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Hemphill WO, Steiner HR, Kominsky JR, Wuttke DS, Cech TR. Transcription factors ERα and Sox2 have differing multiphasic DNA- and RNA-binding mechanisms. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 30:1089-1105. [PMID: 38760076 PMCID: PMC11251522 DOI: 10.1261/rna.080027.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Many transcription factors (TFs) have been shown to bind RNA, leading to open questions regarding the mechanism(s) of this RNA binding and its role in regulating TF activities. Here, we use biophysical assays to interrogate the k on, k off, and K d for DNA and RNA binding of two model human TFs, ERα and Sox2. Unexpectedly, we found that both proteins exhibit multiphasic nucleic acid-binding kinetics. We propose that Sox2 RNA and DNA multiphasic binding kinetics can be explained by a conventional model for sequential Sox2 monomer association and dissociation. In contrast, ERα nucleic acid binding exhibited biphasic dissociation paired with novel triphasic association behavior, in which two apparent binding transitions are separated by a 10-20 min "lag" phase depending on protein concentration. We considered several conventional models for the observed kinetic behavior, none of which adequately explained all the ERα nucleic acid-binding data. Instead, simulations with a model incorporating sequential ERα monomer association, ERα nucleic acid complex isomerization, and product "feedback" on isomerization rate recapitulated the general kinetic trends for both ERα DNA and RNA binding. Collectively, our findings reveal that Sox2 and ERα bind RNA and DNA with previously unappreciated multiphasic binding kinetics, and that their reaction mechanisms differ with ERα binding nucleic acids via a novel reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne O Hemphill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Halley R Steiner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Jackson R Kominsky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Deborah S Wuttke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Thomas R Cech
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
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2
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Marelli E, Hughes J, Scotting PJ. SUMO-dependent transcriptional repression by Sox2 inhibits the proliferation of neural stem cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298818. [PMID: 38507426 PMCID: PMC10954124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Sox2 is known for its roles in maintaining the stem cell state of embryonic stem cells and neural stem cells. In particular, it has been shown to slow the proliferation of these cell types. It is also known for its effects as an activating transcription factor. Despite this, analysis of published studies shows that it represses as many genes as it activates. Here, we identify a new set of target genes that Sox2 represses in neural stem cells. These genes are associated with centrosomes, centromeres and other aspects of cell cycle control. In addition, we show that SUMOylation of Sox2 is necessary for the repression of these genes and for its repressive effects on cell proliferation. Together, these data suggest that SUMO-dependent repression of this group of target genes is responsible for the role of Sox2 in regulating the proliferation of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marelli
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Hughes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Scotting
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
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3
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Hemphill WO, Steiner HR, Kominsky JR, Wuttke DS, Cech TR. Transcription factors ERα and Sox2 have differing multiphasic DNA and RNA binding mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585577. [PMID: 38562825 PMCID: PMC10983890 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Many transcription factors (TFs) have been shown to bind RNA, leading to open questions regarding the mechanism(s) of this RNA binding and its role in regulating TF activities. Here we use biophysical assays to interrogate the k o n , k o f f , and K d for DNA and RNA binding of two model human transcription factors, ERα and Sox2. Unexpectedly, we found that both proteins exhibited multiphasic nucleic acid binding kinetics. We propose that Sox2 RNA and DNA multiphasic binding kinetics could be explained by a conventional model for sequential Sox2 monomer association and dissociation. In contrast, ERα nucleic acid binding exhibited biphasic dissociation paired with novel triphasic association behavior, where two apparent binding transitions are separated by a 10-20 min "lag" phase depending on protein concentration. We considered several conventional models for the observed kinetic behavior, none of which adequately explained all the ERα nucleic acid binding data. Instead, simulations with a model incorporating sequential ERα monomer association, ERα nucleic acid complex isomerization, and product "feedback" on isomerization rate recapitulated the general kinetic trends for both ERα DNA and RNA binding. Collectively, our findings reveal that Sox2 and ERα bind RNA and DNA with previously unappreciated multiphasic binding kinetics, and that their reaction mechanisms differ with ERα binding nucleic acids via a novel reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne O. Hemphill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Halley R. Steiner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Jackson R. Kominsky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Deborah S. Wuttke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Thomas R. Cech
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303 USA
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4
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Lim Y. Transcription factors in microcephaly. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1302033. [PMID: 38094004 PMCID: PMC10716367 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1302033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Higher cognition in humans, compared to other primates, is often attributed to an increased brain size, especially forebrain cortical surface area. Brain size is determined through highly orchestrated developmental processes, including neural stem cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, lamination, arborization, and apoptosis. Disruption in these processes often results in either a small (microcephaly) or large (megalencephaly) brain. One of the key mechanisms controlling these developmental processes is the spatial and temporal transcriptional regulation of critical genes. In humans, microcephaly is defined as a condition with a significantly smaller head circumference compared to the average head size of a given age and sex group. A growing number of genes are identified as associated with microcephaly, and among them are those involved in transcriptional regulation. In this review, a subset of genes encoding transcription factors (e.g., homeobox-, basic helix-loop-helix-, forkhead box-, high mobility group box-, and zinc finger domain-containing transcription factors), whose functions are important for cortical development and implicated in microcephaly, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshin Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Science Education, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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5
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Aygun H, Akin AT, Kızılaslan N, Sumbul O, Karabulut D. Electrophysiological, histopathological, and biochemical evaluation of the protective effect of probiotic supplementation against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3540-3550. [PMID: 35429204 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Research on the relationship between the gut microbiome and epilepsy is accumulating. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats. METHODS Twenty-one adult male Wistar albino rats were included. The animals were divided into three groups of seven rats. Group 1 was a control group, whereas Group 2 rats received PTZ treatment and Group 3 rats had PTZ+PB (probiotic) treatment. For 6 weeks, Groups 1 and 2 were given saline (1 ml), whereas Group 3 had probiotic supplement. In the 5th week, tripolar electrodes were attached to the rats. Electrophysiological, behavioral, biochemical, and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed in the 6 weeks after the treatment. RESULTS PB treatment significantly reduced seizures. In the PTZ group, expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor (NGF), and Sox2 (SRY sex-determining region Y-box 2) in rat brains decreased significantly compared to the control group, whereas the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), total oxidant status (TOS), and nitric oxide (NO) levels increased. In the PTZ+PB group, NGF expression increased significantly compared to the PTZ group, whereas TNF-α, IL-6, TOS, and NO levels decreased. In histopathological examination, an abundance of necrotic neurons was notable in the PTZ group, which was less in the PTZ+PB group. In addition, body weight of the group supplemented with probiotics decreased after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that probiotic supplementation may alleviate seizure severity and exert neuroprotective effects by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and altering the expression of neurotrophins in epileptogenic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Aygun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ali Tuğrul Akin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nildem Kızılaslan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Orhan Sumbul
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Derya Karabulut
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
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Berry KJ, Chandran U, Mu F, Deochand DK, Lei T, Pagin M, Nicolis SK, Monaghan-Nichols AP, Rogatsky I, DeFranco DB. Genomic glucocorticoid action in embryonic mouse neural stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 563:111864. [PMID: 36690169 PMCID: PMC10057471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs) reprograms brain development and predisposes the developing fetus towards potential adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Using a mouse model of sGC administration, previous studies show that these changes are accompanied by sexually dimorphic alterations in the transcriptome of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) derived from the embryonic telencephalon. Because cell type-specific gene expression profiles tightly regulate cell fate decisions and are controlled by a flexible landscape of chromatin domains upon which transcription factors and enhancer elements act, we multiplexed data from four genome-wide assays: RNA-seq, ATAC-seq (assay for transposase accessible chromatin followed by genome wide sequencing), dual cross-linking ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by genome wide sequencing), and microarray gene expression to identify novel relationships between gene regulation, chromatin structure, and genomic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) action in NSPCs. These data reveal that GR binds preferentially to predetermined regions of accessible chromatin to influence gene programming and cell fate decisions. In addition, we identify SOX2 as a transcription factor that impacts the genomic response of select GR target genes to sGCs (i.e., dexamethasone) in NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Berry
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Uma Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Research Computing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fangping Mu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Research Computing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dinesh K Deochand
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, New York, USA
| | - T Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Miriam Pagin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia K Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - A Paula Monaghan-Nichols
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosensweig Genomics Center, New York, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, USA
| | - Donald B DeFranco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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7
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van Heyningen V. A Journey Through Genetics to Biology. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:1-27. [PMID: 35567277 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-010622-095109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although my engagement with human genetics emerged gradually, and sometimes serendipitously, it has held me spellbound for decades. Without my teachers, students, postdocs, colleagues, and collaborators, I would not be writing this review of my scientific adventures. Early gene and disease mapping was a satisfying puzzle-solving exercise, but building biological insight was my main goal. The project trajectory was hugely influenced by the evolutionarily conserved nature of the implicated genes and by the pace of progress in genetic technologies. The rich detail of clinical observations, particularly in eye disease, makes humans an excellent model, especially when complemented by the use of multiple other animal species for experimental validation. The contributions of collaborators and rivals also influenced our approach. We are very fortunate to work in this era of unprecedented progress in genetics and genomics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Volume 23 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica van Heyningen
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
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8
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Mercurio S, Serra L, Pagin M, Nicolis SK. Deconstructing Sox2 Function in Brain Development and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101604. [PMID: 35626641 PMCID: PMC9139651 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is a transcription factor conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, whose expression marks the central nervous system from the earliest developmental stages. In humans, SOX2 mutation leads to a spectrum of CNS defects, including vision and hippocampus impairments, intellectual disability, and motor control problems. Here, we review how conditional Sox2 knockout (cKO) in mouse with different Cre recombinases leads to very diverse phenotypes in different regions of the developing and postnatal brain. Surprisingly, despite the widespread expression of Sox2 in neural stem/progenitor cells of the developing neural tube, some regions (hippocampus, ventral forebrain) appear much more vulnerable than others to Sox2 deletion. Furthermore, the stage of Sox2 deletion is also a critical determinant of the resulting defects, pointing to a stage-specificity of SOX2 function. Finally, cKOs illuminate the importance of SOX2 function in different cell types according to the different affected brain regions (neural precursors, GABAergic interneurons, glutamatergic projection neurons, Bergmann glia). We also review human genetics data regarding the brain defects identified in patients carrying mutations within human SOX2 and examine the parallels with mouse mutants. Functional genomics approaches have started to identify SOX2 molecular targets, and their relevance for SOX2 function in brain development and disease will be discussed.
