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Kleinbongard P, Lieder H, Skyschally A, Heusch G. Diazoxide is a powerful cardioprotectant but is not feasible in a realistic infarct scenario. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1173462. [PMID: 37153458 PMCID: PMC10154575 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1173462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diazoxide is a powerful cardioprotective agent that activates mitochondrial ATP-dependent K-channels and stimulates mitochondrial respiration. Diazoxide reduced infarct size in isolated rodent heart preparations and upon pretreatment in juvenile pigs with coronary occlusion/reperfusion. We aimed to study the use of diazoxide in a more realistic adult pig model of reperfused acute myocardial infarction when diazoxide was administered just before reperfusion. Methods and results In a first approach, we pretreated anaesthetised adult Göttingen minipigs with 7 mg kg-1 diazoxide (n = 5) or placebo (n = 5) intravenously over 10 min and subjected them to 60 min coronary occlusion and 180 min reperfusion; blood pressure was maintained by use of an aortic snare. The primary endpoint was infarct size (triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining) as a fraction of area at risk; no-reflow area (thioflavin-S staining) was the secondary endpoint. In a second approach, diazoxide (n = 5) was given from 50 to 60 min coronary occlusion, and blood pressure was not maintained. There was a significant reduction in infarct size (22% ± 11% of area at risk with diazoxide pretreatment vs. 47% ± 11% with placebo) and area of no-reflow (14% ± 14% of infarct size with diazoxide pretreatment vs. 46% ± 20% with placebo). With diazoxide from 50 to 60 min coronary occlusion, however, there was marked hypotension, and infarct size (44% ± 7%) and area of no-reflow were not reduced (35% ± 25%). Conclusions Cardioprotection by diazoxide pretreatment was confirmed in adult pigs with reperfused acute myocardial infarction but is not feasible when diazoxide is administered in a more realistic scenario before reperfusion and causes hypotension.
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Zhao T, Wu W, Sui L, Huang Q, Nan Y, Liu J, Ai K. Reactive oxygen species-based nanomaterials for the treatment of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injuries. Bioact Mater 2021; 7:47-72. [PMID: 34466716 PMCID: PMC8377441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interventional coronary reperfusion strategies are widely adopted to treat acute myocardial infarction, but morbidity and mortality of acute myocardial infarction are still high. Reperfusion injuries are inevitable due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis of cardiac muscle cells. However, many antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs are largely limited by pharmacokinetics and route of administration, such as short half-life, low stability, low bioavailability, and side effects for treatment myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective drugs and technologies to address this issue. Fortunately, nanotherapies have demonstrated great opportunities for treating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Compared with traditional drugs, nanodrugs can effectively increase the therapeutic effect and reduces side effects by improving pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties due to nanodrugs’ size, shape, and material characteristics. In this review, the biology of ROS and molecular mechanisms of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury are discussed. Furthermore, we summarized the applications of ROS-based nanoparticles, highlighting the latest achievements of nanotechnology researches for the treatment of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Researches of the myocardial infarction pathology and development of new treatments have very important scientific significance in the biomedical field. Many nanomaterials have shown amazing therapeutic effects to reduce myocardial damage by eliminating ROS. Nanomaterials effectively reduced myocardial damage through eliminating ROS from NOXs, M-ETC, M-Ca2+, M-mPTP, and RIRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China.,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China
| | - Lihua Sui
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410087, China
| | - Yayun Nan
- Geriatric Medical Center, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan, 750003, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Kelong Ai
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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Gavali JT, Carrillo ED, García MC, Sánchez JA. The mitochondrial K-ATP channel opener diazoxide upregulates STIM1 and Orai1 via ROS and the MAPK pathway in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:96. [PMID: 32817784 PMCID: PMC7424994 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Openers of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium (mKATP) channels like diazoxide increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cardiac cells and reduce Ca2+ elevations produced by ischemia–reperfusion, protecting the heart from damage. In this study we tested the hypothesis that opening mKATP channels regulates expression of the major components of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) STIM1 and Orai1. Results Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot experiments showed that diazoxide increased expression of STIM1 and Orai1 at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed that diazoxide also disrupted the striated distribution pattern of STIM1. These effects were prevented by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), the mKATP channel antagonist 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), or the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX). Confocal microscopy revealed that diazoxide also led to nuclear translocation of the transcription factors c-Fos and NFκB, which was also blocked by NAC or 5-HD. Finally, the MAPK pathway inhibitor UO126 attenuated diazoxide-induced upregulation of STIM1 and Orai1 expression. Conclusions Our results suggest that opening mitochondrial potassium ATP channels with diazoxide upregulates the expression of STIM1 and Orai1 by de novo synthesis by a mechanism that involves NFkB, c-Fos, and ROS via MAPK/ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice T Gavali
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, CDMX Mexico
| | - Elba D Carrillo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, CDMX Mexico
