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Larios E, Mazer SJ. Genotype × environment interaction obscures genetic sources of variation in seed size in Dithyrea californica but provides the opportunity for selection on phenotypic plasticity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1847-1860. [PMID: 36350645 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE In many species, seed size influences individual fitness, but its heritability is low, impeding its evolution. In heterogeneous environments, even if heritability of seed size is low, genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity for seed size may provide the opportunity for selection, but this possibility has rarely been investigated in wild species. The evolutionary trajectory of seed size depends on whether additive, maternal, or non-additive genetic variance dominates; moreover, the expression of any of these sources of variance may be environment-dependent, reflecting genetic variation in plasticity. In this study, we examined these sources of variation in seed size and their response to drought in Dithyrea californica. METHODS We used a diallel design to estimate variance components for seed size in three greenhouse-raised populations sampled from California and northern Mexico. We replicated diallels in two watering treatments to examine genetic parameters and genotype × environment interactions affecting seed size. We estimated general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability, reciprocal effects (RGCA and RSCA), and their interactions with water availability, and we sought evidence that sexual conflict influences seed size. RESULTS Norms of reaction revealed genetic variation in plasticity for seed size in each population. Seed size in D. californica is determined by the combination of watering treatment, GCA and RGCA; parental identity and water availability do not consistently affect seed size, and we detected no evidence for sexual conflict. CONCLUSIONS Multiple sources of genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity for seed size have the potential to influence its evolutionary trajectory in heterogenous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Larios
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Zilio G, Kaltz O, Koella JC. Resource availability for the mosquito Aedes aegypti affects the transmission mode evolution of a microsporidian parasite. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEcological conditions may greatly affect the relative importance of vertical and horizontal transmission, in particular for parasites with a mixed mode of transmission. Resource availability is one important environmental factor, affecting host growth and fecundity, but also the parasite’s own development. The consequences for the potential of vertical and horizontal transmission and for the evolution of transmission mode are largely unknown. We let the mixed-mode microsporidian parasite Edhazardia aedis evolve on its mosquito host Aedes aegypti under high-food or low-food conditions, representing permissive and restricted conditions. These alter the timing of development of infected larvae and thereby the probabilities for the parasites to enter the vertical or horizontal transmission pathways. After 10 generations, evolved parasites were assayed under the two food levels. There was an ecological trade-off between transmission modes, mediated by nutrient effects on host development, resulting in a higher vertical transmission (VT) potential under high-food and a higher horizontal transmission (HT) potential under low-food test conditions. Evolution under high food increased the VT potential of the parasite, particularly if it was tested at low food. This involved higher probability of carrying binucleate spores for the emerging females, greater fecundity and a longer life compared to parasites that were tested in the same conditions but had evolved under low food. The changes are related to the developmental regulation and switch in the production of two spore types, affecting investment in VT or HT. In contrast, the HT potential remained relatively unaffected by the parasite’s evolutionary history, suggesting that, within our experiential design, the VT mode evolved independently of the HT mode. Our work illustrates the possible links between resource availability, within-host developmental processes and the evolution of parasite transmission investment. Future work, theoretical and experimental, should scale up from within-host to between-host levels, including eco-evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics.
