1
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Ghanem S, Keren-Politansky A, Kaplan V, Crispel Y, Nadir Y. Tissue factor-heparanase complex: intracellular nonhemostatic effects. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:102179. [PMID: 37767062 PMCID: PMC10520574 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heparanase, known to be involved in angiogenesis, cancer progression, and inflammation, was shown to form a complex with tissue factor (TF) via its procoagulant domain and to enhance the hemostatic system. Objectives To reveal a potential role of heparanase procoagulant domain in nonhemostatic effects. Methods Effects of peptides 16 and 16AC derived from the heparanase procoagulant domain, discovered by our group, were studied using the XTT proliferation assay, western blot analysis, and immunostaining in vitro and a mouse wound-healing model. Results Procoagulant peptides induced increased proliferation, release of heparanase, and upregulation of heparanase, TF, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and TFPI-2 in U87, T47D, and MCF-7 tumor cell lines and in endothelial cells. These results were reversed by a peptide derived from TFPI-2 that inhibited the heparanse procoagulant domain-TF complex. Thrombin had a similar effect on tumor cell proliferation and heparanase release, although the impact of thrombin on cell proliferation was mediated by the heparanase procoagulant domain. A mouse model of full-thickness skin incision exhibited higher levels of heparanase, TF, TFPI, and TFPI-2 in the healing skin, mainly in the blood vessel wall and lumen in animals injected with the procoagulant peptides compared to controls. The cells transfected to overexpress full-length TF or TF devoid of the cytoplasmic domain demonstrated that the procoagulant domain conveyed intracellular signaling via TF. Conclusion Heparanase procoagulant domain induces nonhemostatic effects via TF. The finding that TF serves as a receptor to heparanase supports the close direct relation between the hemostatic system and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorook Ghanem
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Keren-Politansky
- Hematology Laboratory, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Victoria Kaplan
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yonatan Crispel
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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2
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Vlodavsky I, Kayal Y, Hilwi M, Soboh S, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Heparanase-A single protein with multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions. PROTEOGLYCAN RESEARCH 2023; 1:e6. [PMID: 37547889 PMCID: PMC10398610 DOI: 10.1002/pgr2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (Hpa1) is expressed by tumor cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment and functions extracellularly to remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulate the bioavailability of ECM-bound factors, augmenting, among other effects, gene transcription, autophagy, exosome formation, and heparan sulfate (HS) turnover. Much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The enzyme appears to fulfill some normal functions associated, for example, with vesicular traffic, lysosomal-based secretion, autophagy, HS turnover, and gene transcription. It activates cells of the innate immune system, promotes the formation of exosomes and autophagosomes, and stimulates signal transduction pathways via enzymatic and nonenzymatic activities. These effects dynamically impact multiple regulatory pathways that together drive tumor growth, dissemination, and drug resistance as well as inflammatory responses. The emerging premise is that heparanase expressed by tumor cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a key regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a valid target for therapy. So far, however, antiheparanase-based therapy has not been implemented in the clinic. Unlike heparanase, heparanase-2 (Hpa2), a close homolog of heparanase (Hpa1), does not undergo proteolytic processing and hence lacks intrinsic HS-degrading activity, the hallmark of heparanase. Hpa2 retains the capacity to bind heparin/HS and exhibits an even higher affinity towards HS than heparanase, thus competing for HS binding and inhibiting heparanase enzymatic activity. It appears that Hpa2 functions as a natural inhibitor of Hpa1 regulates the expression of selected genes that maintain tissue hemostasis and normal function, and plays a protective role against cancer and inflammation, together emphasizing the significance of maintaining a proper balance between Hpa1 and Hpa2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Yasmin Kayal
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Maram Hilwi
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Soaad Soboh
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
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3
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Cao J, Ding C, Huang J, Chen Y, Chen Y. PULMONARY VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GLYCOCALYX DEGRADATION CONTRIBUTES TO ACUTE LUNG INJURY IN EXPERIENCING HEATSTROKE. Shock 2023; 59:966-972. [PMID: 37040184 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives: This study investigated the role and potential involvement of pulmonary vascular glycocalyx degradation in acute lung injury in rats with severe heatstroke (HS). Methods: Rats in an established HS model were exposed to a heated environment for 60 min in an incubator (temperature, 40°C ± 2°C; humidity, 65% ± 5%). Following pretreatment with heparanase III (HPSE III) or heparin, pathological lung injury, arterial blood gas, alveolar barrier disruption, and hemodynamic changes were evaluated. The vascular endothelial structures of the lungs were examined using electron microscopy. The concentration of Evans blue dye in the lungs and arterial blood gas were assessed. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify the plasma concentration of heparan sulfate proteoglycan. The expression of glypican-1 and syndecan-1 in pulmonary vessels was measured using immunofluorescence. Western blots were used to detect the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and vascular endothelial biomarkers in the rat lungs. Pulmonary apoptosis was assessed using a TUNEL (terminal dUTP nick end labeling) assay, and the concentrations of malondialdehyde were measured. Results: Glycocalyx shedding aggravated lung injuries. Severe histopathological damage was observed, and indexes of lung function deviated from abnormal ranges. In addition, pulmonary vascular endothelial cells were disrupted. Compared with the HS group, the plasma concentration of heparan sulfate proteoglycan significantly increased in the HPSE group ( P < 0.05). The expression of glypican-1 and syndecan-1 decreased, and the extravasation of Evans blue dye increased ( P < 0.01). Endothelial biomarker expression increased in the lung tissue, whereas occludin expression decreased. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 were overexpressed following heat stress. Furthermore, apoptosis of pulmonary tissues and the concentration of malondialdehyde in rat lungs increased in the HS and HPSE groups. Conclusions : Heatstroke induced pulmonary glycocalyx degradation, which increased vascular permeability and aggravated vascular endothelial dysfunction, contributing to apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidation in the pulmonary tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chengjia Ding
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jieen Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanzhu Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, China
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4
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Ham H, Xu Y, Haller CA, Dai E, Stancanelli E, Liu J, Chaikof EL. Design of an Ultralow Molecular Weight Heparin That Resists Heparanase Biodegradation. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2194-2203. [PMID: 36706244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase, an endo-β-d-glucuronidase produced by a variety of cells and tissues, cleaves the glycosidic linkage between glucuronic acid (GlcA) and a 3-O- or 6-O-sulfated glucosamine, typified by the disaccharide -[GlcA-GlcNS3S6S]-, which is found within the antithrombin-binding domain of heparan sulfate or heparin. As such, all current forms of heparin are susceptible to degradation by heparanase with neutralization of anticoagulant properties. Here, we have designed a heparanase-resistant, ultralow molecular weight heparin as the structural analogue of fondaparinux that does not contain an internal GlcA residue but otherwise displays potent anticoagulant activity. This heparin oligosaccharide was synthesized following a chemoenzymatic scheme and displays nanomolar anti-FXa activity yet is resistant to heparanase digestion. Inhibition of thrombus formation was further demonstrated after subcutaneous administration of this compound in a murine model of venous thrombosis. Thrombus inhibition was comparable to that observed for enoxaparin with a similar effect on bleeding time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunok Ham
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS-11090, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Rm 1044, Genetic Medicine Building, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carolyn A Haller
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS-11090, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Erbin Dai
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS-11090, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Eduardo Stancanelli
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Rm 1044, Genetic Medicine Building, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Rm 1044, Genetic Medicine Building, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS-11090, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street, Suite 9F, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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5
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Krayem B, Brenner B, Horowitz NA. Thrombosis in Pregnant Women with Hematological Malignancies: A Case-Based Review. Semin Thromb Hemost 2022; 49:348-354. [PMID: 36535649 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCancer and pregnancy induce a procoagulant environment which may lead to maternal and fetal complications, such as venous thromboembolism, fetal growth restriction, and fetal loss. The incidence of hematological malignancies diagnosed during pregnancy is rising, and thrombotic events in such malignancies are not rare. Management of thrombosis during pregnancy poses a therapeutic challenge, that is further exacerbated by the impact of cancer. The available data on managing pregnant women with hematological malignancies are limited to those with myeloproliferative neoplasms, mainly essential thrombocythemia, and, to a lesser extent, polycythemia vera. Low-dose aspirin is recommended throughout pregnancy, and considering treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin and interferon formulations is advised for high-risk patients. Currently, guidelines for handling thrombotic events in pregnant women with lymphoma or leukemia are lacking, and their management is based on data extrapolated from retrospective studies, and guidelines for prevention and treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis. The present case-based review will focus on the complex issue of thrombotic risk in pregnant women with hematological malignancies, specifically myeloproliferative neoplasms, lymphomas, and leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baher Krayem
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Netanel A. Horowitz
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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6
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Heparanase Increases Podocyte Survival and Autophagic Flux after Adriamycin-Induced Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012691. [PMID: 36293542 PMCID: PMC9604275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) is enriched with heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, which contribute to its permselectivity. The endoglycosidase heparanase cleaves HS and hence appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of kidney injury and glomerulonephritis. We have recently reported, nonetheless, that heparanase overexpression preserved glomerular structure and kidney function in an experimental model of Adriamycin-induced nephropathy. To elucidate mechanisms underlying heparanase function in podocytes-key GFB cells, we utilized a human podocyte cell line and transgenic mice overexpressing heparanase. Notably, podocytes overexpressing heparanase (H) demonstrated significantly higher survival rates and viability after exposure to Adriamycin or hydrogen peroxide, compared with mock-infected (V) podocytes. Immunofluorescence staining of kidney cryo-sections and cultured H and V podocytes as well as immunoblotting of proteins extracted from cultured cells, revealed that exposure to toxic injury resulted in a significant increase in autophagic flux in H podocytes, which was reversed by the heparanase inhibitor, Roneparstat (SST0001). Heparanase overexpression was also associated with substantial transcriptional upregulation of autophagy genes BCN1, ATG5, and ATG12, following Adriamycin treatment. Moreover, cleaved caspase-3 was attenuated in H podocytes exposed to Adriamycin, indicating lower apoptotic cell death in H vs. V podocytes. Collectively, these findings suggest that in podocytes, elevated levels of heparanase promote cytoprotection.
