1
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Lim SH, Lee H, Lee HJ, Kim K, Choi J, Han JM, Min DS. PLD1 is a key player in cancer stemness and chemoresistance: Therapeutic targeting of cross-talk between the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1479-1487. [PMID: 38945955 PMCID: PMC11297275 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of chemoresistance is a major challenge in the treatment of several types of cancers in clinical settings. Stemness and chemoresistance are the chief causes of poor clinical outcomes. In this context, we hypothesized that understanding the signaling pathways responsible for chemoresistance in cancers is crucial for the development of novel targeted therapies to overcome drug resistance. Among the aberrantly activated pathways, the PI3K-Akt/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is clinically implicated in malignancies such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Aberrant dysregulation of phospholipase D (PLD) has been implicated in several malignancies, and oncogenic activation of this pathway facilitates tumor proliferation, stemness, and chemoresistance. Crosstalk involving the PLD and Wnt/β-catenin pathways promotes the progression of CRC and GBM and reduces the sensitivity of cancer cells to standard therapies. Notably, both pathways are tightly regulated and connected at multiple levels by upstream and downstream effectors. Thus, gaining deeper insights into the interactions between these pathways would help researchers discover unique therapeutic targets for the management of drug-resistant cancers. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which PLD signaling stimulates stemness and chemoresistance in CRC and GBM. Thus, the current review aims to address the importance of PLD as a central player coordinating cross-talk between the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways and proposes the possibility of targeting these pathways to improve cancer therapy and overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hun Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuglae Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Junjeong Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
- POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Krott KJ, Feige T, Elvers M. Flow Chamber Analyses in Cardiovascular Research: Impact of Platelets and the Intercellular Crosstalk with Endothelial Cells, Leukocytes, and Red Blood Cells. Hamostaseologie 2023; 43:338-347. [PMID: 37857296 DOI: 10.1055/a-2113-1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are main drivers of thrombus formation. Besides platelet aggregate formation, platelets interact with different blood cells such as red blood and white blood cells (RBCs, WBCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), to promote thrombus formation and inflammation. In the past, the role of different proteins in platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregate formation has been analyzed using platelets/mice with a genetic loss of a certain protein. These knock-out mouse models have been investigated for changes in experimental arterial thrombosis or hemostasis. In this review, we focused on the Maastricht flow chamber, which is a very elegant tool to analyze thrombus formation under flow using whole blood or different blood cell components of genetically modified mice. Besides, the interaction of platelets with RBCs, WBCs, and ECs under flow conditions has been evaluated with regard to thrombus formation and platelet-mediated inflammation. Importantly, alterations in thrombus formation as emerged in the flow chamber frequently reflect arterial thrombosis in different mouse models. Thus, the results of flow chamber experiments in vitro are excellent indicators for differences in arterial thrombosis in vivo. Taken together, the Maastricht flow chamber can be used to (1) determine the severity of platelet alterations in different knock-out mice; (2) analyze differences in platelet adhesion, aggregation, and activation; (3) investigate collagen and non-collagen-dependent alterations of thrombus formation; and (4) highlight differences in the interaction of platelets with different blood/ECs. Thus, this experimental approach is a useful tool to increase our understanding of signaling mechanisms that drive arterial thrombosis and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Jürgen Krott
- Department of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Feige
- Department of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Department of Vascular- and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Abou Daher A, Alkhansa S, Azar WS, Rafeh R, Ghadieh HE, Eid AA. Translational Aspects of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complexes in Diabetic Nephropathy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:802-819. [PMID: 34544257 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Despite the many efforts put into understanding diabetic nephropathy (DN), direct treatments for DN have yet to be discovered. Understanding the mechanisms behind DN is an essential step in the development of novel therapeutic regimens. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has emerged as an important candidate in the quest for drug discovery because of its role in regulating growth, proliferation, as well as protein and lipid metabolism. Recent Advances: Kidney cells have been found to rely on basal autophagy for survival and for conserving kidney integrity. Recent studies have shown that diabetes induces renal autophagy deregulation, leading to kidney injury. Hyper-activation of the mTOR pathway and oxidative stress have been suggested to play a role in diabetes-induced autophagy imbalance. Critical Issues: A detailed understanding of the role of mTOR signaling in diabetes-associated complications is of major importance in the search for a cure. In this review, we provide evidence that mTOR is heavily implicated in diabetes-induced kidney injury. We suggest possible mechanisms through which mTOR exerts its negative effects by increasing insulin resistance, upregulating oxidative stress, and inhibiting autophagy. Future Directions: Both increased oxidative stress and autophagy deregulation are deeply embedded in DN. However, the mechanisms controlling oxidative stress and autophagy are not well understood. Although Akt/mTOR signaling seems to play an important role in oxidative stress and autophagy, further investigation is required to uncover the details of this signaling pathway. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 802-819.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abou Daher
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Alkhansa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,AUB Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - William S Azar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,AUB Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Rim Rafeh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,AUB Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hilda E Ghadieh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,AUB Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assaad A Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,AUB Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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4
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Bermúdez V, Tenconi PE, Giusto NM, Mateos MV. Canonical phospholipase D isoforms in visual function and ocular response to stress. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108976. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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5
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Auclair N, Sané AT, Delvin E, Spahis S, Levy E. Phospholipase D as a Potential Modulator of Metabolic Syndrome: Impact of Functional Foods. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:252-278. [PMID: 32586106 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cardiometabolic disorders (CMD) are composed of a plethora of metabolic dysfunctions such as dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, and hypertension. The development of these disorders is highly linked to inflammation and oxidative stress (OxS), two metabolic states closely related to physiological and pathological conditions. Given the drastically rising CMD prevalence, the discovery of new therapeutic targets/novel nutritional approaches is of utmost importance. Recent Advances: The tremendous progress in methods/technologies and animal modeling has allowed the clarification of phospholipase D (PLD) critical roles in multiple cellular processes, whether directly or indirectly via phosphatidic acid, the lipid product mediating signaling functions. In view of its multiple features and implications in various diseases, PLD has emerged as a drug target. Critical Issues: Although insulin stimulates PLD activity and, in turn, PLD regulates insulin signaling, the impact of the two important PLD isoforms on the metabolic syndrome components remains vague. Therefore, after outlining PLD1/PLD2 characteristics and functions, their role in inflammation, OxS, and CMD has been analyzed and critically reported in the present exhaustive review. The influence of functional foods and nutrients in the regulation of PLD has also been examined. Future Directions: Available evidence supports the implication of PLD in CMD, but only few studies emphasize its mechanisms of action and specific regulation by nutraceutical compounds. Therefore, additional investigations are first needed to clarify the functional role of nutraceutics and, second, to elucidate whether targeting PLDs with food compounds represents an appropriate therapeutic strategy to treat CMD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 252-278.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas Auclair
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain T Sané
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emile Levy
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Molecular Drivers of Platelet Activation: Unraveling Novel Targets for Anti-Thrombotic and Anti-Thrombo-Inflammatory Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217906. [PMID: 33114406 PMCID: PMC7662962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally-partly a consequence of increased population size and ageing-and are major contributors to reduced quality of life. Platelets play a major role in hemostasis and thrombosis. While platelet activation and aggregation are essential for hemostasis at sites of vascular injury, uncontrolled platelet activation leads to pathological thrombus formation and provokes thrombosis leading to myocardial infarction or stroke. Platelet activation and thrombus formation is a multistage process with different signaling pathways involved to trigger platelet shape change, integrin activation, stable platelet adhesion, aggregation, and degranulation. Apart from thrombotic events, thrombo-inflammation contributes to organ damage and dysfunction in CVDs and is mediated by platelets and inflammatory cells. Therefore, in the past, many efforts have been made to investigate specific signaling pathways in platelets to identify innovative and promising approaches for novel antithrombotic and anti-thrombo-inflammatory strategies that do not interfere with hemostasis. In this review, we focus on some of the most recent data reported on different platelet receptors, including GPIb-vWF interactions, GPVI activation, platelet chemokine receptors, regulation of integrin signaling, and channel homeostasis of NMDAR and PANX1.
