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Wigner-Jeziorska P, Grębowski R, Saluk J, Bijak M, Szemraj J. Polymorphic variations and mRNA expression of the genes encoding interleukins as well as enzymes of oxidative and nitrative stresses as a potential risk of nephrolithiasis development. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293280. [PMID: 37878647 PMCID: PMC10599546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Urolithiasis is one of the most common urological diseases worldwide with an unclear aetiology. However, a growing body of evidence suggests the potential role of molecular disturbances of the inflammation as well as oxidative and nitrative stresses, in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. Therefore, we aimed to detect the potential association between six selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the development of nephrolithiasis. Moreover, we verified the association of urolithiasis development and mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, SOD2, and NOS2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Total genomic DNA and mRNA were isolated from the peripheral blood of 112 patients with urolithiasis and 114 healthy subjects. Using Taq-Man® probes, we genotyped the following SNPs: rs1800797 and rs2069845 in IL-6, rs2227307 in IL-8, rs4880 in SOD2, rs2297518 and rs2779249 in NOS2. In turn, the evaluation of mRNA expression was performed using real-time PCR and 2-ΔCt methods. We found that the C/T genotype of the c.47 T>C-SOD2 SNP increased the frequency of urolithiasis occurrence whereas the T/T homozygote of the same polymorphism decreased the risk of urolithiasis development in the Polish population. Moreover, our study confirmed that patients with urolithiasis were characterised by decreased IL-6, IL-8, and SOD2 mRNA expression levels compared to the controls. In conclusion, our results suggest that polymorphic variants and changes in mRNA expression of IL-6, IL8, SOD2, and NOS2 may be involved in the pathophysiology of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wigner-Jeziorska
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Grębowski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Urology, Provincial Integrated Hospital in Płock, Plock, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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2
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Nagwani AK, Budka A, Łacka A, Kaczmarek Ł, Kmita H. The effect of hypomagnetic field on survival and mitochondrial functionality of active Paramacrobiotus experimentalis females and males of different age. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1253483. [PMID: 37745239 PMCID: PMC10514487 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1253483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Even for tardigrades, often called the toughest animals on Earth, a hypomagnetic field (HMF) is an extreme environment. However, studies on the effect of HMF on tardigrades and other invertebrates are scarce. Mitochondria play an important role in an organism's response to extreme conditions. The effect of HMF on the mitochondrial inner membrane potential (Δψ), a well-known marker of mitochondria functionality, shows that mitochondria are very sensitive to HMF. To measure the HMF effect on Paramacrobiotus experimentalis, we calculated the tardigrade survival rate and Δψ level after HMF treatments of different durations. We also estimated the relationship between the age and sex of the tardigrade and the HMF effect. We observed age- and sex-related differences in Δψ and found that Δψ changes after HMF treatment were dependent on its duration as well as the animal's age and sex. Furthermore, active P. experimentalis individuals displayed a high survival rate after HMF treatment. The data may contribute to the understanding of tardigrade aging and their resistance to extreme conditions including HMF, which in turn may be useful for future space explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Nagwani
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Budka
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łacka
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Kmita
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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3
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Baltazar P, de Melo Junior AF, Fonseca NM, Lança MB, Faria A, Sequeira CO, Teixeira-Santos L, Monteiro EC, Campos Pinheiro L, Calado J, Sousa C, Morello J, Pereira SA. Oxalate (dys)Metabolism: Person-to-Person Variability, Kidney and Cardiometabolic Toxicity. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1719. [PMID: 37761859 PMCID: PMC10530622 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxalate is a metabolic end-product whose systemic concentrations are highly variable among individuals. Genetic (primary hyperoxaluria) and non-genetic (e.g., diet, microbiota, renal and metabolic disease) reasons underlie elevated plasma concentrations and tissue accumulation of oxalate, which is toxic to the body. A classic example is the triad of primary hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and kidney injury. Lessons learned from this example suggest further investigation of other putative factors associated with oxalate dysmetabolism, namely the identification of precursors (glyoxylate, aromatic amino acids, glyoxal and vitamin C), the regulation of the endogenous pathways that produce oxalate, or the microbiota's contribution to oxalate systemic availability. The association between secondary nephrolithiasis and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity) inspired the authors to perform this comprehensive review about oxalate dysmetabolism and its relation to cardiometabolic toxicity. This perspective may offer something substantial that helps advance understanding of effective management and draws attention to the novel class of treatments available in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Baltazar
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, E.P.E, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.B.); (N.M.F.); (M.B.L.); (L.C.P.); (J.C.)
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.d.M.J.); (C.O.S.); (L.T.-S.); (E.C.M.); (C.S.); (J.M.)
- Centro Clínico Académico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antonio Ferreira de Melo Junior
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.d.M.J.); (C.O.S.); (L.T.-S.); (E.C.M.); (C.S.); (J.M.)
- Centro Clínico Académico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Moreira Fonseca
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, E.P.E, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.B.); (N.M.F.); (M.B.L.); (L.C.P.); (J.C.)
- Centro Clínico Académico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Brito Lança
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, E.P.E, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.B.); (N.M.F.); (M.B.L.); (L.C.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Ana Faria
- CHRC, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Catarina O. Sequeira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.d.M.J.); (C.O.S.); (L.T.-S.); (E.C.M.); (C.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Luísa Teixeira-Santos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.d.M.J.); (C.O.S.); (L.T.-S.); (E.C.M.); (C.S.); (J.M.)
- Centro Clínico Académico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emilia C. Monteiro
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.d.M.J.); (C.O.S.); (L.T.-S.); (E.C.M.); (C.S.); (J.M.)
- Centro Clínico Académico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Campos Pinheiro
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, E.P.E, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.B.); (N.M.F.); (M.B.L.); (L.C.P.); (J.C.)
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.d.M.J.); (C.O.S.); (L.T.-S.); (E.C.M.); (C.S.); (J.M.)
- Centro Clínico Académico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Calado
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, E.P.E, 1150-199 Lisboa, Portugal; (P.B.); (N.M.F.); (M.B.L.); (L.C.P.); (J.C.)
- Centro Clínico Académico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia Sousa
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.d.M.J.); (C.O.S.); (L.T.-S.); (E.C.M.); (C.S.); (J.M.)
- Centro Clínico Académico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Judit Morello
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.d.M.J.); (C.O.S.); (L.T.-S.); (E.C.M.); (C.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Sofia A. Pereira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.F.d.M.J.); (C.O.S.); (L.T.-S.); (E.C.M.); (C.S.); (J.M.)
- Centro Clínico Académico de Lisboa, 1159-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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Mayayo-Vallverdú C, López de Heredia M, Prat E, González L, Espino Guarch M, Vilches C, Muñoz L, Asensi MA, Serra C, Llebaria A, Casado M, Artuch R, Garrabou G, Garcia-Roves PM, Pallardó FV, Nunes V. The antioxidant l-Ergothioneine prevents cystine lithiasis in the Slc7a9 -/- mouse model of cystinuria. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102801. [PMID: 37418888 PMCID: PMC10359938 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The high recurrence rate of cystine lithiasis observed in cystinuria patients highlights the need for new therapeutic options to address this chronic disease. There is growing evidence of an antioxidant defect in cystinuria, which has led to test antioxidant molecules as new therapeutic approaches. In this study, the antioxidant l-Ergothioneine was evaluated, at two different doses, as a preventive and long-term treatment for cystinuria in the Slc7a9-/- mouse model. l-Ergothioneine treatments decreased the rate of stone formation by more than 60% and delayed its onset in those mice that still developed calculi. Although there were no differences in metabolic parameters or urinary cystine concentration between control and treated mice, cystine solubility was increased by 50% in the urines of treated mice. We also demonstrate that l-Ergothioneine needs to be internalized by its transporter OCTN1 (Slc22a4) to be effective, as when administrated to the double mutant Slc7a9-/-Slc22a4-/- mouse model, no effect on the lithiasis phenotype was observed. In kidneys, we detected a decrease in GSH levels and an impairment of maximal mitochondrial respiratory capacity in cystinuric mice that l-Ergothioneine treatment was able to restore. Thus, l-Ergothioneine administration prevented cystine lithiasis in the Slc7a9-/- mouse model by increasing urinary cystine solubility and recovered renal GSH metabolism and mitochondrial function. These results support the need for clinical trials to test l-Ergothioneine as a new treatment for cystinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mayayo-Vallverdú
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Genetics Section, Physiological Sciences Department, Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miguel López de Heredia
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Prat
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Genetics Section, Physiological Sciences Department, Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura González
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meritxell Espino Guarch
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Clara Vilches
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Muñoz
- SIMChem, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Asensi
- Departamento de Fisiología. Universidad de Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Serra
- SIMChem, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- SIMChem, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Casado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Gloria Garrabou
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo M Garcia-Roves
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nutrition, Metabolism and Gene therapy Group Diabetes and Metabolism Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología. Universidad de Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginia Nunes
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Genetics Section, Physiological Sciences Department, Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Khan SR, Canales BK. Proposal for pathogenesis-based treatment options to reduce calcium oxalate stone recurrence. Asian J Urol 2023; 10:246-257. [PMID: 37538166 PMCID: PMC10394280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Prevalence of kidney stone disease continues to increase globally with recurrence rates between 30% and 50% despite technological and scientific advances. Reduction in recurrence would improve patient outcomes and reduce cost and stone morbidities. Our objective was to review results of experimental studies performed to determine the efficacy of readily available compounds that can be used to prevent recurrence. Methods All relevant literature up to October 2020, listed in PubMed is reviewed. Results Clinical guidelines endorse the use of evidence-based medications, such as alkaline agents and thiazides, to reduce urinary mineral supersaturation and recurrence. However, there may be additional steps during stone pathogenesis where medications could moderate stone risk. Idiopathic calcium oxalate stones grow attached to Randall's plaques or plugs. Results of clinical and experimental studies suggest involvement of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the formation of both the plaques and plugs. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, mitochondria, and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome have all been implicated at specific steps during stone pathogenesis in animal models. Conclusion In addition to supersaturation-reducing therapies, the use of anti-oxidants, free radical scavengers, and inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, NLRP3 inflammasome, and RAAS may prove beneficial for stone prevention. Compounds such as statins and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are already in use as therapeutics for hypertension and cardio-vascular disease and have previously shown to reduce calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in rats. Although clinical evidence for their use in stone prevention in humans is limited, experimental data support they be considered along with standard evidence-based medications and clinical expertise when patients are being counselled for stone prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed R. Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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6
