1
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Zahid MN, Qaed NA, Abbas Q, Mustafa S, Al-Thawadi S. Exploring the dynamics of human scent in forensic canine analysis: Factors shaping identification accuracy. Vet J 2024; 306:106180. [PMID: 38897375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Using specially trained canines in forensic analysis to identify individual human scents is a well-established method, capitalizing on dogs' exceptional olfactory abilities. This study investigates the survival of human scent under extreme weather conditions in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Five experienced German Shepherd police dogs, trained for human scent tracking, participated in the experiments. The study was conducted during Bahrain's hot summer season, characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, and occasional strong winds. Three common surfaces-sand, grass, and asphalt-were selected to represent scenarios where human scent might be detected. The findings revealed that human scent persisted for approximately 8-11 hours on sand and grass but only 1-3 hours on asphalt, highlighting the impact of surface type on scent survival. The research also examined the effect of temperature on scent survival, testing at three different temperatures: 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C. The results demonstrated that scent durability varied across types of articles and temperature conditions. For instance, at 30°C, human scent remained detectable for up to 93 days on leather but only 27-28 days on silk cloth. At 40°C, leather allowed the scent to last 64-65 days, while wood surfaces had the shortest duration. The scent lasted 37-39 days on jeans cloth at a temperature of 50°C but only 3-4 days on wood. The data gathered can be beneficial for forensic investigations in semi-desert areas involving canine olfaction, offering guidance on the timing and likelihood of scent detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Zahid
- University of Bahrain, Department of Biology, College of Science, Sakhir Campus P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain.
| | - N A Qaed
- Police Dog Unit hallat um albaadh um saad ave, Building 528, Block 615, Road 1523, Bahrain
| | - Q Abbas
- University of Bahrain, Department of Biology, College of Science, Sakhir Campus P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - S Mustafa
- University of Bahrain, Department of Biology, College of Science, Sakhir Campus P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - S Al-Thawadi
- University of Bahrain, Department of Biology, College of Science, Sakhir Campus P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
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2
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Brener S, Snitz K, Sobel N. An electronic nose can identify humans by the smell of their ear. Chem Senses 2024; 49:bjad053. [PMID: 38237638 PMCID: PMC10810274 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial mammals identify conspecifics by body odor. Dogs can also identify humans by body odor, and in some instances, humans can identify other humans by body odor as well. Despite the potential for a powerful biometric tool, smell has not been systematically used for this purpose. A question arising in the application of smell to biometrics is which bodily odor source should we measure. Breath is an obvious candidate, but the associated humidity can challenge many sensing devices. The armpit is also a candidate source, but it is often doused in cosmetics. Here, we test the hypothesis that the ear may provide an effective source for odor-based biometrics. The inside of the ear has relatively constant humidity, cosmetics are not typically applied inside the ear, and critically, ears contain cerumen, a potent source of volatiles. We used an electronic nose to identify 12 individuals within and across days, using samples from the armpit, lower back, and ear. In an identification setting where chance was 8.33% (1 of 12), we found that we could identify a person by the smell of their ear within a day at up to ~87% accuracy (~10 of 12, binomial P < 10-5), and across days at up to ~22% accuracy (~3 of 12, binomial P < 0.012). We conclude that humans can indeed be identified from the smell of their ear, but the results did not imply a consistent advantage over other bodily odor sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Brener
- The Azrieli National Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- The Department for Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Kobi Snitz
- The Azrieli National Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- The Department for Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Noam Sobel
- The Azrieli National Center for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- The Department for Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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3
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Maidodou L, Clarot I, Leemans M, Fromantin I, Marchioni E, Steyer D. Unraveling the potential of breath and sweat VOC capture devices for human disease detection: a systematic-like review of canine olfaction and GC-MS analysis. Front Chem 2023; 11:1282450. [PMID: 38025078 PMCID: PMC10646374 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1282450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of disease screening methods using biomedical detection dogs relies on the collection and analysis of body odors, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in body fluids. To capture and analyze odors produced by the human body, numerous protocols and materials are used in forensics or medical studies. This paper provides an overview of sampling devices used to collect VOCs from sweat and exhaled air, for medical diagnostic purposes using canine olfaction and/or Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Canine olfaction and GC-MS are regarded as complementary tools, holding immense promise for detecting cancers and infectious diseases. However, existing literature lacks guidelines for selecting materials suitable for both canine olfaction and GC-MS. Hence, this review aims to address this gap and pave the way for efficient body odor sampling materials. The first section of the paper describes the materials utilized in training sniffing dogs, while the second section delves into the details of sampling devices and extraction techniques employed for exhaled air and sweat analysis using GC-MS. Finally, the paper proposes the development of an ideal sampling device tailored for detection purposes in the field of odorology. By bridging the knowledge gap, this study seeks to advance disease detection methodologies, harnessing the unique abilities of both dogs and GC-MS analysis in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Maidodou
- Twistaroma, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- CITHEFOR, EA 3452, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- DSA, IPHC UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Igor Clarot
- CITHEFOR, EA 3452, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Michelle Leemans
- Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing, IMRB—Paris Est Créteil University /Inserm U955, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Fromantin
- Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing, IMRB—Paris Est Créteil University /Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Wound Care and Research Unit, Curie Institute, Paris, France
| | - Eric Marchioni
- DSA, IPHC UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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4
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Di Cicco F, Evans RL, James AG, Weddell I, Chopra A, Smeets MAM. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting axillary odor variation. A comprehensive review. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114307. [PMID: 37516230 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Humans produce odorous secretions from multiple body sites according to the microbiomic profile of each area and the types of secretory glands present. Because the axilla is an active, odor-producing region that mediates social communication via the sense of smell, this article focuses on the biological mechanisms underlying the creation of axillary odor, as well as the intrinsic and extrinsic factors likely to impact the odor and determine individual differences. The list of intrinsic factors discussed includes sex, age, ethnicity, emotions, and personality, and extrinsic factors include dietary choices, diseases, climate, and hygienic habits. In addition, we also draw attention to gaps in our understanding of each factor, including, for example, topical areas such as the effect of climate on body odor variation. Fundamental challenges and emerging research opportunities are further outlined in the discussion. Finally, we suggest guidelines and best practices based on the factors reviewed herein for preparatory protocols of sweat collection, data analysis, and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Cicco
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, Utrecht, CS 3584, the Netherlands.