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7
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Rawish E, Nording H, Münte T, Langer HF. Platelets as Mediators of Neuroinflammation and Thrombosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:548631. [PMID: 33123127 PMCID: PMC7572851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.548631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond platelets function in hemostasis, there is emerging evidence to suggest that platelets contribute crucially to inflammation and immune responses. Therefore, considering the detrimental role of inflammatory conditions in severe neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis or stroke, this review outlines platelets involvement in neuroinflammation. For this, distinct mechanisms of platelet-mediated thrombosis and inflammation are portrayed, focusing on the interaction of platelet receptors with other immune cells as well as brain endothelial cells. Furthermore, we draw attention to the intimate interplay between platelets and the complement system as well as between platelets and plasmatic coagulation factors in the course of neuroinflammation. Following the thorough exposition of preclinical approaches which aim at ameliorating disease severity after inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (a counterpart of multiple sclerosis in mice) or brain ischemia-reperfusion injury, the clinical relevance of platelet-mediated neuroinflammation is addressed. Thus, current as well as future propitious translational and clinical strategies for the treatment of neuro-inflammatory diseases by affecting platelet function are illustrated, emphasizing that targeting platelet-mediated neuroinflammation could become an efficient adjunct therapy to mitigate disease severity of multiple sclerosis or stroke associated brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Rawish
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henry Nording
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Münte
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Clinic for Neurology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Harald F. Langer
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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8
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Phospholipase D1 and D2 Synergistically Regulate Thrombus Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186954. [PMID: 32971863 PMCID: PMC7555624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and PLD2 inhibition by selective PLD1 and PLD2 inhibitors could prevent platelet aggregation in humans, but not in mice. Moreover, only the PLD1 inhibitor, but not PLD2 inhibitor, could effectively prevent thrombus formation in mice, indicating that PLD might play different roles in platelet function in humans and mice. Although PLD1 and PLD2 were reported to be implicated in thrombotic events, the role of PLD in mice remains not completely clear. Here, we investigated the role of PLD1 and PLD2 in acute pulmonary thrombosis and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced brain injury in mice. The data revealed that inhibition of PLD1, but not of PLD2, could partially prevent pulmonary thrombosis-induced death. Moreover, concurrent PLD1 and PLD2 inhibition could considerably increase survival rate. Likewise, inhibition of PLD1, but not PLD2, partially improved ischemic stroke and concurrent inhibition of PLD1, and PLD2 exhibited a relatively better protection against ischemic stroke, as evidenced by the infarct size, brain edema, modified neurological severity score, rotarod test, and the open field test. In conclusion, PLD1 might play a more important role than PLD2, and both PLD1 and PLD2 could act synergistically or have partially redundant functions in regulating thrombosis-relevant events.
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9
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Brechbuhl HM, Vinod-Paul K, Gillen AE, Kopin EG, Gibney K, Elias AD, Hayashi M, Sartorius CA, Kabos P. Analysis of circulating breast cancer cell heterogeneity and interactions with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1129-1139. [PMID: 32822091 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
For solid tumors, extravasation of cancer cells and their survival in circulation represents a critical stage of the metastatic process that lacks complete understanding. Gaining insight into interactions between circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and other peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may provide valuable prognostic information. The purpose of this study was to use single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of liquid biopsies from breast cancer patients to begin defining intravascular interactions. We captured CTCs from the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients using size-exclusion membranes followed by scRNA-seq of enriched CTCs and carry-over PBMCs. Transcriptome analysis identified two populations of CTCs: one enriched for transcripts indicative of estrogen responsiveness and increased proliferation and another enriched for transcripts characteristic of reduced proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We applied interactome and pathway analysis to determine interactions between CTCs and other captured cells. Our analysis predicted for enhanced immune evasion in the CTC population with EMT characteristics. In addition, PD-1/PD-L1 pathway activation and T cell exhaustion were predicted in T cells isolated from breast cancer patients compared with normal T cells. We conclude that scRNA-seq of breast cancer CTCs generally stratifies them into two types based on their proliferative and epithelial state and differential potential to interact with PBMCs. Better understanding of CTC subtypes and their intravascular interactions may help design treatments directed against CTCs with high metastatic and immune-evasive competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Brechbuhl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kiran Vinod-Paul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Austin E Gillen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Etana G Kopin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kari Gibney
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anthony D Elias
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Peter Kabos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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10
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Feng M, Elaïb Z, Borgel D, Denis CV, Adam F, Bryckaert M, Rosa JP, Bobe R. NAADP/SERCA3-Dependent Ca 2+ Stores Pathway Specifically Controls Early Autocrine ADP Secretion Potentiating Platelet Activation. Circ Res 2020; 127:e166-e183. [PMID: 32588751 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ca2+ signaling is a key and ubiquitous actor of cell organization and its modulation controls many cellular responses. SERCAs (sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases) pump Ca2+ into internal stores that play a major role in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration rise upon cell activation. Platelets exhibit 2 types of SERCAs, SERCA2b and SERCA3 (SERCA3 deficient mice), which may exert specific roles, yet ill-defined. We have recently shown that Ca2+ mobilization from SERCA3-dependent stores was required for full platelet activation in weak stimulation conditions. OBJECTIVE To uncover the signaling mechanisms associated with Ca2+ mobilization from SERCA3-dependent stores leading to ADP secretion. METHODS AND RESULTS Using platelets from wild-type or Serca3-deficient mice, we demonstrated that an early (within 5-10 s following stimulation) secretion of ADP specifically dependent on SERCA3 stored Ca2+ is exclusively mobilized by nicotinic acid adenosine dinucleotide-phosphate (NAADP): both Ca2+ mobilization from SERCA3-dependent stores and primary ADP secretion are blocked by the NAADP receptor antagonist Ned-19, and reciprocally both are stimulated by permeant NAADP. In contrast, Ca2+ mobilization from SERCA3-dependent stores and primary ADP secretion were unaffected by inhibition of the production of IP3 (inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate) by phospholipase-C and accordingly were not stimulated by permeant IP3. CONCLUSIONS Upon activation, an NAADP/SERCA3 Ca2+ mobilization pathway initiates an early ADP secretion, potentiating platelet activation, and a secondary wave of ADP secretion driven by both an IP3/SERCA2b-dependent Ca2+ stores pathway and the NAADP/SERCA3 pathway. This does not exclude that Ca2+ mobilized from SERCA3 stores may also enhance platelet global reactivity to agonists. Because of its modulating effect on platelet activation, this NAADP-SERCA3 pathway may be a relevant target for anti-thrombotic therapy. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Feng
