therefore investigated the effect of a CB2 receptor agonist (AM1241) on morphine-induced morphine tolerance and physical dependence in mice. Repeated coadministration of AM1241 (1 or 3mg/kg intraperitoneally) and morphine (10mg/kg subcutaneously) for 7days increased the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold in mice as measured by the von Frey filament test, and 3mg/kg AM1241 in combination with morphine increased the thermal paw withdrawal latency as measured by the hot-plate test. Combination with 3mg/kg AM1241 and morphine increased acute morphine antinociception. Coadministration of 1 or 3mg/kg AM1241 and morphine reduced acute morphine tolerance, and 3mg/kg AM1241 reduced chronic morphine tolerance. Coadministration of 1 or 3mg/kg AM1241 and morphine reduced naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping, but not diarrhea. Coadministration of AM1241 and morphine did not inhibit spontaneous locomotor activity. Pretreatment with 3mg/kg AM1241 decreased the chronic morphine-induced Iba1 expression in spinal cord. Coadministration of AM1241 (3 mg/kg) reduced the production of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 induced by long-term and acute morphine treatment. Our findings suggest that the coadministration of the CB2 receptor agonist and morphine could increase morphine antinociception and reduce morphine tolerance and physical dependence in mice. PERSPECTIVE The combination of a CB2 agonist and morphine may provide a new strategy for better treatment of acute and chronic pain and prevention of opioid tolerance and dependence. This finding may also provide a clue for the treatment of opioid tolerance and dependence in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Linlin Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huichao Zou
- Department of Pain, Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Junnan Li
- Department of Statistics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Quanyi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guonian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Pain Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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26
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Wang P, Zheng T, Zhang M, Xu B, Zhang R, Zhang T, Zhao W, Shi X, Zhang Q, Fang Q. Antinociceptive effects of the endogenous cannabinoid peptide agonist VD-hemopressin(β) in mice. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Alleviating Bone Cancer-induced Mechanical Hypersensitivity by Inhibiting Neuronal Activity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Anesthesiology 2017; 125:779-92. [PMID: 27428822 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a brain region that has been critically implicated in the processing of pain perception and modulation. While much evidence has pointed to an increased activity of the ACC under chronic pain states, less is known about whether pain can be alleviated by inhibiting ACC neuronal activity. METHODS The authors used pharmacologic, chemogenetic, and optogenetic approaches in concert with viral tracing technique to address this issue in a mouse model of bone cancer-induced mechanical hypersensitivity by intratibia implantation of osteolytic fibrosarcoma cells. RESULTS Bilateral intra-ACC microinjections of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A receptor agonist muscimol decreased mechanical hypersensitivity in tumor-bearing mice (n =10). Using adenoviral-mediated expression of engineered Gi/o-coupled human M4 (hM4Di) receptors, we observed that activation of Gi/o-coupled human M4 receptors with clozapine-N-oxide reduced ACC neuronal activity and mechanical hypersensitivity in tumor-bearing mice (n = 11). In addition, unilateral optogenetic silencing of ACC excitatory neurons with halorhodopsin significantly decreased mechanical hypersensitivity in tumor-bearing mice (n = 4 to 9), and conversely, optogenetic activation of these neurons with channelrhodopsin-2 was sufficient to provoke mechanical hypersensitivity in sham-operated mice (n = 5 to 9). Furthermore, we found that excitatory neurons in the ACC send direct descending projections to the contralateral dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord via the dorsal corticospinal tract. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that enhanced neuronal activity in the ACC contributes to maintain bone cancer-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and suggest that the ACC may serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating bone cancer pain.
