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Pachi A, Kavourgia E, Bratis D, Fytsilis K, Papageorgiou SM, Lekka D, Sikaras C, Tselebis A. Anger and Aggression in Relation to Psychological Resilience and Alcohol Abuse among Health Professionals during the First Pandemic Wave. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2031. [PMID: 37510472 PMCID: PMC10378977 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health problems, behavior changes, and addictive issues have been consistently documented among healthcare workers during the pandemic. The objective of this study was to investigate the levels of anger and aggression in relation to psychological resilience and alcohol abuse among healthcare workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 120 physicians and 123 nurses completed an online survey of the Dimensions of Anger Reactions-5 (DAR-5), the Brief Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), and the Alcohol Screening questionnaire CAGE which is an acronym for the focus of the questions (Cutting down, Annoyance by criticism, Guilty feeling, and Eye-openers). Demographic and professional data were also recorded. A total of 53 men and 190 women participated in the study. Almost one-third of the participants had a positive score on the DAR-5 scale and one out of ten respondents presented with current problematic alcohol use. Male participants demonstrated lower scores on the DAR-5 scale compared to females. Individuals with current problematic alcohol use displayed higher scores on the BAQ compared to those without alcohol use disorders. Regression analysis revealed that 16.4% of the variance in the BAQ scores can be attributed to scores on the DAR-5, 5.9% to the BRS scores, 2.1% to the CAGE scores, 1.7% to gender, and 1.2% to years of work experience. Mediation analysis highlighted the role of psychological resilience as a negative mediator in the DAR-5 and BAQ relationship. Professional experience and alcohol abuse emerged as positive and negative risk factors contributing to aggression and psychological resilience. The findings hold practical implications for implementing interventions to strengthen resilience in order to compensate for aggressive tendencies and discourage addictive issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Pachi
- Psychiatric Department, Sotiria Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.B.); (K.F.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Evgenia Kavourgia
- Psychiatric Department, Sotiria Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.B.); (K.F.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Dionisios Bratis
- Psychiatric Department, Sotiria Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.B.); (K.F.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Konstantinos Fytsilis
- Psychiatric Department, Sotiria Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.B.); (K.F.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Styliani Maria Papageorgiou
- Psychiatric Department, Sotiria Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.B.); (K.F.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Dimitra Lekka
- Psychiatric Department, Sotiria Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.B.); (K.F.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Christos Sikaras
- Nursing Department, Sotiria Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Tselebis
- Psychiatric Department, Sotiria Thoracic Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (E.K.); (D.B.); (K.F.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.)
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Konjevod M, Rešetar M, Matošić A, Čičin-Šain L, Štefulj J. Association of Functional Polymorphism in TPH2 Gene with Alcohol Dependence and Personality Traits: Study in Cloninger's Type I and Type II Alcohol-Dependent Inpatients. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:413. [PMID: 36833340 PMCID: PMC9956211 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence (AD) is a complex disorder with a poorly understood etiology. In this study, we investigated the relationship between genetic variation in the TPH2 gene, which encodes the enzyme responsible for serotonin synthesis in the brain, and both AD and personality traits, with attention to Cloninger's types of AD. The study included 373 healthy control subjects, 206 inpatients with type I AD, and 110 inpatients with type II AD. All subjects were genotyped for the functional polymorphism rs4290270 in the TPH2 gene, and AD patients completed the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). The AA genotype and the A allele of the rs4290270 polymorphism were more frequent in both patient groups compared with the control group. In addition, a negative association was found between the number of A alleles and TPQ scores for harm avoidance in patients with type II, but not type I, AD. These results support the involvement of genetic variations of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of AD, especially type II AD. They also suggest that in a subset of patients, genetic variation of TPH2 could potentially influence the development of AD by affecting the personality trait of harm avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Konjevod
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Rešetar
- Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Matošić
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lipa Čičin-Šain
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Štefulj
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Beck A, Ebrahimi C, Rosenthal A, Charlet K, Heinz A. The Dopamine System in Mediating Alcohol Effects in Humans. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 36705911 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain-imaging studies show that the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is determined by a complex interaction of different neurotransmitter systems and multiple psychological factors. In this context, the dopaminergic reinforcement system appears to be of fundamental importance. We focus on the excitatory and depressant effects of acute versus chronic alcohol intake and its impact on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, we describe alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission as associated with symptoms of alcohol dependence. We specifically focus on neuroadaptations to chronic alcohol consumption and their effect on central processing of alcohol-associated and reward-related stimuli. Altered reward processing, complex conditioning processes, impaired reinforcement learning, and increased salience attribution to alcohol-associated stimuli enable alcohol cues to drive alcohol seeking and consumption. Finally, we will discuss how the neurobiological and neurochemical mechanisms of alcohol-associated alterations in reward processing and learning can interact with stress, cognition, and emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beck
- Faculty of Health, Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Ebrahimi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Rosenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Charlet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Alonso L, Peeva P, Stasko S, Bader M, Alenina N, Winter Y, Rivalan M. Constitutive depletion of brain serotonin differentially affects rats' social and cognitive abilities. iScience 2023; 26:105998. [PMID: 36798444 PMCID: PMC9926123 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Central serotonin appears a promising transdiagnostic marker of psychiatric disorders and a modulator of some of their key behavioral symptoms. In adult male Tph2 -/- rats, constitutively lacking central serotonin, we tested individual's cognitive, social and non-social abilities and characterized group's social organization under classical and ethological testing conditions. Using unsupervised machine learning, we identified the functions most dependent on serotonin. Although serotonin depletion did not affect cognitive performances in classical testing, in the home-cage it induced compulsive aggression and sexual behavior, hyperactive and hypervigilant stereotyped behavior, reduced self-care and exacerbated corticosterone levels. This profile recalled symptoms of impulse control and anxiety disorders. Serotonin appeared essential for behavioral adaptation to dynamic social environments. Our animal model challenges the essential role of serotonin in decision-making, flexibility, impulsivity, and risk-taking. These findings highlight the importance of studying everyday life functions within the dynamic social living environment to model complexity in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Alonso
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Polina Peeva
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bader
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - York Winter
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Rivalan
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Corresponding author
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Alcohol Use Disorder: Neurobiology and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051192. [PMID: 35625928 PMCID: PMC9139063 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) encompasses the dysregulation of multiple brain circuits involved in executive function leading to excessive consumption of alcohol, despite negative health and social consequences and feelings of withdrawal when access to alcohol is prevented. Ethanol exerts its toxicity through changes to multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine, and opioid systems. These neurotransmitter imbalances result in dysregulation of brain circuits responsible for reward, motivation, decision making, affect, and the stress response. Despite serious health and psychosocial consequences, this disorder still remains one of the leading causes of death globally. Treatment options include both psychological and pharmacological interventions, which are aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and/or promoting abstinence while also addressing dysfunctional behaviours and impaired functioning. However, stigma and social barriers to accessing care continue to impact many individuals. AUD treatment should focus not only on restoring the physiological and neurological impairment directly caused by alcohol toxicity but also on addressing psychosocial factors associated with AUD that often prevent access to treatment. This review summarizes the impact of alcohol toxicity on brain neurocircuitry in the context of AUD and discusses pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies currently available to treat this addiction disorder.