| | - Richard L Evans
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, UK
| | - A Gordon James
- Unilever Research & Development, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Iain Weddell
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, UK
| | - Anita Chopra
- Unilever Research & Development, Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, UK
| | - Monique A M Smeets
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, Utrecht, CS 3584, the Netherlands; Unilever Research & Development, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Peters R, Veenstra R, Heutinck K, Baas A, Munniks S, Knotter J. Human scent characterization: A review. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 349:111743. [PMID: 37315480 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human scent has long been cited as a probable parameter that can be exploited as a biometric measure. Identifying the scent of individual persons using specially trained canines is a well-known forensic method which is frequently used in criminal investigations. To date there has been limited research on the chemical components present in human scent and their usefulness in distinguishing between people. This review delivers insight into studies which have dealt with human scent in forensics. Sample collection methods, sample preparation, instrumental analysis, compounds identified in human scent and data analysis techniques are discussed. Methods for sample collection and preparation are presented, but to date, there is no available validated method. Instrumental methods are presented and from the overview it is clear that gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry is the method of choice. New developments such as two-dimensional gas chromatography offer exiting possibilities to collect more information. Given the amount and complexity of data, data processing is used to extract the relevant information to discriminate people. Finally, sensors offer new opportunities for the characterization of human scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Peters
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Handelskade 75, 7417 DH Deventer, the Netherlands.
| | - Rick Veenstra
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Handelskade 75, 7417 DH Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Heutinck
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Handelskade 75, 7417 DH Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Baas
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Handelskade 75, 7417 DH Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Munniks
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Knotter
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Handelskade 75, 7417 DH Deventer, the Netherlands; Dutch Police Academy, Arnhemseweg 348, 7334 AC Apeldoorn, the Netherlands
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6
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Investigating the Use of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Odor Expression as a Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tool-Pilot Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040707. [PMID: 36832195 PMCID: PMC9955788 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been enormous interest in the development of measures that would allow for the swift detection of the disease. The rapid screening and preliminary diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection allow for the instant identification of possibly infected individuals and the subsequent mitigation of the disease spread. Herein, the detection of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals was explored using noninvasive sampling and low-preparatory-work analytical instrumentation. Hand odor samples were obtained from SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative individuals. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were extracted from the collected hand odor samples using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) was used to develop predictive models using the suspected variant sample subsets. The developed sPLS-DA models performed moderately (75.8% (±0.4) accuracy, 81.8% sensitivity, 69.7% specificity) at distinguishing between SARS-CoV-2-positive and negative -individuals based on the VOC signatures alone. Potential markers for distinguishing between infection statuses were preliminarily acquired using this multivariate data analysis. This work highlights the potential of using odor signatures as a diagnostic tool and sets the groundwork for the optimization of other rapid screening sensors such as e-noses or detection canines.
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7
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Zhang JD, Le MN, Hill KJ, Cooper AA, Stuetz RM, Donald WA. Identifying robust and reliable volatile organic compounds in human sebum for biomarker discovery. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1233:340506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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Gokool VA, Holness HK, Furton KG. The Influence of Intra-Personal Variations in Human Hand Odor on The Determination of Sample Donor. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 334:111235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Rankin-Turner S, McMeniman CJ. A headspace collection chamber for whole body volatilomics. Analyst 2022; 147:5210-5222. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The human body secretes a complex blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via the skin, breath and bodily fluids. In this study, we have developed a headspace collection chamber for whole body volatilome profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rankin-Turner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Conor J. McMeniman
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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10
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Rivals I, Sautier C, Cognon G, Cuzuel V. Evaluation of distance-based approaches for forensic comparison: Application to hand odor evidence. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2208-2217. [PMID: 34342895 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The issue of distinguishing between the same-source and different-source hypotheses based on various types of traces is a generic problem in forensic science. This problem is often tackled with Bayesian approaches, which are able to provide a likelihood ratio that quantifies the relative strengths of evidence supporting each of the two competing hypotheses. Here, we focus on distance-based approaches, whose robustness and specifically whose capacity to deal with high-dimensional evidence are very different, and need to be evaluated and optimized. A unified framework for direct methods based on estimating the likelihoods of the distance between traces under each of the two competing hypotheses, and indirect methods using logistic regression to discriminate between same-source and different-source distance distributions, is presented. Whilst direct methods are more flexible, indirect methods are more robust and quite natural in machine learning. Moreover, indirect methods also enable the use of a vectorial distance, thus preventing the severe information loss suffered by scalar distance approaches. Direct and indirect methods are compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and robustness, with and without dimensionality reduction, with and without feature selection, on the example of hand odor profiles, a novel and challenging type of evidence in the field of forensics. Empirical evaluations on a large panel of 534 subjects and their 1690 odor traces show the significant superiority of the indirect methods, especially without dimensionality reduction, be it with or without feature selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Rivals