- From the HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ziane Elaïb
- From the HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Delphine Borgel
- From the HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile V Denis
- From the HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Adam
- From the HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marijke Bryckaert
- From the HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Rosa
- From the HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Régis Bobe
- From the HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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11
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Barisano D, Frohman MA. Roles for Phospholipase D1 in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1259:77-87. [PMID: 32578172 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43093-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The lipid-modifying signal transduction enzyme phospholipase D (PLD) has been proposed to have roles in oncogenic processes for well-on 30 years, with most of the early literature focused on potential functions for PLD in the biology of the tumor cells themselves. While such roles remain under investigation, evidence has also now been generated to support additional roles for PLD, in particular PLD1, in the tumor microenvironment, including effects on neoangiogenesis, the supply of nutrients, interactions of platelets with circulating cancer cells, the response of the immune system, and exosome biology. Here, we review these lines of investigation, accompanied by a discussion of the limitations of the existing studies and some cautionary notes regarding the study and interpretation of PLD function using model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Barisano
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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12
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Klose AM, Klier M, Gorressen S, Elvers M. Enhanced Integrin Activation of PLD2-Deficient Platelets Accelerates Inflammation after Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093210. [PMID: 32370031 PMCID: PMC7247352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phospholipase (PL)D1 is crucial for integrin αIIbβ3 activation of platelets in arterial thrombosis and TNF-α-mediated inflammation and TGF-β-mediated collagen scar formation after myocardial infarction (MI) in mice. Enzymatic activity of PLD is not responsible for PLD-mediated TNF-α signaling and myocardial healing. The impact of PLD2 in ischemia reperfusion injury is unknown. Methods: PLD2-deficient mice underwent myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Results: Enhanced integrin αIIbβ3 activation of platelets resulted in elevated interleukin (IL)-6 release from endothelial cells in vitro and enhanced IL-6 plasma levels after MI in PLD2-deficient mice. This was accompanied by enhanced migration of inflammatory cells into the infarct border zone and reduced TGF-β plasma levels after 72 h that might account for enhanced inflammation in PLD2-deficient mice. In contrast to PLD1, TNF-α signaling, infarct size and cardiac function 24 h after I/R were not altered when PLD2 was deleted. Furthermore, TGF-β plasma levels, scar formation and heart function were comparable between PLD2-deficient and control mice 21 days post MI. Conclusions: The present study contributes to our understanding about the role of PLD isoforms and altered platelet signaling in the process of myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaia Maria Klose
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Medical Center, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Meike Klier
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Medical Center, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Simone Gorressen
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Medical Center, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.M.K.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Frias MA, Mukhopadhyay S, Lehman E, Walasek A, Utter M, Menon D, Foster DA. Phosphatidic acid drives mTORC1 lysosomal translocation in the absence of amino acids. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:263-274. [PMID: 31767684 PMCID: PMC6952608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) promotes cell growth and proliferation in response to nutrients and growth factors. Amino acids induce lysosomal translocation of mTORC1 via the Rag GTPases. Growth factors activate Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), which in turn activates mTORC1 at the lysosome. Amino acids and growth factors also induce the phospholipase D (PLD)-phosphatidic acid (PA) pathway, required for mTORC1 signaling through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Here, using human and murine cell lines, along with immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, endocytosis, PLD activity, and cell viability assays, we show that exogenously supplied PA vesicles deliver mTORC1 to the lysosome in the absence of amino acids, Rag GTPases, growth factors, and Rheb. Of note, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of endogenous PLD prevented mTORC1 lysosomal translocation. We observed that precancerous cells with constitutive Rheb activation through loss of tuberous sclerosis complex subunit 2 (TSC2) exploit the PLD-PA pathway and thereby sustain mTORC1 activation at the lysosome in the absence of amino acids. Our findings indicate that sequential inputs from amino acids and growth factors trigger PA production required for mTORC1 translocation and activation at the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Frias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021; Clinical and Translational Master's Program, Clinical and Translational Science Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065.
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - Elyssa Lehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - Aleksandra Walasek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - Matthew Utter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - Deepak Menon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021
| | - David A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065.
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14
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Abstract
Functions for phospholipase D1 and D2 (PLD1 and PLD2), the canonical isoforms of the PLD superfamily in mammals, have been explored using cell biological and animal disease models for two decades. PLD1 and PLD2, which are activated as a consequence of extracellular signaling events and generate the second messenger signaling lipid phosphatidic acid (PA), have been reported to play roles in settings ranging from platelet activation to the response to cardiac ischemia, viral infection, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. Of these, the most tractable as therapeutic targets may be thrombotic disease and cancer, as will be discussed here in the context of ongoing efforts to develop small molecule PLD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Salazar
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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15
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McDermott MI, Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA. Mammalian phospholipase D: Function, and therapeutics. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 78:101018. [PMID: 31830503 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite being discovered over 60 years ago, the precise role of phospholipase D (PLD) is still being elucidated. PLD enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipids producing phosphatidic acid and the free headgroup. PLD family members are found in organisms ranging from viruses, and bacteria to plants, and mammals. They display a range of substrate specificities, are regulated by a diverse range of molecules, and have been implicated in a broad range of cellular processes including receptor signaling, cytoskeletal regulation and membrane trafficking. Recent technological advances including: the development of PLD knockout mice, isoform-specific antibodies, and specific inhibitors are finally permitting a thorough analysis of the in vivo role of mammalian PLDs. These studies are facilitating increased recognition of PLD's role in disease states including cancers and Alzheimer's disease, offering potential as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I McDermott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America.