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Eckert S, Herden J, Stift M, Durka W, van Kleunen M, Joshi J. Traces of Genetic but Not Epigenetic Adaptation in the Invasive Goldenrod Solidago canadensis Despite the Absence of Population Structure. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.856453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions may result from multiple introductions, which might compensate for reduced gene pools caused by bottleneck events, but could also dilute adaptive processes. A previous common-garden experiment showed heritable latitudinal clines in fitness-related traits in the invasive goldenrod Solidago canadensis in Central Europe. These latitudinal clines remained stable even in plants chemically treated with zebularine to reduce epigenetic variation. However, despite the heritability of traits investigated, genetic isolation-by-distance was non-significant. Utilizing the same specimens, we applied a molecular analysis of (epi)genetic differentiation with standard and methylation-sensitive (MSAP) AFLPs. We tested whether this variation was spatially structured among populations and whether zebularine had altered epigenetic variation. Additionally, we used genome scans to mine for putative outlier loci susceptible to selection processes in the invaded range. Despite the absence of isolation-by-distance, we found spatial genetic neighborhoods among populations and two AFLP clusters differentiating northern and southern Solidago populations. Genetic and epigenetic diversity were significantly correlated, but not linked to phenotypic variation. Hence, no spatial epigenetic patterns were detected along the latitudinal gradient sampled. Applying genome-scan approaches (BAYESCAN, BAYESCENV, RDA, and LFMM), we found 51 genetic and epigenetic loci putatively responding to selection. One of these genetic loci was significantly more frequent in populations at the northern range. Also, one epigenetic locus was more frequent in populations in the southern range, but this pattern was lost under zebularine treatment. Our results point to some genetic, but not epigenetic adaptation processes along a large-scale latitudinal gradient of S. canadensis in its invasive range.
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Yin J, Lin X, Yao J, Li QQ, Zhang Y. Genotypic variation of transgenerational plasticity can be explained by environmental predictability at origins. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen Univ. Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Xiaohe Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen Univ. Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Jing Yao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen Univ. Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Qingshun Q. Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen Univ. Xiamen Fujian China
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western Univ. of Health Sciences Pomona CA USA
| | - Yuan‐Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen Univ. Xiamen Fujian China
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Callejas‐Díaz M, Chambel MR, San‐Martín‐Lorén J, Gea‐Izquierdo G, Santos‐Del‐Blanco L, Postma E, Climent JM. The role of maternal age, growth, and environment in shaping offspring performance in an aerial conifer seed bank. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:366-376. [PMID: 34973037 PMCID: PMC9790720 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Maternal effects have been demonstrated to affect offspring performance in many organisms, and in plants, seeds are important mediators of these effects. Some woody plant species maintain long-lasting canopy seed banks as an adaptation to wildfires. Importantly, these seeds stored in serotinous cones are produced by the mother plant under varying ontogenetic and physiological conditions. METHODS We sampled the canopy seed bank of a highly serotinous population of Pinus pinaster to test whether maternal age and growth and the environmental conditions during each crop year affected seed mass and ultimately germination and early survival. After determining retrospectively the year of each seed cohort, we followed germination and early survival in a semi-natural common garden. RESULTS Seed mass was related to maternal age and growth at the time of seed production; i.e., slow-growing, older mothers had smaller seeds, and fast-growing, young mothers had larger seeds, which could be interpreted either as a proxy of senescence or as a maternal strategy. Seed mass had a positive effect on germination success, but aside from differences in seed mass, maternal age had a negative effect and diameter had a positive effect on germination timing and subsequent survival. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the importance of maternal conditions combined with seed mass in shaping seedling establishment. Our findings open new insights in the offspring performance deriving from long-term canopy seed banks, which may have high relevance for plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Callejas‐Díaz
- Department of Forest Ecology and GeneticsForest Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - M. Regina Chambel
- Department of Forest Ecology and GeneticsForest Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Javier San‐Martín‐Lorén
- Department of Forest Ecology and GeneticsForest Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Guillermo Gea‐Izquierdo
- Department of Forest Ecology and GeneticsForest Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Luis Santos‐Del‐Blanco