- Equipe de Statistique Appliquée, ESPCI Paris, INSERM, UMRS 1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Sautier
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, France
| | - Guillaume Cognon
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, France
| | - Vincent Cuzuel
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, France
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11
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Drabińska N, Flynn C, Ratcliffe N, Belluomo I, Myridakis A, Gould O, Fois M, Smart A, Devine T, Costello BDL. A literature survey of all volatiles from healthy human breath and bodily fluids: the human volatilome. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33761469 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises an updated version of the 2014 review which reported 1846 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from healthy humans. In total over 900 additional VOCs have been reported since the 2014 review and the VOCs from semen have been added. The numbers of VOCs found in breath and the other bodily fluids are: blood 379, breath 1488, faeces 443, milk 290, saliva 549, semen 196, skin 623 and urine 444. Compounds were assigned CAS registry numbers and named according to a common convention where possible. The compounds have been included in a single table with the source reference(s) for each VOC, an update on our 2014 paper. VOCs have also been grouped into tables according to their chemical class or functionality to permit easy comparison. Careful use of the database is needed, as a number of the identified VOCs only have level 2-putative assignment, and only a small fraction of the reported VOCs have been validated by standards. Some clear differences are observed, for instance, a lack of esters in urine with a high number in faeces and breath. However, the lack of compounds from matrices such a semen and milk compared to breath for example could be due to the techniques used or reflect the intensity of effort e.g. there are few publications on VOCs from milk and semen compared to a large number for breath. The large number of volatiles reported from skin is partly due to the methodologies used, e.g. by collecting skin sebum (with dissolved VOCs and semi VOCs) onto glass beads or cotton pads and then heating to a high temperature to desorb VOCs. All compounds have been included as reported (unless there was a clear discrepancy between name and chemical structure), but there may be some mistaken assignations arising from the original publications, particularly for isomers. It is the authors' intention that this work will not only be a useful database of VOCs listed in the literature but will stimulate further study of VOCs from healthy individuals; for example more work is required to confirm the identification of these VOCs adhering to the principles outlined in the metabolomics standards initiative. Establishing a list of volatiles emanating from healthy individuals and increased understanding of VOC metabolic pathways is an important step for differentiating between diseases using VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cheryl Flynn
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Gould
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Fois
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Smart
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Devine
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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Characterization of the volatile odor profile from larval masses in a field decomposition setting. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Baldovini N, Chaintreau A. Identification of key odorants in complex mixtures occurring in nature. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1589-1626. [PMID: 32692323 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00020e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2019Soon after the birth of gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and olfactometry were used as detectors, which allowed impressive development to be achieved in the area of odorant determinations. Since the mid-80s, structured methods of gas chromatography-olfactometry have appeared, allowing the determination of which odor constituents play a key role in materials. Progressively, numerous strategies have been proposed for sample preparation from raw materials, the representativeness evaluation of extracts, the identification of odor constituents, their quantification, and subsequently, the recombination of the key odorants to mimic the initial odor. However, the multiplicity of options at each stage of the analysis leads to a confusing landscape in this field, and thus, the present review aims at critically presenting the available options. For each step, the most frequently used alternatives are described, together with their strengths and weaknesses based on theoretical and experimental justifications according to the literature. These techniques are exemplified by many applications in the literature on aromas, fragrances and essential oils, with the initial focus on wine odorants, followed by a short overview on the molecular diversity of key odorants, which illustrates most of the facets and complexities of odor studies, including the issues raised by odorant interactions such as synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculté des Sciences, Université Côte d'Azur, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
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14
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De Giovanni N, Marchetti D. A Systematic Review of Solid-Phase Microextraction Applications in the Forensic Context. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:268-297. [PMID: 31788690 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction in 1990, the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technology has brought significant progress in many fields of forensic sciences due to the versatility of this fast and solventless alternative to conventional extraction techniques. A systematic review about SPME applications in forensic context from January 1995 to June 2018 was carried out according to systematic review guidelines. The majority of the reviewed articles (40/133) aimed to identify drugs (cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, simultaneous detection of different drugs of abuse, prescribed drugs); 29 of the 133 articles focused on the investigation of fatalities; 28 of the 133 papers used headspace SPME technique for the identification of markers of chronic alcohol abuse. Sixteen papers involved this technique for the isolation of volatile organic compounds for the human odor profile and 20 concerned forensic applications regarding living people. Solid-phase microextraction was preferably employed in the headspace mode and many kinds of fibers were employed, although polydimethylsiloxane was the most adaptable to many forensic realities. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was more frequently used, probably for the well-established coupling with SPME. Most of the papers validated their method to harmonize the scientific approaches of procedures development. Good outcomes are reported on biological material collected from living people as well as on cadaveric samples. The results obtained by most of the studies about alcohol biomarkers on scalp hair have been adopted by the "Society of Hair Testing" to demonstrate abstinence over a pre-defined time period and to assess chronic excessive alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia De Giovanni