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7
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Heparanase: A Novel Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203198. [PMID: 36291066 PMCID: PMC9599978 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and its management places a huge burden on healthcare systems through hospitalisation and treatment. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall resulting in the formation of lipid-rich, fibrotic plaques under the subendothelium and is a key contributor to the development of CVD. As such, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis is urgently required for more effective disease treatment and prevention strategies. Heparanase is the only mammalian enzyme known to cleave heparan sulfate of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which is a key component of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. By cleaving heparan sulfate, heparanase contributes to the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing, inflammation, tumour angiogenesis, and cell migration. Recent evidence suggests a multifactorial role for heparanase in atherosclerosis by promoting underlying inflammatory processes giving rise to plaque formation, as well as regulating lesion stability. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the role of heparanase in physiological and pathological processes with a focus on the emerging role of the enzyme in atherosclerosis.
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8
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Yang M, Tang B, Wang S, Tang L, Wen D, Vlodavsky I, Yang SM. Non-enzymatic heparanase enhances gastric tumor proliferation via TFEB-dependent autophagy. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:49. [PMID: 35970822 PMCID: PMC9378687 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase (HPA) is the predominant enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate and plays a critical role in a variety of pathophysiological processes. HPA activity has been traditionally correlated with tumor metastasis due to participation in the cleavage and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Apart from its well-characterized catalytic properties, HPA was noticed to exert biological functions not rely on its enzymatic activity. This feature is supported by studies showing induction of signaling events, such as Src and AKT, by nonenzymatic HPA mutant. We provide evidence here that active HPA and inactive HPA mutant proteins enhance gastric cancer cell growth, possibly attributed to TFEB-mediated autophagy. Similarly, HPA gene silencing resulted in decreased gastric cancer cell proliferation and autophagy. Besides, TFEB inhibition reduced cell growth and autophagy induced by nonenzymatic HPA. Notably, HPA and TFEB were significantly elevated in gastric carcinomas compared with the adjacent gastric tissue. Moreover, the elevation of HPA gene expression and upregulation of TFEB levels have been associated with advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis of gastric cancer, providing strong clinical support for a connection between TFEB and HPA. Thus, neutralizing the nonenzymatic function of HPA and the related TFEB-driven autophagy may profoundly impact gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Sumin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Dalin Wen
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China.
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9
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Rodrigues AAN, Lopes-Santos L, Lacerda PA, Juste MF, Mariz BA, Cajazeiro DC, Giacobbe V, Borges R, Casarim A, Callegari GDS, Claret Arcadipane FAM, Aprahamian I, Salo TA, De Oliveira CE, Coletta RD, Augusto TM, Cervigne NK. Heparanase 1 Upregulation Promotes Tumor Progression and Is a Predictor of Low Survival for Oral Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:742213. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.742213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral cavity cancer is still an important public health problem throughout the world. Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) can be quite aggressive and metastatic, with a low survival rate and poor prognosis. However, this is usually related to the clinical stage and histological grade, and molecular prognostic markers for clinical practice are yet to be defined. Heparanase (HPSE1) is an endoglycosidase associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, and although involved in several malignancies, the clinical implications of HPSE1 expression in OSCCs are still unknown.Methods: We sought to investigate HPSE1 expression in a series of primary OSCCs and further explore whether its overexpression plays a relevant role in OSCC tumorigenesis. mRNA and protein expression analyses were performed in OSCC tissue samples and cell lines. A loss-of-function strategy using shRNA and a gain-of-function strategy using an ORF vector targeting HPSE1 were employed to investigate the endogenous modulation of HPSE1 and its effects on proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, migration, and invasion of oral cancer in vitro.Results: We demonstrated that HPSE1 is frequently upregulated in OSCC samples and cell lines and is an unfavorable prognostic indicator of disease-specific survival when combined with advanced pT stages. Moreover, abrogation of HPSE1 in OSCC cells significantly promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by significantly decreasing the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin. Furthermore, a conditioned medium of HPSE1-downregulated cells resulted in reduced vascular endothelial growth.Conclusion: Our results confirm the overexpression of HPSE1 in OSCCs, suggest that HPSE1 expression correlates with disease progression as it is associated with several important biological processes for oral tumorigenesis, and can be managed as a prognostic marker for patients with OSCC.
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10
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Amelio GS, Provitera L, Raffaeli G, Tripodi M, Amodeo I, Gulden S, Cortesi V, Manzoni F, Cervellini G, Tomaselli A, Pravatà V, Garrido F, Villamor E, Mosca F, Cavallaro G. Endothelial dysfunction in preterm infants: The hidden legacy of uteroplacental pathologies. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1041919. [PMID: 36405831 PMCID: PMC9671930 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1041919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of infants are born prematurely every year worldwide. Prematurity, particularly at lower gestational ages, is associated with high mortality and morbidity and is a significant global health burden. Pregnancy complications and preterm birth syndrome strongly impact neonatal clinical phenotypes and outcomes. The vascular endothelium is a pivotal regulator of fetal growth and development. In recent years, the key role of uteroplacental pathologies impairing endothelial homeostasis is emerging. Conditions leading to very and extremely preterm birth can be classified into two main pathophysiological patterns or endotypes: infection/inflammation and dysfunctional placentation. The first is frequently related to chorioamnionitis, whereas the second is commonly associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and fetal growth restriction. The nature, timing, and extent of prenatal noxa may alter fetal and neonatal endothelial phenotype and functions. Changes in the luminal surface, oxidative stress, growth factors imbalance, and dysregulation of permeability and vascular tone are the leading causes of endothelial dysfunction in preterm infants. However, the available evidence regarding endothelial physiology and damage is limited in neonates compared to adults. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge on endothelial dysfunction in the infectious/inflammatory and dysfunctional placentation endotypes of prematurity, summarizing their molecular features, available biomarkers, and clinical impact. Furthermore, knowledge gaps, shadows, and future research perspectives are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Simeone Amelio
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Provitera
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Genny Raffaeli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Tripodi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Amodeo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gulden
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cortesi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Manzoni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cervellini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Tomaselli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Pravatà
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Felipe Garrido
- Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cavallaro
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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11
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Pape T, Hunkemöller AM, Kümpers P, Haller H, David S, Stahl K. Targeting the "sweet spot" in septic shock - A perspective on the endothelial glycocalyx regulating proteins Heparanase-1 and -2. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100095. [PMID: 34917926 PMCID: PMC8669377 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome caused by a pathological host response to an infection that eventually, if uncontrolled, leads to septic shock and ultimately, death. In sepsis, a massive aggregation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) cause a cytokine storm. The endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) is a gel like layer on the luminal side of the endothelium that consists of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and plasma proteins. It is synthesized by endothelial cells and plays an active role in the regulation of inflammation, permeability, and coagulation. In sepsis, early and profound injury of the eGC is observed and circulating eGC components correlate directly with clinical severity and outcome. The activity of the heparan sulfate (HS) specific glucuronidase Heparanase-1 (Hpa-1) is elevated in sepsis, resulting in shedding of heparan sulfate (HS), a main GAG of the eGC. HS induces endothelial barrier breakdown and accelerates systemic inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a PAMP mainly found on the surface of gram-negative bacteria, activates TLR-4, which results in cytokine production and further activation of Hpa-1. Hpa-1 shed HS fragments act as DAMPs themselves, leading to a vicious cycle of inflammation and end-organ dysfunction such as septic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy. Recently, Hpa-1's natural antagonist, Heparanase-2 (Hpa-2) has been identified. It has no intrinsic enzymatic activity but instead acts by reducing inflammation. Hpa-2 levels are reduced in septic mice and patients, leading to an acquired imbalance of Hpa-1 and Hpa-2 paving the road towards a therapeutic intervention. Recently, the synthetic antimicrobial peptide 19-2.5 was described as a promising therapy protecting the eGC by inhibition of Hpa-1 activity and HS shed fragments in animal studies. However, a recombinant Hpa-2 therapy does not exist to the present time. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), a modality already tested in clinical practice, effectively removes injurious mediators, e.g., Hpa-1, while replacing depleted protective molecules, e.g., Hpa-2. In critically ill patients with septic shock, TPE restores the physiological Hpa-1/Hpa-2 ratio and attenuates eGC breakdown. TPE results in a significant improvement in hemodynamic instability including reduced vasopressor requirement. Although promising, further studies are needed to determine the therapeutic impact of TPE in septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Pape
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Hunkemöller
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Kümpers
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal and Emergency Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha David
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Stahl