- Department of Forest Ecology and GeneticsForest Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Erik Postma
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - José M. Climent
- Department of Forest Ecology and GeneticsForest Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
- Sustainable Forest Management Research InstituteUniversity of Valladolid‐National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and TechnologyPalenciaSpain
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Waterman R, Sultan SE. Transgenerational effects of parent plant competition on offspring development in contrasting conditions. Ecology 2021; 102:e03531. [PMID: 34496058 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conditions during a parent's lifetime can induce phenotypic changes in offspring, providing a potentially important source of variation in natural populations. Yet, to date, biotic factors have seldom been tested as sources of transgenerational effects in plants. In a greenhouse experiment with the generalist annual Polygonum persicaria, we tested for effects of parental competition on offspring by growing isogenic parent plants either individually or in competitive arrays and comparing their seedling progeny in contrasting growth environments. Offspring of competing vs. non-competing parents showed significantly altered development, resulting in greater biomass and total leaf area, but only when growing in neighbor or simulated canopy shade, rather than sunny dry conditions. A follow-up experiment in which parent plants instead competed in dry soil found that offspring in dry soil had slightly reduced growth, both with and without competitors. In neither experiment were effects of parental competition explained by changes in seed provisioning, suggesting a more complex mode of regulatory inheritance. We hypothesize that parental competition in moist soil (i.e., primarily for light) confers specific developmental effects that are beneficial for light-limited offspring, while parental competition in dry soil (i.e., primarily for belowground resources) produces offspring of slightly lower overall quality. Together, these results indicate that competitive conditions during the parental generation can contribute significantly to offspring variation, but these transgenerational effects will depend on the abiotic resources available to both parents and progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Waterman
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, 06459, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Sonia E Sultan
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, 06459, USA
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Harman-Ware AE, Macaya-Sanz D, Abeyratne CR, Doeppke C, Haiby K, Tuskan GA, Stanton B, DiFazio SP, Davis MF. Accurate determination of genotypic variance of cell wall characteristics of a Populus trichocarpa pedigree using high-throughput pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:59. [PMID: 33676543 PMCID: PMC7937246 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS) analysis of a pedigree of Populus trichocarpa was performed to study the phenotypic plasticity and heritability of lignin content and lignin monomer composition. Instrumental and microspatial environmental variability were observed in the spectral features and corrected to reveal underlying genetic variance of biomass composition. RESULTS Lignin-derived ions (including m/z 124, 154, 168, 194, 210 and others) were highly impacted by microspatial environmental variation which demonstrates phenotypic plasticity of lignin composition in Populus trichocarpa biomass. Broad-sense heritability of lignin composition after correcting for microspatial and instrumental variation was determined to be H2 = 0.56 based on py-MBMS ions known to derive from lignin. Heritability of lignin monomeric syringyl/guaiacyl ratio (S/G) was H2 = 0.81. Broad-sense heritability was also high (up to H2 = 0.79) for ions derived from other components of the biomass including phenolics (e.g., salicylates) and C5 sugars (e.g., xylose). Lignin and phenolic ion abundances were primarily driven by maternal effects, and paternal effects were either similar or stronger for the most heritable carbohydrate-derived ions. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that many biopolymer-derived ions from py-MBMS show substantial phenotypic plasticity in response to microenvironmental variation in plantations. Nevertheless, broad-sense heritability for biomass composition can be quite high after correcting for spatial environmental variation. This work outlines the importance in accounting for instrumental and microspatial environmental variation in biomass composition data for applications in heritability measurements and genomic selection for breeding poplar for renewable fuels and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Harman-Ware
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - David Macaya-Sanz
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | | | - Crissa Doeppke
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | | | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | | | - Stephen P DiFazio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Mark F Davis
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