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Vadasz C, Gyetvai BM. Genetic association of nucleus accumbens 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level and alcohol preference drinking in a quasi-congenic male mice: Potential modulation by Grm7 gene polymorphism. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2022; 2:100012. [PMID: 36845900 PMCID: PMC9948933 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2021.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that predisposition to high alcohol drinking behavior is genetically associated with hypoactive serotonergic function in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc). METHOD Alcohol avoiding C5A3 and alcohol preferring I5B25A mice of the Quasi-congenic Recombinant QTL Introgression (RQI) mouse strains were subjected to in vivo microdialysis in the NAc. Neurotransmitter and metabolite contents were analyzed by HPLC and samples were collected in three phases: Baseline, Control, and Alcohol. Samples were collected with 20 min intervals. RESULTS Between-strain differences restricted to small chromosome segments significantly affected both alcohol preference drinking and NAc 5-HIAA levels [F1, 13 = 5.569 p=.035 (General Linear Model Repeated Measures ANOVA and Tests of Between-Subjects Effects)]. Whole genome biallelic DNA marker genotyping allowed the identification of 16 differential microsatellite markers associated with low 5-HIAA levels and excessive alcohol drinking. Chromosome 6 markers were linked to Grm7 (51.19 centimorgan), a reported candidate gene for modulation of addiction. The results are consistent with earlier reports of association of low 5-HIAA and high alcohol consumption in rats and primates, including Homo sapiens. CONCLUSION Low NAc 5-HIAA and high alcohol consumption are genetically associated in a quasi-congenic mouse model carrying variants of the Grm7 gene. We propose that constitutional polymorphism in Grm7 may modulate CRF neuron activity via altered mGluR7 expression thus targeting CRF pathways to substance use circuits. This raises the possibility of modulation of DRN 5-HT neurons leading to hypo- or hyper-serotonergic condition in NAc and higher or lower alcohol preference drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Vadasz
- Laboratory of Neurobehavior Genetics, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beatrix M. Gyetvai
- Laboratory of Neurobehavior Genetics, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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Bağci B, Düsmez S, Zorlu N, Bahtiyar G, Isikli S, Bayrakci A, Heinz A, Schad DJ, Sebold M. Computational analysis of probabilistic reversal learning deficits in male subjects with alcohol use disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:960238. [PMID: 36339830 PMCID: PMC9626515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.960238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder is characterized by perseverative alcohol use despite negative consequences. This hallmark feature of addiction potentially relates to impairments in behavioral flexibility, which can be measured by probabilistic reversal learning (PRL) paradigms. We here aimed to examine the cognitive mechanisms underlying impaired PRL task performance in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUDP) using computational models of reinforcement learning. METHODS Twenty-eight early abstinent AUDP and 27 healthy controls (HC) performed an extensive PRL paradigm. We compared conventional behavioral variables of choices (perseveration; correct responses) between groups. Moreover, we fitted Bayesian computational models to the task data to compare differences in latent cognitive variables including reward and punishment learning and choice consistency between groups. RESULTS AUDP and HC did not significantly differ with regard to direct perseveration rates after reversals. However, AUDP made overall less correct responses and specifically showed decreased win-stay behavior compared to HC. Interestingly, AUDP showed premature switching after no or little negative feedback but elevated proneness to stay when accumulation of negative feedback would make switching a more optimal option. Computational modeling revealed that AUDP compared to HC showed enhanced learning from punishment, a tendency to learn less from positive feedback and lower choice consistency. CONCLUSION Our data do not support the assumption that AUDP are characterized by increased perseveration behavior. Instead our findings provide evidence that enhanced negative reinforcement and decreased non-drug-related reward learning as well as diminished choice consistency underlie dysfunctional choice behavior in AUDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Bağci
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Selin Düsmez
- Department of Psychiatry, Midyat State Hospital, Mardin, Turkey
| | - Nabi Zorlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Bahtiyar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bingöl State Hospital, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Serhan Isikli
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Adem Bayrakci
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel J Schad
- Department of Psychology, Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Minayo MDS, Miranda I, Telhado RS. A systematic review of the effects of probiotics on depression and anxiety: an alternative therapy? CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:4087-4099. [PMID: 34586262 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021269.21342020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to understand and analyse the effects of probiotics on depression, anxiety and psychological stress. These disorders are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. Conventional pharmacotherapies usually have a poor response or adverse side effects. In this context, recent studies have demonstrated a dense bi-directional communication named gut-brain axis. Evidences are demonstrating the relationship between disturbance in the enteric microbiome and psychiatric disorders, paving the way for the emergence of alternative therapies. A systematic search for randomized double/triple blind placebo-controlled clinical trials was performed in PubMed, Scopus and Lilacs. The studies selection followed the recommendations of the main items for report systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Nine articles met the criteria and were analysed for effects on depression, anxiety, psychological stress and biomarkers. Seven found positive results in at least one of the items. We concluded that the use of probiotics to alleviate depressive symptoms and anxiety is promising, mainly due to its potential anti-inflammatory effect, but additional and more rigorous double blind randomized clinical trials are necessary to endorse such conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam de Souza Minayo
- Cooperação Internacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Brasil 4.365 (prédio atrás do castelo), Manguinhos. 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | - Iasmim Miranda
- Centro Universitário IBMR, Laureate International Universities. Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil
| | - Raquel Senna Telhado
- Centro Universitário IBMR, Laureate International Universities. Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil
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Measurement of the dimensions of personality traits in patients addicted to psychoactive substances in context of relapses. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cpp-2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Recurrent use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol, affects most patients. It is an expression of the chronicity of the disease process. Understanding the causes of this phenomenon is the key to searching for effective therapeutic strategies for this disease.
The aim: Analysis of individual dimensions of personality traits in patients in the context of relapses.
Material and method: The research was carried out on a group of 301 people addicted to psychoactive substances staying in an addiction therapy center in Lubuskie and Zachodniopomorskie voivodships in Poland. The subjects were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of addicts with reported one-time therapy. The second group consisted of addicts who received at least two treatments at an addiction therapy center. The personality dimension was measured using the NEO-FFI questionnaire and the STAI questionnaire.
Results: The following percentages of neuroticism (NF NEUR) were marked in people addicted to psychoactive substances with a single stay in an inpatient treatment center: 8.55% with low intensity, 40.13% with moderate intensity and 51.32% with high intensity. On the other hand, in people addicted to psychoactive substances with multiple stays in an inpatient treatment center, the features of low-grade neuroticism were found to be 6.85%, 25.34% of moderate and 67.81% of high intensity (χ2 = 8.643, p = 0.013).
Conclusions: A higher score on the Nervousness Scale of the Neo FFI inventory has a significant impact on the course of addiction and the occurrence of relapses.