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Marino S, Idris AI. Emerging therapeutic targets in cancer induced bone disease: A focus on the peripheral type 2 cannabinoid receptor. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:391-403. [PMID: 28274851 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal complications are a common cause of morbidity in patients with primary bone cancer and bone metastases. The type 2 cannabinoid (Cnr2) receptor is implicated in cancer, bone metabolism and pain perception. Emerging data have uncovered the role of Cnr2 in the regulation of tumour-bone cell interactions and suggest that agents that target Cnr2 in the skeleton have potential efficacy in the reduction of skeletal complications associated with cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of findings relating to the role of Cnr2 receptor in the regulation of skeletal tumour growth, osteolysis and bone pain, and highlights the many unanswered questions and unmet needs. This review argues that development and testing of peripherally-acting, tumour-, Cnr2-selective ligands in preclinical models of metastatic cancer will pave the way for future research that will advance our knowledge about the basic mechanism(s) by which the endocannabinoid system regulate cancer metastasis, stimulate the development of a safer cannabis-based therapy for the treatment of cancer and provide policy makers with powerful tools to assess the science and therapeutic potential of cannabinoid-based therapy. Thus, offering the prospect of identifying selective Cnr2 ligands, as novel, alternative to cannabis herbal extracts for the treatment of advanced cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marino
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Aymen I Idris
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
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Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2, CB2 receptor or CB2-R) mediates analgesia via two mechanisms. CB2 receptors contained in peripheral immune tissue mediate analgesia by altering cytokine profiles, and thus have little adverse effects on central nervous systems (CNSs). CB2 is also expressed in the neurons and glial cells of the CNS. This neuronal expression may also contribute to pain attenuation. The CB2 receptor has been proposed as a potential target in treating chronic pain of several etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Shang
- a Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yuying Tang
- a Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
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Abstract
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders continues to rise globally, yet remission rates and patient outcome remain less than ideal. As a result, novel treatment approaches for these disorders are necessary to decrease societal economic burden, as well as increase individual functioning. The recent discovery of the endocannabinoid system has provided an outlet for further research into its role in psychiatric disorders, because efficacy of targeted treatments have been demonstrated in medical illnesses, including cancers, neuropathic pain, and multiple sclerosis. The present review will investigate the role of the endocannabinoid system in psychiatric disorders, specifically schizophrenia, depressive, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders, as well as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Controversy remains in prescribing medicinal cannabinoid treatments due to the fear of adverse effects. However, one must consider all potential limitations when determining the safety and tolerability of cannabinoid products, specifically cannabinoid content (ie, Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol vs cannabidiol) as well as study design. The potential efficacy of cannabinoid treatments in the psychiatric population is an emerging topic of interest that provides potential value going forward in medicine.
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Synergistic combinations of the dual enkephalinase inhibitor PL265 given orally with various analgesic compounds acting on different targets, in a murine model of cancer-induced bone pain. Scand J Pain 2016; 14:25-38. [PMID: 28850427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first line pharmacological treatment of cancer pain is morphine and surrogates but a significant pain relief and a reduction of the side-effects of these compounds makes it necessary to combine them with other drugs acting on different targets. The aim of this study was to measure the antinociceptive effect on cancer-induced bone pain resulting from the association of the endogenous opioids enkephalin and non-opioid analgesic drugs. For this purpose, PL265 a new orally active single dual inhibitor of the two degrading enkephalins enzymes, neprilysin (NEP) and aminopeptidase N (APN) was used. It strictly increased the levels of enkephalin at their sites of releases. The selected non-opioid compounds are: gabapentin, A-317491 (P2X3 receptor antagonist), ACEA (CB1 receptor antagonist), AM1241 (CB2 receptor antagonist), JWH-133 (CB2 receptor antagonist), URB937 (FAAH inhibitor), and NAV26 (Nav1.7 channel blocker). METHODS Experiments. Experiments were performed in 5-6 weeks old (26-33g weight) C57BL/6 mice. Cell culture and cell inoculation. B16-F10 melanoma cells were cultured and when preconfluent, treated and detached. Finally related cells were resuspended to obtain a concentration of 2×106 cells/100μL. Then 105 cells were injected into the right tibial medullar cavity. Control mice were treated by killed cells by freezing. Behavioural studies. Thermal withdrawal latencies were measured on a unilatered hot plate (UHP) maintained at 49±0.2°C. Mechanical threshold values were obtained by performing the