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Basuray N, Deehan EC, Vieira FT, Avedzi HM, Duke RL, Colín-Ramírez E, Tun HM, Zhang Z, Wine E, Madsen KL, Field CJ, Haqq AM. Dichotomous effect of dietary fiber in pediatrics: a narrative review of the health benefits and tolerance of fiber. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:557-568. [PMID: 38480843 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-024-01429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Dietary fibers are associated with favorable gastrointestinal, immune, and metabolic health outcomes when consumed at sufficient levels. Despite the well-described benefits of dietary fibers, children and adolescents continue to fall short of daily recommended levels. This gap in fiber intake (i.e., "fiber gap") might increase the risk of developing early-onset pediatric obesity and obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus into adulthood. The structure-dependent physicochemical properties of dietary fiber are diverse. Differences in solubility, viscosity, water-holding capacity, binding capability, bulking effect, and fermentability influence the physiological effects of dietary fibers that aid in regulating appetite, glycemic and lipidemic responses, and inflammation. Of growing interest is the fermentation of fibers by the gut microbiota, which yields both beneficial and less favorable end-products such as short-chain fatty acids (e.g., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) that impart metabolic and immunomodulatory properties, and gases (e.g., hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane) that cause gastrointestinal symptoms, respectively. This narrative review summarizes (1) the implications of fibers on the gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of pediatric obesity, (2) some factors that potentially contribute to the fiber gap with an emphasis on undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms, (3) some methods to alleviate fiber-induced symptoms, and (4) the therapeutic potential of whole foods and commonly marketed fiber supplements for improved health in pediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Basuray
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Flávio T Vieira
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hayford M Avedzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Reena L Duke
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Hein M Tun
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhengxiao Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Eytan Wine
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi SS, Mohamadzadeh M, Samadi N, Fazeli MR, Khaki S, Khameneh B, Khameneh Bagheri R. Management of Cardiovascular Diseases by Short-Chain Fatty Acid Postbiotics. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:294-313. [PMID: 38656688 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Global health concerns persist in the realm of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), necessitating innovative strategies for both prevention and treatment. This narrative review aims to explore the potential of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-namely, acetate, propionate, and butyrate-as agents in the realm of postbiotics for the management of CVDs. RECENT FINDINGS We commence our discussion by elucidating the concept of postbiotics and their pivotal significance in mitigating various aspects of cardiovascular diseases. This review centers on a comprehensive examination of diverse SCFAs and their associated receptors, notably GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109a. In addition, we delve into the intricate cellular and pharmacological mechanisms through which these receptors operate, providing insights into their specific roles in managing cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. The integration of current information in our analysis highlights the potential of both SCFAs and their receptors as a promising path for innovative therapeutic approaches in the field of cardiovascular health. The idea of postbiotics arises as an optimistic and inventive method, presenting new opportunities for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sadeq Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Samadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fazeli
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Khaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahman Khameneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ramin Khameneh Bagheri
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Chapp AD, Shan Z, Chen QH. Acetic Acid: An Underestimated Metabolite in Ethanol-Induced Changes in Regulating Cardiovascular Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:139. [PMID: 38397737 PMCID: PMC10886048 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid is a bioactive short-chain fatty acid produced in large quantities from ethanol metabolism. In this review, we describe how acetic acid/acetate generates oxidative stress, alters the function of pre-sympathetic neurons, and can potentially influence cardiovascular function in both humans and rodents after ethanol consumption. Our recent findings from in vivo and in vitro studies support the notion that administration of acetic acid/acetate generates oxidative stress and increases sympathetic outflow, leading to alterations in arterial blood pressure. Real-time investigation of how ethanol and acetic acid/acetate modulate neural control of cardiovascular function can be conducted by microinjecting compounds into autonomic control centers of the brain and measuring changes in peripheral sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in response to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Chapp
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhiying Shan
- Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;
