1
|
Awamura T, Nakasone ES, Gangcuangco LM, Subia NT, Bali AJ, Chow DC, Shikuma CM, Park J. Platelet and HIV Interactions and Their Contribution to Non-AIDS Comorbidities. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1608. [PMID: 38002289 PMCID: PMC10669125 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate cytoplasmic cell fragments that circulate in the blood, where they are involved in regulating hemostasis. Beyond their normal physiologic role, platelets have emerged as versatile effectors of immune response. During an infection, cell surface receptors enable platelets to recognize viruses, resulting in their activation. Activated platelets release biologically active molecules that further trigger host immune responses to protect the body against infection. Their impact on the immune response is also associated with the recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the site of infection. They can also aggregate with leukocytes, including lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, to immobilize pathogens and prevent viral dissemination. Despite their host protective role, platelets have also been shown to be associated with various pathophysiological processes. In this review, we will summarize platelet and HIV interactions during infection. We will also highlight and discuss platelet and platelet-derived mediators, how they interact with immune cells, and the multifaceted responsibilities of platelets in HIV infection. Furthermore, we will give an overview of non-AIDS comorbidities linked to platelet dysfunction and the impact of antiretroviral therapy on platelet function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Awamura
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
| | - Elizabeth S. Nakasone
- University of Hawai‘i Cancer Center, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
| | - Louie Mar Gangcuangco
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Natalie T. Subia
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
| | - Aeron-Justin Bali
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
| | - Dominic C. Chow
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Juwon Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (T.A.); (N.T.S.); (A.-J.B.)
- Hawai‘i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA; (L.M.G.); (C.M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carestia A, Godin LC, Jenne CN. Step up to the platelet: Role of platelets in inflammation and infection. Thromb Res 2023; 231:182-194. [PMID: 36307228 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are anucleated cells derived from megakaryocytes that are primarily responsible for hemostasis. However, in recent years, these cytoplasts have become increasingly recognized as immune cells, able to detect, interact with, and kill pathogens. As platelets are involved in both immunity and coagulation, they have a central role in immunothrombosis, a physiological process in which immune cells induce the formation of microthrombi to both prevent the spread of pathogens, and to help facilitate clearance. In this review, we will highlight the role of platelets as key players in the inflammatory and innate immune response against bacterial and viral infection, including direct and indirect interactions with pathogens and other immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Carestia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Laura C Godin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perkins MV, Joseph S, Dittmer DP, Mackman N. Cardiovascular Disease and Thrombosis in HIV Infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:175-191. [PMID: 36453273 PMCID: PMC10165851 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection has transitioned from an acute, fatal disease to a chronic one managed by antiretroviral therapy. Thus, the aging population of people living with HIV (PLWH) continues to expand. HIV infection results in a dysregulated immune system, wherein CD4+ T cells are depleted, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, disrupting the gut epithelial barrier. Long-term HIV infection is associated with chronic inflammation through potentially direct mechanisms caused by viral replication or exposure to viral proteins and indirect mechanisms resulting from increased translocation of microbial products from the intestine or exposure to antiretroviral therapy. Chronic inflammation (as marked by IL [interleukin]-6 and CRP [C-reactive protein]) in PLWH promotes endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis. PLWH show significantly increased rates of cardiovascular disease, such as myocardial infarction (risk ratio, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.54-2.08]) and stroke (risk ratio, 2.56 [95% CI, 1.43-4.61]). In addition, PLWH have increased levels of the coagulation biomarker D-dimer and have a two to ten-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism compared with the general population. Several small clinical trials analyzed the effect of different antithrombotic agents on platelet activation, coagulation, inflammation, and immune cell activation. Although some markers for coagulation were reduced, most agents failed to reduce inflammatory markers in PLWH. More studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms driving inflammation in PLWH to create better therapies for lowering chronic inflammation in PLWH. Such therapies can potentially reduce atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and thrombosis rates in PLWH and thus overall mortality in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan V. Perkins
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Joseph
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- UNC Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ogweno G. Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in platelet functions in HIV/AIDS is due to the high incidence of microvascular thrombosis in these individuals. A lot of laboratory data have been generated regarding platelet functions in this population. The tests demonstrate platelet hyperactivity but decreased aggregation, though results are inconsistent depending on the study design. Antiretroviral treatments currently in use display complex interactions. Many studies on platelet functions in these patients have been for research purposes, but none have found utility in guiding drug treatment of thrombosis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Eustes AS, Dayal S. The Role of Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Immune-Mediated Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7837. [PMID: 35887184 PMCID: PMC9320310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) play important roles in hemostasis and thrombosis. There are three major types of PEVs described based on their size and characteristics, but newer types may continue to emerge owing to the ongoing improvement in the methodologies and terms used to define various types of EVs. As the literature on EVs is growing, there are continuing attempts to standardize protocols for EV isolation and reach consensus in the field. This review provides information on mechanisms of PEV production, characteristics, cellular interaction, and their pathological role, especially in autoimmune and infectious diseases. We also highlight the mechanisms through which PEVs can activate parent cells in a feedback loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia S. Eustes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Sanjana Dayal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schrottmaier WC, Schmuckenschlager A, Pirabe A, Assinger A. Platelets in Viral Infections - Brave Soldiers or Trojan Horses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856713. [PMID: 35419008 PMCID: PMC9001014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are often associated with platelet activation and haemostatic complications. In line, low platelet counts represent a hallmark for poor prognosis in many infectious diseases. The underlying cause of platelet dysfunction in viral infections is multifaceted and complex. While some viruses directly interact with platelets and/or megakaryocytes to modulate their function, also immune and inflammatory responses directly and indirectly favour platelet activation. Platelet activation results in increased platelet consumption and degradation, which contributes to thrombocytopenia in these patients. The role of platelets is often bi-phasic. Initial platelet hyper-activation is followed by a state of platelet exhaustion and/or hypo-responsiveness, which together with low platelet counts promotes bleeding events. Thereby infectious diseases not only increase the thrombotic but also the bleeding risk or both, which represents a most dreaded clinical complication. Treatment options in these patients are limited and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to prevent adverse outcome. This review summarizes the current literature on platelet-virus interactions and their impact on viral pathologies and discusses potential intervention strategies. As pandemics and concomitant haemostatic dysregulations will remain a recurrent threat, understanding the role of platelets in viral infections represents a timely and pivotal challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waltraud C Schrottmaier
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schmuckenschlager
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Pirabe