von Frey test using the "up and down" method. To evaluate the nature (additive or synergistic) of the interactions between PL265 and different drugs, an isobolographic analysis following the method described by Tallarida was performed. RESULTS The results demonstrate the ability of PL265, a DENKI that prevents the degradation of endogenous ENKs, to counteract cancer-induced bone thermal hyperalgesia in mice, by exclusively stimulating peripheral opioid receptors as demonstrated by used of an opioid antagonist unable to enter the brain. The development of such DENKIs, endowed with druggable pharmacokinetic characteristics, such as good absorption by oral route, can be considered as an important step in the development of much needed novel antihyperalgesic drugs. Furthermore, all the tested combinations resulted in synergistic antihyperalgesic effects. As shown here, the greatest synergistic antinociceptive effect (doses could be lowered by 70%) was produced by the combination of PL265 with the P2X3 receptor antagonist (A-317491), cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist (exogenous, ACEA and endogenous URB937-protected-AEA) and Nav1.7 blocker (NAV26) whose mechanism of action involves the direct activation of the enkephalinergic system. CONCLUSIONS These multi-target-based antinociceptive strategies using combinations of non-opioid drugs with dual inhibitors of enkephalin degrading enzymes may bring therapeutic advantages in terms of efficacy and safety by allowing the reduction of doses of one of the compounds or of both, which is of the utmost interest in the chronic treatment of cancer pain. IMPLICATIONS This article presents synergistic antinociceptive effect produced by the combination of PL265 with non-opioid analgesic drugs acting via unrelated mechanisms. These multi-target-based antinociceptive strategies may bring therapeutic advantages by allowing the reduction of doses, which is of great interest in the chronic treatment of cancer pain.
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Zhang M, Wang K, Ma M, Tian S, Wei N, Wang G. Low-Dose Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor Agonist Attenuates Tolerance to Repeated Morphine Administration via Regulating μ-Opioid Receptor Expression in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats. Anesth Analg 2016; 122:1031-7. [PMID: 26720619 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphine is widely used in patients with moderate and severe cancer pain, whereas the development of drug tolerance remains a major problem associated with opioid use. Previous studies have shown that cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor agonists induce morphine analgesia, attenuate morphine tolerance in normal and neuropathic pain animals, induce transcription of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) gene in Jurkat T cells, and increase morphine analgesia in cancer pain animals. However, no studies of the effects of CB2 receptor agonists on morphine tolerance in cancer pain have been performed. Therefore, we investigated the effect of repeated intrathecal (IT) injection of the low-dose CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 on the development of morphine tolerance in walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. We also tested the influence of the CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 on MOR protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). METHODS Walker 256 cells were implanted into the plantar region of each rat's right hindpaw. Tumor-bearing rats received IT injection of the CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 or antagonist AM630 with or without morphine subcutaneously twice daily for 8 days. Rats receiving drug vehicle only served as the control group. Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and thermal paw withdrawal latency were assessed by a von Frey test and hot plate test 30 minutes after drug administration every day. MOR protein and mRNA expression in the spinal cord and DRG were detected after the last day (day 8) of drug administration via Western blot and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The data were analyzed via analysis of variance followed by Student t test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Repeated morphine treatments reduced the mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal latency. Coadministration of a nonanalgetic dose of the CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 with morphine significantly inhibited the development of morphine tolerance and increased the MOR protein expression in the spinal cord and DRG and mRNA expression in the spinal cord in tumor-bearing rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that IT injection of a nonanalgetic dose of a CB2 receptor agonist increased the analgesia effect and alleviated tolerance to morphine in tumor-bearing rats, potentially by regulating MOR expression in the spinal cord and DRG. This receptor may be a new target for prevention of the development of opioid tolerance in cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhang
- From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; †Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; and ‡Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Pain Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