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9
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Aygun H, Akin AT, Kızılaslan N, Sumbul O, Karabulut D. Probiotic supplementation alleviates absence seizures and anxiety- and depression-like behavior in WAG/Rij rat by increasing neurotrophic factors and decreasing proinflammatory cytokines. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 128:108588. [PMID: 35152169 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic brain disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the effects of probiotic supplementation on absence epilepsy and anxiety-and depression-like behavior in WAG/Rij rats. MATERIAL AND METHOD Fourteen male WAG/Rij rats (absence-epileptic) and seven male Wistar rats (nonepileptic) were used. The effects of probiotic VSL#3 (12.86 bn living bacteria/kg/day for 30 day/gavage) on absence seizures, and related psychiatric comorbidities were evaluated in WAG/Rij rats. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated by the open-field test and depression-like behavior by the forced swimming test. In addition, the brain tissues of rats were evaluated histopathologically for nerve growth factor [NGF], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], SRY sex-determining region Y-box 2 [SOX2] and biochemically for nitric oxide [NO], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α] ,and Interleukin-6 [IL-6]. RESULTS Compared to Wistar rats, WAG/Rij rats exhibited anxiety- and depression-like behavior, and had lower BDNF, NGF and SOX2 immunoreactivity, and higher TNF-α, IL-6 levels in brain tissue. VSL#3 supplementation reduced the duration and number of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) and exhibited anxiolytic or anti-depressive effect. VSL#3 supplement also increased the NGF immunoreactivity while decreasing IL-6, TNF-α and NO levels in WAG/Rij rat brain. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study showed that neurotrophins, SOX2 deficiency, and pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of absence epilepsy. Our data support the hypothesis that the probiotics have anti-inflammatory effect. The present study is the first to show the positive effects of probiotic bacteria on absence seizures and anxiety- and depression-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Aygun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Ali Tugrul Akin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nildem Kızılaslan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa Tokat, Turkey
| | - Orhan Sumbul
- Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine University of Tokat Gaziosmanpasa, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Derya Karabulut
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
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10
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Amlie-Wolf L, Bardakjian T, Kopinsky SM, Reis LM, Semina EV, Schneider A. Review of 37 patients with SOX2 pathogenic variants collected by the Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia Clinical Registry and DNA research study. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:187-198. [PMID: 34562068 PMCID: PMC9169870 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SOX2 variants and deletions are a common cause of anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M). This article presents data from a cohort of patients with SOX2 variants, some of whom have been followed for 20+ years. Medical records from patients enrolled in the A/M Research Registry and carrying SOX2 variants were reviewed. Thirty-seven patients were identified, ranging in age from infant to 30 years old. Eye anomalies were bilateral in 30 patients (81.1%), unilateral in 5 (13.5%), and absent in 2 (5.4%). Intellectual disability was present in all with data available and ranged from mild to profound. Seizures were noted in 18 of 27 (66.6%) patients, usually with abnormal brain MRIs (10/15, 66.7%). Growth issues were reported in 14 of 21 patients (66.7%) and 14 of 19 (73.7%) had gonadotropin deficiency. Genitourinary anomalies were seen in 15 of 19 (78.9%) male patients and 5 of 15 (33.3%) female patients. Patients with SOX2 nucleotide variants, whole gene deletions or translocations are typically affected with bilateral or unilateral microphthalmia and anophthalmia. Other associated features include intellectual disability, seizures, brain anomalies, growth hormone deficiency, gonadotropin deficiency, and genitourinary anomalies. Recommendations for newly diagnosed patients with SOX2 variants include eye exams, MRI of the brain and orbits, endocrine and neurology examinations. Since the clinical spectrum associated with SOX2 alleles has expanded beyond the originally reported phenotypes, we propose a broader term, SOX2-associated disorder, for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Amlie-Wolf
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Nemours Children’s Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Tanya Bardakjian
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarina M. Kopinsky
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adele Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, 330 South Ninth Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Wills Eye Hospital, 840 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Chen W, Chen X, Zhang X, Chen C, Dan S, Hu J, Kang B, Wang YJ. DNA repair proteins cooperate with SOX2 in regulating the transition of human embryonic stem cells to neural progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 586:163-170. [PMID: 34852960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
SOX2, a well-established pluripotency factor supporting the self-renewal of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), is also a crucial factor for maintaining the properties and functionalities of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). It regulates the transcription of target genes by forming complexes with its partner factors, but systematic comparison of SOX2 binding partners in human PSCs versus NPCs is lacking. Here, by deciphering and comparing the SOX2-protein interactomes in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) versus the NPCs derived from them, we identified 23 proteins with high reproducibility that are most differentially associated with SOX2, of which 9 are DNA repair proteins (PARP1, PARP2, PRKDC, XRCC1, XRCC5, XRCC6, RPA1, LIG3, DDB1). Genetic knocking-down or pharmacological inhibiting two of the DNA repair proteins (PARP1 and PRKDC) significantly up-regulated certain NPC or ectodermal biomarkers that are transcriptionally-suppressed by the SOX2/DNA repair protein complexes. These findings point to a crucial role of DNA repair proteins in pluripotent state transition and neural induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Songsong Dan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Jianwen Hu
- Shanghai Bioprofile Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bo Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Ying-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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12
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Hage C, Gan HW, Ibba A, Patti G, Dattani M, Loche S, Maghnie M, Salvatori R. Advances in differential diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in children. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:608-624. [PMID: 34417587 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) in children is defined as impaired production of GH by the pituitary gland that results in growth failure. This disease might be congenital or acquired, and occurs in isolation or in the setting of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. Isolated GHD has an estimated prevalence of 1 patient per 4000-10,000 live births and can be due to multiple causes, some of which are yet to be determined. Establishing the correct diagnosis remains key in children with short stature, as initiating treatment with recombinant human GH can help them attain their genetically determined adult height. During the past two decades, our understanding of the benefits of continuing GH therapy throughout the transition period from childhood to adulthood has increased. Improvements in transitional care will help alleviate the consequent physical and psychological problems that can arise from adult GHD, although the consequences of a lack of hormone replacement are less severe in adults than in children. In this Review, we discuss the differential diagnosis in children with GHD, including details of clinical presentation, neuroimaging and genetic testing. Furthermore, we highlight advances and issues in the management of GHD, including details of transitional care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Hage
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hoong-Wei Gan
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anastasia Ibba
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico "A. Cao", AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Patti
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mehul Dattani
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sandro Loche
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico "A. Cao", AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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13
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Pagin M, Pernebrink M, Giubbolini S, Barone C, Sambruni G, Zhu Y, Chiara M, Ottolenghi S, Pavesi G, Wei CL, Cantù C, Nicolis SK. Sox2 controls neural stem cell self-renewal through a Fos-centered gene regulatory network. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1107-1119. [PMID: 33739574 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sox2 transcription factor is necessary for the long-term self-renewal of neural stem cells (NSCs). Its mechanism of action is still poorly defined. To identify molecules regulated by Sox2, and acting in mouse NSC maintenance, we transduced, into Sox2-deleted NSC, genes whose expression is strongly downregulated following Sox2 loss (Fos, Jun, Egr2), individually or in combination. Fos alone rescued long-term proliferation, as shown by in vitro cell growth and clonal analysis. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition by T-5224 of FOS/JUN AP1 complex binding to its targets decreased cell proliferation and expression of the putative target Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3). Additionally, Fos requirement for efficient long-term proliferation was demonstrated by the reduction of NSC clones capable of long-term expansion following CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Fos inactivation. Previous work showed that the Socs3 gene is strongly downregulated following Sox2 deletion, and its re-expression by lentiviral transduction rescues long-term NSC proliferation. Fos appears to be an upstream regulator of Socs3, possibly together with Jun and Egr2; indeed, Sox2 re-expression in Sox2-deleted NSC progressively activates both Fos and Socs3 expression; in turn, Fos transduction activates Socs3 expression. Based on available SOX2 ChIPseq and ChIA-PET data, we propose a model whereby Sox2 is a direct activator of both Socs3 and Fos, as well as possibly Jun and Egr2; furthermore, we provide direct evidence for FOS and JUN binding on Socs3 promoter, suggesting direct transcriptional regulation. These results provide the basis for developing a model of a network of interactions, regulating critical effectors of NSC proliferation and long-term maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pagin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattias Pernebrink