| | - Qing-Hui Chen
- Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;
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Pham NHT, Joglekar MV, Wong WKM, Nassif NT, Simpson AM, Hardikar AA. Short-chain fatty acids and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:193-209. [PMID: 37290429 PMCID: PMC10777678 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT There is substantial evidence that reduced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the gut are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, although findings from clinical interventions that can increase SCFAs are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of SCFA interventions on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). DATA SOURCES Relevant articles published up to July 28, 2022, were extracted from PubMed and Embase using the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms of the defined keywords [(short-chain fatty acids) AND (obesity OR diabetes OR insulin sensitivity)] and their synonyms. Data analyses were performed independently by two researchers who used the Cochrane meta-analysis checklist and the PRISMA guidelines. DATA EXTRACTION Clinical studies and trials that measured SCFAs and reported glucose homeostasis parameters were included in the analysis. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95%CIs were calculated using a random-effects model in the data extraction tool Review Manager version 5.4 (RevMan 5.4). The risk-of-bias assessment was performed following the Cochrane checklist for randomized and crossover studies. DATA ANALYSIS In total, 6040 nonduplicate studies were identified, 23 of which met the defined criteria, reported fasting insulin, fasting glucose, or HOMA-IR values, and reported change in SCFA concentrations post intervention. Meta-analyses of these studies indicated that fasting insulin concentrations were significantly reduced (overall effect: SMD = -0.15; 95%CI = -0.29 to -0.01, P = 0.04) in treatment groups, relative to placebo groups, at the end of the intervention. Studies with a confirmed increase in SCFAs at the end of intervention also had a significant effect on lowering fasting insulin (P = 0.008). Elevated levels of SCFAs, compared with baseline levels, were associated with beneficial effects on HOMA-IR (P < 0.00001). There was no significant change in fasting glucose concentrations. CONCLUSION Increased postintervention levels of SCFAs are associated with lower fasting insulin concentrations, offering a beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42021257248.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhan H T Pham
- are with the Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
- are with the School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mugdha V Joglekar
- are with the Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wilson K M Wong
- are with the Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Najah T Nassif
- are with the School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ann M Simpson
- are with the School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- are with the Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
- is with the Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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May KS, den Hartigh LJ. Gut Microbial-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids: Impact on Adipose Tissue Physiology. Nutrients 2023; 15:272. [PMID: 36678142 PMCID: PMC9865590 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global public health issue and major risk factor for pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, hepatic steatosis, and certain types of cancer. These metabolic complications result from a combination of genetics and environmental influences, thus contributing to impact whole-body homeostasis. Mechanistic animal and human studies have indicated that an altered gut microbiota can mediate the development of obesity, leading to inflammation beyond the intestine. Moreover, prior research suggests an interaction between gut microbiota and peripheral organs such as adipose tissue via different signaling pathways; yet, to what degree and in exactly what ways this inter-organ crosstalk modulates obesity remains elusive. This review emphasizes the influence of circulating gut-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) i.e., acetate, propionate, and butyrate, on adipose tissue metabolism in the scope of obesity, with an emphasis on adipocyte physiology in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we discuss some of the well-established mechanisms via which microbial SCFAs exert a role as a prominent host energy source, hence regulating overall energy balance and health. Collectively, exploring the mechanisms via which SCFAs impact adipose tissue metabolism appears to be a promising avenue to improve metabolic conditions related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolline S. May
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican Street, Box 358062, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura J. den Hartigh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican Street, Box 358062, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Heitland A, Klein-Richers U, Hartmann K, Dörfelt R. Influence of acetate containing fluid versus lactate containing fluid on acid-base status, electrolyte level, and blood lactate level in dehydrated dogs. Vet World 2021; 14:2714-2718. [PMID: 34903930 PMCID: PMC8654756 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2714-2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Acetate or lactate buffered, balanced isotonic rehydration fluids are commonly used for fluid therapy in dogs and may influence acid-base and electrolyte status. This study aimed to assess acid-base status, electrolyte levels, and lactate levels in dehydrated dogs after receiving acetate or lactate-containing intravenous rehydration fluids. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective, randomized study, 90 dehydrated dogs were included and randomized to receive acetate [Sterofundin® ISO B. Braun Vet Care (STERO), Germany) or lactate (Ringer-Lactat-Lösung nach Hartmann B. Braun Vet Care (RL), Germany] containing intravenous fluids for rehydration. The exclusion criteria were as follows: Age <6 months, liver failure, congestive heart failure, and extreme electrolyte deviation. Physical examination, venous blood gas, and lactate levels were analyzed before and after rehydration. The two groups were compared using t-test and Chi-square test. The significance level was set at p≤0.05. RESULTS Post-rehydration heart rate decreased in the STERO group (p<0.001) but not in the RL group (p=0.090). Lactate levels decreased in both groups STERO (p<0.001) and in group RL (p=0.014). Sodium and chloride levels increased during rehydration in group STERO (p<0.001; p<0.001) and group RL (p=0.002; p<0.001). There was a larger decrease in lactate levels in group STERO compared to group RL (p=0.047). CONCLUSION Both solutions led to a mild increase in sodium and chloride levels and decreased lactate levels. The acetate-containing solution had an inferior effect on the decrease in lactate level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ute Klein-Richers
- Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - René Dörfelt
- Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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González Hernández MA, Blaak EE, Hoebers NTH, Essers YPG, Canfora EE, Jocken JWE. Acetate Does Not Affect Palmitate Oxidation and AMPK Phosphorylation in Human Primary Skeletal Muscle Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:659928. [PMID: 34220709 PMCID: PMC8248488 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.659928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent in vivo human studies showed that colonic administration of sodium acetate (SA) resulted in increased circulating acetate levels, which was accompanied by increments in whole-body fat oxidation in overweight-obese men. Since skeletal muscle has a major role in whole-body fat oxidation, we aimed to investigate effects of SA on fat oxidation and underlying mechanisms in human primary skeletal muscle cells (HSkMC). We investigated the dose (0-5 mmol/L) and time (1, 4, 20, and 24 h) effect of SA on complete and incomplete endogenous and exogenous oxidation of 14C-labeled palmitate in HSkMC derived from a lean insulin sensitive male donor. Both physiological (0.1 and 0.25 mmol/L) and supraphysiological (0.5, 1 and 5 mmol/L) concentrations of SA neither increased endogenous nor exogenous fat oxidation over time in HSkMC. In addition, no effect of SA was observed on Thr172-AMPKα phosphorylation. In conclusion, our previously observed in vivo effects of SA on whole-body fat oxidation in men may not be explained via direct effects on HSkMC fat oxidation. Nevertheless, SA-mediated effects on whole-body fat oxidation may be triggered by other mechanisms including gut-derived hormones or may occur in other metabolically active tissues.
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Jiang X, Lu N, Zhao H, Yuan H, Xia D, Lei H. The Microbiome-Metabolome Response in the Colon of Piglets Under the Status of Weaning Stress. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2055. [PMID: 32983040 PMCID: PMC7483555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is stressful for piglets involving nutritional, physiological, and psychological challenges, leading to an increase in the secretion of cortisol, changes in gut microbiome and metabolites, whereas the underlying relationships remain unclear. To elucidate this, 14 Meishan female piglets were divided into the weaning group and the suckling group at the age of 21 days paired by litter and body weight. After 48 h of experiment, weaned piglets had lower body weight, but higher salivary cortisol level than that of their suckling litter mates (P < 0.05). The composition of the colonic bacterial community and metabolites were different between the two groups, and the first predominant genus of the suckling and weaned piglets colonic microbiome were Bacteroides and Prevotellaceae-NK3B31 group respectively. The suckling piglets had higher proportions of phylum Bacteroidetes and Lentisphaerae, and genus Bacteroides and Lactobacillus in the colonic microbial community, but lower abundance of genus Prevotellaceae-NK3B31 group than that of the weaned piglets (P < 0.05). Accordingly, there were 15 colonic metabolites differed between the two groups, in which 2 metabolites (phenylacetic acid and phenol) negatively related to the abundant of Lactobacillus genus (P < 0.05), while 9 metabolites (acetic acid, arabitol, benzoic acid, caprylic acid, cholesterol, dihydrocholesterol, galactinol, glucose phenol, phenylacetic acid, and oxamic acid, glycerol, propionic acid) positively associated with the proportion of Prevotellaceae-NK3B31 group genus (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the salivary cortisol level negatively associated with the abundance of phylum Lentisphaerae, but positively associated with the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Prevotellaceae-NK3B31 group (P < 0.05) respectively. These results provide us with new insights into the cause of the gut microbiome and stress, and the contributions of gut microbiome in metabolic and physiological regulation in response to weaning stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Naisheng Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haichao Zhao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Xia