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Zhang Y, Zheng G, Fu T, Hong J, Li F, Yao X, Xue W, Zhu F. The binding mode of vilazodone in the human serotonin transporter elucidated by ligand docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5132-5144. [PMID: 32073004 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05764a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vilazodone is a novel antidepressant used for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) with a primary action mechanism of inhibiting the human serotonin reuptake transporter (hSERT) and acting as a 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist. The interaction between vilazodone and the 5-HT1A receptor has been reported, however, the binding mode of vilazodone in the hSERT remains elusive. In the current study, to elucidate the molecular mechanism of vilazodone binding in the hSERT, the drug and its five analogs were docked into the hSERT crystal structure as initial conformations and were sampled by 400 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Through the analysis of the profiles of protein-ligand binding free energies, interaction fingerprints, and conformational rearrangements, the binding mode of vilazodone in the hSERT was revealed. As a result, unlike the classical antidepressants located in the S1 site of the hSERT, vilazodone adopted a linear pose in the binding pocket. Its arylpiperazine fragment occupies the central site (S1) and interacts with Y95, D98, I172, Y176, F335, F341, S438, and T439, while the indole fragment extends to the allosteric site (S2) via interacting with the ionic switch (R104/E403) between the two sites. The new insights obtained are not only helpful in understanding the binding mode of vilazodone in the hSERT, but also provide valuable guidance to the discovery of novel antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Salles J, Tiret B, Gallini A, Gandia P, Arbus C, Mathur A, Bougon E. Suicide Attempts: How Does the Acute Use of Alcohol Affect Suicide Intent? Suicide Life Threat Behav 2020; 50:315-328. [PMID: 31532854 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very few studies have specifically addressed the role of the acute use of alcohol (AUA) in suicide attempts. OBJECTIVE Our study compared the suicide intent scores of self-poisoning patients with and without AUA in order to examine the role of alcohol in attempted suicides. METHODS We recruited 516 patients admitted to the emergency department for self-poisoning. We screened blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) to determine whether these were positive or negative in the two groups. We collected data about covariates such as psychiatric disorders and sociodemographic and suicide characteristics. We then compared suicide intent between the groups, adjusted according to the covariates. RESULTS The patients with AUA had lower scores for suicide intent, but this factor only reduced the self-reporting score, with the scores for objective circumstances and risk similar between the groups. There was a correlation between BACs and self-reported suicide intentionality, but this was not significant. CONCLUSION Acute use of alcohol patients presented with lower suicide intent, as particularly explained by the self-report scores, but there were no differences between the groups in terms of risk and/or the objective circumstances. The role of alcohol in the self-reporting of suicide attempts must be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Salles
- Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie, Psychiatrie Toulouse, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Tiret
- Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie, Psychiatrie Toulouse, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Adeline Gallini
- Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Département d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Peggy Gandia
- Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Service de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Arbus
- Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie, Psychiatrie Toulouse, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anjali Mathur
- Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie, Psychiatrie Toulouse, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bougon
- Service de Psychiatrie et Psychologie, Psychiatrie Toulouse, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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The interplay of polygenic plasticity and adrenocortical activity as sources of variability in pathways among family adversity, youth emotional reactivity, and psychological problems. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 32:587-603. [PMID: 30982484 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the interplay between a polygenic composite and cortisol activity as moderators of the mediational pathway among family adversity, youth negative emotional reactivity to family conflict, and their psychological problems. The longitudinal design contained three annual measurement occasions with 279 adolescents (Mean age = 13.0 years) and their parents. Latent difference score analyses indicated that observational ratings of adversity in interparental and parent-child interactions at Wave 1 predicted increases in a multimethod, multi-informant assessment of youth negative emotional reactivity to family conflict from Waves 1 to 2. Changes in youth negative emotional reactivity, in turn, predicted increases in a multi-informant (i.e., parents, adolescent, and teacher) assessment of psychological problems from Waves 1 to 3. Consistent with differential susceptibility theory, the association between family adversity and negative emotional reactivity was stronger for adolescents who carried more sensitivity alleles in a polygenic composite consisting of 5-HTTLPR, DRD4 VNTR, and BDNF polymorphisms. Analyses of adolescent cortisol in the period surrounding a family disagreement task at Wave 1 revealed that overall cortisol output, rather than cortisol reactivity, served as an endophenotype of the polygenic composite. Overall cortisol output was specifically associated with polygenic plasticity and moderated the association between family adversity and youth negative emotional reactivity in the same for better or for worse manner as the genetic composite. Finally, moderator-mediated-moderation analyses indicated that the moderating role of the polygenic plasticity composite was mediated by the moderating role of adolescent cortisol output in the association between family adversity and their emotional reactivity.
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PET imaging of the mouse brain reveals a dynamic regulation of SERT density in a chronic stress model. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:80. [PMID: 30745564 PMCID: PMC6370816 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT, Slc6a4) plays an important role in the regulation of serotonergic neurotransmission and its aberrant expression has been linked to several psychiatric conditions. While SERT density has been proven to be amenable to in vivo quantitative evaluation by positron emission tomography (PET) in humans, this approach is in its infancy for rodents. Here we set out to evaluate the feasibility of using small-animal PET employing [11C]DASB ([11C]-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile) as a radiotracer to measure SERT density in designated areas of the mouse brain. Using Slc6a4+/+, Slc6a4+/-, and Slc6a4-/- mice as a genetic model of different SERT expression levels, we showed the feasibility of SERT imaging in the mouse brain with [11C]DASB-PET. The PET analysis was complemented by an evaluation of SERT protein expression using western blot, which revealed a highly significant correlation between in vivo and ex vivo measurements. [11C]DASB-PET was then applied to the examination of dynamic changes of SERT levels in different brain areas in the chronic corticosterone mouse model of chronic stress. The observed significant reduction in SERT density in corticosterone-treated mice was independently validated by and correlated with western blot analysis. This is the first demonstration of a quantitative in vivo evaluation of SERT density in subregions of the mouse brain using [11C]DASB-PET. The evidenced decrease in SERT density in response to chronic corticosterone treatment adds a new dimension to the complex involvement of SERT in the pathophysiology of stress-induced mental illnesses.
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Pillon SC, Vedana KGG, Teixeira JA, Dos Santos LA, de Souza RM, Diehl A, Rassool GH, Miasso AI. Depressive symptoms and factors associated with depression and suicidal behavior in substances user in treatment: Focus on suicidal behavior and psychological problems. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2019; 33:70-76. [PMID: 30663628 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms, psychological problems, suicidal behaviour and their associations in substance users in treatment. METHODS A cross-sectional study, with 307 substance users in an out-patient treatment facility, was undertaken. Socio-demographic data, psychoactive substances used, depressive symptoms, and suicide information were obtained. RESULTS 70% of participants were depressed; of those, 8.1% were either under the influence of drugs or in withdrawal. Suicidal ideation was found to be present in those who had anxiety, were nervous, had depressive symptoms, or were under drug influence or in withdrawal. CONCLUSION It is important to identify potential suicidal risk factors and implement the management of these conditions in substance users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cristina Pillon
- University of São Paulo (USP), Psychiatric Nursing and Human Science Department, Faculty of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto (EERP), Brazil; PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Graziani Giacchero Vedana
- University of São Paulo (USP), Psychiatric Nursing and Human Science Department, Faculty of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto (EERP), Brazil; PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Brazil.
| | - Jessica Adrielle Teixeira
- University of São Paulo (USP), Psychiatric Nursing and Human Science Department, Faculty of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto (EERP), Brazil; PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Molina de Souza
- Federal Technological University of Paraná, Brazil; Academic Department of Mathematics (DAMAT), Cornélio Procópio, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Diehl
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Psychiatric Department, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Inocenti Miasso
- University of São Paulo (USP), Psychiatric Nursing and Human Science Department, Faculty of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto (EERP), Brazil; PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Brazil.
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15
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Liu W, Wang H, Li X, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wang W, Gong Q, Qiu X, Zhu J, Mao F, Zhang H, Li J. Design, synthesis and evaluation of vilazodone-tacrine hybrids as multitarget-directed ligands against depression with cognitive impairment. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3117-3125. [PMID: 29729987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Depression, a severe mental disease, is greatly difficult to treat and easy to induce other neuropsychiatric symptoms, the most frequent one is cognitive impairment. In this study, a series of novel vilazodone-tacrine hybrids were designed, synthesized and evaluated as multitarget agents against depression with cognitive impairment. Most compounds exhibited good multitarget activities and appropriate blood-brain barrier permeability. Specifically, compounds 1d and 2a exhibited excellent 5-HT1A agonist activities (1d, EC50 = 0.36 ± 0.08 nM; 2a, EC50 = 0.58 ± 0.14 nM) and 5-HT reuptake inhibitory activities (1d, IC50 = 20.42 ± 6.60 nM; 2a, IC50 = 22.10 ± 5.80 nM). In addition, they showed moderate ChE inhibitory activities (1d, AChE IC50 = 1.72 ± 0.217 μM, BuChE IC50 = 0.34 ± 0.03 μM; 2a, AChE IC50 = 2.36 ± 0.34 μM, BuChE IC50 = 0.10 ± 0.01 μM). Good multitarget activities with goodt blood-brain barrier permeability of 1d and 2a make them good lead compounds for the further study of depression with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qi Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoxia Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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16
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Lingford-Hughes A, Potokar J, Nutt D. Treating anxiety complicated by substance misuse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/apt.8.2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between anxiety disorders and substance misuse is intimate. Here we concentrate on alcohol, although for completeness we also briefly mention other substances taken for anxiety relief or that cause anxiety.