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ostermeier B, Soriano-Sarabia N, Maggirwar SB. Platelet-Released Factors: Their Role in Viral Disease and Applications for Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2321. [PMID: 35216433 PMCID: PMC8876984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, which are small anuclear cell fragments, play important roles in thrombosis and hemostasis, but also actively release factors that can both suppress and induce viral infections. Platelet-released factors include sCD40L, microvesicles (MVs), and alpha granules that have the capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects depending on the virus. These factors are prime targets for use in extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapy due to their ability to reduce viral infections and exert anti-inflammatory effects. While there are some studies regarding platelet microvesicle-based (PMV-based) therapy, there is still much to learn about PMVs before such therapy can be used. This review provides the background necessary to understand the roles of platelet-released factors, how these factors might be useful in PMV-based therapy, and a critical discussion of current knowledge of platelets and their role in viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (B.O.); (N.S.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jurasz P, Ignjatovic V, Lordkipanidzé M. Editorial: Established and Novel Roles of Platelets in Health and Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:835615. [PMID: 35174235 PMCID: PMC8841832 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.835615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jurasz
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Department of Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marie Lordkipanidzé
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marie Lordkipanidzé
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hottz ED, Quirino-Teixeira AC, Merij LB, Pinheiro MBM, Rozini SV, Bozza FA, Bozza PT. Platelet-leukocyte interactions in the pathogenesis of viral infections. Platelets 2021; 33:200-207. [PMID: 34260328 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1952179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolving evidence demonstrates that platelets have major roles in viral syndromes through previously unrecognized viral sensing and effector functions. Activated platelets and increased platelet-leukocyte aggregates are observed in clinical and experimental viral infections. The mechanisms and outcomes of platelet-leukocyte interactions depend on the interacting leukocyte as well as on the pathogen and pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in platelet interactions with leukocytes and its functions during viral infections. We focus on the contributions of human platelet-leukocyte interactions to pathophysiological and protective responses during viral infections of major global health relevance, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), influenza pneumonia, and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecíllia Quirino-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura Botelho Merij
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brandi Mendonça Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Stephane Vicente Rozini
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Intensive Care Medicine, National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,Intensive Care Medicine, D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Papadopoulos C, Fotou E, Moussis V, Ntoyhaniari A, Zografou S, Maltabe V, Kouklis P, Christoforidis S, Tsikaris V. Intracellular targets: A multiple cargo transporting molecule. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3359. [PMID: 34131994 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The generation of cell-penetrating peptides as cargo-delivery systems has produced an immense number of studies owing to the importance of these systems as tools to deliver molecules into the cells, as well as due to the interest to shed light into a yet unclear mechanism of the entrance of these peptides into the cells. However, many cell-penetrating peptides might present drawbacks due to causing cellular toxicity, or due to being entrapped in endosomes, or as a result of their degradation before they meet their target. In this work, a cargo transporting molecule, the Cell Penetrating Sequential Oligopeptide Carrier (CPSOC), formed by the repetitive -Lys-Aib-Cys- moiety, was tested for its ability to penetrate the cell membrane and transport the conjugated peptides into the cells. The cysteine residue anchors bioactive molecules through a stable thioether bond. The lysine supplies the positive charge to the construct, whereas the α-amino isobutyric acid is well known to induce helicoid conformation to the peptide backbone and protects from enzymatic degradation. The present study demonstrates that CPSOC penetrates the membrane transporting the conjugated cargo into the cell. When we tested CPSOC-conjugated peptides carrying critical domains of Cdc42, a small GTPase implicated in exocytosis, the internalized peptides were found to be functional because they inhibited exocytosis of von Willebrand factor from endothelial Weibel-Palade bodies a trafficking event depending on the Cdc42 protein. The data suggest that the carrier can deliver efficiently functional peptides into the cells, and thus, it can be used as a multiple-cargo transporting molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evgenia Fotou
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassilios Moussis
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alaxandra Ntoyhaniari
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Sofia Zografou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Violetta Maltabe
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Panos Kouklis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Savvas Christoforidis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassilios Tsikaris
- Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pretorius E. Platelets in HIV: A Guardian of Host Defence or Transient Reservoir of the Virus? Front Immunol 2021; 12:649465. [PMID: 33968041 PMCID: PMC8102774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune and inflammatory responses of platelets to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and its envelope proteins are of great significance to both the treatment of the infection, and to the comorbidities related to systemic inflammation. Platelets can interact with the HIV-1 virus itself, or with viral membrane proteins, or with dysregulated inflammatory molecules in circulation, ensuing from HIV-1 infection. Platelets can facilitate the inhibition of HIV-1 infection via endogenously-produced inhibitors of HIV-1 replication, or the virus can temporarily hide from the immune system inside platelets, whereby platelets act as HIV-1 reservoirs. Platelets are therefore both guardians of the host defence system, and transient reservoirs of the virus. Such reservoirs may be of particular significance during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) interruption, as it may drive viral persistence, and result in significant implications for treatment. Both HIV-1 envelope proteins and circulating inflammatory molecules can also initiate platelet complex formation with immune cells and erythrocytes. Complex formation cause platelet hypercoagulation and may lead to an increased thrombotic risk. Ultimately, HIV-1 infection can initiate platelet depletion and thrombocytopenia. Because of their relatively short lifespan, platelets are important signalling entities, and could be targeted more directly during HIV-1 infection and cART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Allaoui A, Khawaja AA, Badad O, Naciri M, Lordkipanidzé M, Guessous F, Zaid Y. Platelet Function in Viral Immunity and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:419-426. [PMID: 33851385 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelets, as nonnucleated blood components, are classically recognized for their pivotal role in hemostasis. In recent years, however, accumulating evidence points to a nonhemostatic role for platelets, as active participants in the inflammatory and immune responses to microbial organisms in infectious diseases. This stems from the ability of activated platelets to secrete a plethora of immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as directly interplaying with viral receptors. While much attention has been given to the role of the cytokine storm in the severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), less is known about the contribution of platelets to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here, we give a brief overview on the platelet contribution to antiviral immunity and response during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Allaoui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Akif A Khawaja
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oussama Badad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.,Department of Plant, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
| | - Mariam Naciri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marie Lordkipanidzé
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fadila Guessous
- Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Younes Zaid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.,Research Center of Abulcasis University of Health Sciences, Cheikh Zaïd Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raadsen M, Du Toit J, Langerak T, van Bussel B, van Gorp E, Goeijenbier M. Thrombocytopenia in Virus Infections. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040877. [PMID: 33672766 PMCID: PMC7924611 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia, which signifies a low platelet count usually below 150 × 109/L, is a common finding following or during many viral infections. In clinical medicine, mild thrombocytopenia, combined with lymphopenia in a patient with signs and symptoms of an infectious disease, raises the suspicion of a viral infection. This phenomenon is classically attributed to platelet consumption due to inflammation-induced coagulation, sequestration from the circulation by phagocytosis and hypersplenism, and impaired platelet production due to defective megakaryopoiesis or cytokine-induced myelosuppression. All these mechanisms, while plausible and supported by substantial evidence, regard platelets as passive bystanders during viral infection. However, platelets are increasingly recognized as active players in the (antiviral) immune response and have been shown to interact with cells of the innate and adaptive immune system as well as directly with viruses. These findings can be of interest both for understanding the pathogenesis of viral infectious diseases and predicting outcome. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the literature currently available on various mechanisms within the relationship between thrombocytopenia and virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Raadsen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Justin Du Toit