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States of America
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16
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Noble AR, Hogg K, Suman R, Berney DM, Bourgoin S, Maitland NJ, Rumsby MG. Phospholipase D2 in prostate cancer: protein expression changes with Gleason score. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:1016-1026. [PMID: 31673104 PMCID: PMC6964697 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipases D1 and D2 (PLD1/2) are implicated in tumorigenesis through their generation of the signalling lipid phosphatidic acid and its downstream effects. Inhibition of PLD1 blocks prostate cell growth and colony formation. Here a role for PLD2 in prostate cancer (PCa), the major cancer of men in the western world, is examined. METHODS PLD2 expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The effects of PLD2 inhibition on PCa cell viability and cell motility were measured using MTS, colony forming and wound-healing assays. RESULTS PLD2 protein is expressed about equally in luminal and basal prostate epithelial cells. In cells from different Gleason-scored PCa tissue PLD2 protein expression is generally higher than in non-tumorigenic cells and increases in PCa tissue scored Gleason 6-8. PLD2 protein is detected in the cytosol and nucleus and had a punctate appearance. In BPH tissue stromal cells as well as basal and luminal cells express PLD2. PLD2 protein co-expresses with chromogranin A in castrate-resistant PCa tissue. PLD2 inhibition reduces PCa cell viability, colony forming ability and directional cell movement. CONCLUSIONS PLD2 expression correlates with increasing Gleason score to GS8. PLD2 inhibition has the potential to reduce PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Noble
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Karen Hogg
- Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rakesh Suman
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel M Berney
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sylvain Bourgoin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, local T1-58, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Québec, G1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Martin G Rumsby
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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17
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Stegner D, Klaus V, Nieswandt B. Platelets as Modulators of Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2505. [PMID: 31736950 PMCID: PMC6838001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is among the leading causes of disability and death worldwide. In acute ischemic stroke, the rapid recanalization of occluded cranial vessels is the primary therapeutic aim. However, experimental data (obtained using mostly the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model) indicates that progressive stroke can still develop despite successful recanalization, a process termed "reperfusion injury." Mounting experimental evidence suggests that platelets and T cells contribute to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and ischemic stroke is increasingly considered a thrombo-inflammatory disease. The interaction of von Willebrand factor and its receptor on the platelet surface, glycoprotein Ib, as well as many activatory platelet receptors and platelet degranulation contribute to secondary infarct growth in this setting. In contrast, interference with GPIIb/IIIa-dependent platelet aggregation and thrombus formation does not improve the outcome of acute brain ischemia but dramatically increases the susceptibility to intracranial hemorrhage. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms and the potential translational impact of platelet contributions to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stegner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine–Department I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Klaus
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine–Department I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine–Department I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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18
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Ramenskaia GV, Melnik EV, Petukhov AE. [Phospholipase D: its role in metabolism processes and disease development]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 64:84-93. [PMID: 29460838 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186401084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is one of the key enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cell membrane phospholipids. In this review current knowledge about six human PLD isoforms, their structure and role in physiological and pathological processes is summarized. Comparative analysis of PLD isoforms structure is presented. The mechanism of the hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation performed by PLD is described. The PLD1 and PLD2 role in the pathogenesis of some cancer, infectious, thrombotic and neurodegenerative diseases is analyzed. The prospects of PLD isoform-selective inhibitors development are shown in the context of the clinical usage and the already-existing inhibitors are characterized. Moreover, the formation of phosphatidylethanol (PEth), the alcohol abuse biomarker, as the result of PLD-catalyzed phospholipid transphosphatidylation is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Ramenskaia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Melnik
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Petukhov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Moscow, Russia; Moscow Research and Practical Centre for Narcology, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Bolomini-Vittori M, Mennens SFB, Joosten B, Fransen J, Du G, van den Dries K, Cambi A. PLD-dependent phosphatidic acid microdomains are signaling platforms for podosome formation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3556. [PMID: 30837487 PMCID: PMC6401089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Local membrane phospholipid enrichment serves as docking platform for signaling proteins involved in many processes including cell adhesion and migration. Tissue-resident dendritic cells (DCs) assemble actomyosin-based structures called podosomes, which mediate adhesion and degradation of extracellular matrix for migration and antigen sampling. Recent evidence suggested the involvement of phospholipase D (PLD) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) in podosome formation, but the spatiotemporal control of this process is poorly characterized. Here we determined the role of PLD1 and PLD2 isoforms in regulating podosome formation and dynamics in human primary DCs by combining PLD pharmacological inhibition with a fluorescent PA sensor and fluorescence microscopy. We found that ongoing PLD2 activity is required for the maintenance of podosomes, whereas both PLD1 and PLD2 control the early stages of podosome assembly. Furthermore, we captured the formation of PA microdomains accumulating at the membrane cytoplasmic leaflet of living DCs, in dynamic coordination with nascent podosome actin cores. Finally, we show that both PLD1 and PLD2 activity are important for podosome-mediated matrix degradation. Our results provide novel insight into the isoform-specific spatiotemporal regulation of PLD activity and further our understanding of the role of cell membrane phospholipids in controlling localized actin polymerization and cell protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bolomini-Vittori
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja F B Mennens
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Joosten
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Fransen
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Microscopic Imaging Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Koen van den Dries
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Phospholipase D and the Mitogen Phosphatidic Acid in Human Disease: Inhibitors of PLD at the Crossroads of Phospholipid Biology and Cancer. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 259:89-113. [PMID: 31541319 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are key building blocks of biological membranes and are involved in complex signaling processes such as metabolism, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Extracellular signaling by growth factors, stress, and nutrients is transmitted through receptors that activate lipid-modifying enzymes such as the phospholipases, sphingosine kinase, or phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which then modify phospholipids, sphingolipids, and phosphoinositides. One such important enzyme is phospholipase D (PLD), which cleaves phosphatidylcholine to yield phosphatidic acid and choline. PLD isoforms have dual role in cells. The first involves maintaining cell membrane integrity and cell signaling, including cell proliferation, migration, cytoskeletal alterations, and invasion through the PLD product PA, and the second involves protein-protein interactions with a variety of binding partners. Increased evidence of elevated PLD expression and activity linked to many pathological conditions, including cancer, neurological and inflammatory diseases, and infection, has motivated the development of dual- and isoform-specific PLD inhibitors. Many of these inhibitors are reported to be efficacious and safe in cells and mouse disease models, suggesting the potential for PLD inhibitors as therapeutics for cancer and other diseases. Current knowledge and ongoing research of PLD signaling networks will help to evolve inhibitors with increased efficacy and safety for clinical studies.