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Abstract
Compulsion and impulsivity are both primary features of drug addiction. Based on decades of animal research, we have a detailed understanding of the factors (both environmental and physiological) that influence compulsive drug use, but still know relatively little about the impulsive aspects of drug addiction. This review outlines our current knowledge of the relationship between impulsivity and drug addiction, focusing on cognitive and motor impulsivity, which are particularly relevant to this disorder. Topics to be discussed include the influence of chronic drug administration on impulsivity, the mechanisms that may explain drug-induced impulsivity, and the role of individual differences in the development of impulsive drug use. In addition, the manner in which contemporary theories of drug addiction conceptualize the relationship between impulsivity and compulsion is examined. Most importantly, this review emphasizes a critical role for animal research in understanding the role of impulsivity in the development and maintenance of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Olmstead
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Li X, Wang H, Xu Y, Liu W, Gong Q, Wang W, Qiu X, Zhu J, Mao F, Zhang H, Li J. Novel Vilazodone-Tacrine Hybrids as Potential Multitarget-Directed Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Accompanied with Depression: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2708-2721. [PMID: 28872831 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most frequent psychiatric complications of Alzheimer's disease (AD), affecting up to 50% of the patients. A novel series of hybrid molecules were designed and synthesized by combining the pharmacophoric features of vilazodone and tacrine as potential multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of AD with depression. In vitro biological assays were conducted to evaluate the compounds; among the 30 hybrids, compound 1e showed relatively balanced profiles between acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50 = 3.319 ± 0.708 μM), 5-HT1A agonist (EC50 = 107 ± 37 nM), and 5-HT reuptake inhibition (IC50 = 76.3 ± 33 nM). Compound 1e displayed tolerable hepatotoxicity and moderate hERG inhibition activity, and could penetrate the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Furthermore, an oral intake of 30 mg/kg 1e·HCl could significantly improve the cognitive function of scopolamine-induced amnesia mice and alleviate the depressive symptom in tail suspension test. The effectivity of 1e validates the rationality of our design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huan Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Gong
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoxia Qiu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Wang FL, Chassin L. Negative Urgency Mediates the Relation between Genetically-Influenced Serotonin Functioning and Alcohol Problems. Clin Psychol Sci 2017; 6:106-122. [PMID: 29354329 DOI: 10.1177/2167702617733817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) functioning is associated with alcohol problems. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. The current study tested whether five separate dimensions of impulsivity (UPPS-P) mediated the relation between a polygenic score indexing 5-HT functioning and alcohol problems and whether any of these paths were moderated by age. Results showed that a 5-HT polygenic score predicted alcohol problems indirectly through negative urgency, but not any other facet of impulsivity. The 5-HT polygenic score also directly predicted alcohol problems. No age moderation was found. Findings suggest that negative urgency might be one important mechanism underlying the relation between genetically-influenced 5-HT functioning and alcohol problems. However, genetically-influenced 5-HT functioning likely influences alcohol problems through additional mechanisms. More broadly, results suggest that the previously observed transdiagnostic nature of 5-HT functioning on diverse types of psychopathology might be, in part, explained by its effect on negative urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Wang
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
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20
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Roberts W, Verplaetse TL, Moore K, Oberleitner L, Picciotto MR, McKee SA. Effects of varenicline on alcohol self-administration and craving in drinkers with depressive symptoms. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:906-914. [PMID: 28351203 PMCID: PMC5823265 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117699618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Varenicline (VAR) is approved to aid in smoking cessation and has been shown to be effective for reducing alcohol consumption in heavy drinkers. Little is known, however, about treatment moderators that may influence efficacy. The current study reanalyzed data from a human laboratory study (Verplaetse et al., 2016) to determine whether VAR was more effective at reducing alcohol use among drinkers reporting symptoms of depression. Participants were 60 adults meeting DSM-IV criteria for alcohol use disorders ( n = 60) who were randomly assigned to receive VAR (1 mg/day, 2 mg/day) or placebo. Following 7 days of medication pretreatment, participants attended a laboratory testing session. They provided self-reported ratings of alcohol craving and performed an ad libitum alcohol consumption task after receiving a priming dose of alcohol (target blood alcohol concentration = 0.030 g/dL). Higher blood VAR plasma levels were associated with less alcohol craving and less drinking among participants with more depressive symptoms. Among participants with fewer depressive symptoms, VAR was associated with more drinking during the ad libitum drinking task. These findings show that depression symptoms may be a moderator of VAR efficacy in alcohol users and provides evidence for the role of nAChRs in depression and alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Roberts
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Kelly Moore
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Sherry A McKee
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
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Laas K, Kiive E, Mäestu J, Vaht M, Veidebaum T, Harro J. Nice guys: Homozygocity for the TPH2 -703G/T (rs4570625) minor allele promotes low aggressiveness and low anxiety. J Affect Disord 2017; 215:230-236. [PMID: 28342337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin. We examined whether the TPH2 polymorphism -703G/T (rs4570625) is associated with aggressiveness and impulsivity, and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, in a population-representative sample. METHODS We used self and proxy reports on aggressive behaviour in the younger birth cohort of the longitudinal Estonian Children Personality, Behaviour and Health Study collected at age 25, and earlier collected impulsivity and related data of both ECPBHS cohorts. RESULTS The TT homozygous males reported less aggressive behaviour in the Life History of Aggression interview at age 25. They also had significantly lower scores in Illinois Bully Scale peer reports, and less ADHD symptoms rated by teachers both at ages 9 and 15. The TT homozygotes of both sexes had the lowest Maladaptive Impulsivity at ages 18 and 25, and the highest Adaptive Impulsivity at age 25. The TT homozygotes also had low depressiveness and trait anxiety by age 25, and the odds ratio for the prevalence of anxiety disorders was 9.38 for the G-allele carriers. LIMITATIONS The main limitation of the study is the naturally occurring low number of subjects with the TT genotype. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with the TPH2 rs4570625 TT genotype, especially males, exhibit less aggression and a favourable impulsivity profile, and develop anxiety disorders by young adulthood less often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariina Laas
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelyn Kiive
- Division of Special Education, Department of Education, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jarek Mäestu
- Department of Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Vaht
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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22
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Serotonin functioning and adolescents' alcohol use: A genetically informed study examining mechanisms of risk. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 30:213-233. [PMID: 28534453 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941700058x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current study used data from two longitudinal samples to test whether self-regulation, depressive symptoms, and aggression/antisociality were mediators in the relation between a polygenic score indexing serotonin (5-HT) functioning and alcohol use in adolescence. The results from an independent genome-wide association study of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid were used to create 5-HT polygenic risk scores. Adolescents and/or parents reported on adolescents' self-regulation (Time 1), depressive symptoms (Time 2), aggression/antisociality (Time 2), and alcohol use (Time 3). The results showed that 5-HT polygenic risk did not predict self-regulation. However, adolescents with higher levels of 5-HT polygenic risk showed greater depression and aggression/antisociality. Adolescents' aggression/antisociality mediated the relation between 5-HT polygenic risk and later alcohol use. Deficits in self-regulation also predicted depression and aggression/antisociality, and indirectly predicted alcohol use through aggression/antisociality. Pathways to alcohol use were especially salient for males from families with low parental education in one of the two samples. The results provide insights into the longitudinal mechanisms underlying the relation between 5-HT functioning and alcohol use (i.e., earlier aggression/antisociality). There was no evidence that genetically based variation in 5-HT functioning predisposed individuals to deficits in self-regulation. Genetically based variation in 5-HT functioning and self-regulation might be separate, transdiagnostic risk factors for several types of psychopathology.