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniela Marchetti
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy
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15
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Drea CM. Design, delivery and perception of condition-dependent chemical signals in strepsirrhine primates: implications for human olfactory communication. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190264. [PMID: 32306880 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of human chemical communication benefits from comparative perspectives that relate humans, conceptually and empirically, to other primates. All major primate groups rely on intraspecific chemosignals, but strepsirrhines present the greatest diversity and specialization, providing a rich framework for examining design, delivery and perception. Strepsirrhines actively scent mark, possess a functional vomeronasal organ, investigate scents via olfactory and gustatory means, and are exquisitely sensitive to chemically encoded messages. Variation in delivery, scent mixing and multimodality alters signal detection, longevity and intended audience. Based on an integrative, 19-species review, the main scent source used (excretory versus glandular) differentiates nocturnal from diurnal or cathemeral species, reflecting differing socioecological demands and evolutionary trajectories. Condition-dependent signals reflect immutable (species, sex, identity, genetic diversity, immunity and kinship) and transient (health, social status, reproductive state and breeding history) traits, consistent with socio-reproductive functions. Sex reversals in glandular elaboration, marking rates or chemical richness in female-dominant species implicate sexual selection of olfactory ornaments in both sexes. Whereas some compounds may be endogenously produced and modified (e.g. via hormones), microbial analyses of different odorants support the fermentation hypothesis of bacterial contribution. The intimate contexts of information transfer and varied functions provide important parallels applicable to olfactory communication in humans. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Drea
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0383, USA.,Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0383, USA
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Ferdenzi C, Richard Ortegón S, Delplanque S, Baldovini N, Bensafi M. Interdisciplinary challenges for elucidating human olfactory attractiveness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190268. [PMID: 32306873 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species use chemicals to communicate. In humans, there is increasing evidence that chemicals conveyed by the body are extremely important in interpersonal relationships. However, many aspects of chemical communication remain to be explored to fully understand this function in humans. The aim of this article is to identify relevant challenges in this field, with a focus on human attractiveness in the context of reproduction, and to put forward roadmaps for future studies that will hopefully extend to a wider range of social interactions. The first challenge consists in not being limited to body (mal)odours from the axilla. Preliminary data on how the odour of the face and head is perceived are presented. Second, there is a crucial need to increase our knowledge of the chemical bases of human chemical communication. Third, cross-cultural approaches must not be overlooked, because they have a major input in understanding the universal and culture-specific aspects of chemical communication. Fourth, the influence of specific cultural practices such as contraceptive and fragrance use is likely to be prominent and, therefore, needs to be well described. The fifth and last challenge for research projects in this field is the integration of different disciplines such as behavioural sciences, social sciences, neurosciences and microbiology. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ferdenzi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, F-69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Richard Ortegón
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, F-69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Delplanque
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, CNRS UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, F-06108 Nice, France
| | - Moustafa Bensafi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, F-69675 Bron Cedex, France
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17
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Profiling Volatilomes: A Novel Forensic Method for Identification of Confiscated Illegal Wildlife Items. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the rapid decline in wildlife species has many causes. The illegal trafficking of fauna and flora is a major contributor to species decline and continues to grow at an alarming rate. To enable the prosecution of those involved in the trafficking of illegal wildlife, accurate and reliable identification is paramount. Traditionally, morphology and DNA amplification are used. This paper investigates a novel application of volatilome profiling using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry for wildlife sample detection. Known samples of elephant-derived ivory, other dentine samples, and bone (a common ivory substitute) were used as reference samples for volatilome profiling. Subsequently, specimens that were suspected ivory from border control seizures were obtained and analysed. Confirmatory DNA analyses were conducted on seized samples to establish the reliability parameters of volatilome profiling. The volatilome method correctly identified six of the eight seized samples as elephant ivory, which was confirmed through DNA analysis. There was also clear distinction of African elephant ivory parts from the bone and dentine samples from other species, as shown through PCA and discriminant analyses. These preliminary results establish volatilome profiling through GC×GC-TOFMS as a novel screening method used for the identification of unknown wildlife contraband.
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Abstract
Abstract
This study is focused on finding an optimal preparation of the human scent samples for their detailed chemical analysis in connection with the possible forensic identifications of human individuals in the future. At the present time, the scent identification of people is carried out nearly exclusively using specially trained dogs. It is assumed that the human scent contains a certain group of compounds which allows the identification of people, the so-called human scent signature; however, its chemical composition is completely unknown, as of now. The principal problem of human scent studies consists in the very low concentrations of thousands of the scent compounds, whereas their relative concentrations are usually dramatically different. It seems to be obvious that the most appropriate analytical technique for these thousands of different chemical compounds is GC/MS. However, it is also necessary to find the most suitable sorbent material for human scent collection, an extraction solvent, and a pre-concentration technique. The selection of the appropriate gas chromatographic method is also important to achieve the optimal resolution of the targeted compounds. Of course, in the first instance, it is necessary to decide what it means “the most suitable” for human scent chemical analysis.