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hulong Lei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Yao F, Abdel-Rahman AA. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibition Ameliorates Cardiac Dysfunction and Exacerbates Hypotension Caused by Alcohol in Female Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 44:45-55. [PMID: 31693194 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) protects against alcohol-evoked cardiac dysfunction in male rodents, but its role in the estrogen (E2 )-dependent hypersensitivity of female rats to alcohol-evoked myocardial oxidative stress and dysfunction is not known. METHODS We addressed this question by studying the effect of cyanamide (ALDH2 inhibitor) on cardiac function, blood pressure, alcohol-metabolizing enzyme (alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 2E1, catalase, and ALDH2) activities, and cardiac redox status (reactive oxygen species, ROS; malondialdehyde, MDA) in the absence or presence of ethanol (EtOH) in female sham-operated (SO) and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. RESULTS Cyanamide attenuated the EtOH-evoked myocardial dysfunction (reduced dP/dtmax and LVDP) in SO rats. EtOH, cyanamide, or their combination did not alter dP/dtmax or LVDP in OVX rats. Cyanamide induced cardiac oxidative stress and abrogated the subsequent alcohol-evoked increases in ROS and MDA levels in SO rats. Neither EtOH nor cyanamide influenced ROS or MDA levels in OVX rats. Importantly, cyanamide exaggerated EtOH-evoked hypotension in SO and uncovered this hypotensive response in OVX rats, which implicates ALDH2 in the vasodilating effect of EtOH. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypothesis, cyanamide attenuated the E2 -dependent cardiac dysfunction caused by alcohol, likely by preconditioning the heart to oxidative stress, while exacerbating the vasodilating effect of alcohol. The latter might predispose to syncope when cyanamide and alcohol are combined in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Yao
- From the, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Abdel A Abdel-Rahman
- From the, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate in Body Weight Control and Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081943. [PMID: 31426593 PMCID: PMC6723943 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay of gut microbiota, host metabolism, and metabolic health has gained increased attention. Gut microbiota may play a regulatory role in gastrointestinal health, substrate metabolism, and peripheral tissues including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreas via its metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Animal and human data demonstrated that, in particular, acetate beneficially affects host energy and substrate metabolism via secretion of the gut hormones like glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY, which, thereby, affects appetite, via a reduction in whole-body lipolysis, systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and via an increase in energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Thus, potential therapies to increase gut microbial fermentation and acetate production have been under vigorous scientific scrutiny. In this review, the relevance of the colonically and systemically most abundant SCFA acetate and its effects on the previously mentioned tissues will be discussed in relation to body weight control and glucose homeostasis. We discuss in detail the differential effects of oral acetate administration (vinegar intake), colonic acetate infusions, acetogenic fiber, and acetogenic probiotic administrations as approaches to combat obesity and comorbidities. Notably, human data are scarce, which highlights the necessity for further human research to investigate acetate’s role in host physiology, metabolic, and cardiovascular health.
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Fluid management in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: effects of an acetate- versus lactate-buffered balanced infusion solution on hemodynamic stability (HEMACETAT). CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:159. [PMID: 31060591 PMCID: PMC6503387 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that acetate-buffered infusions result in better hemodynamic stabilization than 0.9% saline in patients undergoing major surgery. The choice of buffer in balanced crystalloid solutions may modify their hemodynamic effects. We therefore compared the inopressor requirements of Ringer's acetate and lactate for perioperative fluid management in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS Using a randomized controlled double-blind design, we compared Ringer's acetate (RA) to Ringer's lactate (RL) with respect to the average rate of inopressor administered until postoperative hemodynamic stabilization was achieved. Secondary outcomes were the cumulative dose of inopressors, the duration of inopressor administration, the total fluid volume administered, and the changes in acid-base homeostasis. Patients undergoing elective valvular cardiac surgery were included. Patients with severe cardiac, renal, or liver disease were excluded from the study. RESULTS Seventy-five patients were randomly allocated to the RA arm, 73 to the RL. The hemodynamic profiles were comparable between the groups. The groups did not differ with respect to the average rate of inopressors (RA 2.1 mcg/kg/h, IQR 0.5-8.1 vs. RL 1.7 mcg/kg/h, IQR 0.7-8.2, p = 0.989). Cumulative doses of inopressors and time on individual and combined inopressors did not differ between the groups. No differences were found in acid-base parameters and their evolution over time. CONCLUSION In this study, hemodynamic profiles of patients receiving Ringer's lactate and Ringer's acetate were comparable, and the evolution of acid-base parameters was similar. These study findings should be evaluated in larger, multi-center studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02895659 . Registered 16 September 2016.