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Schöner J, Heinz A, Endres M, Gertz K, Kronenberg G. Post-traumatic stress disorder and beyond: an overview of rodent stress models. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2248-2256. [PMID: 28374949 PMCID: PMC5618668 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder of high prevalence and major socioeconomic impact. Patients suffering from PTSD typically present intrusion and avoidance symptoms and alterations in arousal, mood and cognition that last for more than 1 month. Animal models are an indispensable tool to investigate underlying pathophysiological pathways and, in particular, the complex interplay of neuroendocrine, genetic and environmental factors that may be responsible for PTSD induction. Since the 1960s, numerous stress paradigms in rodents have been developed, based largely on Seligman's seminal formulation of 'learned helplessness' in canines. Rodent stress models make use of physiological or psychological stressors such as foot shock, underwater trauma, social defeat, early life stress or predator-based stress. Apart from the brief exposure to an acute stressor, chronic stress models combining a succession of different stressors for a period of several weeks have also been developed. Chronic stress models in rats and mice may elicit characteristic PTSD-like symptoms alongside, more broadly, depressive-like behaviours. In this review, the major existing rodent models of PTSD are reviewed in terms of validity, advantages and limitations; moreover, significant results and implications for future research-such as the role of FKBP5, a mediator of the glucocorticoid stress response and promising target for therapeutic interventions-are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schöner
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Gertz
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Golo Kronenberg
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Nervenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Borges G, Bagge C, Cherpitel CJ, Conner K, Orozco R, Rossow I. A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt. Psychol Med 2017; 47:949-957. [PMID: 27928972 PMCID: PMC5340592 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716002841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No review has used a meta-analytic approach to estimate common odds ratios (ORs) for the effect of acute use of alcohol (AUA) on suicide attempts. We aim to report the results of the first meta-analysis of controlled epidemiological studies on AUA and suicide attempt. METHOD The English-language literature on Medline, PsycINFO and Google Scholar was searched for original articles and critical review on AUA and suicide attempt (period 1996-2015). Studies had to report an OR estimate for this association. Common ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from random effects in meta-analyses for any AUA and two levels of alcohol use on suicide attempt were calculated. RESULTS In all, seven studies provided OR estimates for the likelihood of suicide attempt by AUA, compared with those who did not drink alcohol. Studies used case-control (n 3) and case-crossover designs (n 4). Meta-analysis revealed a common OR of 6.97 (95% CI 4.77-10.17) for any AUA. Using four studies, 'low levels of acute drinking' resulted in an OR of 2.71 (95% CI 1.56-4.71) and 'high levels' had an OR of 37.18 (95% CI 17.38-79.53). CONCLUSIONS AUA is associated with increased likelihood of a suicide attempt, particularly at high doses. Such data should be incorporated into estimates of the burden of disease associated with alcohol use, which are currently limited by a consideration of only alcohol's chronic effects. Future research should focus on the mechanisms through which AUA confers risk for attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney Bagge
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Mississippi
| | | | | | | | - Ingeborg Rossow
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo
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25
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Xiao LJ, Tao R. Nutrition Support Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1010:281-293. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Dimensional psychiatry: mental disorders as dysfunctions of basic learning mechanisms. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:809-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Serotonin dependent masking of hippocampal sharp wave ripples. Neuropharmacology 2016; 101:188-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A review of 5-HT transporter linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism and associations with alcohol use problems and sexual risk behaviors. J Community Genet 2016; 7:1-10. [PMID: 26338666 PMCID: PMC4715809 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-015-0253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors are multidimensional phenomena involving many genetic and environmental factors. 5-HT transporter linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism constitutes an important factor affecting alcohol use problems and risky sexual behaviors. This paper narratively reviews studies on 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and its associations with alcohol use problems and sexual risk behaviors. We searched the electronic databases, PubMed, Ovid, and Google Scholar for articles using MeSH terms. Relevant articles were reviewed and eligible articles were selected for the study. Many studies have reported a significant but moderate association between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and alcohol use problems. These studies have implicated the presence of at least one S allele to be associated with significant increases in alcohol use problems. Similarly, some studies associate the S allele with increased sexual risk behaviors. Effective alcohol cessation initiatives and STI/HIV prevention programs should be modified to account for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism before planning interventions; genetic effects could moderate the intervention effect.
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Stephan KE, Bach DR, Fletcher PC, Flint J, Frank MJ, Friston KJ, Heinz A, Huys QJM, Owen MJ, Binder EB, Dayan P, Johnstone EC, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Montague PR, Schnyder U, Wang XJ, Breakspear M. Charting the landscape of priority problems in psychiatry, part 1: classification and diagnosis. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:77-83. [PMID: 26573970 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary psychiatry faces major challenges. Its syndrome-based disease classification is not based on mechanisms and does not guide treatment, which largely depends on trial and error. The development of therapies is hindered by ignorance of potential beneficiary patient subgroups. Neuroscientific and genetics research have yet to affect disease definitions or contribute to clinical decision making. In this challenging setting, what should psychiatric research focus on? In two companion papers, we present a list of problems nominated by clinicians and researchers from different disciplines as candidates for future scientific investigation of mental disorders. These problems are loosely grouped into challenges concerning nosology and diagnosis (this Personal View) and problems related to pathogenesis and aetiology (in the companion Personal View). Motivated by successful examples in other disciplines, particularly the list of Hilbert's problems in mathematics, this subjective and eclectic list of priority problems is intended for psychiatric researchers, helping to re-focus existing research and providing perspectives for future psychiatric science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas E Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael J Frank
- Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Quentin J M Huys
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Dayan
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eve C Johnstone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - P Read Montague
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK; Computational Psychiatry Unit, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Ulrich Schnyder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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De Sousa Fernandes Perna EB, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KPC, Toennes SW, Ramaekers JG. Subjective aggression during alcohol and cannabis intoxication before and after aggression exposure. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3331-40. [PMID: 27422568 PMCID: PMC4988999 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol and cannabis use have been implicated in aggression. Alcohol consumption is known to facilitate aggression, whereas a causal link between cannabis and aggression has not been clearly demonstrated. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the acute effects of alcohol and cannabis on subjective aggression in alcohol and cannabis users, respectively, following aggression exposure. Drug-free controls served as a reference. It was hypothesized that aggression exposure would increase subjective aggression in alcohol users during alcohol intoxication, whereas it was expected to decrease subjective aggression in cannabis users during cannabis intoxication. METHODS Heavy alcohol (n = 20) and regular cannabis users (n = 21), and controls (n = 20) were included in a mixed factorial study. Alcohol and cannabis users received single doses of alcohol and placebo or cannabis and placebo, respectively. Subjective aggression was assessed before and after aggression exposure consisting of administrations of the point-subtraction aggression paradigm (PSAP) and the single category implicit association test (SC-IAT). Testosterone and cortisol levels in response to alcohol/cannabis treatment and aggression exposure were recorded as secondary outcome measures. RESULTS Subjective aggression significantly increased following aggression exposure in all groups while being sober. Alcohol intoxication increased subjective aggression whereas cannabis decreased the subjective aggression following aggression exposure. Aggressive responses during the PSAP increased following alcohol and decreased following cannabis relative to placebo. Changes in aggressive feeling or response were not correlated to the neuroendocrine response to treatments. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that alcohol facilitates feelings of aggression whereas cannabis diminishes aggressive feelings in heavy alcohol and regular cannabis users, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. B. De Sousa Fernandes Perna
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E. L. Theunissen