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19
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Prieto-Blanco M, Peñafiel Barba S, Moliner-Martínez Y, Campíns-Falcó P. Footprint of carbonyl compounds in hand scent by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to nano-liquid chromatography/diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:241-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Molecular composition of fingermarks: Assessment of the intra- and inter-variability in a small group of donors using MALDI-MSI. Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Doležal P, Furton KG, Lněničková J, Kyjaková P, Škeříková V, Valterová I, Pinc L, Urban Š. Multiplicity of human scent signature. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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22
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Duffy E, Morrin A. Endogenous and microbial volatile organic compounds in cutaneous health and disease. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Roodt AP, Naudé Y, Stoltz A, Rohwer E. Human skin volatiles: Passive sampling and GC × GC-ToFMS analysis as a tool to investigate the skin microbiome and interactions with anthropophilic mosquito disease vectors. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1097-1098:83-93. [PMID: 30212730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from the surfaces of human skin are of great interest to researchers in medical and forensic fields, as well as to biologists studying the ecology of blood-feeding insect vectors of human disease. Research involving the comparison of relative abundances of VOCs emanating from human skin is currently limited by the methodology used for sample collection and pre-concentration. The use of in-house developed silicone rubber (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) passive sampling devices constructed in the form of bracelets and anklets was explored to address this need. The easy-to-use samplers were employed as non-invasive passive sampling devices for the non-targeted collection and concentration of volatile human skin emissions prior to thermal desorption thereof coupled with comprehensive gas chromatographic time-of-flight mass spectrometric (GC × GC-TOFMS) analysis. Compounds collected were from a wide range of compound classes. Several compounds, notably cyclic ketones, identified have not been previously reported in skin volatile literature. Comparison of normalized unique mass peak area signals has revealed relative quantitative differences and similarities between the samples collected from two individuals' wrists and as well as between an individual's wrist and ankle. The sampling method was evaluated based on its ability to provide many candidate compounds for potential biomarker discovery. The results show the ability of the new sampling method for augmenting the current knowledge on human skin volatile emissions. The samplers are both easy to use and economical. Applications explored include the study of the complex relationships between the human skin microbiome and the attractiveness of individuals to anthropophilic blood host seeking mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis P Roodt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yvette Naudé
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Anton Stoltz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Egmont Rohwer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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24
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African elephants (Loxodonta africana) display remarkable olfactory acuity in human scent matching to sample performance. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Deshpande K, Furton KG, Mills DEK. The Equine Volatilome: Volatile Organic Compounds as Discriminatory Markers. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Tsushima S, Wargocki P, Tanabe S. Sensory evaluation and chemical analysis of exhaled and dermally emitted bioeffluents. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:146-163. [PMID: 28892563 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Conditions in which exhaled and dermally emitted bioeffluents could be sampled separately or together (whole-body emission) were created. Five lightly dressed males exhaled the air through a mask to another, identical chamber or without a mask to the chamber in which they were sitting; the outdoor air supply rate was the same in both chambers. The carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber with exhaled air was 2000 ppm. Chamber temperatures were 23°C or 28°C, and ozone was present or absent in the supply airflow. When dermally emitted bioeffluents were present, the perceived air quality (PAQ) was less acceptable, and the odor intensity was higher than when only exhaled bioeffluents were present. The presence or absence of exhaled bioeffluents in the unoccupied chamber made no significant difference to sensory assessments. At 28°C and with ozone present, the odor intensity increased and the PAQ was less acceptable in the chambers with whole-body bioeffluents. The concentrations of nonanal, decanal, geranylacetone, and 6-MHO were higher when dermally emitted bioeffluents were present; they increased further when ozone was present. The concentration of squalene then decreased and increased again at 28°C. Dermally emitted bioeffluents seem to play a major role in the sensory nuisance experienced when occupied volumes are inadequately ventilated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsushima
- Creative Science and Engineering, Department of Architecture, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S Tanabe
- Creative Science and Engineering, Department of Architecture, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Kücklich M, Möller M, Marcillo A, Einspanier A, Weiß BM, Birkemeyer C, Widdig A. Different methods for volatile sampling in mammals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183440. [PMID: 28841690 PMCID: PMC5571906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that olfactory cues are important for mammalian communication. However, many specific compounds that convey information between conspecifics are still unknown. To understand mechanisms and functions of olfactory cues, olfactory signals such as volatile compounds emitted from individuals need to be assessed. Sampling of animals with and without scent glands was typically conducted using cotton swabs rubbed over the skin or fur and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). However, this method has various drawbacks, including a high level of contaminations. Thus, we adapted two methods of volatile sampling from other research fields and compared them to sampling with cotton swabs. To do so we assessed the body odor of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) using cotton swabs, thermal desorption (TD) tubes and, alternatively, a mobile GC-MS device containing a thermal desorption trap. Overall, TD tubes comprised most compounds (N = 113), with half of those compounds being volatile (N = 52). The mobile GC-MS captured the fewest compounds (N = 35), of which all were volatile. Cotton swabs contained an intermediate number of compounds (N = 55), but very few volatiles (N = 10). Almost all compounds found with the mobile GC-MS were also captured with TD tubes (94%). Hence, we recommend TD tubes for state of the art sampling of body odor of mammals or other vertebrates, particularly for field studies, as they can be easily transported, stored and analysed with high performance instruments in the lab. Nevertheless, cotton swabs capture compounds which still may contribute to the body odor, e.g. after bacterial fermentation, while profiles from mobile GC-MS include only the most abundant volatiles of the body odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Kücklich
- Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Manfred Möller
- Institute and Out-patient Clinic of Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Marcillo
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Almuth Einspanier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brigitte M. Weiß
- Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute and Out-patient Clinic of Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Widdig
- Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Sampling method development and optimization in view of human hand odor analysis by thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5113-5124. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Duffy E, Jacobs MR, Kirby B, Morrin A. Probing skin physiology through the volatile footprint: Discriminating volatile emissions before and after acute barrier disruption. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:919-925. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emer Duffy
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Matthew R. Jacobs
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Brian Kirby
- Dermatology Research Group; St. Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
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30
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Doležal P, Kyjaková P, Valterová I, Urban Š. Qualitative analyses of less-volatile organic molecules from female skin scents by comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1505:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Parsons MH, Apfelbach R, Banks PB, Cameron EZ, Dickman CR, Frank ASK, Jones ME, McGregor IS, McLean S, Müller-Schwarze D, Sparrow EE, Blumstein DT. Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator-prey research across disciplines. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:98-114. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Parsons