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Hanlon KE, Lozano-Ondoua AN, Umaretiya PJ, Symons-Liguori AM, Chandramouli A, Moy JK, Kwass WK, Mantyh PW, Nelson MA, Vanderah TW. Modulation of breast cancer cell viability by a cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist, JWH-015, is calcium dependent. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2016; 8:59-71. [PMID: 27186076 PMCID: PMC4847606 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cannabinoid compounds, both nonspecific as well as agonists selective for either cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) or cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), have been shown to modulate the tumor microenvironment by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells in several model systems. The mechanism of this modulation remains only partially delineated, and activity induced via the CB1 and CB2 receptors may be distinct despite significant sequence homology and structural similarity of ligands. Methods The CB2-selective agonist JWH-015 was used to investigate mechanisms downstream of CB2 activation in mouse and human breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in a murine mammary tumor model. Results JWH-015 treatment significantly reduced primary tumor burden and metastasis of luciferase-tagged murine mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells in immunocompetent mice in vivo. Furthermore, JWH-015 reduced the viability of murine 4T1 and human MCF7 mammary carcinoma cells in vitro by inducing apoptosis. JWH-015-mediated reduction of breast cancer cell viability was not dependent on Gαi signaling in vitro or modified by classical pharmacological blockade of CB1, GPR55, TRPV1, or TRPA1 receptors. JWH-015 effects were calcium dependent and induced changes in MAPK/ERK signaling. Conclusion The results of this work characterize the actions of a CB2-selective agonist on breast cancer cells in a syngeneic murine model representing how a clinical presentation of cancer progression and metastasis may be significantly modulated by a G-protein-coupled receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Hanlon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | | | - Puja J Umaretiya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Anupama Chandramouli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jamie K Moy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - William K Kwass
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick W Mantyh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark A Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Todd W Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Chakravarti B, Ravi J, Ganju RK. Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in cancer: current status and future implications. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5852-72. [PMID: 25115386 PMCID: PMC4171598 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological importance of cannabinoids has been in study for several years. Cannabinoids comprise of (a) the active compounds of the Cannabis sativa plant, (b) endogenous as well as (c) synthetic cannabinoids. Though cannabinoids are clinically used for anti-palliative effects, recent studies open a promising possibility as anti-cancer agents. They have been shown to possess anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects in vitro as well as in vivo in different cancer models. Cannabinoids regulate key cell signaling pathways that are involved in cell survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, etc. There is more focus on CB1 and CB2, the two cannabinoid receptors which are activated by most of the cannabinoids. In this review article, we will focus on a broad range of cannabinoids, their receptor dependent and receptor independent functional roles against various cancer types with respect to growth, metastasis, energy metabolism, immune environment, stemness and future perspectives in exploring new possible therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Chakravarti
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Janani Ravi
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Sophocleous A, Marino S, Logan JG, Mollat P, Ralston SH, Idris AI. Bone Cell-autonomous Contribution of Type 2 Cannabinoid Receptor to Breast Cancer-induced Osteolysis. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26195631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.649608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2) has previously been implicated as a regulator of tumor growth, bone remodeling, and bone pain. However, very little is known about the role of the skeletal CB2 receptor in the regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts changes associated with breast cancer. Here we found that the CB2-selective agonists HU308 and JWH133 reduced the viability of a variety of parental and bone-tropic human and mouse breast cancer cells at high micromolar concentrations. Under conditions in which these ligands are used at the nanomolar range, HU308 and JWH133 enhanced human and mouse breast cancer cell-induced osteoclastogenesis and exacerbated osteolysis, and these effects were attenuated in cultures obtained from CB2-deficient mice or in the presence of a CB2 receptor blocker. HU308 and JWH133 had no effects on osteoblast growth or differentiation in the presence of conditioned medium from breast cancer cells, but under these circumstances both agents enhanced parathyroid hormone-induced osteoblast differentiation and the ability to support osteoclast formation. Mechanistic studies in osteoclast precursors and osteoblasts showed that JWH133 and HU308 induced PI3K/AKT activity in a CB2-dependent manner, and these effects were enhanced in the presence of osteolytic and osteoblastic factors such as RANKL (receptor activator of NFκB ligand) and parathyroid hormone. When combined with published work, these findings suggest that breast cancer and bone cells exhibit differential responses to treatment with CB2 ligands depending upon cell type and concentration used. We, therefore, conclude that both CB2-selective activation and antagonism have potential efficacy in cancer-associated bone disease, but further studies are warranted and ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Sophocleous