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K. P. C. Kuypers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S. W. Toennes
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J. G. Ramaekers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Marcinkiewcz CA. Serotonergic Systems in the Pathophysiology of Ethanol Dependence: Relevance to Clinical Alcoholism. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1026-39. [PMID: 25654315 DOI: 10.1021/cn5003573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is a progressive brain disorder that is marked by increased sensitivity to the positive and negative reinforcing properties of ethanol, compulsive and habitual use despite negative consequences, and chronic relapse to alcohol drinking despite repeated attempts to reduce intake or abstain from alcohol. Emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies implicates serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) systems in the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence, suggesting that drugs targeting 5-HT systems may have utility in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. In this Review, we discuss the role of 5-HT systems in alcohol dependence with a focus on 5-HT interactions with neural circuits that govern all three stages of the addiction cycle. We attempt to clarify how 5-HT influences circuit function at these different stages with the goal of identifying neural targets for pharmacological treatment of this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Marcinkiewcz
- Bowles Center for
Alcohol
Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Hägele C, Friedel E, Kienast T, Kiefer F. How do we 'learn' addiction? Risk factors and mechanisms getting addicted to alcohol. Neuropsychobiology 2015; 70:67-76. [PMID: 25359487 DOI: 10.1159/000364825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence is one of the leading contributors to the burden of disease in the world. A range of genetic and environmental risk factors has been identified to date, and preclinical and clinical studies including imaging studies have identified neuronal networks involved in the development of alcohol dependence. METHODS We review genetic and environmental risk factors for the development of alcohol addiction as well as structural and neuronal changes, including their transmitter systems, due to regular alcohol intake. RESULTS Stress as well as family background and, in juveniles, the peer group could be identified as environmental risk factors for alcohol dependence. Heritability is estimated at around 50%, and it seems to be comparable in women and men. There is ongoing research on a broad range of putative endophenotypes such as tolerance of the effects of alcohol intake or personal traits like 'impulsivity'. On the neurobiological level, chronic alcohol intake seems to render mesolimbic circuits hypersensitive to alcohol and alter the motivational reward system including dopaminergic neurotransmission. CONCLUSION Environmental and genetic risk factors, and especially their interaction, facilitate the development of alcohol dependence. Ongoing alcohol intake results in profound alterations of neuronal systems crucial for motivation, learning, memory and cognition control. Future studies should further combine the knowledge of neurobiological mechanisms and risk factors to develop new prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hägele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Beck A, Heinz AJ, Heinz A. Translational clinical neuroscience perspectives on the cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms underlying alcohol-related aggression. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 17:443-74. [PMID: 24338662 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2013_258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related violence, a longstanding, serious, and pervasive social problem, has provided researchers from diverse disciplines with a model to study individual differences in aggressive and violent behavior. Of course, not all alcohol consumers will become aggressive after drinking and similarly, not all individuals with alcohol use disorders will exhibit such untoward behavior. Rather, the relationship is best conceptualized as complex and indirect and is influenced by a constellation of social, cognitive, and biological factors that differ greatly from one person to the next. Animal experiments and human studies have elucidated how these mechanisms and processes explain (i.e., mediate) the relation between acute and chronic alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior. Further, the rich body of literature on alcohol-related aggression has allowed for identification of several potential high-yield targets for clinical intervention, e.g., cognitive training for executive dysfunction; psychopharmacology targeting affect and threat perception, which may also generalize to other psychiatric conditions characterized by aggressive behavior. Here we aim to integrate pertinent findings, derived from different methodological approaches and theoretical models, which explain heterogeneity in aggressive responses to alcohol. A translational platform is provided, highlighting common factors linking alcohol and aggression that warrant further, interdisciplinary study in order to reduce the devastating social impact of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Rezvani AH, Cauley MC, Levin ED. Lorcaserin, a selective 5-HT 2C receptor agonist, decreases alcohol intake in female alcohol preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 125:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Davies PT, Cicchetti D. How and why does the 5-HTTLPR gene moderate associations between maternal unresponsiveness and children's disruptive problems? Child Dev 2014; 85:484-500. [PMID: 24033129 PMCID: PMC4557734 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the 5-HTTLPR gene as a moderator in the relation between maternal unresponsiveness and child externalizing symptoms in a disadvantaged, predominantly Black sample of two hundred and one 2-year-old children and their mothers. Using a multimethod, prospective design, structural equation model analyses indicated that maternal unresponsiveness significantly predicted increases in externalizing symptoms 2 years later only for children possessing the LL genotype. Moderation was expressed in a "for better" or "for worse" form hypothesized in differential susceptibility theory. In examining why the risk posed by maternal unresponsiveness differed across the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, mediated moderation analyses showed that children's angry reactivity to maternal negativity partly accounted for the greater susceptibility of homozygous L carriers to variations in maternal unresponsiveness.
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Mundt A, Kliewe T, Yayla S, Ignatyev Y, Busch MA, Heimann H, Heinz A, Rapp MA, Schouler-Ocak M, Ströhle A, Aichberger MC. Social characteristics of psychological distress in disadvantaged areas of Berlin. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2014; 60:75-82. [PMID: 23117825 DOI: 10.1177/0020764012464017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Living in disadvantaged urban areas is associated with poor mental health. The purpose of this study was to assess which social characteristics were associated with psychological distress within a disadvantaged, multi-ethnic neighbourhood of Berlin. METHODS The study was conducted in an area of Berlin with the highest rates of unemployment and highest density of migrants. A total of 143 participants aged 18-57 years were included from a random sample. The social characteristics educational level, employment status, marital status, living alone, per-capita income and background of migration were collected. Psychological distress was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire GHQ-28; scores ≥ 5 indicated psychological distress corresponding to psychiatric caseness. RESULTS Psychological distress was found in 40.6% (n = 58) of the sample. Psychological distress was associated with younger age (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92-0.98, p = .004), female gender (OR = 3.51, 95% CI = 1.55-7.92, p = .003) and living alone (OR = 3.88, 95% CI = 1.58-9.52, p = .003), but not with background of migration, low educational level or with unemployment. CONCLUSIONS Young age and female gender may predispose for psychological distress in disadvantaged areas. Living alone could be a social indicator of poor mental health within disadvantaged urban areas. The directionality of the association is unclear. BACKGROUND of migration, low income and educational level do not seem to be associated with poor mental health within those areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Mundt
- 1Unit for Social & Community Psychiatry, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Cheaha D, Sawangjaroen K, Kumarnsit E. Characterization of fluoxetine effects on ethanol withdrawal-induced cortical hyperexcitability by EEG spectral power in rats. Neuropharmacology 2014; 77:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marschall-Lévesque S, Castellanos-Ryan N, Vitaro F, Séguin JR. Moderators of the association between peer and target adolescent substance use. Addict Behav 2014; 39:48-70. [PMID: 24183303 PMCID: PMC3858300 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Associating with substance using peers is generally considered as one of the most important predictors of adolescent substance use. However, peer association does not affect all adolescents in the same way. To better understand when and under what conditions peer association is most linked with adolescent substance use (SU), this review focuses on the factors that may operate as moderators of this association. The review highlighted several potential moderators reflecting adolescents' individual characteristics (e.g., pubertal status, genes and personality), peer and parental factors (e.g., nature of relationships and parental monitoring), and contextual factors (e.g., peer, school and neighborhood context). As peer association is a broad concept, important methodological aspects were also addressed in order to illustrate how they can potentially bias interpretation. Taking these into account, we suggest that, while the effects of some moderators are clear (e.g., parental monitoring and sensation seeking), others are less straightforward (e.g., neighborhood) and need to be further examined. This review also provides recommendations for addressing different methodological concerns in the study of moderators, including: the use of longitudinal and experimental studies and the use of mediated moderation. These will be key for developing theory and effective prevention.