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21
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Functional analysis of mammalian phospholipase D enzymes. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181690. [PMID: 30369483 PMCID: PMC6435507 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC)-specific phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond of the PC to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and regulates several subcellular functions. Mammalian genomes contain two genes encoding distinct isoforms of PLD in contrast with invertebrate genomes that include a single PLD gene. However, the significance of two genes within a genome encoding the same biochemical activity remains unclear. Recently, loss of function in the only PLD gene in Drosophila was reported to result in reduced PA levels and a PA-dependent collapse of the photoreceptor plasma membrane due to defects in vesicular transport. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that human PLD1 (hPLD1) is evolutionarily closer to dPLD than human PLD2 (hPLD2). In the present study, we expressed hPLD1 and hPLD2 in Drosophila and found that while reconstitution of hPLD1 is able to completely rescue retinal degeneration in a loss of function dPLD mutant, hPLD2 was less effective in its ability to mediate a rescue. Using a newly developed analytical method, we determined the acyl chain composition of PA species produced by each enzyme. While dPLD was able to restore the levels of most PA species in dPLD3.1 cells, hPLD1 and hPLD2 each were unable to restore the levels of a subset of unique species of PA. Finally, we found that in contrast with hPLD2, dPLD and hPLD1 are uniquely distributed to the subplasma membrane region in photoreceptors. In summary, hPLD1 likely represents the ancestral PLD in mammalian genomes while hPLD2 represents neofunctionalization to generate PA at distinct subcellular membranes.
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22
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Klier M, Gorressen S, Urbahn MA, Barbosa D, Ouwens M, Fischer JW, Elvers M. Enzymatic Activity Is Not Required for Phospholipase D Mediated TNF-α Regulation and Myocardial Healing. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1698. [PMID: 30555342 PMCID: PMC6281985 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D1 is a regulator of tumor necrosis factor-α expression and release upon LPS-induced sepsis and following myocardial infarction (MI). Lack of PLD1 leads to a reduced TNF-α mediated inflammatory response and to enhanced infarct size with declined cardiac function 21 days after ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. Deficiency of both PLD isoforms PLD1 and PLD2 as well as pharmacological inhibition of the enzymatic activity of PLD with the PLD inhibitor FIPI protected mice from arterial thrombosis and ischemic brain infarction. Here we treated mice with the PLD inhibitor FIPI to analyze if pharmacological inhibition of PLD after myocardial ischemia protects mice from cardiac damage. Inhibition of PLD with FIPI leads to reduced migration of inflammatory cells into the infarct border zone 24 h after experimental MI in mice, providing first evidence for immune cell migration to be dependent on the enzymatic activity of PLD. In contrast to PLD1 deficient mice, TNF-α plasma level was not altered after FIPI treatment of mice. Consequently, infarct size and left ventricular (LV) function were comparable between FIPI-treated and control mice 21 days post MI. Moreover, cell survival 24 h post I/R was not altered upon FIPI treatment. Our results indicate that the enzymatic activity of PLD is not responsible for PLD mediated TNF-α signaling and myocardial healing after I/R injury in mice. Furthermore, reduced TNF-α plasma levels in PLD1 deficient mice might be responsible for increased infarct size and impaired cardiac function 21 days post MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Klier
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simone Gorressen
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc-Andre Urbahn
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Barbosa
- German Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margriet Ouwens
- German Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Lu WJ, Chung CL, Chen RJ, Huang LT, Lien LM, Chang CC, Lin KH, Sheu JR. An Antithrombotic Strategy by Targeting Phospholipase D in Human Platelets. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7110440. [PMID: 30441821 PMCID: PMC6262437 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in many biological processes. PLD1 plays a crucial role in regulating the platelet activity of mice; however, the role of PLD in the platelet activation of humans remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether PLD is involved in the platelet activation of humans. Our data revealed that inhibition of PLD1 or PLD2 using pharmacological inhibitors effectively inhibits platelet aggregation in humans. However, previous studies have showed that PLD1 or PLD2 deletion did not affect mouse platelet aggregation in vitro, whereas only PLD1 deletion inhibited thrombus formation in vivo. Intriguingly, our data also showed that the pharmacological inhibition of PLD1 or PLD2 does not affect mouse platelet aggregation in vitro, whereas the inhibition of only PLD1 delayed thrombus formation in vivo. These findings indicate that PLD may play differential roles in humans and mice. In humans, PLD inhibition attenuates platelet activation, adhesion, spreading, and clot retraction. For the first time, we demonstrated that PLD1 and PLD2 are essential for platelet activation in humans, and PLD plays different roles in platelet function in humans and mice. Our findings also indicate that targeting PLD may provide a safe and alternative therapeutic approach for preventing thromboembolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Jung Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chi Li Chung
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Ray Jade Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Li Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Li Ming Lien
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan.
| | - Chao Chien Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan Hung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
| | - Joen Rong Sheu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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24
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Ganesan R, Henkels KM, Wrenshall LE, Kanaho Y, Di Paolo G, Frohman MA, Gomez-Cambronero J. Oxidized LDL phagocytosis during foam cell formation in atherosclerotic plaques relies on a PLD2-CD36 functional interdependence. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:867-883. [PMID: 29656494 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a1017-407rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of cholesterol carried by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is tightly controlled in the body. Macrophages are not well suited to counteract the cellular consequences of excess cholesterol leading to their transformation into "foam cells," an early step in vascular plaque formation. We have uncovered and characterized a novel mechanism involving phospholipase D (PLD) in foam cell formation. Utilizing bone marrow-derived macrophages from genetically PLD deficient mice, we demonstrate that PLD2 (but not PLD1)-null macrophages cannot fully phagocytose aggregated oxidized LDL (Agg-Ox-LDL), which was phenocopied with a PLD2-selective inhibitor. We also report a role for PLD2 in coupling Agg-oxLDL phagocytosis with WASP, Grb2, and Actin. Further, the clearance of LDL particles is mediated by both CD36 and PLD2, via mutual dependence on each other. In the absence of PLD2, CD36 does not engage in Agg-Ox-LDL removal and when CD36 is blocked, PLD2 cannot form protein-protein heterocomplexes with WASP or Actin. These results translated into humans using a GEO database of microarray expression data from atheroma plaques versus normal adjacent carotid tissue and observed higher values for NFkB, PLD2 (but not PLD1), WASP, and Grb2 in the atheroma plaques. Human atherectomy specimens confirmed high presence of PLD2 (mRNA and protein) as well as phospho-WASP in diseased arteries. Thus, PLD2 interacts in macrophages with Actin, Grb2, and WASP during phagocytosis of Agg-Ox-LDL in the presence of CD36 during their transformation into "foam cells." Thus, this study provides new molecular targets to counteract vascular plaque formation and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ganesan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Karen M Henkels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Lucile E Wrenshall
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology/Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Yasunori Kanaho
- Department of Physiology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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25