| | - María C García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, CDMX Mexico
| | - Jorge A Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360 Ciudad de México, CDMX Mexico
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Sampieri R, Fuentes E, Carrillo ED, Hernández A, García MC, Sánchez JA. Pharmacological Preconditioning Using Diazoxide Regulates Store-Operated Ca 2 + Channels in Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1589. [PMID: 32009985 PMCID: PMC6972595 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs) are the major routes of Ca2+ entry into mammalian cells. Previously, we reported that pharmacological preconditioning (PPC) leads to a decrease in the amplitude of L-type calcium channel current in the heart. In this study, we examined PPC-associated changes in SOC function. We measured adult cardiomyocyte membrane currents using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, and we evaluated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and intracellular Ca2+ levels in cardiomyocytes using fluorescent probes. Diazoxide (Dzx) and thapsigargin (Tg) were used to induce PPC and to deplete internal stores of Ca2+, respectively. Ca2+ store depletion generated inward currents with strong rectification, which were suppressed by the SOC blocker GSK-7975-A. These currents were completely abolished by PPC, an effect that could be countered with 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD; a selective mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker), an intracellular mitochondrial energizing solution, or Ni2+ [a blocker of sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX)]. Buffering of ROS and intracellular Ca2+ also prevented PPC effects on SOC currents. Refilling of intracellular stores was largely suppressed by PPC, as determined by measuring intracellular Ca2+ with a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator. These results indicate that influx of Ca2+ through SOCs is inhibited by their ROS and Ca2+-dependent inactivation during PPC and that NCX is a likely source of PPC-inactivating Ca2+. We further showed that NCX associates with Orai1. Down-regulation of SOCs by PPC may play a role in cardioprotection following ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Sampieri
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eridani Fuentes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elba D Carrillo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ascención Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María C García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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Narasimhan G, Carrillo ED, Hernández A, García MC, Sánchez JA. Protective Action of Diazoxide on Isoproterenol-Induced Hypertrophy Is Mediated by Reduction in MicroRNA-132 Expression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 72:222-230. [PMID: 30403388 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND METHODS The effects of diazoxide on cardiac hypertrophy and miR-132 expression were characterized in adult rats and in cardiomyocytes. Diazoxide effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and on the cAMP-response element binding (CREB) transcription factor's abundance in cardiomyocytes were also analyzed. ROS measurements used a fluorescent dye. Western blot analysis and quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction were used to measure phosphorylated form of CREB (pCREB) abundance and miR-132 expression, respectively. RESULTS Isoproterenol (ISO) induced cardiac hypertrophy, an effect that was mitigated by diazoxide. The rate of ROS production, CREB phosphorylation, and miR-132 expression increased after the addition of ISO. H2O2 increased pCREB abundance and miR-132 expression; upregulation of miR-132 was blocked by the specific inhibitor of CREB transcription, 666-15. Consistent with a role of ROS on miR-132 expression, diazoxide prevented the increase in ROS production, miR-132 expression, and pCREB abundance produced by ISO. Phosphorylation of CREB by ISO was prevented by U0126, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase. CONCLUSIONS Our data first demonstrate that diazoxide mitigates hypertrophy by preventing an increase in miR-132 expression. The mechanism likely involves less ROS production leading to less phosphorylation of CREB. Our data further show that ROS enhance miR-132 transcription, and that ISO effects are probably mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Narasimhan
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
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Pecoraro M, Ciccarelli M, Fiordelisi A, Iaccarino G, Pinto A, Popolo A. Diazoxide Improves Mitochondrial Connexin 43 Expression in a Mouse Model of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518932 PMCID: PMC5877618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOXO) administration induces alterations in Connexin 43 (Cx43) expression and localization, thus, inducing alterations in chemical and electrical signal transmission between cardiomyocytes and in intracellular calcium homeostasis even evident after a single administration. This study was designed to evaluate if Diazoxide (DZX), a specific opener of mitochondrial KATP channels widely used for its cardioprotective effects, can fight DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity in a short-time mouse model. DZX (20 mg/kg i.p.) was administered 30 min before DOXO (10 mg/kg i.p.) in C57BL/6j female mice for 1–3 or seven days once every other day. A recovery of cardiac parameters, evaluated by Echocardiography, were observed in DZX+DOXO co-treated mice. Western blot analysis performed on heart lysates showed an increase in sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCAII) and a reduction in phospholamban (PLB) amounts in DZX+DOXO co-treated mice. A contemporary recovery of intracellular Ca2+-signal, detected spectrofluorometrically by means of FURA-2AM, was observed in these mice. Cx43 expression and localization, analyzed by Western blot and confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis, showed that DZX co-treatement increases Cx43 amount both on sarcoplasmic membrane and on mitochondria. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that, in a short-time mouse model of DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity, DZX exerts its cardioprotective effects also by enhancing the amount Cx43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pecoraro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy.