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Stepanova N. Oxalate Homeostasis in Non-Stone-Forming Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review of Key Findings and Perspectives. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1654. [PMID: 37371749 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant global public health concern associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The maintenance of oxalate homeostasis plays a critical role in preserving kidney health, particularly in the context of CKD. Although the relationship between oxalate and kidney stone formation has been extensively investigated, our understanding of oxalate homeostasis in non-stone-forming CKD remains limited. This review aims to present an updated analysis of the existing literature, focusing on the intricate mechanisms involved in oxalate homeostasis in patients with CKD. Furthermore, it explores the key factors that influence oxalate accumulation and discusses the potential role of oxalate in CKD progression and prognosis. The review also emphasizes the significance of the gut-kidney axis in CKD oxalate homeostasis and provides an overview of current therapeutic strategies, as well as potential future approaches. By consolidating important findings and perspectives, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of the present knowledge in this field and identifies promising avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Stepanova
- State Institution «Institute of Nephrology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
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7
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Tong L, Tian M, Ma X, Bai L, Zhou J, Ding W. Metabolome Profiling and Pathway Analysis in Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity among Chinese Adolescents Aged 11-18 Years. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050641. [PMID: 37233682 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of the development of unhealthy metabolic phenotypes in obese children and adolescents remain unclear. We aimed to screen the metabolomes of individuals with the unhealthy obesity phenotype and identify the potential metabolic pathways that could regulate various metabolic profiles of obesity in Chinese adolescents. A total of 127 adolescents aged 11-18 years old from China were investigated using a cross-sectional study. The participants were classified as having metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) or metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) based on the presence/absence of metabolic abnormalities defined by metabolic syndrome (MetS) and body mass index (BMI). Serum-based metabolomic profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was undertaken on 67 MHO and 60 MUO individuals. ROC analyses showed that palmitic acid, stearic acid, and phosphate could predict MUO, and that glycolic acid, alanine, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, and 2-hydroxypentanoic acid could predict MHO (all p < 0.05) from selected samples. Five metabolites predicted MUO, 12 metabolites predicted MHO in boys, and only two metabolites predicted MUO in girls. Moreover, several metabolic pathways may be relevant in distinguishing the MHO and MUO groups, including the fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, propanoate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism pathways. Similar results were observed for boys except for phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, which had a high impact [0.098]. The identified metabolites and pathways could be efficacious for investigating the underlying mechanisms of the development of different metabolic phenotypes in obese Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Tong
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Mei Tian
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ling Bai
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jinyu Zhou
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Wenqing Ding
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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8
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Chaiyarit S, Thongboonkerd V. Mitochondria-derived vesicles and their potential roles in kidney stone disease. J Transl Med 2023; 21:294. [PMID: 37131163 PMCID: PMC10152607 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown significant roles of mitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs) in mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system. Under mild stress condition, MDVs are formed to carry the malfunctioned mitochondrial components, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), peptides, proteins and lipids, to be eliminated to restore normal mitochondrial structure and functions. Under severe oxidative stress condition, mitochondrial dynamics (fission/fusion) and mitophagy are predominantly activated to rescue mitochondrial structure and functions. Additionally, MDVs generation can be also triggered as the major MQC machinery to cope with unhealthy mitochondria when mitophagy is unsuccessful for eliminating the damaged mitochondria or mitochondrial fission/fusion fail to recover the mitochondrial structure and functions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on MDVs and discuss their roles in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. In addition, the potential clinical relevance of MDVs in therapeutics and diagnostics of kidney stone disease (KSD) are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakdithep Chaiyarit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor, SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor, SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Srivastava A, Tomar B, Sharma D, Rath SK. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress: Role in chronic kidney disease. Life Sci 2023; 319:121432. [PMID: 36706833 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a variety of distinct disease processes that permanently change the function and structure of the kidney across months or years. CKD is characterized as a glomerular filtration defect or proteinuria that lasts longer than three months. In most instances, CKD leads to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), necessitating kidney transplantation. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a typical response to damage in CKD patients. Despite the abundance of mitochondria in the kidneys, variations in mitochondrial morphological and functional characteristics have been associated with kidney inflammatory responses and injury during CKD. Despite these variations, CKD is frequently used to define some classic signs of mitochondrial dysfunction, including altered mitochondrial shape and remodeling, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress, and a marked decline in mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP generation. With a focus on the most significant developments and novel understandings of the involvement of mitochondrial remodeling in the course of CKD, this article offers a summary of the most recent advances in the sources of procured mitochondrial dysfunction in the advancement of CKD. Understanding mitochondrial biology and function is crucial for developing viable treatment options for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Srivastava
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Bhawna Tomar
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Divyansh Sharma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Rath
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Increased Sulfation in Gracilaria fisheri Sulfated Galactans Enhances Antioxidant and Antiurolithiatic Activities and Protects HK-2 Cell Death Induced by Sodium Oxalate. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060382. [PMID: 35736184 PMCID: PMC9230550 DOI: 10.3390/md20060382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urolithiasis is a common urological disease characterized by the presence of a stone anywhere along the urinary tract. The major component of such stones is calcium oxalate, and reactive oxygen species act as an essential mediator of calcium oxalate crystallization. Previous studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and antiurolithiatic activities of sulfated polysaccharides. In this study, native sulfated galactans (N-SGs) with a molecular weight of 217.4 kDa from Gracilaria fisheri were modified to obtain lower molecular weight SG (L-SG) and also subjected to sulfation SG (S-SG). The in vitro antioxidant and antiurolithiatic activities of the modified substances and their ability to protect against sodium oxalate-induced renal tubular (HK-2) cell death were investigated. The results revealed that S-SG showed more pronounced antioxidant activities (DPPH and O2- scavenging activities) than those of other compounds. S-SG exhibited the highest antiurolithiatic activity in terms of nucleation and aggregation, as well as crystal morphology and size. Moreover, S-SG showed improved cell survival and increased anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein in HK-2 cells treated with sodium oxalate. Our findings highlight the potential application of S-SG in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Ueda N. A Rheostat of Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate as a Determinant of Oxidative Stress-Mediated Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074010. [PMID: 35409370 PMCID: PMC9000186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate sphingolipid metabolism, including enzymes that generate ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and a ROS-antioxidant rheostat determines the metabolism of ceramide-S1P. ROS induce ceramide production by activating ceramide-producing enzymes, leading to apoptosis, while they inhibit S1P production, which promotes survival by suppressing sphingosine kinases (SphKs). A ceramide-S1P rheostat regulates ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic/anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis, survival, cell proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. Ceramide inhibits the mitochondrial respiration chain and induces ceramide channel formation and the closure of voltage-dependent anion channels, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, altered Bcl-2 family protein expression, ROS generation and disturbed calcium homeostasis. This activates ceramide-induced signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis. These events are mitigated by S1P/S1P receptors (S1PRs) that restore mitochondrial function and activate signaling pathways. SphK1 promotes survival and cell proliferation and inhibits inflammation, while SphK2 has the opposite effect. However, both SphK1 and SphK2 promote fibrosis. Thus, a ceramide-SphKs/S1P rheostat modulates oxidant-induced kidney injury by affecting mitochondrial function, ROS production, Bcl-2 family proteins, calcium homeostasis and their downstream signaling pathways. This review will summarize the current evidence for a role of interaction between ROS-antioxidants and ceramide-SphKs/S1P and of a ceramide-SphKs/S1P rheostat in the regulation of oxidative stress-mediated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norishi Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, 3-8 Kuramitsu, Hakusan 924-8588, Japan
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12
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Chen XW, Sun XY, Tang GH, Ouyang JM. Sulfated Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharide inhibits the formation of kidney stones by inhibiting HK-2 cell damage and reducing the adhesion of nano‑calcium oxalate crystals. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 134:112564. [PMID: 35525730 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The formation of kidney stone is closely related to cell injury and crystal adhesion. METHOD The sulfur trioxide-pyridine method was used to sulfate raw Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharide (UPP) with a molecular weight (Mw) of 8.33 kDa. Four polysaccharides with the sulfate group (-OSO3-) contents of 1.59% (UPP0), 6.03% (UPP1), 20.83% (UPP2), and 36.39% (UPP3) were obtained. The antioxidant activity of the four UPPs, the difference in oxidative damage inflicted by nano-CaOx monohydrate (nano-COM) on human proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells before and after protection by UPPs, and the inhibitory effect on nano-COM adhesion were explored. RESULTS Structural characterization showed that sulfation was successful. As the -OSO3- content in the UPPs was increased, the antioxidant activity and capability of the UPPs to regulate the growth of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals gradually increased. The damage caused by nano-COM crystals to HK-2 cells under protection by UPPs was weakened. This effect enhanced cell viability, enabled the maintenance of good cell morphology, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and inhibited the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as decreased the eversion of phosphatidylserine (PS) and the expression of the adhesion proteins osteopontin (OPN), heat shock protein (HSP 90), and Annexin A1 (ANXA1). The adhesion of nano-COM to HK-2 cells was inhibited under the protection by UPPs. CONCLUSION UPP3 with the highest content of -OSO3- presented the best antioxidant activity and crystal regulation ability, while UPP2 with the second highest -OSO3- content showed optimal cell protection ability and crystal adhesion inhibition ability. The biological activity of UPPs was regulated by Mw and -OSO3- content. UPP2 with moderate -OSO3- content may become a potential drug for preventing CaOx stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wu Chen
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Sun
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Gu-Hua Tang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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The role of reactive oxygen species derived from different NADPH oxidase isoforms and mitochondria in oxalate-induced oxidative stress and cell injury. Urolithiasis 2022; 50:149-158. [DOI: 10.1007/s00240-022-01309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHyperoxaluria is a risk factor for urolithiasis and can cause renal epithelial cell injury secondary to oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during cell damage originate from different sources and play different roles. Here, we explored the potential sources of ROS production and investigated the role of ROS from various sources in oxalate-induced oxidative stress and cell injury in normal rat kidney-52 epithelial (NRK-52E) cells. Oxalate-induced injury was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release experiments. 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and mitoSOX Red were used to determine the intracellular and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, respectively. The expression level of Nox4, Nox2, and p22 protein was detected by Western blotting to observe the effect of oxalate on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) oxidase (Nox). Furthermore, a specific NADPH oxidase subtype inhibitor and targeted mitochondrial antioxidants were used to preliminarily identify the role of ROS from different sources in renal tubular epithelial cell injury induced by oxalate. We found that oxalate inhibited cell viability, induced LDH release, and prompted intracellular and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production. Oxalate also decreased the protein expression level of Nox4 and increased the protein expression level of p22. Mitochondria were also a source of ROS production. In addition, Nox2 inhibitor or mtROS scavenging prevented oxalate-induced cell injury, reversed by an inhibitor of Nox4/1. We concluded that ROS from different sources might play different roles in oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury. We also identified new potential targets for preventing or alleviating oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury.