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM) and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Giubbolini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Barone
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Sambruni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Yanfen Zhu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matteo Chiara
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Ottolenghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Pavesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chia-Lin Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Claudio Cantù
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM) and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Silvia K Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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14
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Multi-omics in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: Clues into the underlying mechanisms leading to disease. Seizure 2021; 90:34-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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15
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Hippocampal Malrotation: A Genetic Developmental Anomaly Related to Epilepsy? Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040463. [PMID: 33916495 PMCID: PMC8067421 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal malrotation (HIMAL) is an increasingly recognized neuroimaging feature but the clinical correlation and significance in epilepsies remain under debate. It is characterized by rounded hippocampal shape, deep collateral, or occipitotemporal sulcus, and medial localization of the hippocampus. In this review, we describe the embryonic development of the hippocampus and HIMAL, the qualitative and quantitative diagnosis issues, and the pathological findings of HIMAL. HIMAL can be bilateral or unilateral and more on the left side. Furthermore, the relevance of HIMAL diagnosis in clinical practice, including its role in epileptogenesis and the impact on the pre-surgical decision are reviewed. Finally, the relationship between HIMAL and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and the possible role of genetics in the etiology of HIMAL are discussed. The evidence so far suggested that HIMAL does not have a significant role in epileptogenesis or surgical decision. HIMAL could be a genetic developmental imaging feature that represents a more diffuse but subtle structural error during brain development. Many questions remain to be explored, such as possible cognitive alteration associated with HIMAL and whether HIMAL predisposes to the development of HS. Further studies using high-quality MRI, unified consensus qualitative and quantitative diagnostic criteria, and comprehensive cognitive assessment are recommended.
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16
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Foglio B, Rossini L, Garbelli R, Regondi MC, Mercurio S, Bertacchi M, Avagliano L, Bulfamante G, Coras R, Maiorana A, Nicolis S, Studer M, Frassoni C. Dynamic expression of NR2F1 and SOX2 in developing and adult human cortex: comparison with cortical malformations. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1303-1322. [PMID: 33661352 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neocortex, the most recently evolved brain region in mammals, is characterized by its unique areal and laminar organization. Distinct cortical layers and areas can be identified by the presence of graded expression of transcription factors and molecular determinants defining neuronal identity. However, little is known about the expression of key master genes orchestrating human cortical development. In this study, we explored the expression dynamics of NR2F1 and SOX2, key cortical genes whose mutations in human patients cause severe neurodevelopmental syndromes. We focused on physiological conditions, spanning from mid-late gestational ages to adulthood in unaffected specimens, but also investigated gene expression in a pathological context, a developmental cortical malformation termed focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). We found that NR2F1 follows an antero-dorsallow to postero-ventralhigh gradient as in the murine cortex, suggesting high evolutionary conservation. While SOX2 is mainly expressed in neural progenitors next to the ventricular surface, NR2F1 is found in both mitotic progenitors and post-mitotic neurons at GW18. Interestingly, both proteins are highly co-expressed in basal radial glia progenitors of the outer sub-ventricular zone (OSVZ), a proliferative region known to contribute to cortical expansion and complexity in humans. Later on, SOX2 becomes largely restricted to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes although it is also detected in scattered mature interneurons. Differently, NR2F1 maintains its distinct neuronal expression during the whole process of cortical development. Notably, we report here high levels of NR2F1 in dysmorphic neurons and NR2F1 and SOX2 in balloon cells of surgical samples from patients with FCD, suggesting their potential use in the histopathological characterization of this dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Foglio
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Rossini
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Garbelli
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Regondi
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Bertacchi
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Laura Avagliano
- Departement of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bulfamante
- Departement of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonino Maiorana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Frassoni
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Mercurio S, Alberti C, Serra L, Meneghini S, Berico P, Bertolini J, Becchetti A, Nicolis SK. An early Sox2-dependent gene expression programme required for hippocampal dentate gyrus development. Open Biol 2021; 11:200339. [PMID: 33622105 PMCID: PMC8061699 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain area central for cognition. Mutations in the human SOX2 transcription factor cause neurodevelopmental defects, leading to intellectual disability and seizures, together with hippocampal dysplasia. We generated an allelic series of Sox2 conditional mutations in mouse, deleting Sox2 at different developmental stages. Late Sox2 deletion (from E11.5, via Nestin-Cre) affects only postnatal hippocampal development; earlier deletion (from E10.5, Emx1-Cre) significantly reduces the dentate gyrus (DG), and the earliest deletion (from E9.5, FoxG1-Cre) causes drastic abnormalities, with almost complete absence of the DG. We identify a set of functionally interconnected genes (Gli3, Wnt3a, Cxcr4, p73 and Tbr2), known to play essential roles in hippocampal embryogenesis, which are downregulated in early Sox2 mutants, and (Gli3 and Cxcr4) directly controlled by SOX2; their downregulation provides plausible molecular mechanisms contributing to the defect. Electrophysiological studies of the Emx1-Cre mouse model reveal altered excitatory transmission in CA1 and CA3 regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Alberti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Linda Serra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Meneghini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Berico
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Jessica Bertolini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Becchetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia K Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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18
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Wakamatsu Y, Uchikawa M. The many faces of Sox2 function in neural crest development. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 63:93-99. [PMID: 33326593 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells give rise to a wide variety of cell types and tissues, such as neurons and glial cells in the peripheral nervous system. Sox2, which encodes an HMG-box transcription factor, is known to mediate pluripotency of primordial germ cells and embryonic stem (ES)/induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and to regulate central nervous system development. Previous studies have revealed that Sox2 is also an important regulator of NC development. This review summarizes the well-established inhibitory roles of Sox2 in NC formation and subsequent neuronal differentiation of NC-derived cells. This review also covers recent studies suggesting additional roles for Sox2 in early NC development, neurogenesis, and glial differentiation of NC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Wakamatsu
- Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanori Uchikawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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19
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Bertolini JA, Favaro R, Zhu Y, Pagin M, Ngan CY, Wong CH, Tjong H, Vermunt MW, Martynoga B, Barone C, Mariani J, Cardozo MJ, Tabanera N, Zambelli F, Mercurio S, Ottolenghi S, Robson P, Creyghton MP, Bovolenta P, Pavesi G, Guillemot F, Nicolis SK, Wei CL. Mapping the Global Chromatin Connectivity Network for Sox2 Function in Neural Stem Cell Maintenance. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 24:462-476.e6. [PMID: 30849367 PMCID: PMC6506828 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The SOX2 transcription factor is critical for neural stem cell (NSC) maintenance and brain development. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and chromatin interaction analysis (ChIA-PET), we determined genome-wide SOX2-bound regions and Pol II-mediated long-range chromatin interactions in brain-derived NSCs. SOX2-bound DNA was highly enriched in distal chromatin regions interacting with promoters and carrying epigenetic enhancer marks. Sox2 deletion caused widespread reduction of Pol II-mediated long-range interactions and decreased gene expression. Genes showing reduced expression in Sox2-deleted cells were significantly enriched in interactions between promoters and SOX2-bound distal enhancers. Expression of one such gene, Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (Socs3), rescued the self-renewal defect of Sox2-ablated NSCs. Our work identifies SOX2 as a major regulator of gene expression through connections to the enhancer network in NSCs. Through the definition of such a connectivity network, our study shows the way to the identification of genes and enhancers involved in NSC maintenance and neurodevelopmental disorders. Sox2-bound enhancers are enriched within long-range interactions in neural stem cells SOX2 loss decreases chromatin interactivity genome-wide Sox2-bound enhancers from interactions activate reporter genes in zebrafish forebrain Socs3, a gene downregulated in Sox2 mutant NSCs, rescues their self-renewal