- Department of Haematology, Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2041, South Africa;
| | - Thomas Langerak
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Bas van Bussel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center Plus, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, 6229 GT Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Gorp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Comer SP, Cullivan S, Szklanna PB, Weiss L, Cullen S, Kelliher S, Smolenski A, Murphy C, Altaie H, Curran J, O’Reilly K, Cotter AG, Marsh B, Gaine S, Mallon P, McCullagh B, Moran N, Ní Áinle F, Kevane B, Maguire PB. COVID-19 induces a hyperactive phenotype in circulating platelets. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001109. [PMID: 33596198 PMCID: PMC7920383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected over 30 million globally to date. Although high rates of venous thromboembolism and evidence of COVID-19-induced endothelial dysfunction have been reported, the precise aetiology of the increased thrombotic risk associated with COVID-19 infection remains to be fully elucidated. Therefore, we assessed clinical platelet parameters and circulating platelet activity in patients with severe and nonsevere COVID-19. An assessment of clinical blood parameters in patients with severe COVID-19 disease (requiring intensive care), patients with nonsevere disease (not requiring intensive care), general medical in-patients without COVID-19, and healthy donors was undertaken. Platelet function and activity were also assessed by secretion and specific marker analysis. We demonstrated that routine clinical blood parameters including increased mean platelet volume (MPV) and decreased platelet:neutrophil ratio are associated with disease severity in COVID-19 upon hospitalisation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Strikingly, agonist-induced ADP release was 30- to 90-fold higher in COVID-19 patients compared with hospitalised controls and circulating levels of platelet factor 4 (PF4), soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), and thrombopoietin (TPO) were also significantly elevated in COVID-19. This study shows that distinct differences exist in routine full blood count and other clinical laboratory parameters between patients with severe and nonsevere COVID-19. Moreover, we have determined all COVID-19 patients possess hyperactive circulating platelets. These data suggest abnormal platelet reactivity may contribute to hypercoagulability in COVID-19 and confirms the role that platelets/clotting has in determining the severity of the disease and the complexity of the recovery path.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane P. Comer
- Conway SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Cullivan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paulina B. Szklanna
- Conway SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luisa Weiss
- Conway SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven Cullen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Kelliher
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Claire Murphy
- Conway SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Haidar Altaie
- SAS UK Headquarters, Wittington House, Henley Road, Medmenham, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine O’Reilly
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife G. Cotter
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen and Host Research, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Marsh
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Gaine
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick Mallon
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian McCullagh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Moran
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala Ní Áinle
- Conway SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin Ireland
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Haematology, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail: (FNÁ); (BK); (PBM)
| | - Barry Kevane
- Conway SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin Ireland
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail: (FNÁ); (BK); (PBM)
| | - Patricia B. Maguire
- Conway SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Institute for Discovery, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail: (FNÁ); (BK); (PBM)
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dickinson M, Kliszczak AE, Giannoulatou E, Peppa D, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Drakesmith H, Borrow P. Dynamics of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Superfamily Cytokine Induction During HIV-1 Infection Are Distinct From Other Innate Cytokines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596841. [PMID: 33329587 PMCID: PMC7732468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection triggers rapid induction of multiple innate cytokines including type I interferons, which play important roles in viral control and disease pathogenesis. The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily is a pleiotropic innate cytokine family, some members of which (activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)) were recently demonstrated to exert antiviral activity against Zika and hepatitis B and C viruses but are poorly studied in HIV-1 infection. Here, we show that TGF-β1 is systemically induced with very rapid kinetics (as early as 1-4 days after viremic spread begins) in acute HIV-1 infection, likely due to release from platelets, and remains upregulated throughout infection. Contrastingly, no substantial systemic upregulation of activins A and B or BMP-2 was observed during acute infection, although plasma activin levels trended to be elevated during chronic infection. HIV-1 triggered production of type I interferons but not TGF-β superfamily cytokines from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, putatively explaining their differing in vivo induction; whilst lipopolysaccharide (but not HIV-1) elicited activin A production from myeloid DCs. These findings underscore the need for better definition of the protective and pathogenic capacity of TGF-β superfamily cytokines, to enable appropriate modulation for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dickinson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E Kliszczak
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Computational Genomics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Williams
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dib PRB, Quirino-Teixeira AC, Merij LB, Pinheiro MBM, Rozini SV, Andrade FB, Hottz ED. Innate immune receptors in platelets and platelet-leukocyte interactions. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1157-1182. [PMID: 32779243 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0620-701r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are chief cells in hemostasis. Apart from their hemostatic roles, platelets are major inflammatory effector cells that can influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. Activated platelets have thromboinflammatory functions linking hemostatic and immune responses in several physiological and pathological conditions. Among many ways in which platelets exert these functions, platelet expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including TLR, Nod-like receptor, and C-type lectin receptor families, plays major roles in sensing and responding to pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs, respectively). In this review, an increasing body of evidence is compiled showing the participation of platelet innate immune receptors, including PRRs, in infectious diseases, sterile inflammation, and cancer. How platelet recognition of endogenous DAMPs participates in sterile inflammatory diseases and thrombosis is discussed. In addition, platelet recognition of both PAMPs and DAMPs initiates platelet-mediated inflammation and vascular thrombosis in infectious diseases, including viral, bacterial, and parasite infections. The study also focuses on the involvement of innate immune receptors in platelet activation during cancer, and their contribution to tumor microenvironment development and metastasis. Finally, how innate immune receptors participate in platelet communication with leukocytes, modulating leukocyte-mediated inflammation and immune functions, is highlighted. These cell communication processes, including platelet-induced release of neutrophil extracellular traps, platelet Ag presentation to T-cells and platelet modulation of monocyte cytokine secretion are discussed in the context of infectious and sterile diseases of major concern in human health, including cardiovascular diseases, dengue, HIV infection, sepsis, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ribeiro Braga Dib
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Obesity, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecíllia Quirino-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Laura Botelho Merij
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brandi Mendonça Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Stephane Vicente Rozini
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brandi Andrade