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Abdulnour REE, Howrylak JA, Tavares AH, Douda DN, Henkels KM, Miller TE, Fredenburgh LE, Baron RM, Gomez-Cambronero J, Levy BD. Phospholipase D isoforms differentially regulate leukocyte responses to acute lung injury. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:919-932. [PMID: 29437245 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0617-252rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) plays important roles in cellular responses to tissue injury that are critical to acute inflammatory diseases, such as the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We investigated the expression of PLD isoforms and related phospholipid phosphatases in patients with ARDS, and their roles in a murine model of self-limited acute lung injury (ALI). Gene expression microarray analysis on whole blood obtained from patients that met clinical criteria for ARDS and clinically matched controls (non-ARDS) demonstrated that PLD1 gene expression was increased in patients with ARDS relative to non-ARDS and correlated with survival. In contrast, PLD2 expression was associated with mortality. In a murine model of self-resolving ALI, lung Pld1 expression increased and Pld2 expression decreased 24 h after intrabronchial acid. Total lung PLD activity was increased 24 h after injury. Pld1-/- mice demonstrated impaired alveolar barrier function and increased tissue injury relative to WT and Pld2-/- , whereas Pld2-/- mice demonstrated increased recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages, and decreased tissue injury. Isoform-specific PLD inhibitors mirrored the results with isoform-specific Pld-KO mice. PLD1 gene expression knockdown in human leukocytes was associated with decreased phagocytosis by neutrophils, whereas reactive oxygen species production and phagocytosis decreased in M2-macrophages. PLD2 gene expression knockdown increased neutrophil and M2-macrophage transmigration, and increased M2-macrophage phagocytosis. These results uncovered selective regulation of PLD isoforms after ALI, and opposing effects of selective isoform knockdown on host responses and tissue injury. These findings support therapeutic strategies targeting specific PLD isoforms for the treatment of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja-Elie E Abdulnour
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judie A Howrylak
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander H Tavares
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David N Douda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen M Henkels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Taylor E Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca M Baron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julian Gomez-Cambronero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA.,Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Roth E, Frohman MA. Proliferative and metastatic roles for Phospholipase D in mouse models of cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 67:134-140. [PMID: 29154090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) activity has been proposed to facilitate multiple steps in cancer progression including growth, metabolism, angiogenesis, and mobility. The canonical enzymes PLD1 and PLD2 enact their diverse effects through hydrolyzing the membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine to generate the second messenger and signaling lipid phosphatidic acid (PA). However, the widespread expression of PLD1 and PLD2 in normal tissues and the additional distinct enzymatic mechanisms through which PA can be generated have produced uncertainty regarding the optimal settings in which PLD inhibition might ameliorate cancer. Recent studies in mouse model systems have demonstrated that inhibition or elimination of PLD activity reduces tumor growth and metastasis. One mechanism proposed for this outcome involves proliferative signaling mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which is attenuated when downstream PLD signal propagation is suppressed. The reduced proliferative signaling has been reported to be compounded by dysfunctional energetic metabolism in the tumor cells under conditions of nutrient deprivation. Moreover, cancer cells lacking PLD activity display inefficiencies across multiple steps of the metastatic cascade, limiting the tumor's lethal spread. Using PLD isoform knockout mice, recent studies have reported on the net effects of inhibition and ablation in multiple cancer models through examining the role of PLD in the non-tumor cells comprising the stroma and microenvironment. The promising results of such in vivo studies, combined with the apparent low toxicity of highly-specific and potent inhibitors, highlights PLD as an attractive target for therapeutic inhibition in cancer. We discuss here the array of anti-tumor effects produced by PLD inhibition and ablation in cancer models with a focus on animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Roth
- The Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, The Medical Scientist Training Program, and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, USA.
| | - Michael A Frohman
- The Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, The Medical Scientist Training Program, and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York, 11794, USA.
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27
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Song HI, Yoon MS. PLD1 regulates adipogenic differentiation through mTOR - IRS-1 phosphorylation at serine 636/639. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36968. [PMID: 27872488 PMCID: PMC5181839 DOI: 10.1038/srep36968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) plays a known role in several differentiation processes, but its role in adipogenic differentiation remains unknown. In the present study, we identified PLD1 as a negative regulator of adipogenic differentiation. We showed that PLD activity was downregulated by both 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and insulin upon induction of differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipogenic cells. In line with this observation, PLD activity decreased in both high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and ob/ob mice. We also found that differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was enhanced by the depletion of PLD1 levels or inhibition of PLD1 activity by VU0155069, a PLD1-specific inhibitor. Conversely, treatment with phosphatidic acid (PA), a PLD product, and overexpression of PLD1 both caused a decrease in adipogenic differentiation. Moreover, the elevated differentiation in PLD1-knockdown 3T3-L1 cells was reduced by either PA treatment or PLD1 expression, confirming negative roles of PLD1 and PA in adipogenic differentiation. Further investigation revealed that PA displaces DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) from mTORC1, which subsequently phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at serine 636/639 in 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, our findings provide convincing evidence for a direct role of PLD1 in adipogenic differentiation by regulating IRS-1 phosphorylation at serine 636/639 through DEPTOR displacement and mTOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-In Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
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Trujillo Viera J, El-Merahbi R, Nieswandt B, Stegner D, Sumara G. Phospholipases D1 and D2 Suppress Appetite and Protect against Overweight. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157607. [PMID: 27299737 PMCID: PMC4907468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor predisposing to the development of peripheral insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Elevated food intake and/or decreased energy expenditure promotes body weight gain and acquisition of adipose tissue. Number of studies implicated phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes and their product, phosphatidic acid (PA), in regulation of signaling cascades controlling energy intake, energy dissipation and metabolic homeostasis. However, the impact of PLD enzymes on regulation of metabolism has not been directly determined so far. In this study we utilized mice deficient for two major PLD isoforms, PLD1 and PLD2, to assess the impact of these enzymes on regulation of metabolic homeostasis. We showed that mice lacking PLD1 or PLD2 consume more food than corresponding control animals. Moreover, mice deficient for PLD2, but not PLD1, present reduced energy expenditure. In addition, deletion of either of the PLD enzymes resulted in development of elevated body weight and increased adipose tissue content in aged animals. Consistent with the fact that elevated content of adipose tissue predisposes to the development of hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, characteristic for the pre-diabetic state, we observed that Pld1-/- and Pld2-/- mice present elevated free fatty acids (FFA) levels and are insulin as well as glucose intolerant. In conclusion, our data suggest that deficiency of PLD1 or PLD2 activity promotes development of overweight and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Trujillo Viera
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Haus D15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rabih El-Merahbi
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Haus D15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Haus D15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Haus D15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Stegner
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Haus D15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Haus D15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Sumara