- Department of Biology; Hofstra University; Hempstead NY 11549 U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences; Fordham University; Bronx NY 10458 U.S.A
| | - Raimund Apfelbach
- Institut für Neurobiologie; Universität Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Peter B. Banks
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; The University of Sydney; Camperdown 2006 Australia
| | - Elissa Z. Cameron
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Chris R. Dickman
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; The University of Sydney; Camperdown 2006 Australia
| | - Anke S. K. Frank
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
- Botanisches Institut, AG Linstädter; Universität zu Köln; D-50674 Köln Germany
| | - Menna E. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Ian S. McGregor
- School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre; University of Sydney; Camperdown 2050 Australia
| | - Stuart McLean
- School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Dietland Müller-Schwarze
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry; State University of New York; Syracuse NY 13210 U.S.A
| | - Elisa E. Sparrow
- Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources; Natural Resources Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges; Willunga 5172 Australia
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 U.S.A
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32
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DeHaan JD, Taormina EI, Brien DJ. Detection and characterization of volatile organic compounds from burned human and animal remains in fire debris. Sci Justice 2017; 57:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Filipiak W, Mochalski P, Filipiak A, Ager C, Cumeras R, Davis CE, Agapiou A, Unterkofler K, Troppmair J. A Compendium of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Released By Human Cell Lines. Curr Med Chem 2017; 23:2112-31. [PMID: 27160536 PMCID: PMC5086670 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160510122913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) offer unique insights into ongoing biochemical processes in healthy and diseased humans. Yet, their diagnostic use is hampered by the limited understanding of their biochemical or cellular origin and their frequently unclear link to the underlying diseases. Major advancements are expected from the analyses of human primary cells, cell lines and cultures of microorganisms. In this review, a database of 125 reliably identified VOCs previously reported for human healthy and diseased cells was assembled and their potential origin is discussed. The majority of them have also been observed in studies with other human matrices (breath, urine, saliva, feces, blood, skin emanations). Moreover, continuing improvements of qualitative and quantitative analyses, based on the recommendations of the ISO-11843 guidelines, are suggested for the necessary standardization of analytical procedures and better comparability of results. The data provided contribute to arriving at a more complete human volatilome and suggest potential volatile biomarkers for future validation. Dedication: This review is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Anton Amann, who sadly passed away on January 6, 2015. He was motivator and motor for the field of breath research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jakob Troppmair
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Castillo-Peinado LS, Luque de Castro MD. An overview on forensic analysis devoted to analytical chemists. Talanta 2017; 167:181-192. [PMID: 28340709 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present article has as main aim to show analytical chemists interested in forensic analysis the world they will face if decision in favor of being a forensic analytical chemist is adopted. With this purpose, the most outstanding aspects of forensic analysis in dealing with sampling (involving both bodily and no bodily samples), sample preparation, and analytical equipment used in detection, identification and quantitation of key sample components are critically discussed. The role of the great omics in forensic analysis, and the growing role of the youngest of the great omics -metabolomics- are also discussed. The foreseeable role of integrative omics is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Castillo-Peinado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba, Agrifood Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba, Agrifood Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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35
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Cuzuel V, Cognon G, Rivals I, Sauleau C, Heulard F, Thiébaut D, Vial J. Origin, Analytical Characterization, and Use of Human Odor in Forensics. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:330-350. [PMID: 28120328 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developing a strategy to characterize the odor prints of individuals should be relevant to support identification obtained using dogs in courts of justice. This article proposes an overview of the techniques used for the forensic profiling of human odor. After reviewing the origin of human odor-both genetic and physiological-the different analytical steps from sample collection to statistical data processing are presented. The first challenge is the collection of odor, whether by direct sampling with polymer patches, cotton gauze, etc., or indirect sampling with devices like Scent Transfer Unit. Then, analytical techniques are presented. Analyses are commonly performed with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. As they yield large amounts of data, advanced statistical tools are needed to provide efficient and reliable data processing, which is essential to give more probative value to information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cuzuel
- UMR 8231 Chimie Biologie et Innovation (CBI), Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, PARIS Cedex, France.,Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Cognon
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Rivals
- Equipe de Statistique Appliquée, ESPCI Paris, UMRS 1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Charles Sauleau
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - François Heulard
- Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale, Caserne Lange, 5 Boulevard de l'Hautil, BP 20312 Pontoise, 95037, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Didier Thiébaut
- UMR 8231 Chimie Biologie et Innovation (CBI), Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, PARIS Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Vial
- UMR 8231 Chimie Biologie et Innovation (CBI), Laboratoire Sciences Analytiques Bioanalytiques et Miniaturisation, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231, PARIS Cedex, France
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36
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Determination of VOC marker combinations for the classification of individuals by gender and race/ethnicity. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 270:193-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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37
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Birkemeyer CS, Thomsen R, Jänig S, Kücklich M, Slama A, Weiß BM, Widdig A. Sampling the Body Odor of Primates: Cotton Swabs Sample Semivolatiles Rather Than Volatiles. Chem Senses 2016; 41:525-35. [PMID: 27121043 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the suitability of a frequently used sampling method employing cotton swabs for collecting animal body odor for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Our method validation showed that both sampling material and sampling protocols affect the outcome of the analyses. Thus, among the tested protocols swabs of pure viscose baked before use and extracted with hexane had the least blank interferences in GC-MS analysis. Most critical for the recovery of VOCs was the handling time: the significant recovery losses of volatiles experienced with this sampling procedure suggest that a rapid processing of such samples is required. In a second part, we used swab sampling to sample the body odor of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), which lack scent glands. First results after GC-MS analysis of the samples collected from these nonhuman primates emphasize that proper analytical performance is an indispensable prerequisite for successful automated data evaluation of the complex GC-MS profiles. Moreover, the retention times and the nature of the identified chemical compounds in our samples suggest that the use of swabs is generally more appropriate for collecting semivolatile rather than VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S Birkemeyer
- Research Group of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,
| | - Ruth Thomsen
- Research Group of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Susann Jänig
- Research Group of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany and
| | - Marlen Kücklich
- Research Group of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany and
| | - Anna Slama
- Research Group of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brigitte M Weiß
- Research Group of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany and
| | - Anja Widdig