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bertolini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Rebecca Favaro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Yanfen Zhu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Miriam Pagin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Chew Yee Ngan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Chee Hong Wong
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Harianto Tjong
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Marit W Vermunt
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht 3584CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Martynoga
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW 1AT, UK
| | - Cristiana Barone
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Jessica Mariani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marcos Julián Cardozo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Ciber de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemi Tabanera
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Ciber de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Zambelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Ottolenghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Paul Robson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Menno P Creyghton
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht 3584CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Ciber de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII Madrid, Spain
| | - Giulio Pavesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Silvia K Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Chia-Lin Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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20
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Cangiano B, Swee DS, Quinton R, Bonomi M. Genetics of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: peculiarities and phenotype of an oligogenic disease. Hum Genet 2020; 140:77-111. [PMID: 32200437 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A genetic basis of congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can be defined in almost 50% of cases, albeit not necessarily the complete genetic basis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have led to the discovery of a great number of loci, each of which has illuminated our understanding of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, either in respect of their embryonic development or their neuroendocrine regulation as the "pilot light" of human reproduction. However, because each new gene linked to CHH only seems to underpin another small percentage of total patient cases, we are still far from achieving a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of CHH. Patients have generally not benefited from advances in genetics in respect of novel therapies. In most cases, even genetic counselling is limited by issues of apparent variability in expressivity and penetrance that are likely underpinned by oligogenicity in respect of known and unknown genes. Robust genotype-phenotype relationships can generally only be established for individuals who are homozygous, hemizygous or compound heterozygotes for the same gene of variant alleles that are predicted to be deleterious. While certain genes are purely associated with normosmic CHH (nCHH) some purely with the anosmic form (Kallmann syndrome-KS), other genes can be associated with both nCHH and KS-sometimes even within the same kindred. Even though the anticipated genetic overlap between CHH and constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP) has not materialised, previously unanticipated genetic relationships have emerged, comprising conditions of combined (or multiple) pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) and CHARGE syndrome. In this review, we report the current evidence in relation to phenotype and genetic peculiarities regarding 60 genes whose loss-of-function variants can disrupt the central regulation of reproduction at many levels: impairing GnRH neurons migration, differentiation or activation; disrupting neuroendocrine control of GnRH secretion; preventing GnRH neuron migration or function and/or gonadotropin secretion and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Du Soon Swee
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Quinton
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK. .,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
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21
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More than just Stem Cells: Functional Roles of the Transcription Factor Sox2 in Differentiated Glia and Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184540. [PMID: 31540269 PMCID: PMC6769708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sox2 transcription factor, encoded by a gene conserved in animal evolution, has become widely known because of its functional relevance for stem cells. In the developing nervous system, Sox2 is active in neural stem cells, and important for their self-renewal; differentiation to neurons and glia normally involves Sox2 downregulation. Recent evidence, however, identified specific types of fully differentiated neurons and glia that retain high Sox2 expression, and critically require Sox2 function, as revealed by functional studies in mouse and in other animals. Sox2 was found to control fundamental aspects of the biology of these cells, such as the development of correct neuronal connectivity. Sox2 downstream target genes identified within these cell types provide molecular mechanisms for cell-type-specific Sox2 neuronal and glial functions. SOX2 mutations in humans lead to a spectrum of nervous system defects, involving vision, movement control, and cognition; the identification of neurons and glia requiring Sox2 function, and the investigation of Sox2 roles and molecular targets within them, represents a novel perspective for the understanding of the pathogenesis of these defects.
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22
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Metz EP, Rizzino A. Sox2 dosage: A critical determinant in the functions of Sox2 in both normal and tumor cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19298-19306. [PMID: 31344986 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The stem cell transcription factor Sox2 is widely recognized for its many roles during normal development and cancer. Over the last several years, it has become increasingly evident that Sox2 dosage plays critical roles in both normal and malignant cells. The work described in this review indicates that the dosage of Sox2 influences cell fate decisions made during normal mammalian development, as well as cell fate decisions in cancer, including those that influence the tumor cell of origin and progression of the cancer. Equally important, Sox2 dosage is a key determinant in the proliferation of both normal cells and tumor cells, where proliferation is restricted in Sox2high cells. Collectively, the studies reviewed here indicate that tumor cells utilize the fundamental effects of Sox2 dosage to suit their own needs. Finally, we speculate that elevated expression of Sox2 helps establish and maintain tumor dormancy in Sox2-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan P Metz
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Angie Rizzino
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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23
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Guelfi S, Botia JA, Thom M, Ramasamy A, Perona M, Stanyer L, Martinian L, Trabzuni D, Smith C, Walker R, Ryten M, Reimers M, Weale ME, Hardy J, Matarin M. Transcriptomic and genetic analyses reveal potential causal drivers for intractable partial epilepsy. Brain 2019; 142:1616-1630. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Guelfi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Juan A. Botia
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Thom
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | | | - Marina Perona
- Department of Radiobiology (CAC), National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Lee Stanyer
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Lillian Martinian
- Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniah Trabzuni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Colin Smith
- Academic Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Walker
- Academic Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Mark Reimers
- Neuroscience Program and Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael E. Weale
- Department Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Mar Matarin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3, UK
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Wollenzien H, Voigt E, Kareta MS. Somatic Pluripotent Genes in Tissue Repair, Developmental Disease, and Cancer. SPG BIOMED 2018; 1. [PMID: 31172135 DOI: 10.32392/biomed.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into all cell types of the body. This pliable developmental state is achieved by the function of a series of pluripotency factors, classically identified as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. These pluripotency factors are responsible for activating the larger pluripotency networks and the self-renewal programs which give ES cells their unique characteristics. However, during differentiation pluripotency networks become downregulated as cells achieve greater lineage specification and exit the cell cycle. Typically the repression of pluripotency is viewed as a positive factor to ensure the fidelity of cellular identity by restricting cellular pliancy. Consistent with this view, the expression of pluripotency factors is greatly restricted in somatic cells. However, there are examples whereby cells either maintain or reactivate pluripotency factors to preserve the increased potential for the healing of wounds or tissue homeostasis. Additionally there are many examples where these pluripotency factors become reactivated in a variety of human pathologies, particularly cancer. In this review, we will summarize the somatic repression of pluripotency factors, their role in tissue homeostasis and wound repair, and the human diseases that are associated with pluripotency factor misregulation with an emphasis on their role in the etiology of multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wollenzien