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Rutkowska J, Lagisz M, Bonduriansky R, Nakagawa S. Mapping the past, present and future research landscape of paternal effects. BMC Biol 2020; 18:183. [PMID: 33246472 PMCID: PMC7694421 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although in all sexually reproducing organisms an individual has a mother and a father, non-genetic inheritance has been predominantly studied in mothers. Paternal effects have been far less frequently studied, until recently. In the last 5 years, research on environmentally induced paternal effects has grown rapidly in the number of publications and diversity of topics. Here, we provide an overview of this field using synthesis of evidence (systematic map) and influence (bibliometric analyses). RESULTS We find that motivations for studies into paternal effects are diverse. For example, from the ecological and evolutionary perspective, paternal effects are of interest as facilitators of response to environmental change and mediators of extended heredity. Medical researchers track how paternal pre-fertilization exposures to factors, such as diet or trauma, influence offspring health. Toxicologists look at the effects of toxins. We compare how these three research guilds design experiments in relation to objects of their studies: fathers, mothers and offspring. We highlight examples of research gaps, which, in turn, lead to future avenues of research. CONCLUSIONS The literature on paternal effects is large and disparate. Our study helps in fostering connections between areas of knowledge that develop in parallel, but which could benefit from the lateral transfer of concepts and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rutkowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, BEES, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, BEES, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, BEES, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, BEES, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Filippova GV, Androsova DN, Filippov EV, Prokopev IA. Influence of Temperature and Precipitation on the Morphology, Growth, and Stress Resistance of Seeds of Some Representatives of Northern Flora. RUSS J ECOL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413619050047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Recart W, Ottoson B, Campbell DR. Water influences how seed production responds to conspecific and heterospecific pollen. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:713-721. [PMID: 31002744 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Outcrossing species depend on pollen from conspecific individuals that may not be exposed to the same abiotic conditions as maternal plants. Additionally, many flowers receive heterospecific pollen, which can also influence seed production. Studies aimed to understand how abiotic conditions influence seed production tend to focus on maternal conditions and leave unexplored the effect of abiotic conditions experienced by pollen donors. We tested how water availability to pollen donors, both conspecific and heterospecific, influenced the seed production of recipient plants exposed to different water availability regimes. METHODS In a greenhouse setting we manipulated the water availability (low- or high-water treatment) to potted recipient plants (Phacelia parryi), to conspecific pollen donors, and to heterospecific pollen donors (Brassica nigra). We hand pollinated recipient plants with different pollen mixes that represented all combinations of conspecific pollen mixed with heterospecific pollen. From these hand pollinations we determined the amount of pollen that was transferred, pollen volume, pollen shape, and seed production. RESULTS Higher water availability to conspecific pollen donors led to higher seed production. Under low water availability to heterospecific pollen donors, seed production was unaffected by recipient or conspecific pollen donor treatment. Under high water availability to heterospecific pollen donors, seed production was highest when conspecific pollen donors and pollen recipients also received the high-water treatment. CONCLUSIONS Environmental conditions of pollen donors can influence the seed production of maternal plants. These results illustrate potential impacts of environmental heterogeneity on post-pollination events that lead to seed production and thus impact a pollinator's contribution to plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilnelia Recart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, California, 92697-2525, USA
| | - Brittany Ottoson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, California, 92697-2525, USA
| | - Diane R Campbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, California, 92697-2525, USA
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Sandner TM, van Braak JL, Matthies D. Transgenerational plasticity in Silene vulgaris in response to three types of stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:751-758. [PMID: 29570927 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The environment experienced by plants can influence the phenotype of their offspring. Such transgenerational plasticity can be adaptive when it results in higher fitness of the offspring under conditions correlated with those experienced by the mother plant. However, it has rarely been tested if such anticipatory parental effects may be induced with different environments. We grew clonal replicates of Silene vulgaris under control conditions and three types of stress (nutrient deficiency, copper addition and drought), which are known from natural populations of the species. We then subjected offspring from differently treated mother plants to each of the different stress treatments to analyse the influence of maternal and offspring environment on performance and several functional traits. Current stress treatments strongly influenced biomass and functional traits of the plants, mostly in line with responses predicted by the theory of functional equilibrium. Plant performance was also influenced by maternal stress treatments, and some effects independent of initial size differences remained until harvest. In particular, stressed mothers produced offspring of higher fitness than control plants. However, there was no evidence for treatment-specific adaptive transgenerational plasticity, as offspring from a mother plant that had grown in a specific environment did not grow better in that environment than other plants. Our results indicate that the maternal environment may affect offspring traits and performance, but also that this transgenerational plasticity is not necessarily adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Sandner