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Eugenio Damaceno Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Page MJ, Pretorius E. A Champion of Host Defense: A Generic Large-Scale Cause for Platelet Dysfunction and Depletion in Infection. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 46:302-319. [PMID: 32279287 PMCID: PMC7339151 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is commonly associated with sepsis and infections, which in turn are characterized by a profound immune reaction to the invading pathogen. Platelets are one of the cellular entities that exert considerable immune, antibacterial, and antiviral actions, and are therefore active participants in the host response. Platelets are sensitive to surrounding inflammatory stimuli and contribute to the immune response by multiple mechanisms, including endowing the endothelium with a proinflammatory phenotype, enhancing and amplifying leukocyte recruitment and inflammation, promoting the effector functions of immune cells, and ensuring an optimal adaptive immune response. During infection, pathogens and their products influence the platelet response and can even be toxic. However, platelets are able to sense and engage bacteria and viruses to assist in their removal and destruction. Platelets greatly contribute to host defense by multiple mechanisms, including forming immune complexes and aggregates, shedding their granular content, and internalizing pathogens and subsequently being marked for removal. These processes, and the nature of platelet function in general, cause the platelet to be irreversibly consumed in the execution of its duty. An exaggerated systemic inflammatory response to infection can drive platelet dysfunction, where platelets are inappropriately activated and face immunological destruction. While thrombocytopenia may arise by condition-specific mechanisms that cause an imbalance between platelet production and removal, this review evaluates a generic large-scale mechanism for platelet depletion as a repercussion of its involvement at the nexus of responses to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Page
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen Y, Zhou Y, Chen P, Zhang P, Jia M, Tang Y. Excessive expressions of T cell activation markers in pediatric immune thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 2019; 180:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Hottz ED, Quirino-Teixeira AC, Valls-de-Souza R, Zimmerman GA, Bozza FA, Bozza PT. Platelet function in HIV plus dengue coinfection associates with reduced inflammation and milder dengue illness. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7096. [PMID: 31068600 PMCID: PMC6506591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected subjects under virological control still exhibit a persistent proinflammatory state. Thus, chronic HIV infection changes the host homeostasis towards an adapted immune response that may affect the outcome of coinfections. However, little is known about the impact of HIV infection on inflammatory amplification and clinical presentation in dengue. Platelets have been shown to participate in immune response in dengue and HIV. We hypothesized that altered platelet responses in HIV-infected subjects may contribute to altered inflammatory milieu and disease progression in dengue. We prospectively followed a cohort of 84 DENV-infected patients of whom 29 were coinfected with HIV under virological control. We report that dengue and HIV coinfection progress with reduced inflammation and milder disease progression with lower risk of vascular instability. Even though the degree of thrombocytopenia and platelet activation were similar between dengue-infected and HIV plus dengue-coinfected patients, plasma levels of the platelet-derived chemokines RANTES/CCL5 and PF4/CXCL4 were lower in coinfection. Consistently, platelets from coinfected patients presented defective secretion of the stored-chemokines PF4 and RANTES, but not newly synthesized IL-1β, when cultured ex vivo. These data indicate that platelets from HIV-infected subjects release lower levels of chemokines during dengue illness, which may contribute to milder clinical presentation during coinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de análise de glicoconjugados, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecíllia Quirino-Teixeira
- Laboratório de análise de glicoconjugados, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rogério Valls-de-Souza
- Laboratório de doenças febrís agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOr), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Elevated Cell-Free Mitochondrial DNA in Filtered Plasma Is Associated With HIV Infection and Inflammation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 78:111-118. [PMID: 29630031 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased cell-free DNA levels are associated with poor health outcomes, and cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) has proinflammatory properties. Given that HIV infection is associated with chronic inflammation, we investigated the relationship between cf-mtDNA and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the context of HIV infection. We also optimized separation of cell-free plasma from blood. SETTING In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we collected blood, demographic information, and clinical data from 99 HIV-infected and 103 HIV-uninfected adults and children enrolled in the Children and Women: AntiRetrovirals and Markers of Aging pan-Canadian (CARMA) cohort. METHODS Plasma was separated from blood by 14,000g centrifugation followed by 0.45-μm filtration to remove cells and platelets. Cf-mtDNA and cell-free nuclear DNA were quantified simultaneously via monochrome, multiplex, quantitative polymerase chain reaction. IL-6 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Higher speed centrifugation and filtration was necessary to isolate truly cell-free plasma. Higher cf-mtDNA levels were univariately associated with HIV infection, elevated IL-6 levels, younger age, higher white blood cell count, and higher cell-free nuclear DNA levels but not blood mtDNA content or HIV viral load. In a multivariable model, HIV infection (P < 0.001), elevated IL-6 (P = 0.021), younger age (P < 0.001), and higher blood nDNA levels (P = 0.007) were independently associated with higher cf-mtDNA. CONCLUSIONS People living with HIV have higher levels of circulating cf-mtDNA than their uninfected peers. Increased levels of inflammatory marker IL-6 are associated with elevated cf-mtDNA, independent of the effect of HIV infection. Higher cf-mtDNA levels and white blood cell count in younger people may reflect higher cell turnover in that population.
Collapse
|
21
|
Hottz ED, Bozza FA, Bozza PT. Platelets in Immune Response to Virus and Immunopathology of Viral Infections. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:121. [PMID: 29761104 PMCID: PMC5936789 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are essential effector cells in hemostasis. Aside from their role in coagulation, platelets are now recognized as major inflammatory cells with key roles in the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Activated platelets have key thromboinflammatory functions linking coagulation to immune responses in various infections, including in response to virus. Recent studies have revealed that platelets exhibit several pattern recognition receptors (PRR) including those from the toll-like receptor, NOD-like receptor, and C-type lectin receptor family and are first-line sentinels in detecting and responding to pathogens in the vasculature. Here, we review the main mechanisms of platelets interaction with viruses, including their ability to sustain viral infection and replication, their expression of specialized PRR, and activation of thromboinflammatory responses against viruses. Finally, we discuss the role of platelet-derived mediators and platelet interaction with vascular and immune cells in protective and pathophysiologic responses to dengue, influenza, and human immunodeficiency virus 1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio D Hottz
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Laboratório de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Platelets have various roles in vascular biology and homeostasis. They are the first actor in primary haemostasis and play important roles in thrombosis pathogenesis, but they are also part of innate immunity, which initiates and accelerate many inflammatory conditions. In some contexts, their immune functions are protective, while in others they contribute to adverse inflammatory outcomes. Platelets express numerous receptors and contain hundreds of secretory molecules that are crucial for platelet functional responses. The capacity of platelets to produce and secrete cytokines, chemokines and related molecules, under the control of specific intracellular pathways, is intimately related to their key role in inflammation. They are also able to intervene in tissue regeneration and repair because they produce pro-angiogenic mediators. Due to this characteristic platelets are involved in cancer progression and spreading. In this review we discuss the complex role of platelets, which bridges haemostasis, inflammation and immune response both in physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Mancuso
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Santagostino
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Virus–platelet interplay is complex. Diverse virus types have been shown to associate with numerous distinct platelet receptors. This association can benefit the virus or the host, and thus the platelet is somewhat of a renegade. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that viruses are capable of entering platelets. For at least one type of RNA virus (dengue virus), the platelet has the necessary post-translational and packaging machinery required for production of replicative viral progeny. As a facilitator of immunity, the platelet also participates in eradicating the virus by direct and indirect mechanisms involving presentation of the pathogen to the innate and adaptive immune systems, thus enhancing inflammation by release of cytokines and other agonists. Virus-induced thrombocytopenia is caused by tangential imbalance of thrombopoeisis, autoimmunity, and loss of platelet function and integrity.