- Research Group of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany and German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5E, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Dallo F, Battistel D, Piazza R, Gabrieli J, Filippi JJ, Baldovini N, Barbante C. Direct immersion solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of specific biomarkers of human sweat in melted snow. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1300-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Dallo
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics; Ca’ Foscari University of Venice; Venice Italy
| | - Dario Battistel
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics; Ca’ Foscari University of Venice; Venice Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - CNR; University Ca’ Foscari of Venice; Venice Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics; Ca’ Foscari University of Venice; Venice Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - CNR; University Ca’ Foscari of Venice; Venice Italy
| | - Jacopo Gabrieli
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - CNR; University Ca’ Foscari of Venice; Venice Italy
| | - Jean-Jacques Filippi
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 CNRS; Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Parc Valrose France
| | - Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 CNRS; Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Parc Valrose France
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics; Ca’ Foscari University of Venice; Venice Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - CNR; University Ca’ Foscari of Venice; Venice Italy
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Furton KG, Caraballo NI, Cerreta MM, Holness HK. Advances in the use of odour as forensic evidence through optimizing and standardizing instruments and canines. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0262. [PMID: 26101287 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the advances made in identifying trace amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that originate from forensic specimens, such as drugs, explosives, live human scent and the scent of death, as well as the probative value for detecting such odours. The ability to locate and identify the VOCs liberated from or left by forensic substances is of increasing importance to criminal investigations as it can indicate the presence of contraband and/or associate an individual to a particular location or object. Although instruments have improved significantly in recent decades-with sensitivities now rivalling that of biological detectors-it is widely recognized that canines are generally still more superior for the detection of odourants due to their speed, versatility, ruggedness and discriminating power. Through advancements in the detection of VOCs, as well as increased standardization efforts for instruments and canines, the reliability of odour as evidence has continuously improved and is likely to continue to do so. Moreover, several legal cases in which this novel form of evidence has been accepted into US courts of law are discussed. As the development and implementation of best practice guidelines for canines and instruments increase, their reliability in detecting VOCs of interest should continue to improve, expanding the use of odour as an acceptable form of forensic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Furton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200, SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Norma Iris Caraballo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200, SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Michelle M Cerreta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200, SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Howard K Holness
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200, SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A, Haick H. Hybrid volatolomics and disease detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11036-48. [PMID: 26235374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review presents a concise, but not exhaustive, didactic overview of some of the main concepts and approaches related to "volatolomics"-an emerging frontier for fast, risk-free, and potentially inexpensive diagnostics. It attempts to review the source and characteristics of volatolomics through the so-called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from cells and their microenvironment. It also reviews the existence of VOCs in several bodily fluids, including the cellular environment, blood, breath, skin, feces, urine, and saliva. Finally, the usefulness of volatolomics for diagnosis from a single bodily fluid, as well as ways to improve these diagnostic aspects by "hybrid" approaches that combine VOC profiles collected from two or more bodily fluids, will be discussed. The perspectives of this approach in developing the field of diagnostics to a new level are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 (Israel)
| | - Pawel Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Vera Ruzsanyi
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute and University-Clinic for Anesthesia, The University of Innsbruck and Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 (Israel).
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Broza YY, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Amann A, Haick H. Hybride Volatolomik und der Nachweis von Krankheiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mochalski P, Unterkofler K, Teschl G, Amann A. Potential of volatile organic compounds as markers of entrapped humans for use in urban search-and-rescue operations. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Couch RD, Dailey A, Zaidi F, Navarro K, Forsyth CB, Mutlu E, Engen PA, Keshavarzian A. Alcohol induced alterations to the human fecal VOC metabolome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119362. [PMID: 25751150 PMCID: PMC4353727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that excessive alcohol consumption impacts the intestinal microbiota composition, causing disruption of homeostasis (dysbiosis). However, this observed change is not indicative of the dysbiotic intestinal microbiota function that could result in the production of injurious and toxic products. Thus, knowledge of the effects of alcohol on the intestinal microbiota function and their metabolites is warranted, in order to better understand the role of the intestinal microbiota in alcohol associated organ failure. Here, we report the results of a differential metabolomic analysis comparing volatile organic compounds (VOC) detected in the stool of alcoholics and non-alcoholic healthy controls. We performed the analysis with fecal samples collected after passage as well as with samples collected directly from the sigmoid lumen. Regardless of the approach to fecal collection, we found a stool VOC metabolomic signature in alcoholics that is different from healthy controls. The most notable metabolite alterations in the alcoholic samples include: (1) an elevation in the oxidative stress biomarker tetradecane; (2) a decrease in five fatty alcohols with anti-oxidant property; (3) a decrease in the short chain fatty acids propionate and isobutyrate, important in maintaining intestinal epithelial cell health and barrier integrity; (4) a decrease in alcohol consumption natural suppressant caryophyllene; (5) a decrease in natural product and hepatic steatosis attenuator camphene; and (6) decreased dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, microbial products of decomposition. Our results showed that intestinal microbiota function is altered in alcoholics which might promote alcohol associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D. Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Allyson Dailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fatima Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karl Navarro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Forsyth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ece Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Phillip A. Engen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kean EF, Chadwick EA, Müller CT. Scent signals individual identity and country of origin in otters. Mamm Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Prokop-Prigge KA, Mansfield CJ, Parker MR, Thaler E, Grice EA, Wysocki CJ, Preti G. Ethnic/racial and genetic influences on cerumen odorant profiles. J Chem Ecol 2014; 41:67-74. [PMID: 25501636 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with human cerumen (earwax) and the effects of ethnicity/race and variation on the ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C, member 11 gene (ABCC11). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in ABCC11 affects the cerumen VOC profiles of individuals from African, Caucasian, and Asian descent. Employing gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) we have identified the nature and relative abundance of cerumen VOCs from 32 male donors. Our results show that cerumen contains a complex mixture of VOCs and that the amounts of these compounds vary across individuals as well as across ethnic/racial groups. In six of the seven compounds whose detected concentrations were found to be statistically different across groups, individuals of African descent (AfD) > Caucasian descent (CaD) > Asians descent (AsD). Our findings also reveal that ABCC11 genotype alone does not predict the type and relative levels of volatiles found in human cerumen, and suggest that other biochemical pathways must be involved. Examination of the composition and diversity of external auditory canal microbiota in a small subset of our subject population revealed that the ear microbiota may not be directly correlated with either ethnic group membership or ABCC11 genotype.