Graphic abstract
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Popkov VA, Zharikova AA, Demchenko EA, Andrianova NV, Zorov DB, Plotnikov EY. Gut Microbiota as a Source of Uremic Toxins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010483. [PMID: 35008909 PMCID: PMC8745165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uremic retention solutes are the compounds that accumulate in the blood when kidney excretory function is impaired. Some of these compounds are toxic at high concentrations and are usually known as “uremic toxins”. The cumulative detrimental effect of uremic toxins results in numerous health problems and eventually mortality during acute or chronic uremia, especially in end-stage renal disease. More than 100 different solutes increase during uremia; however, the exact origin for most of them is still debatable. There are three main sources for such compounds: exogenous ones are consumed with food, whereas endogenous ones are produced by the host metabolism or by symbiotic microbiota metabolism. In this article, we identify uremic retention solutes presumably of gut microbiota origin. We used database analysis to obtain data on the enzymatic reactions in bacteria and human organisms that potentially yield uremic retention solutes and hence to determine what toxins could be synthesized in bacteria residing in the human gut. We selected biochemical pathways resulting in uremic retention solutes synthesis related to specific bacterial strains and revealed links between toxin concentration in uremia and the proportion of different bacteria species which can synthesize the toxin. The detected bacterial species essential for the synthesis of uremic retention solutes were then verified using the Human Microbiome Project database. Moreover, we defined the relative abundance of human toxin-generating enzymes as well as the possibility of the synthesis of a particular toxin by the human metabolism. Our study presents a novel bioinformatics approach for the elucidation of the origin of both uremic retention solutes and uremic toxins and for searching for the most likely human microbiome producers of toxins that can be targeted and used for the therapy of adverse consequences of uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily A. Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (A.A.Z.); (E.A.D.); (N.V.A.); (D.B.Z.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Zharikova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (A.A.Z.); (E.A.D.); (N.V.A.); (D.B.Z.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia A. Demchenko
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (A.A.Z.); (E.A.D.); (N.V.A.); (D.B.Z.)
| | - Nadezda V. Andrianova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (A.A.Z.); (E.A.D.); (N.V.A.); (D.B.Z.)
| | - Dmitry B. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (A.A.Z.); (E.A.D.); (N.V.A.); (D.B.Z.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.P.); (A.A.Z.); (E.A.D.); (N.V.A.); (D.B.Z.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)939-59-44
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15
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Li L, Lin LM, Deng J, Lin XL, Li YM, Xia BH. The therapeutic effects of Prunella vulgaris against fluoride-induced oxidative damage by using the metabolomics method. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1802-1816. [PMID: 34089294 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is considered as one of the most ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Numerous studies have linked reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent oxidative damage with fluoride intoxication, which could be prevented by antioxidants. However, the metabolomic changes induced by ROS disruptions in fluoride intoxication are yet unknown. The present study aimed to provide novel mechanistic insights into the fluoride-induced oxidative damage and to investigate the potential protective effects of ethanolic extract of Prunella vulgaris (natural antioxidant, PV) against fluoride-induced oxidative damage. The serum biochemical indicators related to fluoride-induced oxidative damage, such as lipid peroxidation parameter, inflammation and marker enzymes in the liver increased significantly in the fluoride-treated group, while antioxidant enzymes were decreased. However, PV treatment restored the level of these biochemical indicators, indicating satisfactory antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective potential of PV. The metabolomics analysis in the serum was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, whereas the fluoride treatment caused severe metabolic disorders in rats, which could be improved by PV. The differential metabolites screened by multivariate analysis after fluoride and PV treatment, were organic acids, fatty acids, and lipids. These differential metabolites represented disorders of glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and the citrate cycle (TCA) according to metabolic pathway analysis in fluoride treatment rats. Interestingly, the result of metabolic pathway analysis of post-treatment with PV was consistent with that of fluoride treatment, indicating that the energy metabolism plays a major role in the progress of fluoride-induced oxidative damage, as well as the therapeutic effect of PV. These findings provided a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism underlying metabolic disorders of fluoride toxicity and the effect of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiu-Lian Lin
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bo-Hou Xia
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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16
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Wigner P, Grębowski R, Bijak M, Szemraj J, Saluk-Bijak J. The Molecular Aspect of Nephrolithiasis Development. Cells 2021; 10:1926. [PMID: 34440695 PMCID: PMC8393760 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Urolithiasis is the third most common urological disease after urinary tract infections and prostate diseases, and it is characterised by an occurrence rate of about 15%, which continues to rise. The increase in the incidence of kidney stones observed in recent decades, is most likely caused by modifications in dietary habits (high content of protein, sodium and sugar diet) and lifestyle (reduced physical activity) in all industrialised countries. Moreover, men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with kidney stones. A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation, oxidant-antioxidant imbalance, angiogenesis, purine metabolism and urea cycle disorders may play a crucial role in nephrolithiasis development. Patients with urolithiasis were characterised by an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the products of lipid peroxidation, proinflammatory cytokines as well as proangiogenic factors, compared to controls. Furthermore, it has been shown that deficiency and disorders of enzymes involved in purine metabolism and the urea cycle might be causes of deposit formation. ROS generation suggests that the course of kidney stones might be additionally potentiated by inflammation, purine metabolism and the urea cycle. On the other hand, ROS overproduction may induce activation of angiogenesis, and thus, allows deposit aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wigner
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Radosław Grębowski
- Department of Urology, Provincial Integrated Hospital in Plock, Medyczna 19, 09-400 Plock, Poland;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 90-001 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 90-001 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
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17
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Liu Y, Zhao Y, Shukha Y, Lu H, Wang L, Liu Z, Liu C, Zhao Y, Wang H, Zhao G, Liang W, Fan Y, Chang L, Yurdagul A, Pattillo CB, Orr AW, Aviram M, Wen B, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Liu W, Sun D, Hayek T, Chen YE, Rom O. Dysregulated oxalate metabolism is a driver and therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109420. [PMID: 34320345 PMCID: PMC8363062 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated glycine metabolism is emerging as a common denominator in cardiometabolic diseases, but its contribution to atherosclerosis remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate impaired glycine-oxalate metabolism through alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGXT) in atherosclerosis. As found in patients with atherosclerosis, the glycine/oxalate ratio is decreased in atherosclerotic mice concomitant with suppression of AGXT. Agxt deletion in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice decreases the glycine/oxalate ratio and increases atherosclerosis with induction of hepatic pro-atherogenic pathways, predominantly cytokine/chemokine signaling and dysregulated redox homeostasis. Consistently, circulating and aortic C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and superoxide in lesional macrophages are increased. Similar findings are observed following dietary oxalate overload in Apoe-/- mice. In macrophages, oxalate induces mitochondrial dysfunction and superoxide accumulation, leading to increased CCL5. Conversely, AGXT overexpression in Apoe-/- mice increases the glycine/oxalate ratio and decreases aortic superoxide, CCL5, and atherosclerosis. Our findings uncover dysregulated oxalate metabolism via suppressed AGXT as a driver and therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yousef Shukha
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Cai Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Christopher B Pattillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Bo Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tony Hayek
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA.