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, and the Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.,Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St. Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Ellen Voigt
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, and the Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Michael S Kareta
- Genetics and Genomics Group, Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, and the Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.,Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St. Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, 1175 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
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Sarubbo F, Moranta D, Pani G. Dietary polyphenols and neurogenesis: Molecular interactions and implication for brain ageing and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:456-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Cerrato V, Mercurio S, Leto K, Fucà E, Hoxha E, Bottes S, Pagin M, Milanese M, Ngan CY, Concina G, Ottolenghi S, Wei CL, Bonanno G, Pavesi G, Tempia F, Buffo A, Nicolis SK. Sox2 conditional mutation in mouse causes ataxic symptoms, cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, and postnatal defects of Bergmann glia. Glia 2018; 66:1929-1946. [PMID: 29732603 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is a transcription factor active in the nervous system, within different cell types, ranging from radial glia neural stem cells to a few specific types of differentiated glia and neurons. Mutations in the human SOX2 transcription factor gene cause various central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, involving hippocampus and eye defects, as well as ataxia. Conditional Sox2 mutation in mouse, with different Cre transgenes, previously recapitulated different essential features of the disease, such as hippocampus and eye defects. In the cerebellum, Sox2 is active from early embryogenesis in the neural progenitors of the cerebellar primordium; Sox2 expression is maintained, postnatally, within Bergmann glia (BG), a differentiated cell type essential for Purkinje neurons functionality and correct motor control. By performing Sox2 Cre-mediated ablation in the developing and postnatal mouse cerebellum, we reproduced ataxia features. Embryonic Sox2 deletion (with Wnt1Cre) leads to reduction of the cerebellar vermis, known to be commonly related to ataxia, preceded by deregulation of Otx2 and Gbx2, critical regulators of vermis development. Postnatally, BG is progressively disorganized, mislocalized, and reduced in mutants. Sox2 postnatal deletion, specifically induced in glia (with GLAST-CreERT2), reproduces the BG defect, and causes (milder) ataxic features. Our results define a role for Sox2 in cerebellar function and development, and identify a functional requirement for Sox2 within postnatal BG, of potential relevance for ataxia in mouse mutants, and in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cerrato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Elisa Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Eriola Hoxha
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Sara Bottes
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Miriam Pagin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, Genoa, 16148, Italy
| | - Chew-Yee Ngan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Giulia Concina
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Sergio Ottolenghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Chia-Lin Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, Genoa, 16148, Italy
| | - Giulio Pavesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20100, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Silvia K Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
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Yang GS, Zhou XY, An XF, Liu XJ, Zhang YJ, Yu D. Mild hypothermia inhibits the Notch 3 and Notch 4 activation and seizure after stroke in the rat model. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1008-1016. [PMID: 29754932 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury is an important cause for seizure. Mild hypothermia of the brain or the whole body is an effective way to remit the post-stroke seizure. Our previous study revealed an implication of Notch 1 and 2 in the post-stroke seizure. This study further investigated the involvement of Notch 3 and 4 in post-stroke seizure and the effect of mild hypothermia on these two factors. A global cerebral ischemia (GCI) model was conducted in Sprague Dawley rats. Seizure activity was evaluated by the frequency of seizure attacks, seizure severity scores, and seizure discharges. Seizures were frequently occurred in the first and the second 24 h after GCI, however active whole-body cooling (mild hypothermia) and DAPT (Notch inhibitor) injection into the hippocampus, alone or in combination, alleviated seizure activity after GCI. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays revealed the up-regulation of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) 3 and 4 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus following GCI, but mild hypothermia and DAPT inhibited the up-regulation of NICD 3 and 4. NF-κB, PPARα, PPARγ, cyclin D1, Sox2 and Pax6 are associated with the pathogenesis of diverse type of seizures. GCI induced NF-κB, cyclin D1, and Pax6 activity, but suppressed PPARγ. These effects of GCI were abolished by both mild hypothermia and DAPT treatment. This indicated the implication of Notch signaling in the effects of GCI. Collectively, mild hypothermia inhibits Notch 3 and Notch 4 activation and seizure after stroke in the rat model. This study adds to the further understanding of the pathogenesis of post-stroke seizures and the protective mechanism of mild hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xue-Fang An
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xuan-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan Province, China
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28
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Atkinson PJ, Dong Y, Gu S, Liu W, Najarro EH, Udagawa T, Cheng AG. Sox2 haploinsufficiency primes regeneration and Wnt responsiveness in the mouse cochlea. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1641-1656. [PMID: 29553487 DOI: 10.1172/jci97248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, Sox2 is indispensable for cell division and differentiation, yet its roles in regenerating tissues are less clear. Here, we used combinations of transgenic mouse models to reveal that Sox2 haploinsufficiency (Sox2haplo) increases rather than impairs cochlear regeneration in vivo. Sox2haplo cochleae had delayed terminal mitosis and ectopic sensory cells, yet normal auditory function. Sox2haplo amplified and expanded domains of damage-induced Atoh1+ transitional cell formation in neonatal cochlea. Wnt activation via β-catenin stabilization (β-cateninGOF) alone failed to induce proliferation or transitional cell formation. By contrast, β-cateninGOF caused proliferation when either Sox2haplo or damage was present, and transitional cell formation when both were present in neonatal, but not mature, cochlea. Mechanistically, Sox2haplo or damaged neonatal cochleae showed lower levels of Sox2 and Hes5, but not of Wnt target genes. Together, our study unveils an interplay between Sox2 and damage in directing tissue regeneration and Wnt responsiveness and thus provides a foundation for potential combinatorial therapies aimed at stimulating mammalian cochlear regeneration to reverse hearing loss in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Atkinson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yaodong Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Otology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuping Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Elvis Huarcaya Najarro
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tomokatsu Udagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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29
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Stem cells, pluripotency and glial cell markers in peripheral blood of bipolar patients on long-term lithium treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018. [PMID: 28625858 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effect of long-term lithium treatment on very-small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) and the mRNA expression of pluripotency and glial markers, in peripheral blood, in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS Fifteen BD patients (aged 53±7years) not treated with lithium, with duration of illness >10years, 15 BD patients (aged 55±6years) treated with lithium for 8-40years (mean 16years) and 15 control subjects (aged 50±5years) were included. The number of VSELs was measured by flow cytometric analysis. Assessment of the mRNA levels of pluripotency markers (Oct-4, Sox 2 and Nanog) and glial markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein - GFAP, Olig1 and Olig2) was performed, using the Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS In BD patients not taking lithium, the number of VSELs was significantly higher than in control subjects and correlated with the duration of illness. The expression of pluripotency markers was significantly higher than in the controls and correlated with the number of VSELs. The mRNA levels of the Olig1 and Olig 2 were higher than in the controls and those of the GFAP were higher than in patients receiving lithium. In lithium-treated BD patients the number of VSELs was similar to controls and correlated negatively with the duration of lithium treatment and serum lithium concentration. The mRNA levels of Oct-4, Sox-2, GFAP and Olig1 were not different from controls. The mRNA expression of Nanog was significantly higher and correlated with the number of VSELs. The mRNA expression of Olig 2 was higher than in the BD patients not taking lithium. CONCLUSION Long-term treatment with lithium may suppress the activation of regenerative processes by reducing the number of VSELs circulating in PB. These cells, in BD patients not treated with lithium, may provide a new potential biological marker of the illness and its clinical progress. The higher expression of peripheral mRNA markers in BD patients may involve ongoing inflammatory process, compensatory mechanisms and regenerative responses. Long-term lithium treatment may attenuate these mechanisms, especially in relation to the transcription factors Oct-4, Sox-2, GFAP and Olig1.