Collapse
|
24
|
Jones LD, Jackson JW, Maggirwar SB. Modeling HIV-1 Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice: Role of Platelets in Mediating Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151702. [PMID: 26986758 PMCID: PMC4795798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of HIV-1 positive individuals developing some form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is increasing. In these individuals, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is compromised due to an increase in exposure to pro-inflammatory mediators, viral proteins, and virus released from infected cells. It has been shown that soluble CD40L (sCD40L) is released upon platelet activation and is an important mediator of the pathogenesis of HAND but the underlying mechanisms are unclear, emphasizing the need of an effective animal model. Here, we have utilized a novel animal model in which wild-type (WT) mice were infected with EcoHIV; a derivative of HIV-1 that contains a substitution of envelope protein gp120 with that of gp80 derived from murine leukemia virus-1 (MuLV-1). As early as two-weeks post-infection, EcoHIV led to increased permeability of the BBB associated with decreased expression of tight junction protein claudin-5, in CD40L and platelet activation-dependent manner. Treatment with an antiplatelet drug, eptifibatide, in EcoHIV-infected mice normalized BBB function, sCD40L release and platelet activity, thus implicating platelet activation and platelet-derived CD40L in virally induced BBB dysfunction. Our results also validate and underscore the importance of EcoHIV infection mouse model as a tool to explore therapeutic targets for HAND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letitia D Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph W Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Platelet microparticles inhibit IL-17 production by regulatory T cells through P-selectin. Blood 2016; 127:1976-86. [PMID: 26903549 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-04-640300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-tolerance and immune homeostasis are orchestrated by FOXP3(+)regulatory T cells (Tregs). Recent data have revealed that upon stimulation, Tregs may exhibit plasticity toward a proinflammatory phenotype, producing interleukin 17 (IL-17) and/or interferon γ (IFN-γ). Such deregulation of Tregs may contribute to the perpetuation of inflammatory processes, including graft-versus-host disease. Thus, it is important to identify immunomodulatory factors influencing Treg stability. Platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) are involved in hemostasis and vascular health and have recently been shown to be intimately involved in (pathogenic) immune responses. Therefore, we investigated whether PMPs have the ability to affect Treg plasticity. PMPs were cocultured with healthy donor peripheral blood-derived Tregs that were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies in the presence of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-1β. PMPs prevented the differentiation of peripheral blood-derived Tregs into IL-17- and IFN-γ-producing cells, even in the presence of the IL-17-driving proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. The mechanism of action by which PMPs prevent Treg plasticity consisted of rapid and selective P-selectin-dependent binding of PMPs to a CCR6(+)HLA-DR(+)memory-like Treg subset and their ability to inhibit Treg proliferation, in part through CXCR3 engagement. The findings that ~8% of Tregs in the circulation of healthy individuals are CD41(+)P-selectin(+)and that distinct binding of patient plasma PMPs to Tregs was observed support in vivo relevance. These findings open the exciting possibility that PMPs actively regulate the immune response at sites of (vascular) inflammation, where they are known to accumulate and interact with leukocytes, consolidating the (vascular) healing process.
Collapse
|
26
|
Fatin MF, Ruslinda AR, Md Arshad MK, Tee KK, Ayub RM, Hashim U, Kamarulzaman A, Gopinath SCB. HIV-1 Tat biosensor: Current development and trends for early detection strategies. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 78:358-366. [PMID: 26655174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected almost 35 million people worldwide. Various tests have been developed to detect the presence of HIV during the early stages of the disease in order to reduce the risk of transmission to other humans. The HIV-1 Tat protein is one of the proteins present in HIV that are released abundantly approximately 2-4 weeks after infection. In this review, we have outlined various strategies for detecting the Tat protein, which helps transcribe the virus and enhances replication. Detection strategies presented include immunoassays, biosensors and gene expression, which utilize antibodies or aptamers as common probes to sense the presence of Tat. Alternatively, measuring the levels of gene transcription is a direct method of analysing the HIV gene to confirm the presence of Tat. By detection of the Tat protein, virus transmission can be detected in high-risk individuals in the early stages of the disease to reduce the risk of an HIV pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Fatin
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - A R Ruslinda
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - M K Md Arshad
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - K K Tee
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R M Ayub
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - U Hashim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
| | - A Kamarulzaman
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cardo L, Thomas SG, Mazharian A, Pikramenou Z, Rappoport JZ, Hannon MJ, Watson SP. Accessible Synthetic Probes for Staining Actin inside Platelets and Megakaryocytes by Employing Lifeact Peptide. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1680-8. [PMID: 26062886 PMCID: PMC4524417 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lifeact is a 17-residue peptide that can be employed in cell microscopy as a probe for F-actin when fused to fluorescent proteins, but therefore is not suitable for all cell types. We have conjugated fluorescently labelled Lifeact to three different cell-penetrating systems (a myristoylated carrier (myr), the pH low insertion peptide (pHLIP) and the cationic peptide TAT) as a strategy to deliver Lifeact into cells and developed new tools for actin staining with improved synthetic accessibility and low toxicity, focusing on their suitability in platelets and megakaryocytes. Using confocal microscopy, we characterised the cell distribution of the new hybrids in fixed cells, and found that both myr– and pHLIP–Lifeact conjugates provide efficient actin staining upon cleavage of Lifeact from the carriers, without affecting cell spreading. This new approach could facilitate the design of new tools for actin visualisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cardo
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK).,Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Steve G Thomas
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Alexandra Mazharian
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- School of Bioscience, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Michael J Hannon
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK).