| | - Antonella Fiordelisi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy.
| | - Aldo Pinto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Ada Popolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
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Diazoxide reduces local and remote organ damage in a rat model of intestinal ischemia reperfusion. J Surg Res 2018; 225:118-124. [PMID: 29605021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia reperfusion is a common clinical condition that causes functional impairment. Once tight junctions are damaged, barrier function is compromised, and the intestines become a source for entry of bacterial and inflammatory mediators into the circulation, leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiple organ failure, and death. It is possible that diazoxide could protect the intestines against ischemia reperfusion. The aim of this study is to determine whether diazoxide can provide protection in a rat model of intestinal ischemia reperfusion. METHODS A total of 32 adult male specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were randomized into three groups: a control group, n = 6; a saline group, n = 13; and a diazoxide group, n = 13. The saline and diazoxide groups underwent clamping of the superior mesenteric artery for 1 h, with samples in all the groups being collected 12 h later. RESULTS Intestinal histology showed greater damage in the intestinal ischemia reperfusion groups. mRNA expression of zonula occludens-1 and occludin (tight junction proteins) and interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 was the highest in the Saline group. The Diazoxide group showed a reduction in aspartate aminotransferase serum levels compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of zonula occludens-1, occludin, and cyclooxygenase-2 suggested a greater regenerative effort because of more severe lesions in the saline group. In addition, increased expression of interleukin-6 in the saline group was suggestive of inflammation, indicating that diazoxide had protective effects in the diazoxide group. Reduced aspartate aminotransferase in the diazoxide group suggested liver protection. Diazoxide protects the intestines and liver from intestinal ischemia reperfusion lesions in rats.
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Sex Differences in Vascular Reactivity to Angiotensin II During the Evolution of Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 71:19-25. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Mitochondria and Cardiac Hypertrophy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:203-226. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lucas AM, Caldas FR, da Silva AP, Ventura MM, Leite IM, Filgueiras AB, Silva CGL, Kowaltowski AJ, Facundo HT. Diazoxide prevents reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial damage, leading to anti-hypertrophic effects. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 261:50-55. [PMID: 27867086 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by wall thickening or chamber enlargement of the heart in response to pressure or volume overload, respectively. This condition will, initially, improve the organ contractile function, but if sustained will render dysfunctional mitochondria and oxidative stress. Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels (mitoKATP) modulate the redox status of the cell and protect against several cardiac insults. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mitoKATP opening (using diazoxide) will avoid isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial Ca2+-induced swelling. To induce cardiac hypertrophy, Swiss mice were treated intraperitoneally with isoproterenol (30 mg/kg/day) for 8 days. Diazoxide (5 mg/kg/day) was used to open mitoKATP and 5-hydroxydecanoate (5 mg/kg/day) was administrated as a mitoKATP blocker. Isoproterenol-treated mice had elevated heart weight/tibia length ratios and increased myocyte cross-sectional areas. Additionally, hypertrophic hearts produced higher levels of H2O2 and had lower glutathione peroxidase activity. In contrast, mitoKATP opening with diazoxide blocked all isoproterenol effects in a manner reversed by 5-hydroxydecanoate. Isolated mitochondria from Isoproterenol-induced hypertrophic hearts had increased susceptibility to Ca2+-induced swelling secondary to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. MitokATP opening was accompanied by lower Ca2+-induced mitochondrial swelling, an effect blocked by 5-hydroxydecanoate. Our results suggest that mitoKATP opening negatively regulates cardiac hypertrophy by avoiding oxidative impairment and mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Lucas
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco R Caldas
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
| | - Amanda P da Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Iago M Leite
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana B Filgueiras
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
| | - Claúdio G L Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heberty T Facundo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Barbalha, CE, Brazil.