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Diverse Roles of Mitochondria in Renal Injury from Environmental Toxicants and Therapeutic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084172. [PMID: 33920653 PMCID: PMC8073222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are well-known to function as the primary sites of ATP synthesis in most mammalian cells, including the renal proximal tubule. Other functions have also been associated with different mitochondrial activities, including the regulation of redox status and the initiation of mitophagy and apoptosis. Mechanisms for the membrane transport of glutathione (GSH) and various GSH-derived metabolites across the mitochondrial inner membrane of renal proximal tubular cells are critical determinants of these functions and may serve as pharmacological targets for potential therapeutic approaches. Specific interactions of reactive intermediates, derived from drug metabolism, with molecular components in mitochondria have been identified as early steps in diverse forms of chemically-induced nephrotoxicity. Applying this key observation, we developed a novel hypothesis regarding the identification of early, sensitive, and specific biomarkers of exposure to nephrotoxicants. The underlying concept is that upon exposure to a diverse array of environmental contaminants, as well as therapeutic drugs whose efficacy is limited by nephrotoxicity, renal mitochondria will release both high- and low-molecular-weight components into the urine or the extracellular medium in an in vitro model. The detection of these components may then serve as indicators of exposure before irreversible renal injury has occurred.
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19
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Kumar P, Patel M, Oster RA, Yarlagadda V, Ambrosetti A, Assimos DG, Mitchell T. Dietary Oxalate Loading Impacts Monocyte Metabolism and Inflammatory Signaling in Humans. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617508. [PMID: 33732242 PMCID: PMC7959803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet has been associated with several metabolic diseases and may impact immunity. Increased consumption of meals with high oxalate content may stimulate urinary calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, which are precursors to CaOx kidney stones. We previously reported that CaOx stone formers have decreased monocyte cellular bioenergetics compared to healthy participants and oxalate reduces monocyte metabolism and redox status in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary oxalate loading impacts monocyte cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial complex activity, and inflammatory signaling in humans. Healthy participants (n = 40; 31.1 ± 1.3 years) with a BMI of 24.9 ± 0.6 kg/m2 consumed a controlled low oxalate diet for 3 days before drinking a blended preparation of fruits and vegetables containing a large amount of oxalate. Blood and urine were collected before (pre-oxalate) and for 5 h after the oxalate load to assess urinary oxalate levels, monocyte cellular bioenergetics and mitochondrial complex activity, and plasma cytokine/chemokine levels. Urinary oxalate levels significantly increased in post-oxalate samples compared to pre-oxalate samples. Monocyte cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial complex I activity, and plasma cytokine and chemokine levels were altered to varying degrees within the study cohort. We demonstrate for the first time that dietary oxalate loading may impact monocyte metabolism and immune response in a cohort of healthy adults, but these response are variable. Further studies are warranted to understand oxalate mediated mechanisms on circulating monocytes and how this potentially influences CaOx kidney stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mikita Patel
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert A Oster
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Vidhush Yarlagadda
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Adam Ambrosetti
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Dean G Assimos
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Tanecia Mitchell
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Uddin MJ, Kim EH, Hannan MA, Ha H. Pharmacotherapy against Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease: Promising Small Molecule Natural Products Targeting Nrf2-HO-1 Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020258. [PMID: 33562389 PMCID: PMC7915495 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) intertwined with cardiovascular disease has become a major health problem. Oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of CKD. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant responsive element (ARE) antioxidant system plays a critical role in kidney protection by regulating antioxidants during OS. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), one of the targets of Nrf2-ARE, plays an important role in regulating OS and is protective in a variety of human and animal models of kidney disease. Thus, activation of Nrf2-HO-1 signaling may offer a potential approach to the design of novel therapeutic agents for kidney diseases. In this review, we have discussed the association between OS and the pathogenesis of CKD. We propose Nrf2-HO-1 signaling-mediated cell survival systems be explored as pharmacological targets for the treatment of CKD and have reviewed the literature on the beneficial effects of small molecule natural products that may provide protection against CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.J.U.); (E.H.K.)
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
| | - Ee Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.J.U.); (E.H.K.)
| | - Md. Abdul Hannan
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.J.U.); (E.H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3277-4075
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21
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Chaiyarit S, Thongboonkerd V. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Kidney Stone Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:566506. [PMID: 33192563 PMCID: PMC7606861 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.566506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrion is a pivotal intracellular organelle that plays crucial roles in regulation of energy production, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. Kidney stone disease (nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis), particularly calcium oxalate (CaOx; the most common type), has been shown to be associated with oxidative stress and tissue inflammation/injury. Recent evidence has demonstrated the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in CaOx crystal retention and aggregation as well as Randall’s plaque formation, all of which are the essential mechanisms for kidney stone formation. This review highlights the important roles of mitochondria in renal cell functions and provides the data obtained from previous investigations of mitochondria related to kidney stone disease. In addition, mechanisms for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of kidney stone disease are summarized. Finally, future perspectives on the novel approach to prevent kidney stone formation by mitochondrial preservation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakdithep Chaiyarit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Booth LA, Smith TK. Lipid metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi: A review. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 240:111324. [PMID: 32961207 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cellular membranes of Trypanosoma cruzi, like all eukaryotes, contain varying amounts of phospholipids, sphingolipids, neutral lipids and sterols. A multitude of pathways exist for the de novo synthesis of these lipid families but Trypanosoma cruzi has also become adapted to scavenge some of these lipids from the host. Completion of the TriTryp genomes has led to the identification of many putative genes involved in lipid synthesis, revealing some interesting differences to higher eukaryotes. Although many enzymes involved in lipid synthesis have yet to be characterised, completed experiments have shown the indispensability of some lipid metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the bioactive lipids of Trypanosoma cruzi and their effects on the host are becoming increasingly studied. Further studies on lipid metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi will no doubt reveal some attractive targets for therapeutic intervention as well as reveal the interplay between parasite lipids, host response and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh-Ann Booth
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Terry K Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Kidney stone disease is a morbid condition that is increasing in prevalence, with few nonsurgical treatment options. The majority of stones are composed of calcium oxalate. Unlike humans, some microbes can break down oxalate, suggesting that microbial therapeutics may provide a novel treatment for kidney stone patients. This study demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis 168 (BS168) decreased stone burden, improved health, and complemented the microbiota in a Drosophila melanogaster urolithiasis model, while not exacerbating calcium oxalate aggregation or adhesion to renal cells in vitro. These results identify this bacterium as a candidate for ameliorating stone formation; given that other strains of B. subtilis are components of fermented foods and are used as probiotics for digestive health, strain 168 warrants testing in humans. With the severe burden that recurrent kidney stone disease imposes on patients and the health care system, this microbial therapeutic approach could provide an inexpensive therapeutic adjunct. Kidney stones affect nearly 10% of the population in North America and are associated with high morbidity and recurrence, yet novel prevention strategies are lacking. Recent evidence suggests that the human gut microbiota can influence the development of nephrolithiasis, although clinical trials have been limited and inconclusive in determining the potential for microbially based interventions. Here, we used an established Drosophila melanogaster model of urolithiasis as a high-throughput screening platform for evaluation of the therapeutic potential of oxalate-degrading bacteria in calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis. The results demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis 168 (BS168) is a promising candidate based on its preferential growth in high oxalate concentrations, its ability to stably colonize the D. melanogaster intestinal tract for as long as 5 days, and its prevention of oxalate-induced microbiota dysbiosis. Single-dose BS168 supplementation exerted beneficial effects on D. melanogaster for as long as 14 days, decreasing stone burden in dissected Malpighian tubules and fecal excreta while increasing survival and behavioral markers of health over those of nonsupplemented lithogenic controls. These findings were complemented by in vitro experiments using the established MDCK renal cell line, which demonstrated that BS168 pretreatment prevented increased CaOx crystal adhesion and aggregation. Taking our results together, this study supports the notion that BS168 can functionally reduce CaOx stone burden in vivo through its capacity for oxalate degradation. Given the favorable safety profile of many B. subtilis strains already used as digestive aids and in fermented foods, these findings suggest that BS168 could represent a novel therapeutic adjunct to reduce the incidence of recurrent CaOx nephrolithiasis in high-risk patients. IMPORTANCE Kidney stone disease is a morbid condition that is increasing in prevalence, with few nonsurgical treatment options. The majority of stones are composed of calcium oxalate. Unlike humans, some microbes can break down oxalate, suggesting that microbial therapeutics may provide a novel treatment for kidney stone patients. This study demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis 168 (BS168) decreased stone burden, improved health, and complemented the microbiota in a Drosophila melanogaster urolithiasis model, while not exacerbating calcium oxalate aggregation or adhesion to renal cells in vitro. These results identify this bacterium as a candidate for ameliorating stone formation; given that other strains of B. subtilis are components of fermented foods and are used as probiotics for digestive health, strain 168 warrants testing in humans. With the severe burden that recurrent kidney stone disease imposes on patients and the health care system, this microbial therapeutic approach could provide an inexpensive therapeutic adjunct.