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Haus D15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Denorme F, De Meyer SF. The VWF-GPIb axis in ischaemic stroke: lessons from animal models. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:597-604. [PMID: 27029413 DOI: 10.1160/th16-01-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Ischaemic stroke is caused by a blood clot that obstructs cerebral blood flow. Current treatment mainly consists of achieving fast reperfusion, either via pharmacological thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator or via endovascular thrombectomy. Unfortunately, reperfusion therapy is only available to a limited group of patients and reperfusion injury can further aggravate brain damage. Hence, there is an urgent need for better understanding of ischaemic stroke pathophysiology in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the pathophysiological importance of von Willebrand factor (VWF) in ischaemic stroke has become clear from both clinical and experimental studies. In particular, binding of VWF to platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) has become an interesting target for ischaemic stroke therapy. Recent insights show that inhibting the VWF-GPIb interaction could result in a pro-thrombolytic activity improving cerebral reperfusion rates and concurrently reducing cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion damage. This review gives an overview of the experimental evidence that illustrates the crucial role of the VWF-GPIb axis in ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon F De Meyer
- Simon De Meyer, Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium, Tel.: +32 56 246232, Fax: +32 56 246997, E-mail:
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30
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Role of phospholipases D1 and 2 in astroglial proliferation: effects of specific inhibitors and genetic deletion. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:398-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Dibble CC, Cantley LC. Regulation of mTORC1 by PI3K signaling. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:545-55. [PMID: 26159692 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling network directs cellular metabolism and growth. Activation of mTORC1 [composed of mTOR, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (Raptor), mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8(mLST8), 40-kDa proline-rich Akt substrate (PRAS40), and DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR)] depends on the Ras-related GTPases (Rags) and Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) GTPase and requires signals from amino acids, glucose, oxygen, energy (ATP), and growth factors (including cytokines and hormones such as insulin). Here we discuss the signal transduction mechanisms through which growth factor-responsive PI3K signaling activates mTORC1. We focus on how PI3K-dependent activation of Akt and spatial regulation of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) complex (TSC complex) [composed of TSC1, TSC2, and Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16-1 domain family member 7 (TBC1D7)] switches on Rheb at the lysosome, where mTORC1 is activated. Integration of PI3K- and amino acid-dependent signals upstream of mTORC1 at the lysosome is detailed in a working model. A coherent understanding of the PI3K-mTORC1 network is imperative as its dysregulation has been implicated in diverse pathologies including cancer, diabetes, autism, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Dibble
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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32
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Frohman MA. The phospholipase D superfamily as therapeutic targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:137-44. [PMID: 25661257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) lipid-signaling enzyme superfamily has long been studied for its roles in cell communication and a wide range of cell biological processes. With the advent of loss-of-function genetic mouse models that have revealed that PLD1 and PLD2 ablation is overtly tolerable, small-molecule PLD1/2 inhibitors that do not cause unacceptable clinical toxicity, a PLD2 polymorphism that has been linked to altered physiology, and growing delineation of processes that are subtly altered in mice lacking PLD1/2 activity, the stage is being set for assessment of PLD1/2 inhibition for therapeutic purposes. Based on findings to date, PLD1/2 inhibition may be of more utility in acute rather than chronic settings, although this generalization will depend on the specific risks and benefits in each disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and the Center for Developmental Genetics, 438 Centers for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5140, USA.
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Stritt S, Thielmann I, Dütting S, Stegner D, Nieswandt B. Phospholipase D is a central regulator of collagen I-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and podosome formation in megakaryocytes. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1364-71. [PMID: 24909796 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood platelets are small anucleated cell fragments generated from bone marrow megakaryocytes (MKs) by a cytoskeleton-driven process. Thereby, mature MKs form long cytoplasmic protrusions (pro-platelets), which extend into the sinusoids within the bone marrow and finally release platelets. Podosomes are F-actin rich matrix contacts that have been suggested to play an important role in cell migration, but also in pro-platelet formation by MKs. Phospholipase D (PLD) has been proposed to contribute to the regulation of actin dynamics through the local generation of phosphatidic acid but its role in platelet formation is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the significance of PLD in MK podosome formation and thrombocytopoiesis. METHODS Podosome formation, spreading and ultra-structure of PLD single- and double-deficient MKs were analyzed using confocal and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Phospholipase D-deficient MKs displayed a highly altered ultra-structure in vivo and abnormal actin rearrangement, with almost abolished formation of podosomes upon spreading on collagen I in vitro. However, MK endomitosis and platelet production were not altered by PLD deficiency. CONCLUSION Together, our findings point to a specific function of PLD in actin dynamics as well as podosome formation and size determination in MKs on a collagen I matrix. The normal platelet number in PLD-deficient mice, however, suggests the existence of compensatory mechanisms in vivo that overcome the defective podosome formation observed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stritt
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Zhang Y, Frohman MA. Cellular and physiological roles for phospholipase D1 in cancer. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22567-22574. [PMID: 24990946 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.576876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D enzymes have long been proposed to play multiple cell biological roles in cancer. With the generation of phospholipase D1 (PLD1)-deficient mice and the development of small molecule PLD-specific inhibitors, in vivo roles for PLD1 in cancer are now being defined, both in the tumor cells and in the tumor environment. We review here tools now used to explore in vivo roles for PLD1 in cancer and summarize recent findings regarding functions in angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Center for Developmental Genetics and the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794.
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35
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Foster DA, Salloum D, Menon D, Frias MA. Phospholipase D and the maintenance of phosphatidic acid levels for regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22583-22588. [PMID: 24990952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.566091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a critical metabolite at the heart of membrane phospholipid biosynthesis. However, PA also serves as a critical lipid second messenger that regulates several proteins implicated in the control of cell cycle progression and cell growth. Three major metabolic pathways generate PA: phospholipase D (PLD), diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT). The LPAAT pathway is integral to de novo membrane phospholipid biosynthesis, whereas the PLD and DGK pathways are activated in response to growth factors and stress. The PLD pathway is also responsive to nutrients. A key target for the lipid second messenger function of PA is mTOR, the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin, which integrates both nutrient and growth factor signals to control cell growth and proliferation. Although PLD has been widely implicated in the generation of PA needed for mTOR activation, it is becoming clear that PA generated via the LPAAT and DGK pathways is also involved in the regulation of mTOR. In this minireview, we highlight the coordinated maintenance of intracellular PA levels that regulate mTOR signals stimulated by growth factors and nutrients, including amino acids, lipids, glucose, and Gln. Emerging evidence indicates compensatory increases in one source of PA when another source is compromised, highlighting the importance of being able to adapt to stressful conditions that interfere with PA production. The regulation of PA levels has important implications for cancer cells that depend on PA and mTOR activity for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065.