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Mayfosh AJ, Nguyen TK, Hulett MD. The Heparanase Regulatory Network in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011096. [PMID: 34681753 PMCID: PMC8541136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a structural framework that has many important physiological functions which include maintaining tissue structure and integrity, serving as a barrier to invading pathogens, and acting as a reservoir for bioactive molecules. This cellular scaffold is made up of various types of macromolecules including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). HSPGs comprise a protein core linked to the complex glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS), the remodeling of which is important for many physiological processes such as wound healing as well as pathological processes including cancer metastasis. Turnover of HS is tightly regulated by a single enzyme capable of cleaving HS side chains: heparanase. Heparanase upregulation has been identified in many inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis, fibrosis, and cancer, where it has been shown to play multiple roles in processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Heparanase expression and activity are tightly regulated. Understanding the regulation of heparanase and its downstream targets is attractive for the development of treatments for these diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the regulators of heparanase as well as the enzyme’s downstream gene and protein targets, and implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce J. Mayfosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Tien K. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Mark D. Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Capozzi A, Riitano G, Recalchi S, Manganelli V, Costi R, Saccoliti F, Pulcinelli F, Garofalo T, Misasi R, Longo A, Di Santo R, Sorice M. Effect of heparanase inhibitor on tissue factor overexpression in platelets and endothelial cells induced by anti-β2-GPI antibodies. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2302-2313. [PMID: 34107171 PMCID: PMC8456873 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by arterial and/or venous thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity associated with the presence of "anti-phospholipid antibodies." Thrombosis may be the result of a hypercoagulable state related to activation of endothelial cells and platelets by anti-β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) antibodies. Anti-β2-GPI antibodies induce a proinflammatory and procoagulant phenotype in these cells that, after activation, express tissue factor (TF), the major initiator of the clotting cascade, playing a role in thrombotic manifestations. Moreover, TF expression may also be induced by heparanase, an endo-β-D-glucuronidase, that generates heparan sulfate fragments, regulating inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVES In this study we analyzed, in human platelets and endothelial cells, the effect of a new symmetrical 2-aminophenyl-benzazolyl-5-acetate derivative (RDS3337), able to inhibit heparanase activity, on signal transduction pathways leading to TF expression triggered by anti-β2-GPI. METHODS Platelets and endothelial cells were incubated with affinity purified anti-β2-GPI after pretreatment with RDS3337. Cell lysates were analyzed for phospho-interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), phospho-p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and TF by western blot. In addition, platelet activation and secretion by ATP release dosage were evaluated. RESULTS IRAK phosphorylation and consequent NF-κB activation, as well as TF expression triggered by anti-β2-GPI treatment were significantly prevented by previous pretreatment with RDS3337. In the same vein, pretreatment with RDS3337 prevented platelet aggregation and ATP release triggered by anti-β2-GPI antibodies. CONCLUSION These findings support the view of heparanase involvement in a prothrombotic state related to APS syndrome, suggesting a novel target to regulate overexpression of procoagulant protein(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Capozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Gloria Riitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Serena Recalchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Valeria Manganelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoIstituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoIstituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Fabio Pulcinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Agostina Longo
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoIstituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
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14
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Kinaneh S, Khamaysi I, Karram T, Hamoud S. Heparanase as a potential player in SARS-CoV-2 infection and induced coagulopathy. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20210290. [PMID: 34132790 PMCID: PMC8255537 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the current formidable COVID-19 pandemic, it is appealing to address ideas that may invoke therapeutic interventions. Clotting disorders are well recognized in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which lead to severe complications that worsen the prognosis in these subjects. Increasing evidence implicate Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and Heparanase in various diseases and pathologies, including hypercoagulability states. Moreover, HSPGs and Heparanase are involved in several viral infections, in which they enhance cell entry and release of the viruses. Herein we discuss the molecular involvement of HSPGs and heparanase in SARS-CoV-2 infection, namely cell entry and release, and the accompanied coagulopathy complications, which assumedly could be blocked by heparanase inhibitors such as Heparin and Pixatimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Kinaneh
- Department of Physiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iyad Khamaysi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tony Karram
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shadi Hamoud
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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15
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Treger S, Ackerman S, Kaplan V, Ghanem S, Nadir Y. Progestin type affects the increase of heparanase level and procoagulant activity mediated by the estrogen receptor. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:61-69. [PMID: 33306105 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does progestin have an effect on heparanase level and procoagulant activity? SUMMARY ANSWER Progestin increases the heparanase level and procoagulant activity via the estrogen receptor and the magnitude of the effect depends on the progestin type. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Users of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) containing third- and fourth-generation progestins have a higher risk of venous thrombosis compared to those employing second-generation progestins. Heparanase protein is capable of degrading heparan sulfate (HS) chains and enhancing activation of the coagulation system. We have previously demonstrated that estrogen enhances the expression and procoagulant activity of heparanase. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Estrogen and progestin receptor positive breast carcinoma cell lines: EMT6, T47D and MCF-7 were compared to the MDA-231 breast carcinoma cell line devoid of these receptors. This observational study incorporated 45 users of third-generation COCs progestins, 21 users of fourth-generation COCs progestins and 28 individuals not using hormonal therapy and not pregnant per history. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Second-generation progestin-levonorgestrel, third-generation progestin-desogastrel (DSG), an estrogen receptor antagonist-ICI 182.780 and a progestin receptor antagonist-mifepristone, were added to cell lines. Heparanase level and procoagulant activity, HS levels, tissue factor (TF) activity and factor Xa levels were evaluated in the plasma of the study group. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Levonorgestrel and DSG increased heparanase levels in the cells and medium. The effect of DSG was more prominent and additive to that of estrogen. The effect was inhibited by ICI 182.780. In the plasma of COC users, heparanase procoagulant activity, HS levels, TF activity and factor Xa levels were significantly higher compared to controls. In COC pills containing the same dose of estrogen, the procoagulant effect of drospirenone was significantly stronger than that of DSG and gestodene. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The limitations of the study include a small number of participants in each study group, although the results are statistically significant and evaluated by several different coagulation parameters. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The study demonstrates a new mechanism through which progestin affects coagulation system activation and shows that this effect is progestin type-dependent. Development of a progestin derivative with an attenuated effect on heparanase procoagulant activity may reduce thrombotic risk. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No external funding was sought for this study. Y.N. is named in a European patent application No. IL201200027 filed on 18 January 2012. Other authors have no conflict of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Treger
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shanny Ackerman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Victoria Kaplan
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shourouk Ghanem
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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16
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Nassar E, Hassan N, El-Ghonaimy EA, Hassan H, Abdullah MS, Rottke TV, Kiesel L, Greve B, Ibrahim SA, Götte M. Syndecan-1 Promotes Angiogenesis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer through the Prognostically Relevant Tissue Factor Pathway and Additional Angiogenic Routes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102318. [PMID: 34066023 PMCID: PMC8150756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by tumor angiogenesis and poor patient survival. Here, we analyzed the function of the cell surface molecule Syndecan-1 in tumor angiogenesis in a 3D cell culture system. As a novel finding, we demonstrate that downregulation of Syndecan-1 reduces angiogenesis by decreasing the amount of angiogenesis factors of the tissue factor pathway. Furthermore, we show that the components of this pathway are associated with the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Our study identifies Syndecan-1 and the tissue factor pathway as novel potential therapeutic targets in the aggressive triple-negative subtype of breast cancer, for which no targeted therapies are currently available. Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by increased angiogenesis, metastasis, and poor survival. Dysregulation of the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan and signaling co-receptor Syndecan-1 is linked to poor prognosis. To study its role in angiogenesis, we silenced Syndecan-1 in TNBC cell lines using a 3D human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) co-culture system. Syndecan-1 siRNA depletion in SUM-149, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231 cells decreased HUVEC tubule network formation. Angiogenesis array revealed reduced VEGF-A and tissue factor (TF) in the Syndecan-1-silenced secretome. qPCR independently confirmed altered expression of F3, F7, F2R/PAR1, F2RL1/PAR2, VEGF-A, EDN1, IGFBP1, and IGFBP2 in SUM-149, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468 cells. ELISA revealed reduced secreted endothelin-1 (SUM-149, MDA-MB-468) and TF (all cell lines) upon Syndecan-1 depletion, while TF pathway inhibitor treatment impaired angiogenesis. Survival analysis of 3951 patients demonstrated that high expression of F3 and F7 are associated with better relapse-free survival, whereas poor survival was observed in TNBC and p53 mutant basal breast cancer (F3) and in ER-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer (F2R, F2RL1). STRING protein network analysis revealed associations of Syndecan-1 with VEGF-A and IGFBP1, further associated with the TF and ET-1 pathways. Our study suggests that TNBC Syndecan-1 regulates angiogenesis via the TF and additional angiogenic pathways and marks its constituents as novel prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyyad Nassar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
| | - Nourhan Hassan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
- Biotechnology/Biomolecular Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt;
| | - Eslam A. El-Ghonaimy
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt;
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud Salah Abdullah
- Biotechnology/Biomolecular Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt;
| | - Theresa V. Rottke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
| | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Sherif Abdelaziz Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (S.A.I.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.I.); (M.G.)