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Abstract
Neurons of the cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG) transmit hearing and balance information to the brain. During development, a select population of early otic progenitors express NEUROG1, delaminate from the otocyst, and coalesce to form the neurons that innervate all inner ear sensory regions. At present, the selection process that determines which otic progenitors activate NEUROG1 and adopt a neuroblast fate is incompletely understood. The transcription factor SOX2 has been implicated in otic neurogenesis, but its requirement in the specification of the CVG neurons has not been established. Here we tested SOX2's requirement during inner ear neuronal specification using a conditional deletion paradigm in the mouse. SOX2 deficiency at otocyst stages caused a near-absence of NEUROG1-expressing neuroblasts, increased cell death in the neurosensory epithelium, and significantly reduced the CVG volume. Interestingly, a milder decrease in neurogenesis was observed in heterozygotes, indicating SOX2 levels are important. Moreover, fate-mapping experiments revealed that the timing of SOX2 expression did not parallel the established vestibular-then-auditory sequence. These results demonstrate that SOX2 is required for the initial events in otic neuronal specification including expression of NEUROG1, although fate-mapping results suggest SOX2 may be required as a competence factor rather than a direct initiator of the neural fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleta R Steevens
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Jenna C Glatzer
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Amy E Kiernan
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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31
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Dennert N, Engels H, Cremer K, Becker J, Wohlleber E, Albrecht B, Ehret JK, Lüdecke HJ, Suri M, Carignani G, Renieri A, Kukuk GM, Wieland T, Andrieux J, Strom TM, Wieczorek D, Dieux-Coëslier A, Zink AM. De novo microdeletions and point mutations affecting SOX2 in three individuals with intellectual disability but without major eye malformations. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:435-443. [PMID: 27862890 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations and deletions of the SOX2 gene are known to cause uni- and bilateral anophthalmia and microphthalmia as well as related disorders such as anophthalmia-esophageal-genital syndrome. Thus, anophthalmia/microphthalmia is the primary indication for targeted, "phenotype first" analyses of SOX2. However, SOX2 mutations are also associated with a wide range of non-ocular abnormalities, such as postnatal growth retardation, structural brain anomalies, hypogenitalism, and developmental delay. The present report describes three patients without anophthalmia/microphthalmia and loss-of-function mutations or microdeletions of SOX2 who had been investigated in a "genotype first" manner due to intellectual disability/developmental delay using whole exome sequencing or chromosomal microarray analyses. This result prompted us to perform SOX2 Sanger sequencing in 192 developmental delay/intellectual disability patients without anophthalmia or microphthalmia. No additional SOX2 loss-of-function mutations were detected in this cohort, showing that SOX2 is clearly not a major cause of intellectual disability without anophthalmia/microphthalmia. In our three patients and four further, reported "genotype first" SOX2 microdeletion patients, anophthalmia/microphthalmia was present in less than half of the patients. Thus, SOX2 is another example of a gene whose clinical spectrum is broadened by the generation of "genotype first" findings using hypothesis-free, genome-wide methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Dennert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kirsten Cremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jessica Becker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Wohlleber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beate Albrecht
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia K Ehret
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Lüdecke
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohnish Suri
- Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Guido M Kukuk
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joris Andrieux
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne Dieux-Coëslier
- Clinical Genetics, Hôpital Jeanne de France University Hospital, Lille, France
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32
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Ferensztajn-Rochowiak E, Tarnowski M, Samochowiec J, Michalak M, Ratajczak MZ, Rybakowski JK. Peripheral mRNA expression of pluripotency markers in bipolar disorder and the effect of long-term lithium treatment. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:1042-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Despite great progress in research and treatment options, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Oncogenic driver mutations in protein-encoding genes were defined and allow for personalized therapies based on genetic diagnoses. Nonetheless, diagnosis of lung cancer mostly occurs at late stages, and chronic treatment is followed by a fast onset of chemoresistance. Hence, there is an urgent need for reliable biomarkers and alternative treatment options. With the era of whole genome and transcriptome sequencing technologies, long noncoding RNAs emerged as a novel class of versatile, functional RNA molecules. Although for most of them the mechanism of action remains to be defined, accumulating evidence confirms their involvement in various aspects of lung tumorigenesis. They are functional on the epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional level and are regulators of pathophysiological key pathways including cell growth, apoptosis, and metastasis. Long noncoding RNAs are gaining increasing attention as potential biomarkers and a novel class of druggable molecules. It has become clear that we are only beginning to understand the complexity of tumorigenic processes. The clinical integration of long noncoding RNAs in terms of prognostic and predictive biomarker signatures and additional cancer targets could provide a chance to increase the therapeutic benefit. Here, we review the current knowledge about the expression, regulation, biological function, and clinical relevance of long noncoding RNAs in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roth
- Division of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 (B150), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 (B150), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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34
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Gorman KM, Lynch SA, Schneider A, Grange DK, Williamson KA, FitzPatrick DR, King MD. Status dystonicus in two patients with SOX2-anophthalmia syndrome and nonsense mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:3048-3050. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Gorman
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology; Temple Street Children's University Hospital; Dublin 1 Ireland
| | - Sally A. Lynch
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases; School of Medicine and Medical Science; University College Dublin; Dublin 1 Ireland
- Clinical Genetics; Temple Street Children's University Hospital; Dublin 1 Ireland
| | - Adele Schneider
- Genetics Division; Einstein Medical Center; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Dorothy K. Grange
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine; Department of Pediatrics; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Kathleen A. Williamson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit; MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - David R. FitzPatrick
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit; MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - Mary D. King
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology; Temple Street Children's University Hospital; Dublin 1 Ireland
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases; School of Medicine and Medical Science; University College Dublin; Dublin 1 Ireland
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Saint-André V, Federation AJ, Lin CY, Abraham BJ, Reddy J, Lee TI, Bradner JE, Young RA. Models of human core transcriptional regulatory circuitries. Genome Res 2016; 26:385-96. [PMID: 26843070 PMCID: PMC4772020 DOI: 10.1101/gr.197590.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A small set of core transcription factors (TFs) dominates control of the gene expression program in embryonic stem cells and other well-studied cellular models. These core TFs collectively regulate their own gene expression, thus forming an interconnected auto-regulatory loop that can be considered the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry (CRC) for that cell type. There is limited knowledge of core TFs, and thus models of core regulatory circuitry, for most cell types. We recently discovered that genes encoding known core TFs forming CRCs are driven by super-enhancers, which provides an opportunity to systematically predict CRCs in poorly studied cell types through super-enhancer mapping. Here, we use super-enhancer maps to generate CRC models for 75 human cell and tissue types. These core circuitry models should prove valuable for further investigating cell-type–specific transcriptional regulation in healthy and diseased cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Saint-André
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Alexander J Federation
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Charles Y Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Brian J Abraham
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jessica Reddy
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tong Ihn Lee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Seymour T, Twigger AJ, Kakulas F. Pluripotency Genes and Their Functions in the Normal and Aberrant Breast and Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27288-301. [PMID: 26580604 PMCID: PMC4661882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) attracted considerable interest with the successful isolation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from the inner cell mass of murine, primate and human embryos. Whilst it was initially thought that the only PSCs were ESCs, in more recent years cells with similar properties have been isolated from organs of the adult, including the breast and brain. Adult PSCs in these organs have been suggested to be remnants of embryonic development that facilitate normal tissue homeostasis during repair and regeneration. They share certain characteristics with ESCs, such as an inherent capacity to self-renew and differentiate into cells of the three germ layers, properties that are regulated by master pluripotency transcription factors (TFs) OCT4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), SOX2 (sex determining region Y-box 2), and homeobox protein NANOG. Aberrant expression of these TFs can be oncogenic resulting in heterogeneous tumours fueled by cancer stem cells (CSC), which are resistant to conventional treatments and are associated with tumour recurrence post-treatment. Further to enriching our understanding of the role of pluripotency TFs in normal tissue function, research now aims to develop optimized isolation and propagation methods for normal adult PSCs and CSCs for the purposes of regenerative medicine, developmental biology, and disease modeling aimed at targeted personalised cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Seymour
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Alecia-Jane Twigger
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Foteini Kakulas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Chacon-Camacho OF, Fuerte-Flores BI, Ricardez-Marcial EF, Zenteno JC. SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome and dental anomalies. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2830-3. [PMID: 26250054 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome is an uncommon autosomal dominant syndrome caused by mutations in the SOX2 gene and clinically characterized by severe eye malformations (anophthalmia/microphthalmia) and extraocular anomalies mainly involving brain, esophagus, and genitalia. In this work, a patient with the SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome and exhibiting a novel dental anomaly is described. SOX2 genotyping in this patient revealed an apparently de novo c.70del20 deletion, a commonly reported SOX2 mutation. A review of the phenotypic variation observed in patients carrying the recurrent SOX2 c.70del20 mutation is presented. Although dental anomalies are uncommonly reported in the SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome, we suggest that a dental examination should be performed in patients with SOX2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertha Irene Fuerte-Flores
- Genetics Department-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar F Ricardez-Marcial
- Departamento de Genética Médica, UMAE, Hospital General "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza", Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Zenteno
- Genetics Department-Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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38
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SOX2 primes the epigenetic landscape in neural precursors enabling proper gene activation during hippocampal neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1936-45. [PMID: 25825708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421480112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn granule neurons generated from neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the adult hippocampus play a key role in spatial learning and pattern separation. However, the molecular mechanisms that control activation of their neurogenic program remain poorly understood. Here, we report a novel function for the pluripotency factor sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related HMG box 2 (SOX2) in regulating the epigenetic landscape of poised genes activated at the onset of neuronal differentiation. We found that SOX2 binds to bivalently marked promoters of poised proneural genes [neurogenin 2 (Ngn2) and neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1)] and a subset of neurogenic genes [e.g., SRY-box 21 (Sox21), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), and growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta (Gadd45b)] where it functions to maintain the bivalent chromatin state by preventing excessive polycomb repressive complex 2 activity. Conditional ablation of SOX2 in adult hippocampal NPCs impaired the activation of proneural and neurogenic genes, resulting in increased neuroblast death and functionally aberrant newborn neurons. We propose that SOX2 sets a permissive epigenetic state in NPCs, thus enabling proper activation of the neuronal differentiation program under neurogenic cue.