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - J L van Braak
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - D Matthies
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Baker BH, Berg LJ, Sultan SE. Context-Dependent Developmental Effects of Parental Shade Versus Sun Are Mediated by DNA Methylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1251. [PMID: 30210520 PMCID: PMC6119717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Parental environment influences progeny development in numerous plant and animal systems. Such inherited environmental effects may alter offspring phenotypes in a consistent way, for instance when resource-deprived parents produce low quality offspring due to reduced maternal provisioning. However, because development of individual organisms is guided by both inherited and immediate environmental cues, parental conditions may have different effects depending on progeny environment. Such context-dependent transgenerational plasticity suggests a mechanism of environmental inheritance that can precisely interact with immediate response pathways, such as epigenetic modification. We show that parental light environment (shade versus sun) resulted in context-dependent effects on seedling development in a common annual plant, and that these effects were mediated by DNA methylation. We grew replicate parents of five highly inbred Polygonum persicaria genotypes in glasshouse shade versus sun and, in a fully factorial design, measured ecologically important traits of their isogenic seedling offspring in both environments. Compared to the offspring of sun-grown parents, the offspring of shade-grown parents produced leaves with greater mean and specific leaf area, and had higher total leaf area and biomass. These shade-adaptive effects of parental shade were pronounced and highly significant for seedlings growing in shade, but slight and generally non-significant for seedlings growing in sun. Based on both regression and covariate analysis, inherited effects of parental shade were not mediated by changes to seed provisioning. To test for a role of DNA methylation, we exposed replicate offspring of isogenic shaded and fully insolated parents to either the demethylating agent zebularine or to control conditions during germination, then raised them in simulated growth chamber shade. Partial demethylation of progeny DNA had no phenotypic effect on offspring of shaded parents, but caused offspring of sun-grown parents to develop as if their parents had been shaded, with larger leaves and greater total canopy area and biomass. These results contribute to the increasing body of evidence that DNA methylation can mediate transgenerational environmental effects, and show that such effects may contribute to nuanced developmental interactions between parental and immediate environments.
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Hirano M, Sakaguchi S, Takahashi K. Phenotypic differentiation of the Solidago virgaurea complex along an elevational gradient: Insights from a common garden experiment and population genetics. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6949-6962. [PMID: 28904774 PMCID: PMC5587469 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species distributed along wide elevational or latitudinal gradients show phenotypic variation due to their heterogeneous habitats. This study investigated whether phenotypic variation in populations of the Solidago virgaurea complex along an elevational gradient is caused by genetic differentiation. A common garden experiment was based on seeds collected from nine populations of the S. virgaurea complex growing at elevations from 1,597 m to 2,779 m a.s.l. on Mt. Norikura in central Japan. Population genetic analyses with microsatellite markers were used to infer the genetic structure and levels of gene flow between populations. Leaf mass per area was lower, while leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations were greater for higher elevations at which seeds were originally collected. For reproductive traits, plants derived from higher elevations had larger flower heads on shorter stems and flowering started earlier. These elevational changes in morphology were consistent with the clines in the field, indicating that phenotypic variation along the elevational gradient would have been caused by genetic differentiation. However, population genetic analysis using 16 microsatellite loci suggested an extremely low level of genetic differentiation of neutral genes among the nine populations. Analysis of molecular variance also indicated that most genetic variation was partitioned into individuals within a population, and the genetic differentiation among the populations was not significant. This study suggests that genome regions responsible for adaptive traits may differ among the populations despite the existence of gene flow and that phenotypic variation of the S. virgaurea complex along the elevational gradient is maintained by strong selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Hirano