- Bone and Cancer Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom, Rheumatology and Bone Diseases Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom, and
| | - Silvia Marino
- Bone and Cancer Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom, From the Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - John G Logan
- Bone and Cancer Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom, Rheumatology and Bone Diseases Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom, and
| | - Patrick Mollat
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Stuart H Ralston
- Rheumatology and Bone Diseases Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom, and
| | - Aymen I Idris
- Bone and Cancer Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom, From the Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom,
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Deng L, Guindon J, Cornett BL, Makriyannis A, Mackie K, Hohmann AG. Chronic cannabinoid receptor 2 activation reverses paclitaxel neuropathy without tolerance or cannabinoid receptor 1-dependent withdrawal. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:475-87. [PMID: 24853387 PMCID: PMC4209205 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) agonists such as Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) can produce tolerance, physical withdrawal, and unwanted CB1-mediated central nervous system side effects. Whether repeated systemic administration of a CB2-preferring agonist engages CB1 receptors or produces CB1-mediated side effects is unknown. METHODS We evaluated antiallodynic efficacy, possible tolerance, and cannabimimetic side effects of repeated dosing with a CB2-preferring agonist AM1710 in a model of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy produced by paclitaxel using CB1 knockout (CB1KO), CB2 knockout (CB2KO), and wild-type (WT) mice. Comparisons were made with the prototypic classic cannabinoid Δ(9)-THC. We also explored the site and possible mechanism of action of AM1710. RESULTS Paclitaxel-induced mechanical and cold allodynia developed to an equivalent degree in CB1KO, CB2KO, and WT mice. Both AM1710 and Δ(9)-THC suppressed established paclitaxel-induced allodynia in WT mice. In contrast to Δ(9)-THC, chronic administration of AM1710 did not engage CB1 activity or produce antinociceptive tolerance, CB1-mediated cannabinoid withdrawal, hypothermia, or motor dysfunction. Antiallodynic efficacy of systemic administration of AM1710 was absent in CB2KO mice and WT mice receiving the CB2 antagonist AM630, administered either systemically or intrathecally. Intrathecal administration of AM1710 also attenuated paclitaxel-induced allodynia in WT mice, but not CB2KO mice, implicating a possible role for spinal CB2 receptors in AM1710 antiallodynic efficacy. Finally, both acute and chronic administration of AM1710 decreased messenger RNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in lumbar spinal cord of paclitaxel-treated WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the potential of prolonged use of CB2 agonists for managing chemotherapy-induced allodynia with a favorable therapeutic ratio marked by sustained efficacy and absence of tolerance, physical withdrawal, or CB1-mediated side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Deng
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Interdisciplinary Biochemistry Graduate Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Josée Guindon
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Cornett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Interdisciplinary Biochemistry Graduate Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrea G. Hohmann
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Interdisciplinary Biochemistry Graduate Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA,Author for Correspondence: Dr. Andrea G. Hohmann, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-2204, Tel: 812-856-0672, Fax: 812-856-7187,
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Jenkin KA, O'Keefe L, Simcocks AC, Briffa JF, Mathai ML, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Renal effects of chronic pharmacological manipulation of CB2 receptors in rats with diet-induced obesity. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:1128-42. [PMID: 25537025 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In diabetic nephropathy agonism of CB2 receptors reduces albuminuria and podocyte loss; however, the role of CB2 receptors in obesity-related nephropathy is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the role of CB2 receptors in a model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and characterize the hallmark signs of renal damage in response to agonism (AM1241) and antagonism (AM630) of CB2 receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD: 40% digestible energy from lipids) for 10 weeks. In another cohort, after 9 weeks on a HFD, rats were injected daily with either 3 mg·kg(-1) AM1241, 0.3 mg·kg(-1) AM630 or saline for 6 weeks. KEY RESULTS Ten weeks on a HFD significantly reduced renal expression of CB2 receptors and renal function. Treatment with AM1241 or AM630 did not reduce weight gain or food consumption in DIO. Despite this, AM1241 significantly reduced systolic BP, peri-renal adipose accumulation, plasma leptin, urinary protein, urinary albumin, urinary sodium excretion and the fibrotic markers TGF-β1, collagen IV and VEGF in kidney lysate. Treatment with AM630 of DIO rats significantly reduced creatinine clearance and increased glomerular area and kidney weight (gross and standardized for body weight). Diastolic BP, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, plasma creatinine, plasma TGF-β1 and kidney expression of fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin were not altered by either AM1241 or AM630 in DIO. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that while agonism of CB2 receptors with AM1241 treatment for 6 weeks does not reduce weight gain in obese rats, it leads to improvements in obesity-related renal dysfunction. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endocannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jenkin