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Pfortmueller CA, Kabon B, Schefold JC, Fleischmann E. Crystalloid fluid choice in the critically ill : Current knowledge and critical appraisal. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2018; 130:273-282. [PMID: 29500723 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-018-1327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous infusion of crystalloid solutions is one of the most frequently administered medications worldwide. Available crystalloid infusion solutions have a variety of compositions and have a major impact on body systems; however, administration of crystalloid fluids currently follows a "one fluid for all" approach than a patient-centered fluid prescription. Normal saline is associated with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, increased rates of acute kidney injury, increased hemodynamic instability and potentially mortality. Regarding balanced infusates, evidence remains less clear since most studies compared normal saline to buffered infusion solutes.; however, buffered solutes are not homogeneous. The term "buffered solutes" only refers to the concept of acid-buffering in infusion fluids but this does not necessarily imply that the solutes have similar physiological impacts. The currently available data indicate that balanced infusates might have some advantages; however, evidence still is inconclusive. Taking the available evidence together, there is no single fluid that is superior for all patients and settings, because all currently available infusates have distinct differences, advantages and disadvantages; therefore, it seems inevitable to abandon the "one fluid for all" strategy towards a more differentiated and patient-centered approach to fluid therapy in the critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Pfortmueller
- Clinic for General Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Kabon
- Clinic for General Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joerg C Schefold
- Department of Intensive Care, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edith Fleischmann
- Clinic for General Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Pfortmueller C, Funk GC, Potura E, Reiterer C, Luf F, Kabon B, Druml W, Fleischmann E, Lindner G. Acetate-buffered crystalloid infusate versus infusion of 0.9% saline and hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing renal transplantation : Prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2017; 129:598-604. [PMID: 28255797 PMCID: PMC5599439 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-017-1180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Infusion therapy is one of the most frequently prescribed medications in hospitalized patients. Currently used crystalloid solutes have a variable composition and may therefore influence acid-base status, intracellular and extracellular water content and plasma electrolyte compositions and have a major impact on organ function and outcome. The aim of our study was to investigate whether use of acetate-based balanced crystalloids leads to better hemodynamic stability compared to 0.9% saline. Methods We performed a sub-analysis of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing effects of 0.9% saline or an acetate-buffered, balanced crystalloid during the perioperative period in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing cadaveric renal transplantation. Need for catecholamine therapy and blood pressure were the primary measures. Results A total of 150 patients were included in the study of which 76 were randomized to 0.9% saline while 74 received an acetate-buffered balanced crystalloid. Noradrenaline for cardiocirculatory support during surgery was significantly more often administered in the normal saline group, given earlier and with a higher cumulative dose compared to patients receiving an acetate-buffered balanced crystalloid (30% versus 15%, p = 0.027; 68 ± 45 µg/kg versus 75 ± 60 µg/kg, p = 0.0055 and 0.000492 µg/kg body weight/min, ±0.002311 versus 0.000107 µg/kg/min, ±0.00039, p = 0.04, respectively). Mean minimum arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in patients randomized to 0.9% saline than in patients receiving the balanced infusion solution (57.2 [SD 8.7] versus 60.3 [SD 10.2] mm Hg, p = 0.024). Conclusion The use of an acetate-buffered, balanced infusion solution results in reduced need for use of catecholamines and cumulative catecholamine dose for hemodynamic support and in less occurrence of arterial hypotension in the perioperative period. Further research in the field is strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Pfortmueller
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg-Christian Funk
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Otto Wagner Hospital Vienna and Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Potura
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Reiterer
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Luf
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kabon
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfred Druml