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Song Q, He Z, Li B, Liu J, Liu L, Liao W, Xiong Y, Song C, Yang S, Liu Y. Melatonin inhibits oxalate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in HK-2 cells by activating the AMPK pathway. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2600-2610. [PMID: 32871086 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1810401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Deposition of various crystal and organic substances in the kidney can lead to kidney stone formation. Melatonin is an effective endogenous antioxidant that can prevent crystalluria and kidney damage due to crystal formation and aggregation. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which melatonin inhibits endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. Methods: We treated HK-2 cells with oxalate to establish an in vitro kidney stone model, and treated these cells with different concentrations of melatonin (0, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L) and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor Compound C. We measured levels of stress response markers including reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and factors in the stress response pathway, such as ATF6, GRP78, DDIT3, PERK, p-PERK, IRE1, p-IRE1, XBP1s, AMPK, and p-AMPK, using real time-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence analyzes. We measured mitochondrial membrane potential and caspases-3 activity using the CCK8, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and flow cytometry assays to assess HK-2 cell viability and apoptosis. Results: Melatonin improved the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of the HK-2 cells, as evidenced by the dose-dependent reduction in apoptosis, ROS levels, and protein expression of ATF6, GRP78, DDIT3, p-PERK, p-IRE1, XBP1s, caspase-12, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9. Addition of the AMPK inhibitor, Compound C, partially reversed the protective effect of melatonin. Conclusion: Our study revealed that the protective effects of melatonin on oxalate-induced ER stress and apoptosis is partly dependent on AMPK activation in HK-2 cells. These findings provide insight into the prevention and treatment of kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlin Song
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi He
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbiao Liao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Xiong
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sixing Yang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Jin L, Ye H, Pan M, Chen Y, Ye B, Zheng Y, Huang W, Pan S, Shi Z, Zhang J. Kruppel-like factor 4 improves obesity-related nephropathy through increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and activities. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1200-1207. [PMID: 31800161 PMCID: PMC6991690 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is positively linked to multiple metabolic complications including renal diseases. Several studies have demonstrated Kruppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4) participated in renal dysfunction and structural disorders in acute kidney injuries, but whether it affected the process of chronic kidney diseases was unknown. Therefore, present study was to disclose the role of renal KLF4 in dietary‐induced renal injuries and underlying mechanisms in obesity. Through utilizing high‐fat diet‐fed mice and human renal biopsies, we provided the physiological roles of KLF4 in protecting against obesity‐related nephropathy. Decreased levels of renal KLF4 were positively correlated with dietary‐induced renal dysfunction, including increased levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Overexpression of renal KLF4 suppressed inflammatory response in palmitic acid‐treated mouse endothelial cells. Furthermore, overexpressed KLF4 also attenuated dietary‐induced renal functional disorders, abnormal structural remodelling and inflammation. Mechanistically, KLF4 maintained renal mitochondrial biogenesis and activities to combat obesity‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In clinical renal biopsies and plasma, the renal Klf4 level was negatively associated with circulating levels of creatinine but positively associated with renal creatinine clearance. In conclusions, the present findings firstly supported that renal KLF4 played an important role in combating obesity‐related nephropathy, and KLF4/mitochondrial function partially determined the energy homeostasis in chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwei Jin
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanyang Ye
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bairu Ye
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shufang Pan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhen Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Kim M, Yoo HJ, Ko J, Lee JH. Metabolically unhealthy overweight individuals have high lysophosphatide levels, phospholipase activity, and oxidative stress. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:1137-1145. [PMID: 31053511 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolically unhealthy overweight (MUO) individuals and metabolically healthy overweight (MHO) individuals differ in biomarkers of atherogenesis. Metabolomic approaches enable studies of the metabolic variables underlying these differences. METHODS We determined the metabolomes in plasma samples from 34 MUO and 34 MHO individuals matched for sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) to identify potential metabolic markers or pathways associated with atherogenic traits. RESULTS This analysis revealed that the MUO group had significantly higher levels of glycolic acid, 6 lysophosphatidylethanolamines (lysoPEs), and 12 lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs). Although the two groups had similar total body fat percentages and lean body masses, MUO individuals had larger visceral fat areas (VFAs). They also had greater circulating lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity and higher levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF2α), reflecting higher risks for oxidative and lipid-related tissue damage. The following measures were positively correlated: VFA and ox-LDL; ox-LDL and Lp-PLA2 activity; and lysoPC, lysoPE, and 8-epi-PGF2α levels. Chronic plasma lysoPC increases were associated with atherogenic traits, higher levels of mean ox-LDL, 8-epi-PGF2α, Lp-PLA2, and visceral fat accumulation in MUO compared to MHO individuals. CONCLUSIONS This panel of plasma metabolites distinguishes MUO from MHO individuals and will enable future research on fat dysregulation and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjoo Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Ko
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Zhu J, Wang Q, Li C, Lu Y, Hu H, Qin B, Xun Y, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Zhang J, Wang S. Inhibiting inflammation and modulating oxidative stress in oxalate-induced nephrolithiasis with the Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:9-22. [PMID: 30599261 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxaluria induces oxidative stress, and inflammation causes renal epithelial cell injury in nephrolithiasis, suggesting that reduced oxalate toxicity may be beneficial. This study aimed to investigate whether nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2, also called Nfe2l2) induced by dimethyl fumarate (DMF) could protect renal epithelial cells against oxalate-mediated injury both in vivo and in vitro. Glyoxylic acid monohydrate was intraperitoneally injected into Sprague-Dawley rats with or without intragastric administration of DMF. We showed that calcium oxalate crystallisation, accompanied by overexpression of oxidant species and inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in the rat kidney, was partially reversed by treatment with DMF. Furthermore, oxalate induced a reduction in cell viability, cell damage, oxidant species overexpression, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in normal rat kidney epithelial-like (NRK-52E) cells, which were reversed by DMF. Pretreatment of NRK-52E cells with DMF significantly increased Nrf2 levels in the nucleus, with subsequent inhibition of the expression of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate subunits Nox4 and P22, canonical inflammation, and osteogenesis-associated differentiation of target genes in the cytoplasm. This effect was partially inhibited by transfection with Nrf2 siRNA and strengthened by transfection with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 siRNA. These results suggest that DMF exerts beneficial effects in nephrolithiasis by inhibiting inflammation and modulating oxidative stress via regulation of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Zhu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuchao Lu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Henglong Hu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Baolong Qin
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Xun
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaqiao Zhang
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Joshi S, Khan SR. Opportunities for future therapeutic interventions for hyperoxaluria: targeting oxidative stress. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:379-391. [PMID: 30905219 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1599359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxalate is a toxic byproduct of metabolism and is normally produced in quantities easily removed from the body. However, under specific circumstances oxalate production is increased resulting in deposition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in the kidneys as well as other organs causing inflammation and injury. Excessive buildup of crystal deposits in the kidneys causes eventual loss of renal function requiring renal transplantation. Areas covered: Cellular exposure to CaOx crystals induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the involvement of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), mitochondria, and NADPH oxidase. Inflammasomes are activated and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18 are produced. We reviewed results of experimental and clinical studies of crystal renal epithelial cell interactions with emphasis on cellular injury and ROS production. Expert opinion: Treatment should depend upon the level of hyperoxaluria and whether it is associated with CaOx crystal deposition. Persistent low grade or intermittent hyperoxaluria can be treated with antioxidants, free radical scavengers. Hyperoxaluria associated with CaOx crystal deposition will require administration of angiotensin II receptor blockers, and NADPH oxidase or NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors. DASH-style diet will be beneficial in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Joshi
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Saeed R Khan
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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29
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Peng Y, Yang C, Shi X, Li L, Dong H, Liu C, Fang Z, Wang Z, Ming S, Liu M, Xie B, Gao X, Sun Y. Sirt3 suppresses calcium oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury via modification of FoxO3a-mediated autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:34. [PMID: 30674870 PMCID: PMC6377683 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High oxalic acid and calcium oxalate (CaOx)-induced renal tubular epithelial cell (TEC) injury plays a key role in nephrolithiasis. However, the mechanism remains unknown. Gene array analysis of the mice nephrolithiasis model indicated significant downregulation of sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Kidney biopsy tissues of renal calculi patients also showed decreased Sirt3 expression. Silencing Sirt3 exacerbated oxidative stress and TEC death under CaOx stimulation. Restoring Sirt3 expression by overexpression or enhancing its activity protected renal function and reduced TEC death both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibiting the MAPK pathway resulted in upregulation of Sirt3 expression, preservation of renal function and decreased cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Sirt3 could upregulate FoxO3a activity post-translationally via deacetylation, dephosphorylation and deubiquitination. FoxO3a was found to interact with the promoter region of LC3B and to increase its expression, enhancing TEC autophagy and suppressing cell apoptosis and necrosis. Taken together, our results indicate that the MAPK/Sirt3/FoxO3a pathway modulates renal TEC death and autophagy in TEC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghan Peng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Changcheng Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ziyu Fang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shaoxiong Ming
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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30
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Sun XY, Zhang H, Liu J, Ouyang JM. Repair activity and crystal adhesion inhibition of polysaccharides with different molecular weights from red algae Porphyra yezoensis against oxalate-induced oxidative damage in renal epithelial cells. Food Funct 2019; 10:3851-3867. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02556h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharide repaired oxalate-injured renal epithelial cells and decreased COM crystal adhesion on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research
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31
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Bhat OM, Yuan X, Li G, Lee R, Li PL. Sphingolipids and Redox Signaling in Renal Regulation and Chronic Kidney Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1008-1026. [PMID: 29121774 PMCID: PMC5849286 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Sphingolipids play critical roles in the membrane biology and intracellular signaling events that influence cellular behavior and function. Our review focuses on the cellular mechanisms and functional relevance of the cross talk between sphingolipids and redox signaling, which may be critically implicated in the pathogenesis of different renal diseases. Recent Advances: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sphingolipids can regulate cellular redox homeostasis through the regulation of NADPH oxidase, mitochondrial integrity, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and antioxidant enzymes. Over the last two decades, there have been significant advancements in the field of sphingolipid research, and it was in 2010 for the first time that sphingolipid receptor modulator was exploited as a therapeutic in humans. The cross talk of sphingolipids with redox signaling pathways becomes an important mechanism in the development of many different diseases such as renal diseases. Critical Issues: The critical issues to be addressed in this review are how sphingolipids interact with the redox signaling pathway to regulate renal function and even result in chronic kidney diseases. Ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) as main signaling sphingolipids are discussed in more detail. Future Directions: Although sphingolipids and ROS may mediate or modulate cellular responses to physiological and pathological stimuli, more translational studies and mechanistic pursuit in a tissue- or cell-specific way are needed to enhance our understanding of this important topic and to develop effective therapeutic strategies to treat diseases associated with redox signaling and sphingolipid cross talk. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1008-1026.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owais M Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xinxu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - RaMi Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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32