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17
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Kaur R, Deb PK, Diwan V, Saini B. Heparanase Inhibitors in Cancer Progression: Recent Advances. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:43-68. [PMID: 33185156 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201113105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An endo-β-glucuronidase enzyme, Heparanase (HPSE), degrades the side chains of polymeric heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan formed by alternate repetitive units of D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid/L-iduronic acid. HS is a major component of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes and has been implicated in processes of the tissue's integrity and functional state. The degradation of HS by HPSE enzyme leads to conditions like inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. An elevated HPSE expression with a poor prognosis and its multiple roles in tumor growth and metastasis has attracted significant interest for its inhibition as a potential anti-neoplastic target. METHODS We reviewed the literature from journal publication websites and electronic databases such as Bentham, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, USFDA, etc., about HPSE, its structure, functions, and role in cancer. RESULTS The present review is focused on Heparanase inhibitors (HPIns) that have been isolated from natural resources or chemically synthesized as new therapeutics for metastatic tumors and chronic inflammatory diseases in recent years. The recent developments made in the HPSE structure and function are also discussed, which can lead to the future design of HPIns with more potency and specificity for the target. CONCLUSION HPIns can be a better target to be explored against various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia, Jordan
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Balraj Saini
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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18
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Abstract
Heparanase, the only mammalian enzyme known to degrade heparan sulfate chains, affects the hemostatic system through several mechanisms. Along with the degrading effect, heparanase engenders release of syndecan-1 from the cell surface and directly enhances the activity of the blood coagulation initiator, tissue factor, in the coagulation system. Upregulation of tissue factor and release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor from the cell surface contribute to the prothrombotic effect. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor and the strongest physiological anticoagulant antithrombin are attached to the endothelial cell surface by heparan sulfate. Hence, degradation of heparan sulfate induces further release of these two natural anticoagulants from endothelial cells. Elevated heparanase procoagulant activity and heparan sulfate chain levels in plasma, demonstrated in cancer, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, and aging, could suggest a potential mechanism for increased risk of thrombosis in these clinical settings. In contrast to the blood circulation, accumulation of heparan sulfate chains in transudate and exudate pleural effusions induces a local anticoagulant milieu. The anticoagulant effect of heparan sulfate chains in other closed spaces such as peritoneal or subdural cavities should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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19
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Naeh A, Hantisteanu S, Meisel-Sharon S, Boyango I, Hallak M, Gabbay-Benziv R. The expression of heparanase in term and preterm human placentas. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:5840-5845. [PMID: 33691578 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1895743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heparanase is an endo-β-glucuronidase that cleaves side chains of heparan-sulfate proteoglycans, an integral constituent of the extra cellular matrix. The abundance of heparanase in placental trophoblast cells implies its role in the processes of placentation and trophoblast invasion. This study aims to explore the involvement of heparanase in parturition and preterm deliveries (PTD). METHODS Sixteen human placentas were collected following singleton spontaneous onset term vaginal deliveries (n = 6), spontaneous onset preterm vaginal deliveries (n = 7) and term elective cesarean sections (n = 3). Placentas were excluded in case of any maternal chronic illness, pregnancy or delivery complications apart from PTD. Placental tissue samples were dissected, homogenized and proteins were extracted. Additionally, cryosections were prepared from the placental tissues. Heparanase expression was evaluated utilizing western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining using heparanase specific antibodies. Heparanase expression was compared between the study groups qualitatively and quantitatively. RESULTS Western blot analysis results demonstrated higher expression of both pro-heparanase and heparanase in PTD placentas compared to term vaginal placentas. Accordingly, immunofluorescence staining shows elevated heparanase expression in PTD placentas compared to term vaginal placentas (5.1 ± 0.92 vs. 1.2 ± 0.18, p < .005). Expression level of heparanase was higher in term cesarean section placentas as compared to term vaginal deliveries placentas, but did not reach statistical significance (1.8 ± 0.39 vs. 1.2 ± 0.18, p = .06). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates for the first time that preterm vaginal deliveries are associated with higher expression of heparanase in placental tissue. This may imply a direct effect of heparanase on preterm labor. Further studies should evaluate the functional role by which heparanase influence preterm delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Naeh
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shay Hantisteanu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shilhav Meisel-Sharon
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mordechai Hallak
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rinat Gabbay-Benziv
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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20
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Li QW, Zhang GL, Hao CX, Ma YF, Sun X, Zhang Y, Cao KX, Li BX, Yang GW, Wang XM. SANT, a novel Chinese herbal monomer combination, decreasing tumor growth and angiogenesis via modulating autophagy in heparanase overexpressed triple-negative breast cancer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113430. [PMID: 33011366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragalus mongholicus, Solanum nigrum Linn, Lotus plumule, Ligusticum are widely used traditional herbal medicines for cancer treatment in China. They were typical drugs selected from Gubenyiliu II and series of formula (GYII), which were developed on the foundation of YIQIHUOXUEJIEDU theory. In the present study, four active ingredients (Astragaloside IV, α-solanine, neferine, and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine) derived from medicines above were applied in combination as SANT. AIM OF THE STUDY Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a serious threat to women's health worldwide. Heparanase (HPSE) is often up-regulated in breast cancer with the properties of facilitating tumorigenesis and influencing the autophagy process in cancer cells. This study aimed at evaluating the anti-tumor potential of SANT in treating HPSE related TNBC both in-vitro and in-vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we explored the correlation between HPSE expression and survival of breast cancer patients in databases. We performed MTS, trans-well and wound scratch assays to assess the impact of SANT on cell proliferation and migration. Confocal microscopy observation and western blots were applied to verify the autophagy flux induced by SANT. Mice models were employed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SANT in-vivo by tumor weights and volumes or serum index, respectively. To analyze the underlying mechanisms of SANT, we conducted human autophagy PCR array and angiogenesis proteome profiler on tumor tissues. RESULTS Patients with elevated HPSE expression were associated with a poor outcome in both RFS (P = 1.7e-12) and OS (P = 0.00016). SANT administration significantly inhibited cancer cells' proliferation and migration, enhanced autophagy flux, and slightly reduced the active form of HPSE in-vitro. SANT also suppressed tumor growth and angiogenesis in-vivo. Human autophagy PCR array results indicated that SANT increased the ATG16L1, ATG9B, ATG4D gene expressions while decreased TMEM74 and TNF gene expressions.Angiogenesis proteome profiler results showed SANT reduced protein level of HB-EGF, thrombospondin-2, amphiregulin, leptin, IGFBP-9, EGF, coagulation factor III, and MMP-9 (pro and active form) in tumor, raised the protein expression of serpin E1 and platelet factor 4. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that herbal compounds SANT may be a promising candidate in anti-cancer drug discovery. It also provides novel strategies for using natural compounds to achieve optimized effect.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Wei Li
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Gan-Lin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Cai-Xia Hao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Yun-Fei Ma
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan 450008, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Ke-Xin Cao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Bing-Xue Li
- School of Graduates, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Guo-Wang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China.