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edith Fleischmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Lindner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hirslanden - Klinik Im Park, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sandhu KV, Sherwin E, Schellekens H, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Feeding the microbiota-gut-brain axis: diet, microbiome, and neuropsychiatry. Transl Res 2017; 179:223-244. [PMID: 27832936 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbial population residing within the human gut represents one of the most densely populated microbial niche in the human body with growing evidence showing it playing a key role in the regulation of behavior and brain function. The bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain, the microbiota-gut-brain axis, occurs through various pathways including the vagus nerve, the immune system, neuroendocrine pathways, and bacteria-derived metabolites. This axis has been shown to influence neurotransmission and the behavior that are often associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. Therefore, research targeting the modulation of this gut microbiota as a novel therapy for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric conditions is gaining interest. Numerous factors have been highlighted to influence gut microbiota composition, including genetics, health status, mode of birth, and environment. However, it is diet composition and nutritional status that has repeatedly been shown to be one of the most critical modifiable factors regulating the gut microbiota at different time points across the lifespan and under various health conditions. Thus the microbiota is poised to play a key role in nutritional interventions for maintaining brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran V Sandhu
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin Sherwin
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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15
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Lim J, Henry CJ, Haldar S. Vinegar as a functional ingredient to improve postprandial glycemic control-human intervention findings and molecular mechanisms. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1837-49. [PMID: 27213723 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes prevalence worldwide is increasing and the burden is particularly high in Asian countries. Identification of functional food ingredients to curb the rise of diabetes among various Asian population groups is warranted. Vinegar is widely consumed throughout Asia, where the principle bioactive component is acetic acid. This review has collated data from human intervention trials to show that vinegar consumption seems more effective in modulating glycemic control in normal glucose-tolerant individuals than in either type 2 diabetics or in those with impaired glucose tolerance. The molecular mechanisms by which vinegar can improve glycemic control have been presented using human, animal and cell culture data. These mechanisms include (i) activation of the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) receptors localized in the enteroendocrine L-cells of the intestinal lumen, leading to increased glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, (ii) increased 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, leading to increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis, (iii) lowering of free fatty acid in circulation, potentially leading to improved insulin sensitivity, (iv) increased blood flow to the peripheral tissues and (v) increased satiety, leading to lower food intake. The review also discusses why these mechanisms appear more effective in nondiabetics than in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lim
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sumanto Haldar
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
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16
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den Besten G, Bleeker A, Gerding A, van Eunen K, Havinga R, van Dijk TH, Oosterveer MH, Jonker JW, Groen AK, Reijngoud DJ, Bakker BM. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Protect Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via a PPARγ-Dependent Switch From Lipogenesis to Fat Oxidation. Diabetes 2015; 64:2398-408. [PMID: 25695945 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main products of dietary fiber fermentation and are believed to drive the fiber-related prevention of the metabolic syndrome. Here we show that dietary SCFAs induce a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)-dependent switch from lipid synthesis to utilization. Dietary SCFA supplementation prevented and reversed high-fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities in mice by decreasing PPARγ expression and activity. This increased the expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 and raised the AMP-to-ATP ratio, thereby stimulating oxidative metabolism in liver and adipose tissue via AMPK. The SCFA-induced reduction in body weight and stimulation of insulin sensitivity were absent in mice with adipose-specific disruption of PPARγ. Similarly, SCFA-induced reduction of hepatic steatosis was absent in mice lacking hepatic PPARγ. These results demonstrate that adipose and hepatic PPARγ are critical mediators of the beneficial effects of SCFAs on the metabolic syndrome, with clearly distinct and complementary roles. Our findings indicate that SCFAs may be used therapeutically as cheap and selective PPARγ modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs den Besten
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Biology, Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aycha Bleeker
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Biology, Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Gerding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karen van Eunen
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Biology, Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Biology, Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike H Oosterveer
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Biology, Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Biology, Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Biology, Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Reijngoud
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Biology, Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara M Bakker