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Eirin A, Lerman A, Lerman LO. The Emerging Role of Mitochondrial Targeting in Kidney Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 240:229-250. [PMID: 27316914 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Renal disease affects millions of people worldwide, imposing an enormous financial burden for health-care systems. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondria play an important role in the pathogenesis of different forms of renal disease, including genetic defects, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, aging, renal tumors, and transplant nephropathy. Renal mitochondrial abnormalities and dysfunction affect several cellular pathways, leading to increased oxidative stress, apoptosis, microvascular loss, and fibrosis, all of which compromise renal function. Over recent years, compounds that specifically target mitochondria have emerged as promising therapeutic options for patients with renal disease. Although the most compelling evidence is based on preclinical studies, several compounds are currently being tested in clinical trials. This chapter provides an overview of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in renal disease and summarizes the current knowledge on mitochondria-targeted strategies to attenuate renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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33
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Abhishek A, Benita S, Kumari M, Ganesan D, Paul E, Sasikumar P, Mahesh A, Yuvaraj S, Ramprasath T, Selvam GS. Molecular analysis of oxalate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated apoptosis in the pathogenesis of kidney stone disease. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:561-573. [PMID: 28875258 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxalate, a non-essential end product of metabolism, causes hyperoxaluria and eventually calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone disease. Kidney cells exposed to oxalate stress results in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and progression of stone formation. Perturbations in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) result in accumulation of misfolded proteins and Ca2+ ions homeostasis imbalance and serve as a common pathway for various diseases, including kidney disorders. ER stress induces up-regulation of pro-survival protein glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and pro-apoptotic signaling protein C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Since the association of oxalate toxicity and ER stress on renal cell damage is uncertain, the present study is an attempt to elucidate the interaction of GRP78 with oxalate by computational analysis and study the role of ER stress in oxalate-mediated apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Molecular docking results showed that GRP78-oxalate/CaOx interaction takes place. Oxalate stress significantly up-regulated expression of ER stress markers GRP78 and CHOP both in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of oxalate increased ROS generation and altered antioxidant enzyme activities. N-Acetyl cysteine treatment significantly ameliorated oxalate-mediated oxidative stress and moderately attenuated ER stress marker expression. The result indicates oxalate toxicity initiated oxidative stress-induced ER stress and also activating ER stress mediated apoptosis directly. In addition, the up-regulation of transforming growth factor β-1 revealed oxalate may induce kidney fibrosis through ER stress-mediated mechanisms. The present study provide insights into the pathogenic role of oxidative and ER stress by oxalate exposure in the formation of calcium oxalate stone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Abhishek
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India
| | - Shaly Benita
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India
| | - Monika Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India
| | - Divya Ganesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India
| | - Eldho Paul
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India
| | - Ponnusamy Sasikumar
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ayyavu Mahesh
- DBT-IPLS Programme, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India
| | - Subramani Yuvaraj
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India
| | - Tharmarajan Ramprasath
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Govindan Sadasivam Selvam
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India.
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies in Functional Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India.
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Farag MA, Ammar NM, Kholeif TE, Metwally NS, El-Sheikh NM, Wessjohann LA, Abdel-Hamid AZ. Rats' urinary metabolomes reveal the potential roles of functional foods and exercise in obesity management. Food Funct 2017; 8:985-996. [PMID: 28197590 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01753c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of the metabolic changes in obese individuals still presents a challenge for the understanding of obesity-related metabolic disruptions and for obesity management. In this study, a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based metabolomics approach targeting urine metabolism has been applied to assess the potential roles of functional foods and exercise for obesity management in rats. Male albino rats diagnosed as obese via histopathology and biochemical assays were administered functional foods in common use for obesity management including pomegranate, grapefruit, and red cabbage juice extracts in parallel with swimming exercise. Urine samples were collected from these rats, and likewise from healthy control animals, for metabolite analysis using (GC-MS) coupled to multivariate data analysis. The results revealed a significant elevation in oxalate and phosphate levels in obese rat urine concurrent with lower lactate levels as compared to the control group. Furthermore, and to pinpoint the bioactive agents in the administered functional foods, ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) was employed for secondary metabolite profiling. The different phenolic classes found in the examined functional foods, viz. ellagitannins in pomegranate, flavanones in grapefruit and flavonols in red cabbage, are likely to mediate their anti-obesity effects. The results indicate that these functional foods and exercise were quite effective in reverting obesity-related metabolic disruptions back to normal status, as revealed by orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - N M Ammar
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - T E Kholeif
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain-Shams University, Egypt
| | - N S Metwally
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - N M El-Sheikh
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain-Shams University, Egypt
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - A Z Abdel-Hamid
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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35
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Wijerathna TM, Gawarammana IB, Dissanayaka DM, Palanagasinghe C, Shihana F, Dassanayaka G, Shahmy S, Endre ZH, Mohamed F, Buckley NA. Serum creatinine and cystatin C provide conflicting evidence of acute kidney injury following acute ingestion of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 55:970-976. [PMID: 28535124 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1326607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common following deliberate self-poisoning with a combination washing powder containing oxalic acid (H2C2O4) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Early and rapid increases in serum creatinine (sCr) follow severe poisoning. We investigated the relationship of these increases with direct nephrotoxicity in an ongoing multicenter prospective cohort study in Sri Lanka exploring AKI following poisoning. METHODS Multiple measures of change in kidney function were evaluated in 48 consenting patients who had serial sCr and serum cystatin C (sCysC) data available. RESULTS Thirty-eight (38/48, 79%) patients developed AKI (AKIN criteria). Twenty-eight (58%) had AKIN stage 2 or 3. Initial increases in urine creatinine (uCr) excretion were followed by a substantial loss of renal function. The AKIN stage 2 and 3 (AKIN2/3) group had very rapid rises in sCr (a median of 118% at 24 h and by 400% at 72 h post ingestion). We excluded the possibility that the rapid rise resulted from the assay used or muscle damage. In contrast, the average sCysC increase was 65% by 72 h. CONCLUSIONS In most AKI, sCysC increases to the same extent but more rapidly than sCr, as sCysC has a shorter half-life. This suggests either a reduction in Cystatin C production or, conversely, that the rapid early rise of sCr results from increased production of creatine and creatinine to meet energy demands following severe oxidative stress mediated by H2C2O4 and KMnO4. Increased early creatinine excretion supports the latter explanation, since creatinine excretion usually decreases transiently in AKIN2/3 from other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini Madushanka Wijerathna
- a South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka.,b Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - Indika Bandara Gawarammana
- a South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka.,c Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | | | - Chathura Palanagasinghe
- a South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - Fathima Shihana
- a South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka.,d Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Gihani Dassanayaka
- a South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - Seyed Shahmy
- a South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - Zoltan Huba Endre
- e Australian Kidney Biomarker Reference Laboratory, Department of Nephrology , Prince of Wales Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Fahim Mohamed
- a South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka.,d Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,e Australian Kidney Biomarker Reference Laboratory, Department of Nephrology , Prince of Wales Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia.,f Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Science , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka
| | - Nicholas Alan Buckley
- a South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine , University of Peradeniya , Peradeniya , Sri Lanka.,d Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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36
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Albert A, Tiwari V, Paul E, Ganesan D, Ayyavu M, Kujur R, Ponnusamy S, Shanmugam K, Saso L, Govindan Sadasivam S. Expression of heterologous oxalate decarboxylase in HEK293 cells confers protection against oxalate induced oxidative stress as a therapeutic approach for calcium oxalate stone disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:426-433. [PMID: 28118755 PMCID: PMC6010120 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1256884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalates stimulate alterations in renal epithelial cells and thereby induce calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formation. Bacillus subtilis YvrK gene encodes for oxalate decarboxylase (OxdC) which degrades oxalate to formate and CO2. The present work is aimed to clone the oxdC gene in a mammalian expression vector pcDNA and transfect into Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and evaluate the oxdC expression, cell survival rate and oxalate degrading efficiency. The results indicate cell survival rate of HEK293/pcDNAOXDC cells pre-incubated with oxalate was enhanced by 28%. HEK293/pcDNAOXDC cells expressing OxdC treated with oxalate, significantly restored antioxidant activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation compared with HEK293/pcDNA. Apoptotic marker caspase 3 downregulation illustrates HEK293/pcDNAOXDC cells were able to survive under oxalate-mediated oxidative stress. The findings suggest HEK293 cells expressing oxdC capable of degrading oxalate protect cells from oxidative damage and thus serve as a therapeutic option for prevention of CaOx stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Albert
- a Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science , School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai , India
| | - Vidhi Tiwari
- a Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science , School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai , India
| | - Eldho Paul
- a Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science , School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai , India
| | - Divya Ganesan
- a Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science , School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai , India
| | - Mahesh Ayyavu
- b DBT-IPLS Programme, School of Biological Science , Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai , India
| | - Ritu Kujur
- a Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science , School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai , India
| | - Sasikumar Ponnusamy
- c Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine , University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Kathiresan Shanmugam
- d Department of Molecular Biology , Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai , India
| | - Luciano Saso
- e Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer" , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Selvam Govindan Sadasivam
- a Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science , School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University , Madurai , India
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MitoTEMPO Prevents Oxalate Induced Injury in NRK-52E Cells via Inhibiting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Modulating Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7528090. [PMID: 28116040 PMCID: PMC5237742 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7528090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As one of the major risks for urolithiasis, hyperoxaluria can be caused by genetic defect or dietary intake. And high oxalate induced renal epithelial cells injury is related to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we investigated whether MitoTEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, could protect against oxalate mediated injury in NRK-52E cells via inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating oxidative stress. MitoSOX Red was used to determine mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and quantification of ATP synthesis were measured to evaluate mitochondrial function. The protein expression of Nox4, Nox2, and p22 was also detected to explore the effect of oxalate and MitoTEMPO on NADPH oxidase. Our results revealed that pretreatment with MitoTEMPO significantly inhibited oxalate induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) release and decreased oxalate induced mtROS generation. Further, MitoTEMPO pretreatment restored disruption of Δψm and decreased ATP synthesis mediated by oxalate. In addition, MitoTEMPO altered the protein expression of Nox4 and p22 and decreased the protein expression of IL-6 and osteopontin (OPN) induced by oxalate. We concluded that MitoTEMPO may be a new candidate to protect against oxalate induced kidney injury as well as urolithiasis.