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Mattila N, Hisada Y, Przybyla B, Posma J, Jouppila A, Haglund C, Seppänen H, Mackman N, Lassila R. Levels of the cancer biomarker CA 19-9 are associated with thrombin generation in plasma from treatment-naïve pancreatic cancer patients. Thromb Res 2020; 199:21-31. [PMID: 33385797 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with a hypercoagulable state and high mortality. Increases in the plasma levels of tumor marker carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 are used in diagnosis and follow-up but have also been reported to precede venous thromboembolism (VTE). AIMS We examined the association between CA 19-9 and thrombin generation (TG) in plasma from PDAC patients, as well as their association with coagulation biomarkers prior to pancreatic surgery. In addition, we determined the effect of commercial sources of CA 19-9 on TG. METHODS We collected plasma from 58 treatment-naïve PDAC patients without any signs of VTE. We measured levels of CA 19-9, FVIII, fibrinogen, D-dimer, antithrombin and extracellular vesicle (EV) tissue factor (TF) activity and TG using a Calibrated Automated Thrombogram (CAT). The effect of different commercial sources of CA 19-9 on TG in Standard Human Plasma (SHP) was also studied. RESULTS Patient plasma samples were divided into 4 preoperative groups based on the level of CA 19-9: none < 2, low = 3-200, high = 201-1000, and very high > 1000 U/mL. CA 19-9 levels were associated with several of the TG parameters, including endogenous thrombin potential, peak, and time to peak. CA 19-9 did not associate with any of the coagulation biomarkers. Spiking of SHP with CA 19-9 increased TG but this was decreased by an anti-TF antibody. CONCLUSIONS CA 19-9 was associated with TG in patients prior to any pancreatic cancer treatments or signs of VTE. Some commercial sources of CA 19-9 enhanced TG in SHP seemingly due to contaminating TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mattila
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Hematology, Coagulation Disorders Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Y Hisada
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - B Przybyla
- Department of Hematology, Coagulation Disorders Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Posma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - A Jouppila
- Department of Hematology, Coagulation Disorders Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Research Institute HUCH, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Haglund
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Seppänen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Lassila
- Department of Hematology, Coagulation Disorders Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; HUSLAB Laboratory Services, Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ghoti H, Ackerman S, Rivella S, Casu C, Nadir Y. Heparanase Level and Procoagulant Activity Are Increased in Thalassemia and Attenuated by Janus Kinase 2 Inhibition. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:2146-2154. [PMID: 32745462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Patients with thalassemia exhibit an increased risk of thrombotic events that is augmented after splenectomy. Heparanase protein enhances cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation; it also activates the coagulation system through direct interaction with tissue factor (TF). Additionally, erythropoietin, which is elevated in anemic patients, up-regulates heparanase expression via the Janus kinase 2 (JAK-2) pathway. This study aimed was to explore the heparanase profile in thalassemia. Coagulation factors were analyzed via immunostaining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and heparanase procoagulant activity assay. In spleen specimens of thalassemia major patients, a higher level of heparanase staining was observed compared with control spleens resected after trauma (P < 0.001). Higher heparanase levels, heparanase and TF procoagulant activity, and erythropoietin levels were found in the plasma of 67 thalassemia major patients compared with 29 control subjects. No difference was found in pediatric patients (23 of 67) compared with adults or splenectomized versus nonsplenectomized patients. Higher levels of heparanase, TF, TF pathway inhibitor, and TF pathway inhibitor-2 were observed in liver, spleen, heart, and kidney tissues of thalassemia intermedia mice (Hbbth3/+). These protein levels significantly reduced when mice were treated with the JAK-2 inhibitor ruxolitinib (P < 0.0001). In summary, heparanase levels are elevated in thalassemia, which may contribute to thrombotic phenomena in these patients. Inhibition of heparanase or the JAK-2 pathway may reduce thrombotic risk in thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Ghoti
- European Center for Cancer and Cell Therapy (ECCT), Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Shanny Ackerman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carla Casu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Maurice-Dror C, Litvak M, Keren-Politansky A, Ackerman S, Haim N, Nadir Y. Circulating heparan sulfate chains and body weight contribute to anti-Xa levels in cancer patients using the prophylactic dose of enoxaparin. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 50:112-122. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Heparanase-The Message Comes in Different Flavors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:253-283. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Heparanase in Cancer Metastasis – Heparin as a Potential Inhibitor of Cell Adhesion Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:309-329. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Nasser NJ, Fox J, Agbarya A. Potential Mechanisms of Cancer-Related Hypercoagulability. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030566. [PMID: 32121387 PMCID: PMC7139427 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between cancer and thrombosis has been known for over a century and a half. However, the mechanisms that underlie this correlation are not fully characterized. Hypercoagulability in cancer patients can be classified into two main categories: Type I and Type II. Type I occurs when the balance of endogenous heparin production and degradation is disturbed, with increased degradation of endogenous heparin by tumor-secreted heparanase. Type II hypercoagulability includes all the other etiologies, with factors related to the patient, the tumor, and/or the treatment. Patients with poor performance status are at higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Tumors can result in VTE through direct pressure on blood vessels, resulting in stasis. Several medications for cancer are correlated with a high risk of thrombosis. These include hormonal therapy (e.g., tamoxifen), chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin, thalidomide and asparaginase), molecular targeted therapy (e.g., lenvatinib, osimertinib), and anti-angiogenesis monoclonal antibodies (e.g., bevacizumab and ramucirumab).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Nasser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jana Fox
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA;
| | - Abed Agbarya
- Institute of Oncology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel;
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27
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Abassi Z, Goligorsky MS. Heparanase in Acute Kidney Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:685-702. [PMID: 32274732 PMCID: PMC7369981 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have brought about fledgling realization of the role played by heparanase in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases including kidney diseases and, specifically, acute kidney injury. Human heparanase-1 is critically and uniquely engaged in cleavage of heparan sulfate, an integral part of glycocalyx and extracellular matrix where it harbors distinct growth factors, cytokines, and other biologically active molecules. The enzyme is induced and activated in acute kidney injury regardless of its causes, ischemic, nephrotoxic, septic or transplantation-related. This event unleashes a host of sequelae characteristic of the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury, such as induction and reinforcement of innate immune responses, predisposition to thrombosis, activation of monocytes/macrophages and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, thus setting up the stage for future fibrotic complications and development of chronic kidney disease. We briefly discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies of inhibiting heparanase, as well as the diagnostic value of detecting products of heparanase activity for prognostication and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - M S Goligorsky
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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28
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Abstract
The hemostatic cascade is initiated by the transmembrane coagulation protein - tissue factor (TF) and eventuates in fibrin formation. Heparanase protein was demonstrated to directly enhance TF activity resulting in increased activation of the coagulation system. In addition, heparanase was found to increase hemostatic system activation via two other mechanisms: up-regulating TF expression in endothelial cells and releasing the protein tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) from the cell surface. Peptides derived from TFPI-2, a protein similar to TFPI, were shown to inhibit the TF/heparanase complex as well as attenuate sepsis and tumor growth. Increased heparanase procoagulant activity was observed in several clinical settings, including women using oral contraceptives, women at delivery, patients following orthopedic surgery and patients with diabetic foot, shift work female nurses, patients with lung cancer, retinal vein thrombosis and prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. Remarkably, the heparanase profile was significantly different across the tested groups. Inhibition of TF / heparanase interaction may represent a new target for attenuating coagulation, cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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29
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Hardak E, Peled E, Crispel Y, Ghanem S, Attias J, Asayag K, Kogan I, Nadir Y. Heparan sulfate chains contribute to the anticoagulant milieu in malignant pleural effusion. Thorax 2019; 75:143-152. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundWhile malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common and significant cause of morbidity in patients with cancer, current treatment options are limited. Human heparanase, involved in angiogenesis and metastasis, cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains on the cell surface.AimsTo explore the coagulation milieu in MPE and infectious pleural effusion (IPE) focusing on the involvement of heparanase.MethodsSamples of 30 patients with MPE and 44 patients with IPE were evaluated in comparison to those of 33 patients with transudate pleural effusions, using heparanase ELISA, heparanase procoagulant activity assay, thrombin and factor Xa chromogenic assays and thromboelastography. A cell proliferation assay was performed. EMT-6 breast cancer cells were injected to the pleural cavity of mice. A peptide inhibiting heparanase activity was administered subcutaneously.ResultsLevels of heparanase, factor Xa and thrombin were significantly higher in exudate than transudate. Thromboelastography detected almost no thrombus formation in the whole blood, mainly on MPE addition. This effect was completely reversed by bacterial heparinase. Direct measurement revealed high levels of HS chains in pleural effusions. Higher proliferation was observed in tumour cell lines incubated with exudate than with transudate and it was reduced when bacterial heparinase was added. The tumour size in the pleural cavity of mice treated with the heparanase inhibitor were significantly smaller compared with control (p=0.005).ConclusionsHS chains released by heparanase form an anticoagulant milieu in MPE, preventing local thrombosis and enabling tumour cell proliferation. Inhibition of heparanase might provide a therapeutic option for patients with recurrent MPE.