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Pavlou S, Astell K, Kasioulis I, Gakovic M, Baldock R, van Heyningen V, Coutinho P. Pleiotropic effects of Sox2 during the development of the zebrafish epithalamus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87546. [PMID: 24498133 PMCID: PMC3909122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish epithalamus is part of the diencephalon and encompasses three major components: the pineal, the parapineal and the habenular nuclei. Using sox2 knockdown, we show here that this key transcriptional regulator has pleiotropic effects during the development of these structures. Sox2 negatively regulates pineal neurogenesis. Also, Sox2 is identified as the unknown factor responsible for pineal photoreceptor prepatterning and performs this function independently of the BMP signaling. The correct levels of sox2 are critical for the functionally important asymmetrical positioning of the parapineal organ and for the migration of parapineal cells as a coherent structure. Deviations from this strict control result in defects associated with abnormal habenular laterality, which we have documented and quantified in sox2 morphants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pavlou
- Biomedical Systems Analysis Section, Medical Developmental Genetics Section, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Astell
- Biomedical Systems Analysis Section, Medical Developmental Genetics Section, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Kasioulis
- Biomedical Systems Analysis Section, Medical Developmental Genetics Section, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Milica Gakovic
- Biomedical Systems Analysis Section, Medical Developmental Genetics Section, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Baldock
- Biomedical Systems Analysis Section, Medical Developmental Genetics Section, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- Biomedical Systems Analysis Section, Medical Developmental Genetics Section, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Coutinho
- Biomedical Systems Analysis Section, Medical Developmental Genetics Section, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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40
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Macchiaroli A, Kelberman D, Auriemma RS, Drury S, Islam L, Giangiobbe S, Ironi G, Lench N, Sowden JC, Colao A, Pivonello R, Cavallo L, Gasperi M, Faienza MF. A novel heterozygous SOX2 mutation causing congenital bilateral anophthalmia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and growth hormone deficiency. Gene 2013; 534:282-5. [PMID: 24211324 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous de novo mutations in SOX2 have been reported in approximately 10-20% of patients with unilateral or bilateral anophthalmia or microphthalmia. An additional phenotype of hypopituitarism, with anterior pituitary hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, has been reported in patients carrying SOX2 alterations. We report a novel heterozygous mutation in the SOX2 gene in a male affected with congenital bilateral anophthalmia, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and growth hormone deficiency. The mutation we describe is a cytosine deletion in position 905 (c905delC) which causes frameshift and an aberrant C-terminal domain. Our report highlights the fact that subjects affected with eye anomalies and harboring SOX2 mutations are at high risk for gonadotropin deficiency, which has important implications for their clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kelberman
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Renata Simona Auriemma
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Suzanne Drury
- NE Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Lily Islam
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sara Giangiobbe
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, "Cardarelli" Hospital, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ironi
- Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, "Cardarelli" Hospital, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Nicholas Lench
- NE Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Jane C Sowden
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciano Cavallo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Pediatrics, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gasperi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Maria Felicia Faienza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Pediatrics, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
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SOX2-LIN28/let-7 pathway regulates proliferation and neurogenesis in neural precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3017-26. [PMID: 23884650 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220176110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SRY (sex-determining region)-box 2 (SOX2) is an important functional marker of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and plays a critical role in self-renewal and neuronal differentiation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its functions are poorly understood. Using human embryonic stem cell-derived NPCs to model neurogenesis, we found that SOX2 is required to maintain optimal levels of LIN28, a well-characterized suppressor of let-7 microRNA biogenesis. Exogenous LIN28 expression rescued the NPC proliferation deficit, as well as the early but not the late stages of the neurogenic deficit associated with the loss of SOX2. We found that SOX2 binds to a proximal site in the LIN28 promoter region and regulates LIN28 promoter acetylation, likely through interactions with the histone acetyltransferase complex. Misexpression of let-7 microRNAs in NPCs reduced proliferation and inhibited neuronal differentiation, phenocopying the loss of SOX2. In particular, we identified let-7i as a novel and potent inhibitor of neuronal differentiation that targets MASH1 and NGN1, two well-characterized proneural genes. In conclusion, we discovered the SOX2-LIN28/let-7 pathway as a unique molecular mechanism governing NPC proliferation and neurogenic potential.
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42
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Ferri A, Favaro R, Beccari L, Bertolini J, Mercurio S, Nieto-Lopez F, Verzeroli C, La Regina F, De Pietri Tonelli D, Ottolenghi S, Bovolenta P, Nicolis SK. Sox2 is required for embryonic development of the ventral telencephalon through the activation of the ventral determinants Nkx2.1 and Shh. Development 2013; 140:1250-61. [PMID: 23444355 DOI: 10.1242/dev.073411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Sox2 transcription factor is active in stem/progenitor cells throughout the developing vertebrate central nervous system. However, its conditional deletion at E12.5 in mouse causes few brain developmental problems, with the exception of the postnatal loss of the hippocampal radial glia stem cells and the dentate gyrus. We deleted Sox2 at E9.5 in the telencephalon, using a Bf1-Cre transgene. We observed embryonic brain defects that were particularly severe in the ventral, as opposed to the dorsal, telencephalon. Important tissue loss, including the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), was detected at E12.5, causing the subsequent impairment of MGE-derived neurons. The defect was preceded by loss of expression of the essential ventral determinants Nkx2.1 and Shh, and accompanied by ventral spread of dorsal markers. This phenotype is reminiscent of that of mice mutant for the transcription factor Nkx2.1 or for the Shh receptor Smo. Nkx2.1 is known to mediate the initial activation of ventral telencephalic Shh expression. A partial rescue of the normal phenotype at E14.5 was obtained by administration of a Shh agonist. Experiments in Medaka fish indicate that expression of Nkx2.1 is regulated by Sox2 in this species also. We propose that Sox2 contributes to Nkx2.1 expression in early mouse development, thus participating in the region-specific activation of Shh, thereby mediating ventral telencephalic patterning induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferri
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università di Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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43
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Gerth-Kahlert C, Williamson K, Ansari M, Rainger JK, Hingst V, Zimmermann T, Tech S, Guthoff RF, van Heyningen V, Fitzpatrick DR. Clinical and mutation analysis of 51 probands with anophthalmia and/or severe microphthalmia from a single center. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2013; 1:15-31. [PMID: 24498598 PMCID: PMC3893155 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evaluation and mutation analysis was performed in 51 consecutive probands with severe eye malformations - anophthalmia and/or severe microphthalmia - seen in a single specialist ophthalmology center. The mutation analysis consisted of bidirectional sequencing of the coding regions of SOX2, OTX2, PAX6 (paired domain), STRA6, BMP4, SMOC1, FOXE3, and RAX, and genome-wide array-based copy number assessment. Fifteen (29.4%) of the 51 probands had likely causative mutations affecting SOX2 (9/51), OTX2 (5/51), and STRA6 (1/51). Of the cases with bilateral anophthalmia, 9/12 (75%) were found to be mutation positive. Three of these mutations were large genomic deletions encompassing SOX2 (one case) or OTX2 (two cases). Familial inheritance of three intragenic, plausibly pathogenic, and heterozygous mutations was observed. An unaffected carrier parent of an affected child with an identified OTX2 mutation confirmed the previously reported nonpenetrance for this disorder. Two families with SOX2 mutations demonstrated a parent and child both with significant but highly variable eye malformations. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in SOX2 and OTX2 are the most common genetic pathology associated with severe eye malformations and bi-allelic loss-of-function in STRA6 is confirmed as an emerging cause of nonsyndromal eye malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Morad Ansari
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline K Rainger
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Hingst
- Department of Radiology, University of Rostock Germany
| | | | - Stefani Tech
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rostock Germany
| | | | - Veronica van Heyningen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - David R Fitzpatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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44
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Marqués-Torrejón MÁ, Porlan E, Banito A, Gómez-Ibarlucea E, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Fernández-Capetillo O, Vidal A, Gil J, Torres J, Fariñas I. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 controls adult neural stem cell expansion by regulating Sox2 gene expression. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 12:88-100. [PMID: 23260487 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the adult brain, continual neurogenesis of olfactory neurons is sustained by the existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subependymal niche. Elimination of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21) leads to premature exhaustion of the subependymal NSC pool, suggesting a relationship between cell cycle control and long-term self-renewal, but the molecular mechanisms underlying NSC maintenance by p21 remain unexplored. Here we identify a function of p21 in the direct regulation of the expression of pluripotency factor Sox2, a key regulator of the specification and maintenance of neural progenitors. We observe that p21 directly binds a Sox2 enhancer and negatively regulates Sox2 expression in NSCs. Augmented levels of Sox2 in p21 null cells induce replicative stress and a DNA damage response that leads to cell growth arrest mediated by increased levels of p19(Arf) and p53. Our results show a regulation of NSC expansion driven by a p21/Sox2/p53 axis.