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Gonca E, Rapposelli S, Darıcı F, Digiacomo M, Yılmaz Z. Antiarrhythmic activity of a new spiro-cyclic benzopyran activator of the cardiac mitochondrial ATP dependent potassium channels. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1212-22. [PMID: 27357534 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
'Compound A' (4(ı)-(N-(4-acetamidobenzyl))-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-5(ı)H-spiro[chromene-4,2(ı)-[1,4]oxazinan]-5(ı)-one) is a new spiro-cyclic benzopyran activator of the mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels (mitoKATP). We researched the effect of compound A on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced ventricular arrhythmias. We also tested the hypothesis that the application of the activation of mitoKATP in combination with the inhibition of sarcolemmal ATP-dependent potassium channels (sarcKATP) may produce a stronger antiarrhythmic effect. In anesthetized rats, myocardial ischemia was performed by ligating the left main coronary artery followed by reperfusion. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, compound A significantly decreased arrhythmia scores and the total length of arrhythmias, whereas this was found to be ineffective at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Pre-treatment with 5-HD, a selective mitoKATP blocker, abolished the antiarrhythmic effect of compound A. Both diazoxide, a selective mitoKATP opener and HMR 1098, a selective sarcKATP blocker, significantly decreased the total length of arrhythmias. However, the combination of neither diazoxide nor compound A with HMR 1098 showed no additional therapeutic benefit. These results reveal that compound A may have a dose-dependent antiarrythmic effect, which is more pronounced than the antiarrhythmic effect of diazoxide. The antiarrhythmic effect of compound A may possibly depend on mitoKATP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersöz Gonca
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Faruk Darıcı
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Maria Digiacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Zehra Yılmaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Şanliurfa, Turkey
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Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel opening inhibits isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by preventing oxidative damage. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 65:393-7. [PMID: 25850726 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a chronic complex disease that occurs in response to hemodynamic load and is accompanied by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K channels (mitoKATPs) have previously been shown to prevent oxidative cardiac damage under conditions of ischemia/reperfusion. However, the effect of these channels on cardiac hypertrophy has not been tested to date. In this study, we show that treatment of Swiss mice with isoproterenol (30 mg·kg·d) induces cardiac hypertrophy while significantly decreasing the levels of reduced protein thiols, glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity, indicative of a condition of oxidative imbalance. Treatment with diazoxide (a mitoKATP opener, 5 mg·kg·d) normalized the levels of protein thiols and reduced glutathione, rescued superoxide dismutase activity, and significantly prevented cardiac hypertrophy. The protective effects of diazoxide were mitigated by the mitoKATP blockers 5-hydroxydecanoate (5 mg·kg·d) and glibenclamide (3 mg·kg·d), demonstrating that they were related to activation of the channel. Taken together, our results establish that mitoKATP activation promotes very robust prevention of cardiac hypertrophy and associated oxidative imbalance and suggest that these channels can be important drug targets for the pharmacological control of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Nogueira MA, Coelho AMM, Sampietre SN, Patzina RA, Pinheiro da Silva F, D'Albuquerque LAC, Machado MCC. Beneficial effects of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K + channel opener on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15319-15326. [PMID: 25386080 PMCID: PMC4223265 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of diazoxide administration on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury.
METHODS: Wistar male rats underwent partial liver ischemia performed by clamping the pedicle from the medium and left anterior lateral segments for 1 h under mechanical ventilation. They were divided into 3 groups: Control Group, rats submitted to liver manipulation, Saline Group, rats received saline, and Diazoxide Group, rats received intravenous injection diazoxide (3.5 mg/kg) 15 min before liver reperfusion. 4 h and 24 h after reperfusion, blood was collected for determination of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), nitrite/nitrate, creatinine and tumor growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Liver tissues were assembled for mitochondrial oxidation and phosphorylation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and histologic analysis. Pulmonary vascular permeability and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were also determined.