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyShinshu UniversityMatsumotoJapan
| | - Shota Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental StudiesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Koichi Takahashi
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceShinshu UniversityMatsumotoJapan
- Institute of Mountain ScienceShinshu UniversityMatsumotoJapan
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14
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Groot MP, Kubisch A, Ouborg NJ, Pagel J, Schmid KJ, Vergeer P, Lampei C. Transgenerational effects of mild heat in Arabidopsis thaliana show strong genotype specificity that is explained by climate at origin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1221-1234. [PMID: 28590553 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transgenerational environmental effects can trigger strong phenotypic variation. However, it is unclear how cues from different preceding generations interact. Also, little is known about the genetic variation for these life history traits. Here, we present the effects of grandparental and parental mild heat, and their combination, on four traits of the third-generation phenotype of 14 Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes. We tested for correlations of these effects with climate and constructed a conceptual model to identify the environmental conditions that favour the parental effect on flowering time. We observed strong evidence for genotype-specific transgenerational effects. On average, A. thaliana accustomed to mild heat produced more seeds after two generations. Parental effects overruled grandparental effects in all traits except reproductive biomass. Flowering was generally accelerated by all transgenerational effects. Notably, the parental effect triggered earliest flowering in genotypes adapted to dry summers. Accordingly, this parental effect was favoured in the model when early summer heat terminated the growing season and environments were correlated across generations. Our results suggest that A. thaliana can partly accustom to mild heat over two generations and genotype-specific parental effects show non-random evolutionary divergence across populations that may support climate change adaptation in the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje P Groot
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kubisch
- Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Theoretical Ecology Group, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Emil-Fischerstr. 32, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - N Joop Ouborg
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jörn Pagel
- Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl J Schmid
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippine Vergeer
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Lampei
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Thiede DA. MATERNAL INHERITANCE AND ITS EFFECT ON ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION: A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MATERNAL EFFECTS IN A NATURAL PLANT POPULATION. Evolution 2017; 52:998-1015. [PMID: 28565233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/1997] [Accepted: 04/08/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A mother can influence a trait in her offspring both by the genes she transmits (Mendelian inheritance) and by maternal attributes that directly affect that trait in her offspring (maternal inheritance). Maternal inheritance can alter the direction, rate, and duration of adaptive evolution from standard Mendelian models and its impact on adaptive evolution is virtually unexplored in natural populations. In a hierarchical quantitative genetic analysis to determine the magnitude and structure of maternal inheritance in the winter annual plant, Collinsia verna, I consider three potential models of inheritance. These range from a standard Mendelian model estimating only direct (i.e., Mendelian) additive and environmental variance components to a maternal inheritance model estimating six additive and environmental variance components: direct additive (σAo2) and environmental (σEo2) variances; maternal additive (σAm2) and environmental (σEm2) variances; and the direct-maternal additive (σApAm) and environmental (σEm2) covariances. The structure of maternal inheritance differs among the 10 traits considered at four stages in the life cycle. Early in the life cycle, seed weight and embryo weight display substantial σAm2, a negative σAoAm, and a positive σEoEm. Subsequently, cotyledon diameter displays σAo2 and σAm2 of roughly the same magnitude and negative σAoAm. For fall rosettes, leaf number and length are best described by a Mendelian model. In the spring, leaf length displays maternal inheritance with significant σAo2 and σAm2 and a negative σAoAm. All maternally inherited traits show significant negative σAoAm. Predicted response to selection under maternal inheritance depends on σAo2 and σAm2 as well as σAoAm. Negative σAoAm results in predicted responses in the opposite direction to selection for seed weight and embryo weight and predicted responses near zero for all subsequent maternally inherited traits. Maternal inheritance persists through the life cycle of this annual plant for a number of size-related traits and will alter the direction and rate of evolutionary response in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Thiede