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30
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Huang X, Han S, Liu X, Wang T, Xu H, Xia B, Kong G, Li J, Zhu W, Hu H, Hao D, Wang X. Both UFH and NAH alleviate shedding of endothelial glycocalyx and coagulopathy in LPS-induced sepsis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:913-922. [PMID: 32010252 PMCID: PMC6966138 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis commonly progresses to disseminated intravascular coagulation and induces the activation of heparanase (HPA) and the shedding of endothelial glycocalyx constituents, including syndecan-1 (SDC-1) and heparan sulphate (HS). However, the degradation of glycocalyx and its association with coagulation disorders remains undetermined. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and N-acetylheparin (NAH), which is a non-anticoagulant heparin derivative, on endothelial glycocalyx and coagulation function in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis rat model, and to compare the differences observed in coagulation function between UFH and NAH. Experimental rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control; LPS; UFH + LPS; and NAH + LPS. Rats were administered UFH or NAH and subsequently, ~1 min later, administered LPS (10 mg/kg; intravenous). The blood and lung tissues of rats were collected 0.5, 2 and 6 h after LPS injection, and were used for subsequent analysis. The results demonstrated that HPA activity and SDC-1 and HS levels increased, and this increase was associated with inflammatory cytokines and coagulation/fibrinolysis markers in the sepsis rat model. Histopathological examination was performed, and the lung injury score and lung wet/dry ratio indicated that UFH and NAH also significantly improved lung tissue injury. The results of the ELISA analysis demonstrated that UFH and NAH treatment: i) significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6; ii) inhibited HPA activity and protected the integrity of the glycocalyx, which was identified by decreased HS and SDC-1 levels; and iii) decreased the levels of prothrombin fragment 1+2, thrombin-antithrombin complex, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and increased the levels of fibrinogen and antithrombin-III. Preconditioning with UFH decreased the plasma activated partial thromboplastin time. These results indicated that UFH and NAH may alleviate sepsis-induced coagulopathy, and this effect may have been due to an inhibition of HPA activity and decrease in the shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Haixiao Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Bingyan Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Guiqing Kong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Jiankui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Dong Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256603, P.R. China
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Barash U, Spyrou A, Liu P, Vlodavsky E, Zhu C, Luo J, Su D, Ilan N, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Vlodavsky I, Yang X. Heparanase promotes glioma progression via enhancing CD24 expression. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1596-1608. [PMID: 31032901 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-d-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Compelling evidence tie heparanase levels with all steps of tumor formation including tumor initiation, growth, metastasis and chemo-resistance, likely involving augmentation of signaling pathways and gene transcription. In order to reveal the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the protumorigenic properties of heparanase, we established an inducible (Tet-on) system in U87 human glioma cells and applied gene array methodology in order to identify genes associated with heparanase induction. We found that CD24, a mucin-like cell adhesion protein, is consistently upregulated by heparanase and by heparanase splice variant devoid of enzymatic activity, whereas heparanase gene silencing was associated with decreased CD24 expression. This finding was further substantiated by a similar pattern of heparanase and CD24 immunostaining in glioma patients (Pearson's correlation; R = 0.66, p = 0.00001). Noteworthy, overexpression of CD24 stimulated glioma cell migration, invasion, colony formation in soft agar and tumor growth in mice suggesting that CD24 functions promote tumor growth. Likewise, anti-CD24 neutralizing monoclonal antibody attenuated glioma tumor growth, and a similar inhibition was observed in mice treated with a neutralizing mAb directed against L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), a ligand for CD24. Importantly, significant shorter patient survival was found in heparanase-high/CD24-high tumors vs. heparanase-high/CD24-low tumors for both high-grade and low-grade glioma (p = 0.02). Our results thus uncover a novel heparanase-CD24-L1CAM axis that plays a significant role in glioma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Barash
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Argyris Spyrou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pei Liu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | - Chenchen Zhu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Juanjuan Luo
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dongsheng Su
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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32
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Nevo N, Ghanem S, Crispel Y, Tatour M, Cohen H, Kogan I, Ben-Arush M, Nadir Y. Heparanase Level in the Microcirculation as a Possible Modulator of the Metastatic Process. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1654-1663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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33
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Masola V, Zaza G, Gambaro G, Franchi M, Onisto M. Role of heparanase in tumor progression: Molecular aspects and therapeutic options. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:86-98. [PMID: 31348993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an endoglycosidase that catalyses the cutting of the side chains of heparan-sulphate proteoglycans (HS), thus determining the remodelling of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes, as well as promoting the release of different HS-related molecules as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes. Ever since the HPSE was identified in the late 1980s, several experimental studies have shown that its overexpression was instrumental in increasing tumor growth, metastatic dissemination, angiogenesis and inflammation. More recently, HPSE involvment has also been demonstrated in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, in inducing gene transcription, in the activation of signaling pathways and in the formation of exosomes and in autophagy. All of these activities (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) together make heparanase a multifunctional molecule that increases the aggressiveness and chemo-resistance of tumor cells. Conversely, heparanase gene-silencing or tumor treatment with compounds that inhibit heparanase activity have been shown to significantly attenuate tumor progression in different animal models of tumorigenesis, further emphasizing the therapeutic potential of anti-heparanase therapy for several types of neoplasms. This review focuses on present knowledge and recent development in the study of heparanase in cancer progression as well as on novel mechanisms by which heparanase regulates tumor metastasis and chemo-resistance. Moreover, recent advances in strategies for its inhibition as a potential therapeutic option will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masola
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marco Franchi
- Dept. of Life Quality Sciences, University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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Leiva O, Bekendam RH, Garcia BD, Thompson C, Cantor A, Chitalia V, Ravid K. Emerging Factors Implicated in Fibrotic Organ-Associated Thrombosis: The Case of Two Organs. TH OPEN 2019; 3:e165-e170. [PMID: 31259299 PMCID: PMC6598088 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1692204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is at the heart of cardiovascular complications observed in specific diseases. A heightened thrombosis risk above that in general population in diseases such as myelofibrosis and chronic kidney disease implicates disease-specific mediators of thrombosis. This relative lack of information regarding the mechanisms of thrombosis in specific organ pathologies hitherto has remained limited. Evolving literature implicates some soluble factors in the blood of patients with discrete disorders, inflicting fundamental changes in the components of thrombosis. In this era of precision medicine, integrating these disease-specific factors in a comprehensive thrombotic risk assessment of patients is imperative in guiding therapeutic decisions. A complex network of mechanisms regulates each organ pathology and resultant thrombotic phenotypes. This review surveys different effectors of thrombogenicity associated with two pathologically fibrotic organs used as model systems, the bone marrow and kidney, as well as focuses attention to a common inducer of fibrosis and thrombosis, lysyl oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Leiva
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Roelof H Bekendam
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Brenda D Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Cristal Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alan Cantor
- Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Vipul Chitalia
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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The endothelial tumor suppressor p53 is essential for venous thrombus formation in aged mice. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1300-1314. [PMID: 29891592 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly people. Increased expression of tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53) has been implicated in vascular senescence. Here, we examined the importance of endothelial p53 for venous thrombosis and whether endothelial senescence and p53 overexpression are involved in the exponential increase of VTE with age. Mice with conditional, endothelial-specific deletion of p53 (End.p53-KO) and their wild-type littermates (End.p53-WT) underwent subtotal inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation to induce venous thrombosis. IVC ligation in aged (12-month-old) End.p53-WT mice resulted in higher rates of thrombus formation and greater mean thrombus size vs adult (12-week-old) End.p53-WT mice, whereas aged End.p53-KO mice were protected from vein thrombosis. Analysis of primary endothelial cells from aged mice or human vein endothelial cells after induction of replicative senescence revealed significantly increased early growth response gene-1 (Egr1) and heparanase expression, and plasma factor Xa levels were elevated in aged End.p53-WT, but not in End.p53-KO mice. Increased endothelial Egr1 and heparanase expression also was observed after doxorubicin-induced p53 overexpression, whereas p53 inhibition using pifithrin-α reduced tissue factor (TF) expression. Importantly, inhibition of heparanase activity using TF pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI2) peptides prevented the enhanced venous thrombus formation in aged mice and restored it to the thrombotic phenotype of adult mice. Our findings suggest that p53 accumulation and heparanase overexpression in senescent endothelial cells are critically involved in mediating the increased risk of venous thrombosis with age and that heparanase antagonization may be explored as strategy to ameliorate the prothrombotic endothelial phenotype with age.
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Peach Kernel Oil Downregulates Expression of Tissue Factor and Reduces Atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020405. [PMID: 30669336 PMCID: PMC6359210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the pathological process in arteries due to the plaque formation that is responsible for several diseases like heart disease, stroke and peripheral arterial disease. In this study, we performed in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate the potential anti-atherosclerosis activity of peach kernel oil. For the in vitro assay, we incubated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to induce tissue factors (TF, an essential mediator of hemostasis and trigger of thrombosis) elevation. We found that TNF-α-induced TF elevation was suppressed by peach kernel oil in a dose-dependent manner at both mRNA and protein levels. Peach kernel oil can significantly improve HUVEC viability, protect the endothelial cells, which achieved the goal of prevention of thrombotic diseases. For the in vivo assay, we investigated the effect and mechanism of peach kernel oil on preventing atherosclerotic lesion formation in ApoE knockout mice. Results show that peach kernel oil could reduce total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, elevate the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in serum, and reduce the area of the aortic atherosclerotic lesions in high-fat diet fed ApoE knockout mice. Moreover, peach kernel oil treatment can significantly down regulate the expression of TF protein to inhibit the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In conclusion, peach kernel oil may be a potential health food to prevent atherosclerosis in cardiovascular diseases.
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Dynamic matrisome: ECM remodeling factors licensing cancer progression and metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:207-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
Cancer patients have a pro-thrombotic state attributed to the ability of cancer cells to activate the coagulation system and interact with hemostatic cells, thus tilting the balance between pro- and anticoagulants. Mechanisms underlying the coagulation system activation involve tumor cells, endothelial cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Anti-cancer therapies, including anti-angiogenic drugs, significantly increase the risk of thrombosis during treatment. Along with the role of coagulation proteins in the hemostatic system, these proteins also serve as growth factors to the tumor. Heparanase is a pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic protein. Our previous studies have demonstrated that it enhances tissue factor (TF) activity and is present at high levels in tumor cells and patients' blood. Strategies to attenuate heparanase effects by heparin mimetics or peptides interrupting the TF-heparanase interaction are good candidates to attenuate tumor growth and thrombotic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
Surgery is a mainstay treatment for patients with solid tumours. However, despite surgical resection with a curative intent and numerous advances in the effectiveness of (neo)adjuvant therapies, metastatic disease remains common and carries a high risk of mortality. The biological perturbations that accompany the surgical stress response and the pharmacological effects of anaesthetic drugs, paradoxically, might also promote disease recurrence or the progression of metastatic disease. When cancer cells persist after surgery, either locally or at undiagnosed distant sites, neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways activated in response to surgery and/or anaesthesia might promote their survival and proliferation. A consequence of this effect is that minimal residual disease might then escape equilibrium and progress to metastatic disease. Herein, we discuss the most promising proposals for the refinement of perioperative care that might address these challenges. We outline the rationale and early evidence for the adaptation of anaesthetic techniques and the strategic use of anti-adrenergic, anti-inflammatory, and/or antithrombotic therapies. Many of these strategies are currently under evaluation in large-cohort trials and hold promise as affordable, readily available interventions that will improve the postoperative recurrence-free survival of patients with cancer.