| | - Darin Salloum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065
| | - Deepak Menon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065
| | - Maria A Frias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065
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36
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Burkhardt U, Stegner D, Hattingen E, Beyer S, Nieswandt B, Klein J. Impaired brain development and reduced cognitive function in phospholipase D-deficient mice. Neurosci Lett 2014; 572:48-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Chen W, Thielmann I, Gupta S, Subramanian H, Stegner D, van Kruchten R, Dietrich A, Gambaryan S, Heemskerk JWM, Hermanns HM, Nieswandt B, Braun A. Orai1-induced store-operated Ca(2+) entry enhances phospholipase activity and modulates canonical transient receptor potential channel 6 function in murine platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:528-39. [PMID: 24520961 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orai1, the major store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) channel in platelets, is not only critical for enhancing diverse signaling pathways, but may also regulate receptor-operated Ca(2+) entry (ROCE). Dynamic coupling of the Orai1 signalosome to canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) has been suggested as an essential step in the activation of SOCE and ROCE. However, the functional significance of the biochemical interaction between Orai and TRPC isoforms remains controversial. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate the role of Orai1 in diacylglycerol (DAG)-mediated ROCE. METHODS Trpc6(-/-) , Orai1(-/-) and Orai1(-/-) /Trpc6(-/-) mice were generated, and their platelets were analyzed. RESULTS Thapsigargin (TG)-induced SOCE was further reduced in Orai1(-/-) /Trpc6(-/-) platelets as compared with Orai1(-/-) platelets, thus revealing that TG-induced signaling pathways can activate TRPC6. Thapsigargin-induced SOCE leads to enhanced phospholipase C and D activity in wild-type platelets. The activity of both enzymes was significantly reduced in Orai1(-/-) platelets upon TG stimulation, whereas receptor-induced phospholipase activity was not affected. Furthermore, TG-induced and glycoprotein VI-mediated thromboxane A2 release was strongly dependent on Orai1-mediated SOCE. CONCLUSION The regulation of TRPC6 activity can occur independently of the physical interaction with Orai1. TRPC6 operates in crosstalk with Orai1 through Orai1-induced DAG production via phospholipase activation. Orai1-induced DAG production and thromboxane release amplify the second phase of Ca(2+) signaling in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Burkhardt U, Wojcik B, Zimmermann M, Klein J. Phospholipase D is a target for inhibition of astroglial proliferation by ethanol. Neuropharmacology 2013; 79:1-9. [PMID: 24262632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of astrocytes during early brain development is driven by growth factors and is accompanied by the activation of phospholipase D (PLD). Ethanol disrupts PLD signaling in astrocytes, a process which may contribute to delayed brain growth of fetuses exposed to alcohol during pregnancy. We here report that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a strong mitogen for rat astrocytes (EC50 0.2 μg/ml) and a strong stimulator of astroglial PLD activity; both effects are inhibited by ethanol and 1-butanol, but not t-butanol, suggesting participation of PLD. Downregulation of PLD1 and exposure to the PLD1 inhibitor VU0359595 attenuated PLD activity and strongly reduced the mitogenic activity of serum and IGF-1. The PLD2 inhibitor VU0285655-1 also reduced PLD activity but had lesser effects on IGF-1-driven proliferation. PLD2 down-regulation affected serum - but not IGF-1-induced proliferation. In separate experiments, alcohol treatment of murine astrocytes taken from PLD-deficient animals revealed an insensitivity of PLD1(-/-) cells to 1-butanol whereas PLD2(-/-) cells were not affected. We conclude that astroglial proliferation induced by IGF-1 is critically dependent on the PLD signaling pathway, with a stronger contribution from PLD1 than PLD2. The teratogenic effects of ethanol may be explained, at least in part, by disruption of the IGF1-PLD signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Burkhardt
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Biocenter N260, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bartosch Wojcik
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Biocenter N260, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martina Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Biocenter N260, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Biocenter N260, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Stegner D, Thielmann I, Kraft P, Frohman MA, Stoll G, Nieswandt B. Pharmacological Inhibition of Phospholipase D Protects Mice From Occlusive Thrombus Formation and Ischemic Stroke—Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2212-7. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
We recently showed that mice lacking the lipid signaling enzyme phospholipase (PL) D1 or both PLD isoforms (PLD1 and PLD2) were protected from pathological thrombus formation and ischemic stroke, whereas hemostasis was not impaired in these animals. We sought to assess whether pharmacological inhibition of PLD activity affects hemostasis, thrombosis, and thrombo-inflammatory brain infarction in mice.
Approach and Results—
Treatment of platelets with the reversible, small molecule PLD inhibitor, 5-fluoro-2-indolyl des-chlorohalopemide (FIPI), led to a specific blockade of PLD activity that was associated with reduced α-granule release and integrin activation. Mice that received FIPI at a dose of 3 mg/kg displayed reduced occlusive thrombus formation upon chemical injury of carotid arteries or mesenterial arterioles. Similarly, FIPI-treated mice had smaller infarct sizes and significantly better motor and neurological function 24 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. This protective effect was not associated with major intracerebral hemorrhage or prolonged tail bleeding times.
Conclusions—
These results provide the first evidence that pharmacological PLD inhibition might provide a safe therapeutic strategy to prevent arterial thrombosis and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stegner
- From the Chair of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., I.T., B.N.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., P.K., G.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (M.A.F.)
| | - Ina Thielmann
- From the Chair of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., I.T., B.N.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., P.K., G.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (M.A.F.)
| | - Peter Kraft
- From the Chair of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., I.T., B.N.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., P.K., G.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (M.A.F.)
| | - Michael A. Frohman
- From the Chair of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., I.T., B.N.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., P.K., G.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (M.A.F.)
| | - Guido Stoll
- From the Chair of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., I.T., B.N.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., P.K., G.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (M.A.F.)
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- From the Chair of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., I.T., B.N.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.S., P.K., G.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (M.A.F.)
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Foster DA. Phosphatidic acid and lipid-sensing by mTOR. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:272-8. [PMID: 23507202 PMCID: PMC3669661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been implicated as a sensor of nutrient sufficiency for dividing cells and is activated by essential amino acids and glucose. However, cells also require lipids for membrane biosynthesis. A central metabolite in the synthesis of membrane phospholipids is phosphatidic acid (PA), which is required for the stability and activity of mTOR complexes. Although PA is commonly generated by the phospholipase D-catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, PA is also generated by diacylglycerol kinases and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases, which are at the center of phospholipid biosynthesis. It is proposed that the responsiveness of mTOR/TOR to PA evolved as a means for sensing lipid precursors for membrane biosynthesis prior to doubling the mass of a cell and dividing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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