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Biology, Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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den Besten G, van Eunen K, Groen AK, Venema K, Reijngoud DJ, Bakker BM. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2325-40. [PMID: 23821742 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r036012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2790] [Impact Index Per Article: 253.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the end products of fermentation of dietary fibers by the anaerobic intestinal microbiota, have been shown to exert multiple beneficial effects on mammalian energy metabolism. The mechanisms underlying these effects are the subject of intensive research and encompass the complex interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. This review summarizes the role of SCFAs in host energy metabolism, starting from the production by the gut microbiota to the uptake by the host and ending with the effects on host metabolism. There are interesting leads on the underlying molecular mechanisms, but there are also many apparently contradictory results. A coherent understanding of the multilevel network in which SCFAs exert their effects is hampered by the lack of quantitative data on actual fluxes of SCFAs and metabolic processes regulated by SCFAs. In this review we address questions that, when answered, will bring us a great step forward in elucidating the role of SCFAs in mammalian energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs den Besten
- Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Thackaberry EA. Non-clinical toxicological considerations for pharmaceutical salt selection. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:1419-33. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.717614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Talukdar S, Olefsky JM, Osborn O. Targeting GPR120 and other fatty acid-sensing GPCRs ameliorates insulin resistance and inflammatory diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:543-50. [PMID: 21663979 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen great progress in the understanding of the molecular pharmacology, physiological function and therapeutic potential of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Free fatty acids (FFAs) have been demonstrated to act as ligands of several GPCRs including GPR40, GPR43, GPR84, GPR119 and GPR120. We have recently shown that GPR120 acts as a physiological receptor of ω3 fatty acids in macrophages and adipocytes, which mediate potent anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitizing effects. The important role GPR120 plays in the control of inflammation raises the possibility that targeting this receptor could have therapeutic potential in many inflammatory diseases including obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this review paper, we discuss lipid-sensing GPCRs and highlight potential outcomes of targeting such receptors in ameliorating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswata Talukdar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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20
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Abe M, Maruyama N, Matsumoto S, Okada K, Fujita T, Matsumoto K, Soma M. Comparison of sustained hemodiafiltration with acetate-free dialysate and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration for the treatment of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Int J Nephrol 2011; 2011:432094. [PMID: 21660302 PMCID: PMC3108092 DOI: 10.4061/2011/432094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective, randomized study to compare conventional continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) with sustained hemodiafiltration (SHDF) using an acetate-free dialysate. Fifty critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) who required renal replacement therapy were treated with either CVVHDF or SHDF. CVVDHF was performed using a conventional dialysate with an effluent rate of 25 mL·kg−1 · h−1, and SHDF was performed using an acetate-free dialysate with a flow rate of 300−500 mL/min. The primary study outcome, 30 d survival rate was 76.0% in the CVVHDF arm and 88.0% in the SHDF arm (NS). Both the number of patients who showed renal recovery (40.0% and 68.0%, CVVHDF and SHDF, resp.; P < .05), and the hospital stay length (42.3 days and 33.7 days, CVVHDF and SHDF, resp.; P < .05), significantly differed between the two treatments. Although the total convective volumes did not significantly differ, the dialysate flow rate was higher and mean duration of daily treatment was shorter in the SHDF treatment arm. Our results suggest that compared with conventional CVVHDF, more intensive renal support in the form of post-dilution SHDF with acetate-free dialysate may accelerate renal recovery in critically ill patients with AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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21
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Saito T, Saito O, Maeda T, Ito C, Ando Y, Yamagata T, Muto S, Momoi M, Kusano E. Metabolic and Hemodynamic Advantages of an Acetate-Free Citrate Dialysate in a Uremic Case of Congenital Methylmalonic Acidemia. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54:764-9. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Handy
- Consultant Intensivist and Anaesthetist, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust; Honorary Senior Lecturer, Imperial College London
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23