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Beck A, Heinz A. Alcohol-related aggression-social and neurobiological factors. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 110:711-5. [PMID: 24223671 PMCID: PMC3820993 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related aggression and violence are a widespread cause of personal suffering with high socioeconomic costs. In 2011, nearly one in three violent acts in Germany was committed under the influence of alcohol (31.8%). The link between alcohol consumption and aggression is promoted by various interacting factors. METHODS In this review, based on a selective search for pertinent literature in PubMed, we analyze and summarize information from original articles, reviews, and book chapters about alcohol and aggression and discuss the neurobiological basis of aggressive behavior. RESULTS Aggression is promoted both by the cognitive deficits arising in connection with acute or chronic alcohol use and by prior experience of violence in particular situations where alcohol was drunk. Only a minority of persons who drink alcohol become aggressive. On the other hand, alcohol abuse and dependence together constitute the second most commonly diagnosed cause of suicide (15-43%). Current research indicates that the individual tendency toward alcohol-induced aggression depends not just on neurobiological factors, but also on personal expectations of the effects of alcohol, on prior experience of violent conflicts, and on the environmental conditions of early childhood, especially social exclusion and discrimination. Gene-environment interactions affecting the serotonergic and other neurotransmitter systems play an important role. Potential (but not yet adequately validated) therapeutic approaches involve reinforcing cognitive processes or pharmacologically modulating serotonergic neurotransmission (and other target processes). CONCLUSION Alcohol-related aggression has manifold social and neurobiological causes. Specific treatments must be tested in controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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Sliwowska JH, Song HJ, Bodnar T, Weinberg J. Prenatal alcohol exposure results in long-term serotonin neuron deficits in female rats: modulatory role of ovarian steroids. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:152-60. [PMID: 23915273 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on male rodents found that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) decreases the number of serotonin immunoreactive (5-HT-ir) neurons in the brainstem. However, data on the effects of PAE in females are lacking. In light of known sex differences in responsiveness of the 5-HT system and known effects of estrogen (E2 ) and progesterone (P4 ) in the brain, we hypothesized that sex steroids will modulate the adverse effects of PAE on 5-HT neurons in adult females. METHODS Adult females from 3 prenatal groups (Prenatal alcohol-exposed [PAE], Pair-fed [PF], and ad libitum-fed Controls [C]) were ovariectomized (OVX), with or without hormone replacement, or underwent Sham OVX. 5-HT-ir cells were examined in key brainstem areas. RESULTS Our data support the hypothesis that PAE has long-term effects on the 5-HT system of females and that ovarian steroids have a modulatory role in these effects. Intact (Sham OVX) PAE females had marginally lower numbers of 5-HT-ir neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the brainstem compared with PF and C females. This marginal difference became significant following removal of hormones by OVX. Replacement with E2 restored the number of 5-HT-ir neurons in PAE females to control levels, while P4 reversed the effects of E2 . Importantly, despite these differential responses of the 5-HT system to ovarian steroids, there were no differences in E2 and P4 levels among prenatal treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate long-term, adverse effects of PAE on the 5-HT system of females, as well as differential sensitivity of PAE compared with control females to the modulatory effects of ovarian steroids on 5-HT neurons. Our findings have important implications for understanding sex differences in 5-HT dysfunction in depression/anxiety disorders and the higher rates of these mental health problems in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna H Sliwowska
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Laboratory of Neurobiology , Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Soichot M, Vaast A, Vignau J, Guillemin GJ, Lhermitte M, Broly F, Allorge D. Characterization of functional polymorphisms and glucocorticoid-responsive elements in the promoter of TDO2, a candidate gene for ethanol-induced behavioural disorders. Alcohol Alcohol 2013; 48:415-25. [PMID: 23558111 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In response to acute ethanol consumption, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) induces the kynurenine pathway (KP) through a glucocorticoid-mediated mechanism, which could lead to a dramatic accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites in association with serotonin depletion. As a result, interindividual variability in ethanol-induced behavioural disorders, such as black-outs and violent impulsive behaviours (BOVIBs) following binge drinking, could be partly explained by genetic polymorphisms affecting the KP. The aim of this study was to identify polymorphisms on the promoter of the TDO2 gene that could affect expression and/or activity of TDO through glucocorticoid induction. METHODS Polymorphisms were screened using a PCR-sequencing strategy applied to 31 alcohol-dependent patients and 49 unrelated healthy volunteers, and functionally analysed with bioinformatic prediction tools and gene reporter assays in HepG2 and A549 cell lines. RESULTS We identified 12 polymorphisms in the human TDO2 promoter region, 2 of them corresponding to previously unknown single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 3 of them located in putative glucocorticoid-responsive elements (GREs). Gene reporter assays using HepG2 and A549 cell lines confirmed the presence of several functional GREs in the promoter region of TDO2 and revealed that some of the identified polymorphisms affect the promoter activity under glucocorticoid receptor over-expression and dexamethasone exposure conditions. CONCLUSIONS Correlational studies in larger samples could help to determine whether these polymorphisms are responsible for variations of expression and/or activity of TDO, in particular under conditions where release of glucocorticoids is increased, such as acute ethanol intake. If confirmed, such results would be of major interest in explaining part of the interindividual variability observed in behavioural responses to acute ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Soichot
- Equipe d'Accueil 4483, Faculté de Médecine/Pôle Recherche, UDSL, Université Lille-Nord de France, Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille Cedex, France
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Abstract
Evidence indicates that the serotonergic system is important in mediating dependence on and craving for alcohol. Among serotonin receptors, 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT1B) receptors have been associated with drug abuse including alcohol. In this review, the neurocircuitry involving 5-HT1B receptors in central reward brain regions related to alcohol intake are discussed in detail. Emphasis has been placed on the pharmacological manipulations of 5-HT1B receptor-mediated alcohol intake. Furthermore, 5-HT1B auto- and hetero-receptors regulate alcohol intake through the regulatory mechanism involving release of 5-HT, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, and glutamate is evaluated. Thus, interactions between 5-HT1B receptors and these neurotransmitter systems are suggested to modulate alcohol-drinking behavior. This review on the role of 5-HT1B receptors in neurotransmitter release and consequent alcohol intake provides important information about the potential therapeutic role of 5-HT1B receptors for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Sari
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Garbusow M, Friedel E, Sebold M, Beck A, Heinz A, Smolka MN. Wege in die Abhängigkeit. SUCHT-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR WISSENSCHAFT UND PRAXIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1024/0939-5911.a000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund: Riskanter Alkoholkonsum und Alkoholabhängigkeit treten in Industrieländern häufig auf und manifestieren sich oft bereits im jungen Erwachsenenalter. Wir prüfen in dieser Studie den Einfluss dysfunktionaler Lernmechanismen und deren Modulation durch verschiedene Stressoren, wie z. B. die Menge des Alkoholkonsums, auf die Entstehung, den Verlauf und ggf. die Aufrechterhaltung der Abhängigkeitserkrankung. Zielsetzung: Bisher bekannte ätiologische Faktoren, die im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung einer Alkoholabhängigkeit stehen, betreffen sowohl genetische (z. B. die genetisch bedingte geringe Sensitivität gegenüber der akuten Alkoholwirkung oder eine positive Familiengeschichte bezüglich Alkoholabhängigkeit) als auch umweltbedingten Faktoren (z. B. Stress, Trauma, dysfunktionale familiäre Strukturen und der Einfluss der Peers). Belohnungsabhängige Lernmechanismen könnten mit dem veränderten Alkoholkonsum in Adoleszenz und jungem Erwachsenenalter assoziiert sein und somit ebenfalls zu den prädisponierenden Faktoren für die Entwicklung einer Alkoholabhängigkeit zählen. Unser Wissen über diese Mechanismen ist bisher jedoch begrenzt. Im Rahmen der Studie „Learning in Alcohol Dependence“ (LeAD) sollen Lernmechanismen und ihre Bedeutung für die Entstehung exzessiven Alkoholkonsums untersucht werden. Zudem wird im Längsschnitt erfasst, wie sich der Alkoholkonsum selbst wieder auf diese Lernmechanismen auswirkt. Methodik: Eine Kohorte 18-jähriger Männer mit hohem versus niedrigem Risiko an einer Alkoholabhängigkeit zu erkranken, wird im Längsschnitt untersucht, wobei unter anderem bereits bekannte Risikofaktoren erfasst werden. Lernmechanismen werden mithilfe verschiedener Paradigmen (dem Pavlow’schen und instrumentellen Lernen, Habituierung und Devaluation sowie Risikoverhalten) behavioral und mittels funktioneller Bildgebung untersucht. Schlussfolgerungen: Bisher existieren keine Untersuchungen beim Menschen, in denen spezifische Veränderungen des Lernverhaltens mit prädisponierenden Faktoren für die Entwicklung einer Alkoholabhängigkeit in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Durch die LeAD-Studie sollen diese Faktoren weiter aufgeklärt werden, wodurch eine zielgerichtete Prävention besser möglich werden könnte. Dadurch ließen sich speziell in dieser Altersgruppe Prävalenz und Schwere der Alkoholabhängigkeit beeinflussen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garbusow