| | - Stephen P Watson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kiebala M, Singh MV, Piepenbrink MS, Qiu X, Kobie JJ, Maggirwar SB. Platelet Activation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Patients Is Not Altered with Cocaine Abuse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130061. [PMID: 26076359 PMCID: PMC4467977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has indicated that platelets, which are anucleate blood cells, significantly contribute to inflammatory disorders. Importantly, platelets also likely contribute to various inflammatory secondary disorders that are increasingly associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV) infection including neurological impairments and cardiovascular complications. Indeed, HIV infection is often associated with increased levels of platelet activators. Additionally, cocaine, a drug commonly abused by HIV-infected individuals, leads to increased platelet activation in humans. Considering that orchestrated signaling mechanisms are essential for platelet activation, and that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitors can alter platelet function, the role of NF-κB signaling in platelet activation during HIV infection warrants further investigation. Here we tested the hypothesis that inhibitory kappa B kinase complex (IKK) activation would be central for platelet activation induced by HIV and cocaine. Whole blood from HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals, with or without cocaine abuse was used to assess platelet activation via flow cytometry whereas IKK activation was analyzed by performing immunoblotting and in vitro kinase assays. We demonstrate that increased platelet activation in HIV patients, as measured by CD62P expression, is not altered with reported cocaine use. Furthermore, cocaine and HIV do not activate platelets in whole blood when treated ex vivo. Finally, HIV-induced platelet activation does not involve the NF-κB signaling intermediate, IKKβ. Platelet activation in HIV patients is not altered with cocaine abuse. These results support the notion that non-IKK targeting approaches will be better suited for the treatment of HIV-associated inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kiebala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Meera V. Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Piepenbrink
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - James J. Kobie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chabert A, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Pozzetto B, Cognasse F, Schattner M, Gomez RM, Garraud O. Human platelets and their capacity of binding viruses: meaning and challenges? BMC Immunol 2015; 16:26. [PMID: 25913718 PMCID: PMC4411926 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood platelets are first aimed at ensuring primary hemostasis. Beyond this role, they have been acknowledged as having functions in the maintenance of the vascular arborescence and, more recently, as being also innate immune cells, devoted notably to the detection of danger signals, of which infectious ones. Platelets express pathogen recognition receptors that can sense bacterial and viral moieties. Besides, several molecules that bind epithelial or sub-endothelial molecules and, so forth, are involved in hemostasis, happen to be able to ligate viral determinants, making platelets capable of either binding viruses or even to be infected by some of them. Further, as platelets express both Fc-receptors for Ig and complement receptors, they also bind occasionally virus-Ig or virus-Ig-complement immune complexes. Interplays of viruses with platelets are very complex and viral infections often interfere with platelet number and functions. Through a few instances of viral infections, the present review aims at presenting some of the most important interactions from pathophysiological and clinical points of view, which are observed between human viruses and platelets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Chabert
- EA3064-GIMAP, Université de Lyon, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | | | - Bruno Pozzetto
- EA3064-GIMAP, Université de Lyon, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France. .,Service des Agents infectieux et d'Hygiène, CHU de Saint-Etienne, 42055, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- EA3064-GIMAP, Université de Lyon, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France. .,EFS Auvergne-Loire, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratorio de Trombosis Experimental, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, ANM-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo M Gomez
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, UNLP-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Olivier Garraud
- EA3064-GIMAP, Université de Lyon, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France. .,Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France. .,INTS, 6 rue Alexandre-Cabanel, 75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
While the interactions between Gram-positive bacteria and platelets have been well characterized, there is a paucity of data on the interaction between other pathogens and platelets. However, thrombocytopenia is a common feature with many infections especially viral hemorrhagic fever. The little available data on these interactions indicate a similarity with bacteria-platelet interactions with receptors such as FcγRIIa and Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) playing key roles with many pathogens. This review summarizes the known interactions between platelets and pathogens such as viruses, fungi and parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez Alonso
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stokol T, Yeo WM, Burnett D, DeAngelis N, Huang T, Osterrieder N, Catalfamo J. Equid herpesvirus type 1 activates platelets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122640. [PMID: 25905776 PMCID: PMC4407896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes outbreaks of abortion and neurological disease in horses. One of the main causes of these clinical syndromes is thrombosis in placental and spinal cord vessels, however the mechanism for thrombus formation is unknown. Platelets form part of the thrombus and amplify and propagate thrombin generation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that EHV-1 activates platelets. We found that two EHV-1 strains, RacL11 and Ab4 at 0.5 or higher plaque forming unit/cell, activate platelets within 10 minutes, causing α-granule secretion (surface P-selectin expression) and platelet microvesiculation (increased small events double positive for CD41 and Annexin V). Microvesiculation was more pronounced with the RacL11 strain. Virus-induced P-selectin expression required plasma and 1.0 mM exogenous calcium. P-selectin expression was abolished and microvesiculation was significantly reduced in factor VII- or X-deficient human plasma. Both P-selectin expression and microvesiculation were re-established in factor VII-deficient human plasma with added purified human factor VIIa (1 nM). A glycoprotein C-deficient mutant of the Ab4 strain activated platelets as effectively as non-mutated Ab4. P-selectin expression was abolished and microvesiculation was significantly reduced by preincubation of virus with a goat polyclonal anti-rabbit tissue factor antibody. Infectious virus could be retrieved from washed EHV-1-exposed platelets, suggesting a direct platelet-virus interaction. Our results indicate that EHV-1 activates equine platelets and that α-granule secretion is a consequence of virus-associated tissue factor triggering factor X activation and thrombin generation. Microvesiculation was only partly tissue factor and thrombin-dependent, suggesting the virus causes microvesiculation through other mechanisms, potentially through direct binding. These findings suggest that EHV-1-induced platelet activation could contribute to the thrombosis that occurs in clinically infected horses and provides a new mechanism by which viruses activate hemostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wee Ming Yeo
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah Burnett
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicole DeAngelis
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Teng Huang
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - James Catalfamo
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Damien P, Chabert A, Pozzetto B, Cognasse F, Garraud O. Platelets and infections - complex interactions with bacteria. Front Immunol 2015; 6:82. [PMID: 25767472 PMCID: PMC4341565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets can be considered sentinels of vascular system due to their high number in the circulation and to the range of functional immunoreceptors they express. Platelets express a wide range of potential bacterial receptors, including complement receptors, FcγRII, Toll-like receptors but also integrins conventionally described in the hemostatic response, such as GPIIb–IIIa or GPIb. Bacteria bind these receptors either directly, or indirectly via fibrinogen, fibronectin, the first complement C1q, the von Willebrand Factor, etc. The fate of platelet-bound bacteria is questioned. Several studies reported the ability of activated platelets to internalize bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Porphyromonas gingivalis, though there is no clue on what happens thereafter. Are they sheltered from the immune system in the cytoplasm of platelets or are they lysed? Indeed, while the presence of phagolysosome has not been demonstrated in platelets, they contain antimicrobial peptides that were shown to be efficient on S. aureus. Besides, the fact that bacteria can bind to platelets via receptors involved in hemostasis suggests that they may induce aggregation; this has indeed been described for Streptococcus sanguinis, S. epidermidis, or C. pneumoniae. On the other hand, platelets are able to display an inflammatory response to an infectious triggering. We, and others, have shown that platelet release soluble immunomodulatory factors upon stimulation by bacterial components. Moreover, interactions between bacteria and platelets are not limited to only these two partners. Indeed, platelets are also essential for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils, resulting in bacterial clearance by trapping bacteria and concentrating antibacterial factors but in enhancing thrombosis. In conclusion, the platelet–bacteria interplay is a complex game; its fine analysis is complicated by the fact that the inflammatory component adds to the aggregation response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Damien
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Adrien Chabert
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France ; Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Loire , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- GIMAP-EA3064, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France ; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine , Paris , France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The lives of individuals infected with HIV who have access to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are substantially prolonged, which increases the risk of developing non-AIDS comorbidities, including coronary heart disease (CHD). In Europe and the USA, individuals with HIV infection have a ∼1.5-fold increased risk of myocardial infarction relative to uninfected individuals. In Africa, the relative risk of myocardial infarction is unknown, but broadened access to life-extending cART suggests that rates of CHD will rise in this and other resource-constrained regions. Atherogenesis in HIV is affected by complex interactions between traditional and immune risk factors. cART has varied, regimen-specific effects on metabolic risk factors. Overall, cART seems to lessen proatherogenic immune activation, but does not eliminate it even in patients in whom viraemia is suppressed. Current strategies to decrease the risk of CHD in individuals infected with HIV include early initiation of cART regimens with the fewest metabolic adverse effects, and careful management of traditional CHD risk factors throughout treatment. Future strategies to prevent CHD in patients with HIV infection might involve the use of HIV-tailored CHD risk-prediction paradigms and the administration of therapies alongside cART that will further decrease proatherogenic HIV-specific immune activation.