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan, 49060
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16
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Simms EL, Triplett JK. PATERNAL EFFECTS IN INHERITANCE OF A PATHOGEN RESISTANCE TRAIT IN
IPOMOEA PURPUREA. Evolution 2017; 50:2178-2186. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/1995] [Accepted: 04/05/1996] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L. Simms
- Department of Ecology and Evolution The University of Chicago 1101 East 57th Street Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Biology, Box 7325 Reynolda Station Wake Forest University Winston‐Salem North Carolina 27109
| | - Jim K. Triplett
- Department of Biology, Box 7325 Reynolda Station Wake Forest University Winston‐Salem North Carolina 27109
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17
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Byers DL, Platenkamp GAJ, Shaw RG. VARIATION IN SEED CHARACTERS IN NEMOPHILA MENZIESII: EVIDENCE OF A GENETIC BASIS FOR MATERNAL EFFECT. Evolution 2017; 51:1445-1456. [PMID: 28568617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/1996] [Accepted: 06/23/1997] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that phenotypic selection on juvenile traits of both plants and animals may be considerable. Because juvenile traits are typically subject to maternal effects and often have low heritabilities, adaptive responses to natural selection on these traits may seem unlikely. To determine the potential for evolutionary response to selection on juvenile traits of Nemophila menziesii (Hydrophyllaceae), we conducted two quantitative genetic studies. A reciprocal factorial cross, involving 16 parents and 1960 progeny, demonstrated a significant maternal component of variance in seed mass and additive genetic component of variance in germination time. This experiment also suggested that interaction between parents, though small, provides highly significant contributions to the variance of both traits. Such a parental interaction could arise by diverse mechanisms, including dependence of nuclear gene expression on cytoplasmic genotype, but the design of this experiment could not distinguish this from other possible causes, such as effects on progeny phenotype of interaction between the environmental conditions of both parents. The second experiment, spanning three generations with over 11,000 observations, was designed for investigation of the additive genetic variance in maternal effect, assessment of paternal effects, as well as further partitioning of the parental interaction identified in the reciprocal factorial experiment. It yielded no consistent evidence of paternal effects on seed mass, nor of parental interactions. Our inference of such interaction effects from the first experiment was evidently an artifact of failing to account for the substantial variance among fruits within crosses. The maternal effect was found to have a large additive genetic component, accounting for at least 20% of the variation in individual seed mass. This result suggests that there is appreciable potential for response to selection on seed mass through evolution of the maternal effect. We discuss aspects that may nevertheless limit response to individual selection on seed mass, including trade-offs between the size of individual seeds and germination time and between the number of seeds a maternal plant can mature and their mean size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Byers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108
| | - Gerrit A J Platenkamp
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Ruth G Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108.,Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
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18
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Stöcklin J, Armbruster GF. Environmental filtering, not local adaptation of established plants, determines the occurrence of seed- and bulbil-producing Poa alpina in a local flora. Basic Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Quantitative Genetics Identifies Cryptic Genetic Variation Involved in the Paternal Regulation of Seed Development. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005806. [PMID: 26811909 PMCID: PMC4727937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development requires a correct balancing of maternal and paternal genetic information. This balance is mediated by genomic imprinting, an epigenetic mechanism that leads to parent-of-origin-dependent gene expression. The parental conflict (or kinship) theory proposes that imprinting can evolve due to a conflict between maternal and paternal alleles over resource allocation during seed development. One assumption of this theory is that paternal alleles can regulate seed growth; however, paternal effects on seed size are often very low or non-existent. We demonstrate that there is a pool of cryptic genetic variation in the paternal control of Arabidopsis thaliana seed development. Such cryptic variation can be exposed in seeds that maternally inherit a medea mutation, suggesting that MEA acts as a maternal buffer of paternal effects. Genetic mapping using recombinant inbred lines, and a novel method for the mapping of parent-of-origin effects using whole-genome sequencing of segregant bulks, indicate that there are at least six loci with small, paternal effects on seed development. Together, our analyses reveal the existence of a pool of hidden genetic variation on the paternal control of seed development that is likely shaped by parental conflict.