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Mochalski P, Unterkofler K, Hinterhuber H, Amann A. Monitoring of selected skin-borne volatile markers of entrapped humans by selective reagent ionization time of flight mass spectrometry in NO+ mode. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3915-23. [PMID: 24611620 PMCID: PMC4004195 DOI: 10.1021/ac404242q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Selective reagent ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with NO(+) as the reagent ion (SRI-TOF-MS (NO(+))) was applied for near real-time monitoring of selected skin-borne constituents which are potential markers of human presence. The experimental protocol involved a group of 10 healthy volunteers enclosed in a body plethysmography chamber mimicking the entrapment environment. A total of 12 preselected omnipresent in human scent volatiles were quantitatively monitored. Among them there were six aldehydes (n-propanal, n-hexanal, n-heptanal, n-octanal, n-nonanal, and 2 methyl 2-propenal), four ketones (acetone, 2-butanone, 3-buten-2-one, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one), one hydrocarbon (2-methyl 2-pentene), and one terpene (DL-limonene). The observed median emission rates ranged from 0.28 to 44.8 nmol × person(-1) × min(-1) (16-1530 fmol × cm(-2) × min(-1)). Within the compounds under study, ketones in general and acetone in particular exhibited the highest abundances. The findings of this study provide invaluable information about formation and evolution of a human-specific chemical fingerprint, which could be used for the early location of entrapped victims during urban search and rescue operations (USaR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute, University of Innsbruck , Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
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Emission rates of selected volatile organic compounds from skin of healthy volunteers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 959:62-70. [PMID: 24768920 PMCID: PMC4013926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of volatiles emitted by human skin by SPME-GCMS. Determination of emission rates of 64 skin-borne species. Selection of potential skin-borne markers of human presence for rescue applications.
Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC–MS) coupled with solid phase micro-extraction as pre-concentration method (SPME) was applied to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by human skin. A total of 64 C4-C10 compounds were quantified in skin emanation of 31 healthy volunteers. Amongst them aldehydes and hydrocarbons were the predominant chemical families with eighteen and seventeen species, respectively. Apart from these, there were eight ketones, six heterocyclic compounds, six terpenes, four esters, two alcohols, two volatile sulphur compounds, and one nitrile. The observed median emission rates ranged from 0.55 to 4790 fmol cm−2 min−1. Within this set of analytes three volatiles; acetone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and acetaldehyde exhibited especially high emission rates exceeding 100 fmol cm−2 min−1. Thirty-three volatiles were highly present in skin emanation with incidence rates over 80%. These species can be considered as potential markers of human presence, which could be used for early location of entrapped victims during Urban Search and Rescue Operations (USaR).
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Broza YY, Zuri L, Haick H. Combined volatolomics for monitoring of human body chemistry. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4611. [PMID: 24714440 PMCID: PMC3980217 DOI: 10.1038/srep04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a promising approach for non-invasive, fast and potentially inexpensive diagnostics. Here, we present a new methodology for profiling the body chemistry by using the volatile fraction of molecules in various body fluids. Using mass spectrometry and cross-reactive nanomaterial-based sensors array, we demonstrate that simultaneous VOC detection from breath and skin would provide complementary, non-correlated information of the body's volatile metabolites profile. Eventually with further wide population validation studies, such a methodology could provide more accurate monitoring of pathological changes compared to the information provided by a single body fluid. The qualitative and quantitative methods presented here offers a variety of options for novel mapping of the metabolic properties of complex organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Liat Zuri
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Martin HJ, Reynolds JC, Riazanskaia S, Thomas CLP. High throughput volatile fatty acid skin metabolite profiling by thermal desorption secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Analyst 2014; 139:4279-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00134f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Global VOC skin metabolite profiling. Thermal desorption secondary electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry classifies skin odour phenotypes by targeted volatile fatty analysis. Examination of the mass spectra reveals the potential for global metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Martin
- Centre for Analytical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough, UK
| | - James C. Reynolds
- Centre for Analytical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough, UK
| | | | - C. L. Paul Thomas
- Centre for Analytical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough, UK
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50
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Rodriguez-Lujan I, Bailador G, Sanchez-Avila C, Herrero A, Vidal-de-Miguel G. Analysis of pattern recognition and dimensionality reduction techniques for odor biometrics. Knowl Based Syst 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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