Collapse
|
34
|
Iordache L, Launay O, Bouchaud O, Jeantils V, Goujard C, Boue F, Cacoub P, Hanslik T, Mahr A, Lambotte O, Fain O. Autoimmune diseases in HIV-infected patients: 52 cases and literature review. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:850-7. [PMID: 24747058 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 1) To describe autoimmune diseases (AD) in HIV-infected people; and 2) to perform a literature review concerning this issue. DESIGN 52 HIV-infected patients that presented an AD in 14 medical departments in Paris and Ile-de-France area were retrospectively included in this study. RESULTS The ADs were vasculitis (11), immune cytopenias (8), rheumatic diseases (8), lupus (7), sarcoidosis (7), thyroid diseases (6), hepatic diseases (5), and antiphospholipid syndrome (4). Four patients presented 2 ADs. In 5 patients the AD preceded HIV infection, in 14 HIV infection was diagnosed at the same time as the AD and 34 were HIV-infected when they developed an AD. 40 ADs (80%) occurred in patients with a CD4 T lymphocyte count of more than 200/mm(3). Cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurred only in patients severely immunodepressed. In five patients (a vasculitis case, a sarcoidosis case, three thyroid disease cases) the AD presented as a form of immune restoration inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Some ADs allowed HIV-infection diagnosis at a stage of moderate immune deficiency (vasculitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, immune thrombocytopenia). 37 patients received immunosuppressant treatments with good tolerance. These results confirm in a large series of patients previous data concerning autoimmune diseases occurrence in HIV-infected people. CONCLUSION In the HAART era, when HIV-infected people are treated more and more early, autoimmune diseases can occur, mainly at the phase of immunological recovery. HIV infection should not limit immunosuppressant treatment use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iordache
- Internal Medicine Department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France.
| | - Odile Launay
- Clinical Investigation Centre, Cochin Hospital, 27 rue du Fbg St.-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bouchaud
- Infectious Diseases Department, Avicenne Hospital, 125 rue de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny, France
| | - Vincent Jeantils
- Infectious Diseases Department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- Internal Medicine Department, Kremlin Bicetre Hospital, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
| | - Francois Boue
- Internal Medicine Department, Antoine Béclère Hospital, 157 rue de la Porte de Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Patrice Cacoub
- Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology Department, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, 47-83 bd de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France; Hospital-University Department I2B, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 6 University, UMR 7211, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR S959, F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Hanslik
- Internal Medicine Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, 9 Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Alfred Mahr
- Internal Medicine Department, St. Louis Hospital, 1 Avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Internal Medicine Department, Kremlin Bicetre Hospital, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
| | - Olivier Fain
- Internal Medicine Department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Avenue du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bagashev A, Sawaya BE. Roles and functions of HIV-1 Tat protein in the CNS: an overview. Virol J 2013; 10:358. [PMID: 24359561 PMCID: PMC3879180 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 50% of HIV-infected individuals suffer from some form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). HIV-1 Tat (a key HIV transactivator of transcription) protein is one of the first HIV proteins to be expressed after infection occurs and is absolutely required for the initiation of the HIV genome transcription. In addition to its canonical functions, various studies have shown the deleterious role of HIV-1 Tat in the development and progression of HAND. Within the CNS, only specific cell types can support productive viral replication (astrocytes and microglia), however Tat protein can be released form infected cells to affects HIV non-permissive cells such as neurons. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize the functions of HIV-1 Tat proteins in neural cells and its ability to promote HAND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bassel E Sawaya
- Molecular Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, The Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
TNF and TNF receptor superfamily members in HIV infection: new cellular targets for therapy? Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:484378. [PMID: 24453421 PMCID: PMC3880767 DOI: 10.1155/2013/484378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptors (TNFR) superfamily members are engaged in diverse cellular phenomena such as cellular proliferation, morphogenesis, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune regulation. Their role in regulating viral infections has been well documented. Viruses have evolved with numerous strategies to interfere with TNF-mediated signaling indicating the importance of TNF and TNFR superfamily in viral pathogenesis. Recent research reports suggest that TNF and TNFRs play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV. TNFR signaling modulates HIV replication and HIV proteins interfere with TNF/TNFR pathways. Since immune activation and inflammation are the hallmark of HIV infection, the use of TNF inhibitors can have significant impact on HIV disease progression. In this review, we will describe how HIV infection is modulated by signaling mediated through members of TNF and TNFR superfamily and in turn how these latter could be targeted by HIV proteins. Finally, we will discuss the emerging therapeutics options based on modulation of TNF activity that could ultimately lead to the cure of HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
|
37
|
Speth C, Löffler J, Krappmann S, Lass-Flörl C, Rambach G. Platelets as immune cells in infectious diseases. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:1431-51. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets have been shown to cover a broad range of functions. Besides their role in hemostasis, they have immunological functions and thus participate in the interaction between pathogens and host defense. Platelets have a broad repertoire of receptor molecules that enable them to sense invading pathogens and infection-induced inflammation. Consequently, platelets exert antimicrobial effector mechanisms, but also initiate an intense crosstalk with other arms of the innate and adaptive immunity, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and T cells. There is a fragile balance between beneficial antimicrobial effects and detrimental reactions that contribute to the pathogenesis, and many pathogens have developed mechanisms to influence these two outcomes. This review aims to highlight aspects of the interaction strategies between platelets and pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, in addition to the subsequent networking between platelets and other immune cells, and the relevance of these processes for the pathogenesis of infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Speth
- Division of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Infection, Inflammation, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Krappmann