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38
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Zhao C, Chen Z, Xu X, An X, Duan S, Huang Z, Zhang C, Wu L, Zhang B, Zhang A, Xing C, Yuan Y. Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy play a protective role in cisplatin induced renal tubular epithelial cells injury. Exp Cell Res 2016; 350:390-397. [PMID: 28024839 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin often causes acute kidney injury (AKI) in the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the main reasons for cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Previous study showed that Pink1 and Parkin play central roles in regulating the mitophagy, which is a key protective mechanism by specifically eliminating dysfunctional or damaged mitochondria. However, the mechanisms that modulate mitophagy in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pink1/Parkin pathway in mitophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction and renal proximal tubular cells injury during cisplatin treatment. In cultured human renal proximal tubular cells, we found that knockdown of Pink1/Parkin induced the aggravation of mitochondrial function, leading to the increase of cell injury through inhibition of mitophagy. Additionally, the overexpression of Pink1/Parkin protected against cisplatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell injury by promoting mitophagy. Our results provide clear evidence that Pink1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy has identified potential targets for the treatment of cisplatin-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuyun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqiang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyan Duan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Huang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengning Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changying Xing
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Sharma M, Sud A, Kaur T, Tandon C, Singla SK. N-acetylcysteine with apocynin prevents hyperoxaluria-induced mitochondrial protein perturbations in nephrolithiasis. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:1032-44. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1221507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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40
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Yasui T, Okada A, Hamamoto S, Ando R, Taguchi K, Tozawa K, Kohri K. Pathophysiology-based treatment of urolithiasis. Int J Urol 2016; 24:32-38. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yasui
- Department of Nephro-urology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - Atsushi Okada
- Department of Nephro-urology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - Shuzo Hamamoto
- Department of Nephro-urology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Nephro-urology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazumi Taguchi
- Department of Nephro-urology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - Keiichi Tozawa
- Department of Nephro-urology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kohri
- Department of Nephro-urology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
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41
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Hong JY, Hara K, Kim JW, Sato EF, Shim EB, Cho KH. Minimal systems analysis of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis induced by cisplatin. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:367-78. [PMID: 27382353 PMCID: PMC4930905 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.4.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was reported that the role of mitochondria-reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating pathway in cisplatin-induced apoptosis is remarkable. Since a variety of molecules are involved in the pathway, a comprehensive approach to delineate the biological interactions of the molecules is required. However, quantitative modeling of the mitochondria-ROS generating pathway based on experiment and systemic analysis using the model have not been attempted so far. Thus, we conducted experiments to measure the concentration changes of critical molecules associated with mitochondrial apoptosis in both human mesothelioma H2052 and their ρ(0) cells lacking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Based on the experiments, a novel mathematical model that can represent the essential dynamics of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway induced by cisplatin was developed. The kinetic parameter values of the mathematical model were estimated from the experimental data. Then, we have investigated the dynamical properties of this model and predicted the apoptosis levels for various concentrations of cisplatin beyond the range of experiments. From parametric perturbation analysis, we further found that apoptosis will reach its saturation level beyond a certain critical cisplatin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Hong
- BioLead Inc., 609 Korea Mediventure Center, Daegu 41061 Korea
| | | | - Jun-Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Eisuke F Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, mie 513-8670, Japan
| | - Eun Bo Shim
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Sharma M, Kaur T, Singla SK. Role of mitochondria and NADPH oxidase derived reactive oxygen species in hyperoxaluria induced nephrolithiasis: therapeutic intervention with combinatorial therapy of N-acetyl cysteine and Apocynin. Mitochondrion 2016; 27:15-24. [PMID: 26779823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between the main cellular sources of ROS, such as mitochondria and NADPH oxidase, are known to play an imperative role in the pathogenesis of hyperoxaluria-induced nephrolithiasis. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of a combinatorial therapy based on the attenuation of oxidative stress with antioxidant (N-acetyl cysteine), and NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin), that might be required to effectively eliminate hyperoxaluric manifestations. Hyperoxaluria was induced in male Wistar rats by administering 0.4% ethylene glycol with 1% ammonium chloride in drinking water for 9 days. Hyperoxaluria accentuated renal oxidative stress in terms of increased ROS production and lipid peroxidation. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a central deleterious event in renal stone crystallization, was evident by decreased activities of electron transport chain complex I, II and IV, augmented mitochondrial ROS, reduced GSH/GSSG ratio, which resulted in the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening as indicated by increased mitochondrial swelling in hyperoxaluric rats. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase activity was significantly increased, with raised expression of NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, p38MAPK and MnSOD, in the renal tissue of hyperoxaluric rats compared to control. However, combinatorial therapy with N-acetyl cysteine (50mg/kg/day) and apocynin (200mg/kg/day), intraperitoneally, significantly improved renal functions in hyperoxaluric rats and considerably ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction. NAC with apocynin was also found to be effective in reducing the redundant activity of NADPH oxidase in renal tissue of hyperoxaluric rats. Hence, our investigation provides novel mechanistic insights that combinatorial approaches using targeted modulators of ROS offer therapeutic benefits in hyperoxaluria-induced nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - S K Singla
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Joshi S, Clapp WL, Wang W, Khan SR. Osteogenic changes in kidneys of hyperoxaluric rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2000-12. [PMID: 26122267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones develop attached to renal papillary sub-epithelial deposits of calcium phosphate (CaP), called Randall's plaque (RP). Pathogenesis of the plaques is not fully understood. We hypothesize that abnormal urinary environment in stone forming kidneys leads to epithelial cells losing their identity and becoming osteogenic. To test our hypothesis male rats were made hyperoxaluric by administration of hydroxy-l-proline (HLP). After 28days, rat kidneys were extracted. We performed genome wide analyses of differentially expressed genes and determined changes consistent with dedifferentiation of epithelial cells into osteogenic phenotype. Selected molecules were further analyzed using quantitative-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Genes for runt related transcription factors (RUNX1 and 2), zinc finger protein Osterix, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP2 and 7), bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR2), collagen, osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin (OPN), matrix-gla-protein (MGP), osteoprotegrin (OPG), cadherins, fibronectin (FN) and vimentin (VIM) were upregulated while those for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cytokeratins 10 and 18 were downregulated. In conclusion, epithelial cells of hyperoxaluric kidneys acquire a number of osteoblastic features but without CaP deposition, perhaps a result of downregulation of ALP and upregulation of OPN and MGP. Plaque formation may additionally require localized increases in calcium and phosphate and decrease in mineralization inhibitory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William L Clapp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Song X, Zhu W, An R, Li Y, Du Z. Protective effect of Daming capsule against chronic cerebral ischemia. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:149. [PMID: 25966684 PMCID: PMC4456789 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence has shown that chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) is one of the major causes of vascular dementia (VD) characterized by dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis and lipoprotein disturbances. Positive value of lipid-lowering agents has been widely evaluated for the treatment of VD. In the present study, we investigated whether Daming capsule (DMC) protected against CCI-induced VD and its possible mechanisms of action. DMC is a multi-herbal formula composed of Rheum palmatum L., Cassia obtusifolia L., Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Panax ginseng C.A., which has been used to treat hyperlipidemia for years in China. Methods A network pharmacology method was established to reveal whether DMC contained any chemical constituent targeting CCI-related proteins. Furthermore, the potential anti-CCI effects of DMC (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg) administered for 30 days were investigated in vivo on rats that were subjected to permanent bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries (2-VO). Spatial learning and memory abilities were evaluated using a Morris water maze (MWM) and morphological changes of cerebral cortex and hippocampus were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Moreover, the lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidative capabilities were measured using biochemical analysis. Results Our network pharmacology analysis revealed the existence of multiple CCI-related chemical-target interactions in DMC, suggesting a potential protective effect. An in vivo experiment verified that 200 mg/kg DMC improved cognitive deficits of 2-VO rats in the MWM test and attenuated pathological alterations in both the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Biochemical assays indicated that DMC decreased malondialdehyde levels and CCI-elevated superoxide dismutase activities, but increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Conclusions Our findings suggested that DMC protected against cognitive dysfunction and nerve injuries caused by CCI, which is most likely related to its antioxidant actions.