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin
| | - Eva Friedel
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin
| | - Miriam Sebold
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin
| | - Anne Beck
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Forschungsbereich Systemische Neurowissenschaften, Technische Universität Dresden
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Manepalli S, Surratt CK, Madura JD, Nolan TL. Monoamine transporter structure, function, dynamics, and drug discovery: a computational perspective. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:820-31. [PMID: 22918625 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the breakthrough crystallization of the bacterial leucine transporter protein LeuT, the first available X-ray structure for the neurotransmitter/sodium symporter family, development of 3-D computational models is suddenly essential for structure-function studies on the plasmalemmal monoamine transporters (MATs). LeuT-based MAT models have been used to guide elucidation of substrate and inhibitor binding pockets, and molecular dynamics simulations using these models are providing insight into conformations involved in the substrate translocation cycle. With credible MAT models finally in hand, structure-based virtual screening for novel ligands is yielding lead compounds toward the development of new medications for psychostimulant dependence, attention deficit hyperactivity, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and other disorders associated with dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Manepalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Förg A, Hein J, Volkmar K, Winter M, Richter C, Heinz A, Müller CA. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 47:149-55. [PMID: 22215002 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to collect preliminary data on the efficacy and safety of pregabalin in attenuating the severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms during detoxification treatment in alcohol dependence. METHODS Forty-two alcohol-dependent patients with an alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) were included in the prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial during inpatient alcohol detoxification. For 6 days, participants either received pregabalin or placebo according to a fixed dose schedule starting with 300 mg/day. Depending on the score of the AWS Scale (AWSS), diazepam was additionally administered as a rescue medication. The primary endpoint was the total amount of diazepam required from Day 2 to 6 of detoxification treatment in each of the two groups. Secondary outcome variables were the difference in AWSS and Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA-Ar) scores between Day 2 and 6, tolerability and safety data, drop-out rates as well as changes in the neuropsychological scales. RESULTS Pregabalin and placebo were equally safe and well tolerated. However, no statistically significant difference was found comparing the total amount of additional diazepam medication required in the two study groups. Pregabalin and placebo also showed similar efficacy according to alterations of scores of the AWSS, CIWA-Ar and neuropsychological scales. The frequency of adverse events and drop-outs did not differ between the both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates the relative safety of pregabalin in the treatment of AWS. However, the results do not provide evidence in favor of pregabalin compared with placebo concerning its efficacy in the treatment of AWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Förg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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West CH, Boss-Williams KA, Weiss JM. Effects of fenfluramine, 8-OH-DPAT, and tryptophan-enriched diet on the high-ethanol intake by rats bred for susceptibility to stress. Alcohol 2011; 45:739-49. [PMID: 21924578 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The swim-test susceptible (SUS) line of rats has been bred in our laboratory for the characteristic of reduced motor activity in the swim test following exposure to an acute stressor. Testing of multiple generations of SUS rats has also revealed that they consume large amounts of ethanol voluntarily. As reported for lines of rats that show a propensity for high-ethanol intake, the SUS rats show evidence of low serotonergic function. Because serotonergic function has often been shown to be involved in the regulation of alcohol consumption, here we examined the effects of manipulations of serotonin transmission on intake of ethanol by SUS rats. Fenfluramine, a serotonin-releasing drug, was injected at various doses (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0mg/kg) twice per day and ethanol intake was measured using a two-bottle free-choice method. The 8-OH-DPAT, a 5‑HT(1A) agonist, was injected at various doses (0.03125, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0mg/kg) before a 1-h session of exposure to ethanol (single-bottle test, water available the other 23h per day). A diet enriched with 3% tryptophan (TRP), the amino acid precursor for serotonin synthesis, was administered in a restricted feeding schedule (5h per day) with ethanol intake measured the last 4h. Fenfluramine decreased ethanol intake at all doses tested. The 8-OH-DPAT increased ethanol intake at lower doses, presumably acting at autoreceptors, which inhibit serotonergic neurons, and decreased intake at higher doses, presumably acting at postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors. TRP-enriched diet also significantly decreased ethanol intake. Food and water intake were less or unaffected by these three manipulations. With all three manipulations, ethanol intake remained suppressed one or more days after the day of tests that decreased ethanol intake. These data suggest that SUS rats, like many other lines/strains of rodents that consume large amounts of alcohol, show an inverse relationship between serotonin transmission and voluntary intake of ethanol.
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Manepalli S, Geffert LM, Surratt CK, Madura JD. Discovery of novel selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors through development of a protein-based pharmacophore. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2417-26. [PMID: 21834587 PMCID: PMC3183329 DOI: 10.1021/ci200280m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT), a member of the neurotransmitter sodium symporter (NSS) family, is responsible for the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft to maintain neurotransmitter homeostasis. SERT is established as an important target in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Because a high-resolution crystal structure is not available, a computational model of SERT was built based upon the X-ray coordinates of the leucine transporter LeuT, a bacterial NSS homologue. The model was used to develop the first SERT structure-based pharmacophore. Virtual screening (VS) of a small molecule structural library using the generated SERT computational model yielded candidate ligands of diverse scaffolds. Pharmacological analysis of the VS hits identified two SERT-selective compounds, potential lead compounds for further SERT-related medication development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Manepalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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48
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Heinz AJ, Beck A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Sterzer P, Heinz A. Cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms of alcohol-related aggression. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:400-13. [PMID: 21633380 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related violence is a serious and common social problem. Moreover, violent behaviour is much more common in alcohol-dependent individuals. Animal experiments and human studies have provided insights into the acute effect of alcohol on aggressive behaviour and into common factors underlying acute and chronic alcohol intake and aggression. These studies have shown that environmental factors, such as early-life stress, interact with genetic variations in serotonin-related genes that affect serotonergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. This leads to increased amygdala activity and impaired prefrontal function that, together, predispose to both increased alcohol intake and impulsive aggression. In addition, acute and chronic alcohol intake can further impair executive control and thereby facilitate aggressive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne J Heinz
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W Harrison Street, MC 285 Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA. andreas.heinz@ charite.de
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Huys QJM, Cools R, Gölzer M, Friedel E, Heinz A, Dolan RJ, Dayan P. Disentangling the roles of approach, activation and valence in instrumental and pavlovian responding. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002028. [PMID: 21556131 PMCID: PMC3080848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hard-wired, Pavlovian, responses elicited by predictions of rewards and punishments exert significant benevolent and malevolent influences over instrumentally-appropriate actions. These influences come in two main groups, defined along anatomical, pharmacological, behavioural and functional lines. Investigations of the influences have so far concentrated on the groups as a whole; here we take the critical step of looking inside each group, using a detailed reinforcement learning model to distinguish effects to do with value, specific actions, and general activation or inhibition. We show a high degree of sophistication in Pavlovian influences, with appetitive Pavlovian stimuli specifically promoting approach and inhibiting withdrawal, and aversive Pavlovian stimuli promoting withdrawal and inhibiting approach. These influences account for differences in the instrumental performance of approach and withdrawal behaviours. Finally, although losses are as informative as gains, we find that subjects neglect losses in their instrumental learning. Our findings argue for a view of the Pavlovian system as a constraint or prior, facilitating learning by alleviating computational costs that come with increased flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin J M Huys
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Zupanc T, Pregelj P, Tomori M, Komel R, Paska AV. TPH2 polymorphisms and alcohol-related suicide. Neurosci Lett 2011; 490:78-81. [PMID: 21182896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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