RESULTS: Four hours after reperfusion the diazoxide group presented with significant reduction of AST (2009 ± 257 U/L vs 3523 ± 424 U/L, P = 0.005); ALT (1794 ± 295 U/L vs 3316 ± 413 U/L, P = 0.005); TNF-α (17 ± 9 pg/mL vs 152 ± 43 pg/mL, P = 0.013; IL-6 (62 ± 18 pg/mL vs 281 ± 92 pg/mL); IL-10 (40 ± 9 pg/mL vs 78 ± 10 pg/mL P = 0.03), and nitrite/nitrate (3.8 ± 0.9 μmol/L vs 10.2 ± 2.4 μmol/L, P = 0.025) when compared to the saline group. A significant reduction in liver mitochondrial dysfunction was observed in the diazoxide group compared to the saline group (P < 0.05). No differences in liver MDA content, serum creatinine, pulmonary vascular permeability and MPO activity were observed between groups. Twenty four hours after reperfusion the diazoxide group showed a reduction of AST (495 ± 78 U/L vs 978 ± 192 U/L, P = 0.032); ALT (335 ± 59 U/L vs 742 ± 182 U/L, P = 0.048), and TGF-β1 (11 ± 1 ng/mL vs 17 ± 0.5 ng/mL, P = 0.004) serum levels when compared to the saline group. The control group did not present alterations when compared to the diazoxide and saline groups.
CONCLUSION: Diazoxide maintains liver mitochondrial function, increases liver tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury, and reduces the systemic inflammatory response. These effects require further evaluation for using in a clinical setting.
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Solis R, Carrillo ED, Hernández A, García MC, Sánchez JA. Parvalbumin is overexpressed in the late phase of pharmacological preconditioning in skeletal muscle. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:966-72. [PMID: 24117265 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological preconditioning (PPC) with mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channel openers such as diazoxide, provides protection against ischemia in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and other tissues. Effects on Ca(2+) homeostasis during the late phase of PPC have been described in cardiomyocytes, but no information is available regarding intracellular Ca(2+) changes in skeletal muscle fibers during late PPC. Intracellular Ca(2+) signals were measured in single fibers of adult mouse skeletal muscle, with fluorescent probes, 48 h after the administration of diazoxide. Parvalbumin levels in the myofibers were quantitated by Western blot. Diazoxide induction of late PPC was confirmed by partial protection of muscles from peroxide-induced damage. Late PPC was associated with a significant decrease in the duration of Ca(2+) signals during single twitches and tetanus with no changes in peak values. This effect was prevented by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger tiron. Late PPC was accompanied by a 30% increase in parvalbumin levels, and this effect was also blocked by tiron. Our data show, for the first time, a role of parvalbumin in late PPC in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Solis
- Departamento de Farmacología. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., México, D.F. 07360
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Coetzee WA. Multiplicity of effectors of the cardioprotective agent, diazoxide. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:167-75. [PMID: 23792087 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diazoxide has been identified over the past 50years to have a number of physiological effects, including lowering the blood pressure and rectifying hypoglycemia. Today it is used clinically to treat these conditions. More recently, another important mode of action emerged: diazoxide has powerful protective properties against cardiac ischemia. The heart has intrinsic protective mechanisms against ischemia injury; one of which is ischemic preconditioning. Diazoxide mimics ischemic preconditioning. The purpose of this treatise is to review the literature in an attempt to identify the many effectors of diazoxide and discuss how they may contribute to diazoxide's cardioprotective properties. Particular emphasis is placed on the concentration ranges in which diazoxide affects its different targets and how this compares with the concentrations commonly used to study cardioprotection. It is concluded that diazoxide may have several potential effectors that may potentially contribute to cardioprotection, including KATP channels in the pancreas, smooth muscle, endothelium, neurons and the mitochondrial inner membrane. Diazoxide may also affect other ion channels and ATPases and may directly regulate mitochondrial energetics. It is possible that the success of diazoxide lies in this promiscuity and that the compound acts to rebalance multiple physiological processes during cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Coetzee
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Zhu L, Zuo W, Yang H, Zhang H, Luo H, Ye D, Lin X, Mao J, Feng J, Chen L, Wang L. Involvement of Volume-Activated Chloride Channels in H2O2 Preconditioning Against Oxidant-Induced Injury Through Modulating Cell Volume Regulation Mechanisms and Membrane Permeability in PC12 Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:205-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ragone MI, Torres NS, Consolini AE. Energetic study of cardioplegic hearts under ischaemia/reperfusion and [Ca(2+)] changes in cardiomyocytes of guinea-pig: mitochondrial role. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:369-84. [PMID: 23171431 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the role of mitochondria in the recovery of guinea-pig hearts exposed to high-K(+)-cardioplegia (CPG) and ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) METHODS: We measured contractility and heat release in perfused guinea-pig hearts and cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) by epifluorescence and confocal microscopy in isolated cardiomyocytes loaded with Fluo-4 or Rhod-2. RESULTS In hearts, CPG increased the postischaemic contractile recovery, and this was potentiated by the mNCX blocker clonazepam and the mKATP opener diazoxide, which also prevented the fall in muscle economy. Moreover, CPG prevented the stunning induced by ouabain, which was reduced by clonazepam. In cardiomyocytes, CPG increased fluorescent signals of cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+), while the addition of a mNCX blocker (CGP37157) increased cytosolic but reduced mitochondrial [Ca(2+)]. Ouabain in CPG increased cytosolic Ca(2+) and resting heat, but the addition of CGP37157 reduced them, as well as mitochondrial Ca(2+). CONCLUSIONS CPG, diazoxide and clonazepam improve postischaemic recovery, respectively, by increasing the Ca(2+) cycling and by reducing the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake either by uniporter or by mNCX. The mitochondria compete with the leaky sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) as sink of Ca(2+) in guinea-pig hearts, affecting the postischaemic contractility. CPG also prevented the ouabain-induced dysfunction by avoiding the Ca(2+) overload. Ouabain reduced the synergism between CPG and clonazepam suggesting that [Na(+)]i and SR load influence the mNCX role.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Ragone
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP); La Plata; Argentina
| | - N. S. Torres
- The Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute (CVRTI); Salt Lake City; UT; USA
| | - A. E. Consolini
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP); La Plata; Argentina
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Enhancement of liver regeneration by adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K⁺ channel opener (diazoxide) after partial hepatectomy. Transplantation 2012; 93:1094-100. [PMID: 22466787 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31824ef1d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancement of liver regeneration is a matter of importance after partial liver transplantation including small-for-size grafting. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K⁺ (mitoKATP) channel plays an important role in mitochondrial bioenergetics, which is a prerequisite for liver regeneration. However, the ATP-sensitive K⁺ (KATP) channel in hepatocytes is incompletely understood. We investigated the KATP channel in hepatocytes and examined the effects of diazoxide, a potent KATP channel opener, on liver regeneration using a rat model. METHODS Using rat primary hepatocytes, expression and localization of KATP channel subunits, Kir6.x and sulfonylurea receptor (SUR)x, were studied by polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunostaining. To investigate the role of KATP channel openers in liver regeneration, we allocated rats into four groups: control (vehicle) (n=24), diazoxide (n=24), vehicle plus channel blocker (n=6), and diazoxide plus channel blocker (n=6) groups. After 70% partial hepatectomy, hepatic tissue ATP levels, liver-to-body weight ratio, and proliferation rate of hepatocytes were examined. RESULTS KATP channel subunits, Kir6.1 and SUR1, were detected on hepatic mitochondria. During liver regeneration, liver-to-body weight ratio, proliferation rate of hepatocytes, and the hepatic ATP level were significantly higher in the diazoxide group than the control group at 2 days after partial hepatectomy. These effects of diazoxide were neutralized by a KATP channel blocker. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the existence of a mitoKATP channel in hepatocytes composed of Kir6.1 and SUR1. Diazoxide could enhance liver regeneration by keeping a higher ATP content of the liver tissue. These results suggest that diazoxide will sustain the mitochondrial energetics through the mitoKATP channel opening.
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Carrillo ED, Escobar Y, González G, Hernández A, Galindo JM, García MC, Sánchez JA. Posttranscriptional regulation of the β2-subunit of cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels by MicroRNAs during long-term exposure to isoproterenol in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58:470-8. [PMID: 21753737 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31822a789b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND METHODS The effects of long-term β-adrenergic administration on the expression levels of the cardiac L-type Ca channel β2 subunit, which regulates channel trafficking and function, were characterized in adult rats. RESULTS Systemic administration of isoproterenol (150 mg·kg·h) for 2 d led to a 50% increase in the ventricular wet weight-to-body weight ratio (mg/g) and of more than two-fold in the expression of actin protein. In contrast, β2 subunit protein levels decreased (down to 49%), while mRNA levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, levels of microRNAs (miRs), including miR-21 and miR-132, were upregulated (7.2 and 7.9 fold, respectively). Transfection of these miRs into HEK293 cells attenuated expression of a luciferase reporter gene controlled by a conserved 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the β2 subunit (down to 67% and 56%, respectively). Systemic administration of isoproterenol also led to briefer intracellular Ca transients during action potentials measured in isolated cardiomyocytes (down to 65%). CONCLUSION These results suggest that cardiac L-type Ca channel β2 subunit protein expression may be downregulated by miRs in response to long-term activation of β-adrenergic signaling, possibly as an adaptive response in cardiac hypertrophy and sustained β-adrenergic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba D Carrillo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, DF, México
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