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - L O'Keefe
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A C Simcocks
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - M L Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A J McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - D H Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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PKA is required for the modulation of spinal nociceptive information related to ephrinB-EphB signaling in mice. Neuroscience 2014; 284:546-554. [PMID: 25453775 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
EphB receptors and their ephrinB ligands are implicated in modulating of spinal nociceptive information processing. Here, we investigated whether protein kinase A (PKA), acts as a downstream effector, participates in the modulation spinal nociceptive information related to ephrinB-EphB signaling. Intrathecal injection of ephrinB2-Fc caused thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, which were accompanied by increased expression of spinal PKA catalytic subunit (PKAca) and phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein (p-CREB). Pre-treatment with H89, a PKA inhibitor, prevented the activation of CREB by ephrinB2-Fc. Inhibition of spinal PKA signaling prevented and reversed pain behaviors induced by the intrathecal injection of ephrinB2-Fc. Furthermore, blockade of the EphB receptors by intrathecal injection of EphB2-Fc reduced formalin-induced inflammatory, chronic constrictive injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic, and tibia bone cavity tumor cell implantation (TCI)-induced bone cancer pain behaviors, which were accompanied by decreased expression of spinal PKAca and p-CREB. Overall, these results confirmed the important involvement of PKA in the modulation of spinal nociceptive information related to ephrinBs-EphBs signaling. This finding may have important implications for exploring the roles and mechanisms of ephrinB-EphB signaling in physiologic and pathologic pain.
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Huang HJ, Zhang M. Downregulation of PI3Kcb utilizing adenovirus-mediated transfer of siRNA attenuates bone cancer pain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:8127-35. [PMID: 25550861 PMCID: PMC4270548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling plays a pivotal role in intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in chronic pain states. PI3K is implicated in pathomechanisms of enhanced synaptic strength, such as wind-up and central sensitization in the spinal dorsal horn. The PI3Kcb gene encoding the class 1A PI3K catalytic subunit p110beta is one of the most important molecular of the P13K signaling pathway. Here, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted to PI3Kcb by adenovirus-mediated transfer, to determine whether inhibition of PI3Kcb was a potential therapeutic target for bone cancer pain (BCP). In this study, treatment of BCP model in rats with PI3Kcb-specific siRNA resulted in inhibited pain-related behavior. Depletion of PI3Kcb decreased the protein levels of spinal PI3Kcb and phospho-Akt (P-Akt)-downstream targets of PI3K. Knockdown of PI3Kcb by siRNA also induced decreased expression of GFAP and OX42, suggesting that the upregulation of spinal PI3Kcb may increase glia excitability, at least in part by regulating glia message. Our findings suggest that siRNA-mediated gene silencing of PI3Kcb may be a useful therapeutic strategy for BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Jun Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, Hubei, PR China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Central HospitalWuhan 430014, Hubei, PR China
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Intrathecal Injection of JWH015 Attenuates Remifentanil-Induced Postoperative Hyperalgesia by Inhibiting Activation of Spinal Glia in a Rat Model. Anesth Analg 2014; 118:841-53. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Marchalant Y, Brownjohn PW, Bonnet A, Kleffmann T, Ashton JC. Validating Antibodies to the Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor: Antibody Sensitivity Is Not Evidence of Antibody Specificity. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:395-404. [PMID: 24670796 PMCID: PMC4174627 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414530995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based methods for the detection and quantification of membrane integral proteins, in particular, the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), have been plagued with issues of primary antibody specificity. In this report, we investigate one of the most commonly utilized commercial antibodies for the cannabinoid CB2 receptor, a GPCR, using immunoblotting in combination with mass spectrometry. In this way, we were able to develop powerful negative and novel positive controls. By doing this, we are able to demonstrate that it is possible for an antibody to be sensitive for a protein of interest—in this case CB2—but still cross-react with other proteins and therefore lack specificity. Specifically, we were able to use western blotting combined with mass spectrometry to unequivocally identify CB2 protein in over-expressing cell lines. This shows that a common practice of validating antibodies with positive controls only is insufficient to ensure antibody reliability. In addition, our work is the first to develop a label-free method of protein detection using mass spectrometry that, with further refinement, could provide unequivocal identification of CB2 receptor protein in native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Marchalant