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Crispel Y, Axelman E, Tatour M, Kogan I, Nevo N, Brenner B, Nadir Y. Peptides inhibiting heparanase procoagulant activity significantly reduce tumour growth and vascularisation in a mouse model. Thromb Haemost 2017; 116:669-78. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-02-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryHeparanase is implicated in angiogenesis and tumour progression. We previously demonstrated that heparanase might also affect the haemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. It forms a complex and enhances the activity of the blood coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF). Peptides that we generated from TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-2, which inhibit heparanase procoagulant activity, were recently demonstrated to attenuate inflammation in a sepsis mouse model. The present study was designated to explore peptides effects on tumour growth and vascularisation. Cell lines of mouse melanoma (B16), mouse breast cancer (EMT-6), and human breast cancer (MDA-231) were injected subcutaneously to mice. Inhibitory peptides 5, 6 and 7 were injected subcutaneously in the area opposite to the tumour side. In the three tumour cell lines, peptides 5, 6 and 7 inhibited tumour growth and vascularisation in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a 2/3 reduction compared to control tumours (p<0.001). Additionally, a survival advantage (p<0.05) and reduced plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex (p<0.05) were observed in the treatment groups. Peptides delayed tumour relapse by six days and inhibited relapsed tumour size (p<0.001). In vitro, peptides did not inhibit tumour cell proliferation, migration or heparanase degradation of heparan sulfate chains, but significantly decreased tube formation. In conclusion, peptides inhibiting heparanase procoagulant activity significantly reduced tumour growth, vascularisation, and relapse. The procoagulant domain in heparanase protein may play a role in tumour growth, suggesting a new mechanism of coagulation system involvement in cancer.
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Matan M, King D, Peled E, Ackerman S, Bar-Lavi Y, Brenner B, Nadir Y. Heparanase level and procoagulant activity are reduced in severe sepsis. Eur J Haematol 2017; 100:182-188. [PMID: 29120525 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During severe sepsis, levels and activity of all coagulation proteins are reduced. Heparanase is implicated in angiogenesis and tumor progression. We previously demonstrated that heparanase also affected the hemostatic system. It forms a complex and increases the activity of the blood coagulation initiator tissue factor. AIM To evaluate heparanase levels and procoagulant activity as predictors of sepsis severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one patients with non-trauma, non-surgical sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit and 35 controls were recruited. Plasma samples were drawn from the study participants on days 1 and 7 following admission. RESULTS Heparanase levels and procoagulant activity on day 1 were significantly reduced in patients compared to controls (P < .0001, P < .0001, respectively). Day 1 heparanase procoagulant activity ≥350 ng/mL yielded a negative predictive value for severe sepsis of 89%. Additionally, heparanase procoagulant activity on day 7 correlated with the change in the APACHE score between days 1 and 7 (r = .66, P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Heparanase procoagulant activity decreases during sepsis and returns to normal levels as soon as the patient recovers. Hence, it can be potentially used to predict the risk of severe sepsis. These findings need to be further explored in large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Matan
- Intensive Care Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel King
- Intensive Care Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eli Peled
- Department of Orthopedic B, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shanny Ackerman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Bar-Lavi
- Intensive Care Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Tatour M, Shapira M, Axelman E, Ghanem S, Keren-Politansky A, Bonstein L, Brenner B, Nadir Y. Thrombin is a selective inducer of heparanase release from platelets and granulocytes via protease-activated receptor-1. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1391-1401. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-10-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryHeparanase, known to be involved in angiogenesis and metastasis, was shown to form a complex with tissue factor (TF) and to enhance the generation of factor Xa. Platelets and granulocytes contain abundant amounts of heparanase that may enhance the coagulation system upon discharge. It was the aim of this study to identify the inducer and pathway of heparanase release from these cells. Platelets and granulocytes were purified from pooled normal plasma and were incubated with ATP, ADP, epinephrine, collagen, ristocetin, arachidonic acid, serotonin, LPS and thrombin. Heparanase levels were assessed by ELISA, heparanase procoagulant activity assay and western blot analysis. The effects of selective protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and 2 inhibitors and PAR-1 and 4 activators were studied. An in-house synthesised inhibitory peptide to heparanase was used to evaluate platelet heparanase involvement in activation of the coagulation system. Heparanase was released from platelets only by thrombin induction while other inducers exerted no such effect. The heparanase level in a platelet was found to be 40 % higher than in a granulocyte. Heparanase released from platelets or granulocytes increased factor Xa generation by three-fold. PAR-1 activation via ERK intracellular pathway was found to induce heparanase release. In conclusion, heparanase is selectively released from platelets and granulocytes by thrombin interacting with PAR-1. Heparanase derived from platelets and granulocytes is involved in activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway. The present study implies on a potential anticoagulant effect, in addition to anti-platelet effect, of the new clinically studied PAR-1 inhibitors.
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Kogan I, Chap D, Hoffman R, Axelman E, Brenner B, Nadir Y. JAK-2 V617F mutation increases heparanase procoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost 2017; 115:73-80. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-04-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPatients with polycythaemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) are at increased risk of arterial and venous thrombosis. In patients with ET a positive correlation was observed between JAK-2 V617F mutation, that facilitates erythropoietin receptor signalling, and thrombotic events, although the mechanism involved is not clear. We previously demonstrated that heparanase protein forms a complex and enhances the activity of the blood coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF) which leads to increased factor Xa production and subsequent activation of the coagulation system. The present study was aimed to evaluate heparanase procoagulant activity in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Forty bone marrow biopsies of patients with ET, PV, PMF and chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) were immunostained to heparanase, TF and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI). Erythropoietin receptor positive cell lines U87 human glioma and MCF-7 human breast carcinoma were studied. Heparanase and TFPI staining were more prominent in ET, PV and PMF compared to CML. The strongest staining was in JAK-2 positive ET biopsies. Heparanase level and procoagulant activity were higher in U87 cells transfected to over express JAK-2 V617F mutation compared to control and the effect was reversed using JAK-2 inhibitors (Ruxolitinib, VZ3) and hydroxyurea, although the latter drug did not inhibit JAK-2 phosphorylation. Erythropoietin increased while JAK-2 inhibitors decreased the heparanase level and procoagulant activity in U87 and MCF-7 parental cells. In conclusion, JAK-2 is involved in heparanase up-regulation via the erythropoietin receptor. The present findings may potentially point to a new mechanism of thrombosis in JAK-2 positive ET patients.