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The metabolome profiling and pathway analysis in metabolic healthy and abnormal obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1241-8. [PMID: 25907313 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mechanisms of the development of abnormal metabolic phenotypes among obese population are not yet clear. In this study, we aimed to screen metabolomes of both healthy and subjects with abnormal obesity to identify potential metabolic pathways that may regulate the different metabolic characteristics of obesity. METHODS We recruited subjects with body mass index (BMI) over 25 from the weight-loss clinic of a central hospital in Taiwan. Metabolic healthy obesity (MHO) is defined as without having any form of hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia, while metabolic abnormal obesity (MAO) is defined as having one or more abnormal metabolic indexes. Serum-based metabolomic profiling using both liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of 34 MHO and MAO individuals with matching age, sex and BMI was performed. Conditional logistic regression and partial least squares discriminant analysis were applied to identify significant metabolites between the two groups. Pathway enrichment and topology analyses were conducted to evaluate the regulated pathways. RESULTS A differential metabolite panel was identified to be significantly differed in MHO and MAO groups, including L-kynurenine, glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glycerol 1-phosphate, glycolic acid, tagatose, methyl palmitate and uric acid. Moreover, several metabolic pathways were relevant in distinguishing MHO from MAO groups, including fatty acid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation. CONCLUSION Different metabolomic profiles and metabolic pathways are important for distinguishing between MHO and MAO groups. We have identified and discussed the key metabolites and pathways that may prove important in the regulation of metabolic traits among the obese, which could provide useful clues to study the underlying mechanisms of the development of abnormal metabolic phenotypes.
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Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine against hyperoxaluria induced mitochondrial dysfunction in male wistar rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:105-14. [PMID: 25842190 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nephro-protective potential of N-acetylcysteine against hyperoxaluria-induced renal mitochondrial dysfunction in rats. Nine days dosing of 0.4 % ethylene glycol +1 % ammonium chloride, developed hyperoxaluria in male wistar rats which resulted in renal injury and dysfunction as supported by increased level of urinary lactate dehydrogenase, calcium, and decreased creatinine clearance. Mitochondrial oxidative strain in hyperoxaluric animals was evident by decreased levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione, and an increased lipid peroxidation. Declined activities of respiratory chain enzymes and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes showed mitochondrial dysfunction in hyperoxaluric animals. N-acetylcysteine (50 mg/kg, i.p.), by virtue of its -SH reviving power, was able to increase the glutathione levels and thus decrease the oxidative stress in renal mitochondria. Hence, mitochondrial damage is, evidently, an essential event in ethylene glycol-induced hyperoxaluria and N-acetylcysteine presented itself as a safe and effective remedy in combating nephrolithiasis.
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Ueda N. Ceramide-induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells: a role of mitochondria and sphingosine-1-phoshate. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5076-124. [PMID: 25751724 PMCID: PMC4394466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is synthesized upon stimuli, and induces apoptosis in renal tubular cells (RTCs). Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) functions as a survival factor. Thus, the balance of ceramide/S1P determines ceramide-induced apoptosis. Mitochondria play a key role for ceramide-induced apoptosis by altered mitochondrial outer membrane permeability (MOMP). Ceramide enhances oligomerization of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, ceramide channel, and reduces anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in the MOM. This process alters MOMP, resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytochrome C release into the cytosol, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Ceramide regulates apoptosis through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)-dependent and -independent pathways. Conversely, MAPKs alter ceramide generation by regulating the enzymes involving ceramide metabolism, affecting ceramide-induced apoptosis. Crosstalk between Bcl-2 family proteins, ROS, and many signaling pathways regulates ceramide-induced apoptosis. Growth factors rescue ceramide-induced apoptosis by regulating the enzymes involving ceramide metabolism, S1P, and signaling pathways including MAPKs. This article reviews evidence supporting a role of ceramide for apoptosis and discusses a role of mitochondria, including MOMP, Bcl-2 family proteins, ROS, and signaling pathways, and crosstalk between these factors in the regulation of ceramide-induced apoptosis of RTCs. A balancing role between ceramide and S1P and the strategy for preventing ceramide-induced apoptosis by growth factors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norishi Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, 3-8 Kuramitsu, Hakusan, Ishikawa 924-8588, Japan.
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Maso V, Calgarotto AK, Franchi GC, Nowill AE, Filho PL, Vassallo J, Saad STO. Multitarget effects of quercetin in leukemia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:1240-50. [PMID: 25293876 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes to investigate quercetin antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo, using the P39 cell line as a model. The experimental design comprised leukemic cells or xenografts of P39 cells, treated in vitro or in vivo, respectively, with quercetin; apoptosis, cell-cycle and autophagy activation were then evaluated. Quercetin caused pronounced apoptosis in P39 leukemia cells, followed by Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1 downregulation, Bax upregulation, and mitochondrial translocation, triggering cytochrome c release and caspases activation. Quercetin also induced the expression of FasL protein. Furthermore, our results demonstrated an antioxidant activity of quercetin. Quercetin treatment resulted in an increased cell arrest in G1 phase of the cell cycle, with pronounced decrease in CDK2, CDK6, cyclin D, cyclin E, and cyclin A proteins, decreased Rb phosphorylation and increased p21 and p27 expression. Quercetin induced autophagosome formation in the P39 cell line. Autophagy inhibition induced by quercetin with chloroquine triggered apoptosis but did not alter quercetin modulation in the G1 phase. P39 cell treatment with a combination of quercetin and selective inhibitors of ERK1/2 and/or JNK (PD184352 or SP600125, respectively), significantly decreased cells in G1 phase, this treatment, however, did not change the apoptotic cell number. Furthermore, in vivo administration of quercetin significantly reduced tumor volume in P39 xenografts and confirmed in vitro results regarding apoptosis, autophagy, and cell-cycle arrest. The antitumor activity of quercetin both in vitro and in vivo revealed in this study, point to quercetin as an attractive antitumor agent for hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Maso
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrana Karla Calgarotto
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Carlos Franchi
- Onco-Hematological Child Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Eduardo Nowill
- Onco-Hematological Child Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Latuf Filho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Investigative and Molecular Pathology, CIPED, FCM-Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Vassallo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Investigative and Molecular Pathology, CIPED, FCM-Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Niimi K, Yasui T, Okada A, Hirose Y, Kubota Y, Umemoto Y, Kawai N, Tozawa K, Kohri K. Novel effect of the inhibitor of mitochondrial cyclophilin D activation, N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin, on renal calcium crystallization. Int J Urol 2014; 21:707-13. [PMID: 24661223 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To experimentally evaluate the clinical application of N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin, a novel selective inhibitor of cyclophilin D activation. METHODS In vitro, cultured renal tubular cells were exposed to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals and treated with N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin. The mitochondrial membrane was stained with tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate and observed. In vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: a control group, an ethylene glycol group (administration of ethylene glycol to induce renal calcium crystallization), a N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin group (administration of N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin) and an ethylene glycol + N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin group (administration of ethylene glycol and N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin). Renal calcium crystallization was evaluated using Pizzolato staining. Oxidative stress was evaluated using superoxide dismutase and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine. Mitochondria within renal tubular cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Cell apoptosis was evaluated using cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS In vitro, calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals induced depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, which was remarkably prevented by N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin. In vivo, ethylene glycol administration induced renal calcium crystallization, oxidative stress, mitochondrial collapse and cell apoptosis in rats, which were significantly prevented by N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin. CONCLUSIONS Herein we first report a new treatment agent determining renal calcium crystallization through cyclophilin D activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Niimi
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Farooq SM, Boppana NB, Asokan D, Sekaran SD, Shankar EM, Li C, Gopal K, Bakar SA, Karthik HS, Ebrahim AS. C-phycocyanin confers protection against oxalate-mediated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in MDCK cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93056. [PMID: 24691130 PMCID: PMC3972226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalate toxicity is mediated through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via a process that is partly dependent on mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we investigated whether C-phycocyanin (CP) could protect against oxidative stress-mediated intracellular damage triggered by oxalate in MDCK cells. DCFDA, a fluorescence-based probe and hexanoyl-lysine adduct (HEL), an oxidative stress marker were used to investigate the effect of CP on oxalate-induced ROS production and membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO). The role of CP against oxalate-induced oxidative stress was studied by the evaluation of mitochondrial membrane potential by JC1 fluorescein staining, quantification of ATP synthesis and stress-induced MAP kinases (JNK/SAPK and ERK1/2). Our results revealed that oxalate-induced cells show markedly increased ROS levels and HEL protein expression that were significantly decreased following pre-treatment with CP. Further, JC1 staining showed that CP pre-treatment conferred significant protection from mitochondrial membrane permeability and increased ATP production in CP-treated cells than oxalate-alone-treated cells. In addition, CP treated cells significantly decreased the expression of phosphorylated JNK/SAPK and ERK1/2 as compared to oxalate-alone-treated cells. We concluded that CP could be used as a potential free radical-scavenging therapeutic strategy against oxidative stress-associated diseases including urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukkur M. Farooq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ASE); ) (SMF); ) (EMS)
| | - Nithin B. Boppana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Devarajan Asokan
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shamala D. Sekaran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (ASE); ) (SMF); ) (EMS)
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kaliappan Gopal
- Department of Orthopedics, National Orthopedics Center for Excellence in Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly A. Bakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Harve S. Karthik
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abdul S. Ebrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ASE); ) (SMF); ) (EMS)
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