- Aix-Marseille University, Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie, Marseille, France (YM,AB)Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (PWB,JCA)Centre for Protein Research, Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (TK)
| | - Philip W Brownjohn
- Aix-Marseille University, Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie, Marseille, France (YM,AB)Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (PWB,JCA)Centre for Protein Research, Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (TK)
| | - Amandine Bonnet
- Aix-Marseille University, Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie, Marseille, France (YM,AB)Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (PWB,JCA)Centre for Protein Research, Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (TK)
| | - Torsten Kleffmann
- Aix-Marseille University, Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie, Marseille, France (YM,AB)Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (PWB,JCA)Centre for Protein Research, Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (TK)
| | - John C Ashton
- Aix-Marseille University, Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie, Marseille, France (YM,AB)Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (PWB,JCA)Centre for Protein Research, Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (TK)
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Abstract
The global burden of cancer pain is enormous and opioids, despite their side effects, remain the primary therapeutic approach. The cause of cancer pain is unknown. Mechanisms driving cancer pain differ from those mechanisms responsible for inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The prevailing hypothesis put forward to explain cancer pain posits that cancers generate and secrete mediators which sensitize and activate primary afferent nociceptors in the cancer microenvironment. Moreover, cancers induce neurochemical reorganization of the spinal cord, which contributes to spontaneous activity and enhanced responsiveness. The purpose of this review, which covers clinical and preclinical studies, is to highlight those peripheral and central mechanisms responsible for cancer pain. The challenges facing neuroscientists and clinicians studying and ultimately treating cancer pain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, NY, USA
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Ahmad R, Koole M, Evens N, Serdons K, Verbruggen A, Bormans G, Van Laere K. Whole-body biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor ligand [11C]-NE40 in healthy subjects. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 15:384-90. [PMID: 23508466 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) is part of the human endocannabinoid system and is involved in central and peripheral inflammatory processes. In vivo imaging of the CB2R would allow study of several (neuro)inflammatory disorders. In this study we have investigated the safety and tolerability of [11C]-NE40, a CB2R positron emission tomography (PET) ligand, in healthy human male subjects and determined its biodistribution and radiation dosimetry. PROCEDURE Six healthy male subjects (age 20-65 years) underwent a dynamic series of nine whole-body PET/CT scans for up to 140 min, after injection of an average bolus of 286 MBq of [11C]-NE40. Organ absorbed and total effective doses were calculated through OLINDA. RESULTS [11C]-NE40 showed high initial uptake in the spleen and a predominant hepatobiliary excretion. In the brain, rapid uptake and swift washout were seen. Organ absorbed doses were largest for the small intestine and liver, with 15.6 and 11.5 μGy/MBq, respectively. The mean effective dose was 3.64±0.81 μSv/MBq. There were no changes with aging observed. No adverse events were encountered. CONCLUSIONS This first-in-man study of [11C]-NE40 showed an expected biodistribution compatible with lymphoid tissue uptake and appropriate fast brain kinetics in the healthy human brain, underscoring the potential of this tracer for further application in central and peripheral inflammation imaging. The effective dose is within the typical expected range for 11C ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawaha Ahmad
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Pevida M, Lastra A, Meana Á, Hidalgo A, Baamonde A, Menéndez L. The chemokine CCL5 induces CCR1-mediated hyperalgesia in mice inoculated with NCTC 2472 tumoral cells. Neuroscience 2013; 259:113-25. [PMID: 24316469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR1 has been demonstrated in several structures related to nociception, supporting the nociceptive role of chemokines able to activate it, the involvement of CCR1 in neoplastic pain has not been previously assessed. We have assayed the effects of a CCR1 antagonist, J113863, in two murine models of neoplastic hyperalgesia based on the intratibial injection of either NCTC 2472 fibrosarcoma cells, able to induce osteolytic bone injury, or B16-F10 melanoma cells, associated to mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic bone pathological features. The systemic administration of J113863 inhibited thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia but not mechanical allodynia in mice inoculated with NCTC 2472 cells. Moreover, in these mice, thermal hyperalgesia was counteracted following the peritumoral (10-30μg) but not spinal (3-5μg) administration of J113863. In contrast, hyperalgesia and allodynia measured in mice inoculated with B16-F10 cells remained unaffected after the administration of J113863. The inoculation of tumoral cells did not modify the levels of CCL3 at tumor or spinal cord. In contrast, although the concentration of CCL5 remained unmodified in mice