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45
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Kang W, Hébert JM. A Sox2 BAC transgenic approach for targeting adult neural stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49038. [PMID: 23145058 PMCID: PMC3492187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor gene Sox2 is expressed in embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells and previous evidence suggests that it is also expressed in adult neural stem cells. To target Sox2-expressing neural stem/progenitor cells in a temporal manner, we generated a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mouse line, in which an inducible form of Cre, CreER™, is expressed under Sox2 regulatory elements. Inducible Cre activity in these mice was characterized using floxed reporters. During development, the Sox2-CreER transgenic mice show inducible Cre activity specifically in CNS stem/progenitor cells, making them a useful tool to regulate the expression of floxed genes temporally in embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells. In the adult, we examined the cell-specific expression of Sox2 and performed long-term lineage tracing. Four months after the transient induction of Cre activity, recombined GFAP+ stem-like cells and DCX+ neuroblasts were still abundant in the neurogenic regions including the subventricular zone (SVZ), rostral migratory stream (RMS), and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. These results provide definitive in vivo evidence that Sox2 is expressed in neural stem cells (NSC) in both the SVZ and SGZ that are capable of self-renewal and long-term neurogenesis. Therefore, Sox2-CreER mice should be useful in targeting floxed genes in adult neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean M. Hébert
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Mariani J, Favaro R, Lancini C, Vaccari G, Ferri AL, Bertolini J, Tonoli D, Latorre E, Caccia R, Ronchi A, Ottolenghi S, Miyagi S, Okuda A, Zappavigna V, Nicolis SK. Emx2 is a dose-dependent negative regulator of Sox2 telencephalic enhancers. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:6461-76. [PMID: 22495934 PMCID: PMC3413107 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox2 is essential for neural stem cells (NSC) maintenance in the hippocampus and in vitro. The transcription factor Emx2 is also critical for hippocampal development and NSC self-renewal. Searching for ‘modifier’ genes affecting the Sox2 deficiency phenotype in mouse, we observed that loss of one Emx2 allele substantially increased the telencephalic β-geo (LacZ) expression of a transgene driven by the 5′ or 3′ Sox2 enhancer. Reciprocally, Emx2 overexpression in NSC cultures inhibited the activity of the same transgene. In vivo, loss of one Emx2 allele increased Sox2 levels in the medial telencephalic wall, including the hippocampal primordium. In hypomorphic Sox2 mutants, retaining a single ‘weak’ Sox2 allele, Emx2 deficiency substantially rescued hippocampal radial glia stem cells and neurogenesis, indicating that Emx2 functionally interacts with Sox2 at the stem cell level. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays and transfection indicated that Emx2 represses the activities of both Sox2 enhancers. Emx2 bound to overlapping Emx2/POU-binding sites, preventing binding of the POU transcriptional activator Brn2. Additionally, Emx2 directly interacted with Brn2 without binding to DNA. These data imply that Emx2 may perform part of its functions by negatively modulating Sox2 in specific brain areas, thus controlling important aspects of NSC function in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mariani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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47
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Di Iorgi N, Allegri AEM, Napoli F, Bertelli E, Olivieri I, Rossi A, Maghnie M. The use of neuroimaging for assessing disorders of pituitary development. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:161-76. [PMID: 21955099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the radiological examination method of choice for evaluating hypothalamo-pituitary-related endocrine disease and is considered essential in the assessment of patients with suspected hypothalamo-pituitary pathology. Physicians involved in the care of such patients have, in MRI, a valuable tool that can aid them in determining the pathogenesis of their patients' underlying pituitary conditions. Indeed, the use of MRI has led to an enormous increase in our knowledge of pituitary morphology, improving, in particular, the differential diagnosis of hypopituitarism. Specifically, MRI allows detailed and precise anatomical study of the pituitary gland by differentiating between the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes. MRI recognition of pituitary hyperintensity in the posterior part of the sella, now considered a marker of neurohypophyseal functional integrity, has been the most striking finding in the diagnosis and understanding of certain forms of 'idiopathic' and permanent growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Published data show a number of correlations between pituitary abnormalities as observed on MRI and a patient's endocrine profile. Indeed, several trends have emerged and have been confirmed: (i) a normal MRI or anterior pituitary hypoplasia generally indicates isolated growth hormone deficiency that is mostly transient and resolves upon adult height achievement; (ii) patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD) seldom show a normal pituitary gland; and (iii) the classic triad of ectopic posterior pituitary, pituitary stalk hypoplasia/agenesis and anterior pituitary hypoplasia is more frequently reported in MPHD patients and is generally associated with permanent GHD. Pituitary abnormalities have also been reported in patients with hypopituitarism carrying mutations in several genes encoding transcription factors. Establishing endocrine and MRI phenotypes is extremely useful for the selection and management of patients with hypopituitarism, both in terms of possible genetic counselling and in the early diagnosis of evolving anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies. Going forward, neuroimaging techniques are expected to progressively expand and improve our knowledge and understanding of pituitary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascia Di Iorgi
- Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS G. Gaslini, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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48
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Gómez-López S, Wiskow O, Favaro R, Nicolis SK, Price DJ, Pollard SM, Smith A. Sox2 and Pax6 maintain the proliferative and developmental potential of gliogenic neural stem cells In vitro. Glia 2011; 59:1588-99. [PMID: 21766338 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Radial-glia-like neural stem (NS) cells may be derived from neural tissues or via differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, the mechanisms controlling NS cell propagation and differentiation are not yet fully understood. Here we investigated the roles of Sox2 and Pax6, transcription factors widely expressed in central nervous system (CNS) progenitors, in mouse NS cells. Conditional deletion of either Sox2 or Pax6 in forebrain-derived NS cells reduced their clonogenicity in a gene dosage-dependent manner. Cells heterozygous for either gene displayed moderate proliferative defects, which may relate to human pathologies attributed to SOX2 or PAX6 deficiencies. In the complete absence of Sox2, cells exited the cell cycle with concomitant downregulation of neural progenitor markers Nestin and Blbp. This occurred despite expression of the close relative Sox3. Ablation of Pax6 also caused major proliferative defects. However, a subpopulation of cells was able to expand continuously without Pax6. These Pax6-null cells retained progenitor markers but had altered morphology. They exhibited compromised differentiation into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, highlighting that the role of Pax6 extends beyond neurogenic competence. Overall these findings indicate that Sox2 and Pax6 are both critical for self-renewal of differentiation-competent radial glia-like NS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gómez-López
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
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49
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Hedlund GL. Comments on hippocampal sclerosis in children younger than 2 years. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:1229-31. [PMID: 21779893 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-011-2168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Bitoun P, Pipiras E, Rigaudiere F. Congenital macular dystrophy, corpus callosum agenesis, hippocampi hypoplasia--a novel neuro-ophthalmic syndrome: case report. Ophthalmic Genet 2011; 33:39-43. [PMID: 21834622 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2011.596892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macular dystrophy is a cause of childhood and adult visual handicap and has been associated with multiple gene defects. Syndromic macular dystrophy is rare and a novel congenital form of syndromic macular dystrophy is presented. The authors report on a consanguineous family in which the 5-year-old female proband presented with nystagmus and low vision due to congenital macular dystrophy visible on fundus examination associated with complete corpus callosum agenesis, hippocampi hypoplasia and recurrent illnesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients signed informed consent forms to participate in the research. Proband was screened for 18 recessive macular dystrophy genes and ABCA4 and had a G banded karyotype on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Patients were evaluated using ocular biomicrosopy, fluorescein retinal angiograms, electroretinograms, visual evoked potentials, retinal optical coherence tomography, brain MRI and multifocal electroretinograms. RESULTS The older brother presented with subclinical findings of bilateral absence of foveal macular peak on multifocal electroretinograms and minimal corpus callosum hypoplasia. The younger sister was recently discovered to have a similar macular dystrophy. The father showed subclinical unilateral decreased foveal macular peak and the mother showed a granular-appearing fundus. No mutations were identified in the RP and macular dystrophy genes screened. DISCUSSION A review of the literature confirms that this is the first report of a congenital and possibly developmental macular dystrophy, with neurologic syndromic features and possible autosomal recessive inheritance but varying penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bitoun
- Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Jean Verdier AP-HP, C.H.U. Paris Nord, Bondy, France.
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