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Wang F, Jia J, Lal N, Zhang D, Chiu APL, Wan A, Vlodavsky I, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. High glucose facilitated endothelial heparanase transfer to the cardiomyocyte modifies its cell death signature. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 112:656-668. [PMID: 27979811 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The secretion of enzymatically active heparanase (HepA) has been implicated as an essential metabolic adaptation in the heart following diabetes. However, the regulation and function of the enzymatically inactive heparanase (HepL) remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that in response to high glucose (HG) and secretion of HepL from the endothelial cell (EC), HepL uptake and function can protect the cardiomyocyte by modifying its cell death signature. METHODS AND RESULTS HG promoted both HepL and HepA secretion from microvascular (rat heart micro vessel endothelial cells, RHMEC) and macrovascular (rat aortic endothelial cells, RAOEC) EC. However, only RAOEC were capable of HepL reuptake. This occurred through a low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) dependent mechanism, as LRP1 inhibition using small interfering RNA (siRNA), receptor-associated protein, or an LRP1 neutralizing antibody significantly reduced uptake. In cardiomyocytes, which have a negligible amount of heparanase gene expression, LRP1 also participated in the uptake of HepL. Exogenous addition of HepL to rat cardiomyocytes produced a dramatically altered expression of apoptosis-related genes, and protection against HG and H2O2 induced cell death. Cardiomyocytes from acutely diabetic rats demonstrated a robust increase in LRP1 expression and levels of heparanase, a pro-survival gene signature, and limited evidence of cell death, observations that were not apparent following chronic and progressive diabetes. CONCLUSION Our results highlight EC-to-cardiomyocyte transfer of heparanase to modulate the cardiomyocyte cell death signature. This mechanism was observed in the acutely diabetic heart, and its interruption following chronic diabetes may contribute towards the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jocelyn Jia
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Nathaniel Lal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Amy Pei-Ling Chiu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Andrea Wan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Crispel Y, Ghanem S, Attias J, Kogan I, Brenner B, Nadir Y. Involvement of the heparanase procoagulant domain in bleeding and wound healing. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1463-1472. [PMID: 28439967 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Heparanase forms a complex with tissue factor and enhances the generation of factor Xa. The present study was aimed to identify the procoagulant domain of heparanase. Procoagulant peptides significantly shortened bleeding time and enhanced wound healing. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-2 derived peptides inhibited the procoagulant peptides. SUMMARY Background Heparanase, which is known to be involved in angiogenesis and metastasis, was shown to form a complex with tissue factor (TF) and to enhance the generation of activated factor X (FXa). Our study demonstrated that peptides derived from TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-2 impeded the procoagulant effect of heparanase, and attenuated inflammation, tumor growth, and vascularization. Aims To identify the procoagulant domain in the heparanase molecule, and to evaluate its effects in a model of wound healing that involves inflammation and angiogenesis. Methods Twenty-four potential peptides derived from heparanase were generated, and their effect was studied in an assay of FXa generation. Peptides 14 and 16, which showed the best procoagulant effect, were studied in a bleeding mouse model and in a wound-healing mouse model. Results Peptides 14 and 16 increased FXa levels by two-fold to three-fold, and, at high levels, caused consumption coagulopathy. The TFPI-2-derived peptides explored in our previous study were found to inhibit the procoagulant effect induced by peptides 14 and 16. In the bleeding model, time to clot formation was shortened by 50% when peptide 14 or peptide 16 was topically applied or injected subcutaneously. In the wound-healing model, the wound became more vascular, and its size was reduced to one-fifth as compared with controls, upon 1 week of exposure to peptide 14 or peptide 16 applied topically or injected subcutaneously. Conclusions The putative heparanase procoagulant domain was identified. Peptides derived from this domain significantly shortened bleeding time and enhanced wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Crispel
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Ghanem
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - J Attias
- Stat Laboratory Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Kogan
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - B Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Y Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Jin H, Zhou S, Yang S, Cao HM. Heparanase overexpression down-regulates syndecan-1 expression in a gallbladder carcinoma cell line. J Int Med Res 2017; 45:662-672. [PMID: 28351285 PMCID: PMC5536678 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517700323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To discuss the relevance of heparanase and syndecan-1 and regulation of the heparanase-syndecan1 axis in the invasiveness of gallbladder carcinoma cells. Methods 1. Generation of a gallbladder cancer cell line overexpressing a heparanase (GBD-SD) transgene. 2. Western blot analysis of syndecan-1 levels of GBD-SD and control gallbladder carcinoma (GBC-SD) cells. 3. RT-PCR analysis of syndecan-1 mRNA levels of GBD-SD and GBC-SD. 4. Evaluation of invasion and migration of GBD-SD and GBC-SD cells. Results 1. Heparanase expression in GBD-SD cells was significantly increased. 2. The syndecan-1 mRNA level of GBD-SD cells was significantly lower compared with that of GBC-SD cells. 3. The syndecan-1 DNA copy number in GBD-SD cells was significantly lower compared with that of GBC-SD. 4. The invasiveness and migration of GBD-SD cells were significantly higher compared with GBC-SD cells. Conclusions 1. The expression of heparanase negatively correlated with that of syndecan-1 in a gallbladder carcinoma cell line. 2. The expression of heparanase and syndecan-1 in gallbladder carcinomas negatively correlated, similar to other tumours. 3. The heparanase/syndecan1 axis in gallbladder carcinoma plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis, thus providing a new therapeutic target. 4. Further research is required to identify the detailed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jin
- 1 Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | | | - Song Yang
- 2 The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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Singh P, Blatt A, Feld S, Zohar Y, Saadi E, Barki-Harrington L, Hammond E, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Chowers Y, Half E. The Heparanase Inhibitor PG545 Attenuates Colon Cancer Initiation and Growth, Associating with Increased p21 Expression. Neoplasia 2017; 19:175-184. [PMID: 28147305 PMCID: PMC5279702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase activity is highly implicated in cellular invasion and tumor metastasis, a consequence of cleavage of heparan sulfate and remodeling of the extracellular matrix underlying epithelial and endothelial cells. Heparanase expression is rare in normal epithelia, but is often induced in tumors, associated with increased tumor metastasis and poor prognosis. In addition, heparanase induction promotes tumor growth, but the molecular mechanism that underlines tumor expansion by heparanase is still incompletely understood. Here, we provide evidence that heparanase down regulates the expression of p21 (WAF1/CIP1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that attenuates the cell cycle. Notably, a reciprocal effect was noted for PG545, a potent heparanase inhibitor. This compound efficiently reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, and tumor xenograft growth, associating with a marked increase in p21 expression. Utilizing the APC Min+/− mouse model, we show that heparanase expression and activity are increased in small bowel polyps, whereas polyp initiation and growth were significantly inhibited by PG545, again accompanied by a prominent induction of p21 levels. Down-regulation of p21 expression adds a novel feature for the emerging pro-tumorigenic properties of heparanase, while the potent p21 induction and anti-tumor effect of PG545 lends optimism that it would prove an efficacious therapeutic in colon carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Singh
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Alexandra Blatt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Sari Feld
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Esraa Saadi
- Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | | | | | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yehuda Chowers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel.
| | - Elizabeth Half
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel.
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48
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Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase that is capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix. This activity is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. We have earlier demonstrated that apart of its well characterized enzymatic activity, heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. We showed that heparanase up-regulated the expression of the blood coagulation initiator-tissue factor (TF) and interacted with the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, leading to dissociation of TFPI and resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. Moreover, we demonstrated that heparanase directly enhanced TF activity, which led to increased factor Xa production and subsequent activation of the coagulation system. In patients with cancer, increased heparanase procoagulant activity appeared to be a potential predictor of survival. We have also shown that JAK-2 is involved in heparanase up-regulation via the erythropoietin receptor, a finding that may point to a new mechanism of thrombosis in JAK-2 positive patents with essential thrombocytosis. Recently, we found that the solvent accessible surface of TFPI-2 first Kunitz domain had a role in TF/heparanase complex inhibition. Peptides derived from TFPI-2 inhibitory site were shown to reduce coagulation activation induced by heparanase and to attenuate sepsis severity and tumor growth in a mouse model, without predisposing to significant bleeding tendency. These data imply that inhibition of heparanase procoagulant domain is potentially a good target for sepsis and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Vlodavsky I, Singh P, Boyango I, Gutter-Kapon L, Elkin M, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Heparanase: From basic research to therapeutic applications in cancer and inflammation. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 29:54-75. [PMID: 27912844 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Heparanase expression is enhanced in almost all cancers examined including various carcinomas, sarcomas and hematological malignancies. Numerous clinical association studies have consistently demonstrated that upregulation of heparanase expression correlates with increased tumor size, tumor angiogenesis, enhanced metastasis and poor prognosis. In contrast, knockdown of heparanase or treatments of tumor-bearing mice with heparanase-inhibiting compounds, markedly attenuate tumor progression further underscoring the potential of anti-heparanase therapy for multiple types of cancer. Heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies block myeloma and lymphoma tumor growth and dissemination; this is attributable to a combined effect on the tumor cells and/or cells of the tumor microenvironment. In fact, much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance. The repertoire of the physio-pathological activities of heparanase is expanding. Specifically, heparanase regulates gene expression, activates cells of the innate immune system, promotes the formation of exosomes and autophagosomes, and stimulates signal transduction pathways via enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. These effects dynamically impact multiple regulatory pathways that together drive inflammatory responses, tumor survival, growth, dissemination and drug resistance; but in the same time, may fulfill some normal functions associated, for example, with vesicular traffic, lysosomal-based secretion, stress response, and heparan sulfate turnover. Heparanase is upregulated in response to chemotherapy in cancer patients and the surviving cells acquire chemoresistance, attributed, at least in part, to autophagy. Consequently, heparanase inhibitors used in tandem with chemotherapeutic drugs overcome initial chemoresistance, providing a strong rationale for applying anti-heparanase therapy in combination with conventional anti-cancer drugs. Heparin-like compounds that inhibit heparanase activity are being evaluated in clinical trials for various types of cancer. Heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are being evaluated in pre-clinical studies, and heparanase-inhibiting small molecules are being developed based on the recently resolved crystal structure of the heparanase protein. Collectively, the emerging premise is that heparanase expressed by tumor cells, innate immune cells, activated endothelial cells as well as other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a master regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a prime target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Preeti Singh
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lilach Gutter-Kapon
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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50
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Heyman B, Yang Y. Mechanisms of heparanase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:1002-1012. [PMID: 27576132 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains contributing to breakdown of the extracellular matrix. Increased expression of heparanase has been observed in numerous malignancies and is associated with a poor prognosis. It has generated significant interest as a potential antineoplastic target because of the multiple roles it plays in tumor growth and metastasis. The protumorigenic effects of heparanase are enhanced by the release of heparan sulfate side chains, with subsequent increase in bioactive fragments and cytokine levels that promote tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Preclinical experiments have found heparanase inhibitors to substantially reduce tumor growth and metastasis, leading to clinical trials with heparan sulfate mimetics. In this review, we examine the role of heparanase in tumor biology and its interaction with heparan surface proteoglycans, specifically syndecan-1, as well as the mechanism of action for heparanase inhibitors developed as antineoplastic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heyman
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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