inoculated with B16-F10 cells, increased levels of this chemokine were measured in tumor-bearing limbs, but not the spinal cord, of mice inoculated with NCTC 2472 cells. Increased levels of CCL5 were also found following the incubation of NCTC 2472, but not B16-F10, cells in the corresponding culture medium. The intraplantar injection of CCL5 (0.5ng) to naïve mice evoked thermal hyperalgesia prevented by the coadministration of J113863 or the CCR5 antagonist, d-Ala-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), demonstrating that CCL5 can induce thermal hyperalgesia in mice through the activation of CCR1 or CCR5. However, contrasting with the inhibitory effect evoked by J113863, the systemic administration of DAPTA did not prevent tumoral hyperalgesia. Finally, the peritumoral administration of an anti-CCL5 antibody completely inhibited thermal hyperalgesia evoked by the inoculation of NCTC 2472 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pevida
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - A Lastra
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Á Meana
- Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos del Principado de Asturias, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U714, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - A Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - A Baamonde
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Luis Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Involvement of Spinal Chemokine CCL2 in the Hyperalgesia Evoked by Bone Cancer in Mice: A Role for Astroglia and Microglia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:143-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vincenzi F, Targa M, Corciulo C, Tabrizi MA, Merighi S, Gessi S, Saponaro G, Baraldi PG, Borea PA, Varani K. Antinociceptive effects of the selective CB2 agonist MT178 in inflammatory and chronic rodent pain models. Pain 2013; 154:864-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huryn DM, Resnick LO, Wipf P. Contributions of academic laboratories to the discovery and development of chemical biology tools. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7161-76. [PMID: 23672690 DOI: 10.1021/jm400132d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The academic setting provides an environment that may foster success in the discovery of certain types of small molecule tools while proving less suitable in others. For example, small molecule probes for poorly understood systems, those that exploit a specific resident expertise, and those whose commercial return is not apparent are ideally suited to be pursued in a university setting. In this review, we highlight five projects that emanated from academic research groups and generated valuable tool compounds that have been used to interrogate biological phenomena: reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensors, GPR30 agonists and antagonists, selective CB2 agonists, Hsp70 modulators, and β-amyloid PET imaging agents. By taking advantage of the unique expertise resident in university settings and the ability to pursue novel projects that may have great scientific value but with limited or no immediate commercial value, probes from academic research groups continue to provide useful tools and generate a long-term resource for biomedical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Huryn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center (UP-CDC) , 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Rani Sagar D, Burston JJ, Woodhams SG, Chapman V. Dynamic changes to the endocannabinoid system in models of chronic pain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3300-11. [PMID: 23108548 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The analgesic effects of cannabinoid ligands, mediated by CB1 receptors are well established. However, the side-effect profile of CB1 receptor ligands has necessitated the search for alternative cannabinoid-based approaches to analgesia. Herein, we review the current literature describing the impact of chronic pain states on the key components of the endocannabinoid receptor system, in terms of regionally restricted changes in receptor expression and levels of key metabolic enzymes that influence the local levels of the endocannabinoids. The evidence that spinal CB2 receptors have a novel role in the modulation of nociceptive processing in models of neuropathic pain, as well as in models of cancer pain and arthritis is discussed. Recent advances in our understanding of the spinal location of the key enzymes that regulate the levels of the endocannabinoid 2-AG are discussed alongside the outcomes of recent studies of the effects of inhibiting the catabolism of 2-AG in models of pain. The complexities of the enzymes capable of metabolizing both anandamide (AEA) and 2-AG have become increasingly apparent. More recently, it has come to light that some of the metabolites of AEA and 2-AG generated by cyclooxygenase-2, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 are biologically active and can either exacerbate or inhibit nociceptive signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Rani Sagar
- Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Cui JH, Ju J, Yoon MH. Pharmacology of Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists and a Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor in Rat Bone Tumor Pain. Pharmacology 2013; 92:150-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000354296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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N-(4-Methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)hexadecanamide, a palmitoylethanolamide analogue, reduces formalin-induced nociception. Life Sci 2012; 91:1288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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