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Ge H, Li X, Weiszmann J, Wang P, Baribault H, Chen JL, Tian H, Li Y. Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 43 in adipocytes leads to inhibition of lipolysis and suppression of plasma free fatty acids. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4519-26. [PMID: 18499755 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) has been identified as a receptor for short-chain fatty acids that include acetate and propionate. A potential involvement of GPR43 in immune and inflammatory response has been previously suggested because its expression is highly enriched in immune cells. GPR43 is also expressed in a number of other tissues including adipocytes; however, the functional consequences of GPR43 activation in these other tissues are not clear. In this report, we focus on the potential functions of GPR43 in adipocytes. We show that adipocytes treated with GPR43 natural ligands, acetate and propionate, exhibit a reduction in lipolytic activity. This inhibition of lipolysis is the result of GPR43 activation, because this effect is abolished in adipocytes isolated from GPR43 knockout animals. In a mouse in vivo model, we show that the activation of GPR43 by acetate results in the reduction in plasma free fatty acid levels without inducing the flushing side effect that has been observed by the activation of nicotinic acid receptor, GPR109A. These results suggest a potential role for GPR43 in regulating plasma lipid profiles and perhaps aspects of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Ge
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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24
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Denise Robertson M. Metabolic cross talk between the colon and the periphery: implications for insulin sensitivity. Proc Nutr Soc 2007; 66:351-61. [PMID: 17637087 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665107005617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, a glance at a standard undergraduate textbook would have given the impression that the colon was merely a storage organ for faeces and maybe something about the absorption of electrolytes and water. In reality, the colon is a highly-metabolically-active organ, the function of which has implications not only for the remainder of the digestive tract, but also for peripheral organs such as adipose tissue (AT), liver and skeletal muscle. The present review focuses on two distinct but complementary areas: (1) the metabolic adaptation that occurs following surgical removal of colonic tissue; (2) the effect of modulating the colon in situ in terms of postprandial metabolism, insulin sensitivity and disease risk. Work in these two areas points to the colon being important in modulating normal tissue insulin sensitivity. The role of fatty acids is central to the insulin sensitivity hypothesis. AT acts as a daily 'buffer' for fatty acids. However, following colonic resection there is an apparent change in AT function. There is an increase in the AT lipolysis rate, resulting in the release of excess fatty acids into the circulation and consequently the take up of excess fatty acids into skeletal muscle. This resultant increase in either storage of lipid or its oxidation would result in a reduction in insulin sensitivity. The insulin-sensitising effects of high-fibre diets are also related to changes in AT function and fatty acid metabolism, but manipulating colonic tissue in situ allows the mechanisms to be elucidated. This research area is an exciting one, involving the potential role of SCFA (the absorbed by-products of colonic bacterial fermentation) acting directly on peripheral tissues, following the recent identification of G-protein-coupled receptors specific for these ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denise Robertson
- School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
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25
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McCarty MF. Interleukin-6 as a central mediator of cardiovascular risk associated with chronic inflammation, smoking, diabetes, and visceral obesity: down-regulation with essential fatty acids, ethanol and pentoxifylline. Med Hypotheses 1999; 52:465-77. [PMID: 10416955 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.1997.0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased plasma levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as leukocytosis, are now established as risk factors for the thromboembolic complications of vascular disease. Chronic inflammation or infection associated with an acute-phase response--notably, periodontal disease and smoking-induced lung damage--are likewise known to increase cardiovascular risk. A common etiologic factor in these conditions may be interleukin-6 (IL-6), acting on hepatocytes to induce acute-phase reactants that increase blood viscosity and promote thrombus formation. Recent evidence that hypertrophied adipocytes release IL-6, and that hyperglycemia evokes IL-6 production by endothelium, may explain why plasma fibrinogen is increased in visceral obesity and poorly controlled diabetes. IL-6 is released by a range of tissues in response to stimulation by the monocyte-derived cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor; by suppressing production of these cytokines, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid, and pentoxifylline can reduce IL-6 synthesis. Moderate ethanol consumption, as well as sex-hormone replacement, also appear to inhibit IL-6 production or activity. These practical protective measures may be of particular value to patients with pre-existing atheroma and elevated plasma levels of acute-phase reactants. Since IL-6 plays a crucial physiological role in osteoclast generation and activation, these measures may also aid preservation of bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F McCarty
- NutriGuard Research, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA
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26
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Preedy VR, Atkinson LM, Richardson PJ, Peters TJ. Mechanisms of ethanol-induced cardiac damage. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 1993; 69:197-200. [PMID: 8461216 PMCID: PMC1024980 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.69.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V R Preedy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London
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