- Microbiology Institute – Clinical Microbiology, Immunology & Hygiene, University Hospital of Erlangen & Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Division of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University Fritz-Pregl-Straße 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Metcalf Pate KA, Lyons CE, Dorsey JL, Shirk EN, Queen SE, Adams RJ, Gama L, Morrell CN, Mankowski JL. Platelet activation and platelet-monocyte aggregate formation contribute to decreased platelet count during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection in pig-tailed macaques. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:874-83. [PMID: 23852120 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are key participants in innate immune responses to pathogens. As a decrease in circulating platelet count is one of the initial hematologic indicators of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we sought to determine whether decline in platelet number during acute infection results from decreased production, increased antibody-mediated destruction, or increased platelet activation in a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model. During acute SIV infection, circulating platelets were activated with increased surface expression of P-selection, CD40L and major histocompatibility complex class I. Platelet production was maintained and platelet autoantibodies were not detected during acute infection. Concurrent with a decrease in platelet numbers and an increase in circulating monocytes, platelets were found sequestered in platelet-monocyte aggregates, thereby contributing to the decline in platelet counts. Because the majority of circulating CD16(+) monocytes formed complexes with platelets during acute SIV infection, a decreased platelet count may represent platelet participation in the innate immune response to HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Davidson DC, Hirschman MP, Sun A, Singh MV, Kasischke K, Maggirwar SB. Excess soluble CD40L contributes to blood brain barrier permeability in vivo: implications for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51793. [PMID: 23251626 PMCID: PMC3520914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of anti-retroviral therapies, a majority of HIV-infected individuals still develop HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), indicating that host inflammatory mediators, in addition to viral proteins, may be contributing to these disorders. Consistently, we have previously shown that levels of the inflammatory mediator soluble CD40L (sCD40L) are elevated in the circulation of HIV-infected, cognitively impaired individuals as compared to their infected, non-impaired counterparts. Recent studies from our group suggest a role for the CD40/CD40L dyad in blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and interestingly, sCD40L is thought to regulate BBB permeability in other inflammatory disorders of the CNS. Using complementary multiphoton microscopy and quantitative analyses in wild-type and CD40L deficient mice, we now reveal that the HIV transactivator of transcription (Tat) can induce BBB permeability in a CD40L-dependent manner. This permeability of the BBB was found to be the result of aberrant platelet activation induced by Tat, since depletion of platelets prior to treatment reversed Tat-induced BBB permeability. Furthermore, Tat treatment led to an increase in granulocyte antigen 1 (Gr1) positive monocytes, indicating an expansion of the inflammatory subset of cells in these mice, which were found to adhere more readily to the brain microvasculature in Tat treated animals. Exploring the mechanisms by which the BBB becomes compromised during HIV infection has the potential to reveal novel therapeutic targets, thereby aiding in the development of adjunct therapies for the management of HAND, which are currently lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna C. Davidson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Hirschman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Anita Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Meera V. Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Karl Kasischke
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Hochman S, Kim K. The Impact of HIV Coinfection on Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF NEUROPARASITOLOGY 2012; 3:235547. [PMID: 22545215 PMCID: PMC3336366 DOI: 10.4303/jnp/235547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is widespread throughout the world and is especially prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Similarly, Plasmodium falciparum, the most common cause of severe malaria, affects large areas of sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. Although initial studies suggested that HIV and malaria had independent impact upon patient outcomes, recent studies have indicated a more significant interaction. Clinical studies have shown that people infected with HIV have more frequent and severe episodes of malaria, and parameters of HIV disease progression worsen in individuals during acute malaria episodes. However, the effect of HIV on development of cerebral malaria, a manifestation of P. falciparum infection that is frequently fatal, has not been characterized. We review clinical and basic science studies pertaining to HIV and malaria coinfection and cerebral malaria in particular in order to highlight the likely role HIV plays in exacerbating cerebral malaria pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hochman
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Metcalf Pate KA, Mankowski JL. HIV and SIV Associated Thrombocytopenia: An Expanding Role for Platelets in the Pathogenesis of HIV. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. DISEASE MECHANISMS 2011; 8:e25-e32. [PMID: 22577463 PMCID: PMC3346281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is common in HIV and SIV infection, and is often associated with disease progression. HIV and SIV-associated thrombocytopenia arise through multiple mechanisms, including decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction due to HIV-mimetic anti-platelet antibodies, and increased use of activated platelets. Activated platelets have the potential to contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV and SIV by interacting directly with inflammatory cells and endothelium and by releasing soluble immunomodulatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, 21205
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ragin AB, D'Souza G, Reynolds S, Miller E, Sacktor N, Selnes OA, Martin E, Visscher BR, Becker JT. Platelet decline as a predictor of brain injury in HIV infection. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:487-95. [PMID: 21956288 PMCID: PMC3472427 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An association between platelet decline and increased risk of progression to dementia has been observed in an advanced HIV infection cohort study. This investigation evaluated the prognostic significance of platelet decline for dementia, for psychomotor slowing, and for brain injury, as quantified in vivo, in a much larger population of HIV+ men. Platelet counts and neurocognitive data were available from biannual visits of 2,125 HIV+ men participating in the prospective, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study from 1984 to 2009. Brain volumetric data were also available from an imaging substudy of 83 seropositive participants aged 50 and older. The association of platelet counts with neurocognitive outcome was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models where change in platelet count from baseline was a time-updated variable. Marked platelet decline was associated with increased risk of dementia in univariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8-3.5), but not after adjustment for CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, age, study site, hemoglobin, race, education, smoking, and alcohol use (HR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.78-2.5). Platelet decline did not predict psychomotor slowing in either univariate (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.58-1.08) or multivariate (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.73-1.67) analysis. Analysis of brain volumetric data, however, indicated a relationship between platelet decline and reduced gray matter volume fraction in univariate (p = 0.06) and multivariate (p < 0.05) analyses. Platelet decline was not an independent predictor of dementia or psychomotor slowing, after adjusting for stage of disease. Findings from a structural brain imaging substudy of older participants, however, support a possible relationship between platelet decline and reduced gray matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann B Ragin
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|