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20
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Vu WT, Chang PL, Moriuchi KS, Friesen ML. Genetic variation of transgenerational plasticity of offspring germination in response to salinity stress and the seed transcriptome of Medicago truncatula. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:59. [PMID: 25884157 PMCID: PMC4406021 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenerational plasticity provides phenotypic variation that contributes to adaptation. For plants, the timing of seed germination is critical for offspring survival in stressful environments, as germination timing can alter the environmental conditions a seedling experiences. Stored seed transcripts are important determinants of seed germination, but have not previously been linked with transgenerational plasticity of germination behavior. In this study we used RNAseq and growth chamber experiments of the model legume M. trucantula to test whether parental exposure to salinity stress influences the expression of stored seed transcripts and early offspring traits and test for genetic variation. RESULTS We detected genotype-dependent parental environmental effects (transgenerational plasticity) on the expression levels of stored seed transcripts, seed size, and germination behavior of four M. truncatula genotypes. More than 50% of the transcripts detected in the mature, ungerminated seed transcriptome were annotated as regulating seed germination, some of which are involved in abiotic stress response and post-embryonic development. Some genotypes showed increased seed size in response to parental exposure to salinity stress, but no parental environmental influence on germination timing. In contrast, other genotypes showed no seed size differences across contrasting parental conditions but displayed transgenerational plasticity for germimation timing, with significantly delayed germination in saline conditions when parental plants were exposed to salinity. In genotypes that show significant transgenerational plastic germination response, we found significant coexpression networks derived from salt responsive transcripts involved in post-transcriptional regulation of the germination pathway. Consistent with the delayed germination response to saline conditions in these genotypes, we found genes associated with dormancy and up-regulation of abscisic acid (ABA). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate genetic variation in transgenerational plasticity within M. truncatula and show that parental exposure to salinity stress influences the expression of stored seed transcripts, seed weight, and germination behavior. Furthermore, we show that the parental environment influences gene expression to modulate biological pathways that are likely responsible for offspring germination responses to salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy T Vu
- Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Peter L Chang
- Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Ken S Moriuchi
- Plant Pathology, University of California at Davis, 116 Robbins Hall, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Maren L Friesen
- Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA. .,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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21
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Dyer AR, Brown CS, Espeland EK, McKay JK, Meimberg H, Rice KJ. The role of adaptive trans-generational plasticity in biological invasions of plants. Evol Appl 2015; 3:179-92. [PMID: 25567918 PMCID: PMC3352481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-impact biological invasions often involve establishment and spread in disturbed, high-resource patches followed by establishment and spread in biotically or abiotically stressful areas. Evolutionary change may be required for the second phase of invasion (establishment and spread in stressful areas) to occur. When species have low genetic diversity and short selection history, within-generation phenotypic plasticity is often cited as the mechanism through which spread across multiple habitat types can occur. We show that trans-generational plasticity (TGP) can result in pre-adapted progeny that exhibit traits associated with increased fitness both in high-resource patches and in stressful conditions. In the invasive sedge, Cyperus esculentus, maternal plants growing in nutrient-poor patches can place disproportional number of propagules into nutrient-rich patches. Using the invasive annual grass, Aegilops triuncialis, we show that maternal response to soil conditions can confer greater stress tolerance in seedlings in the form of greater photosynthetic efficiency. We also show TGP for a phenological shift in a low resource environment that results in greater stress tolerance in progeny. These lines of evidence suggest that the maternal environment can have profound effects on offspring success and that TGP may play a significant role in some plant invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Dyer
- Department of Biology & Geology, University of South Carolina Aiken Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Cynthia S Brown
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - John K McKay
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Harald Meimberg
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Campus Agrário de Vairão, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Kevin J Rice
- Department of Plant Sciences and Center for Population Biology, University of California-Davis Davis, CA, USA
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22
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Alía R, Chambel R, Notivol E, Climent J, González-Martínez SC. Environment-dependent microevolution in a Mediterranean pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton). BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:200. [PMID: 25245540 PMCID: PMC4177426 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A central question for understanding the evolutionary responses of plant species to rapidly changing environments is the assessment of their potential for short-term (in one or a few generations) genetic change. In our study, we consider the case of Pinus pinaster Aiton (maritime pine), a widespread Mediterranean tree, and (i) test, under different experimental conditions (growth chamber and semi-natural), whether higher recruitment in the wild from the most successful mothers is due to better performance of their offspring; and (ii) evaluate genetic change in quantitative traits across generations at two different life stages (mature trees and seedlings) that are known to be under strong selection pressure in forest trees. Results Genetic control was high for most traits (h2 = 0.137-0.876) under the milder conditions of the growth chamber, but only for ontogenetic change (0.276), total height (0.415) and survival (0.719) under the more stressful semi-natural conditions. Significant phenotypic selection gradients were found in mature trees for traits related to seed quality (germination rate and number of empty seeds). Moreover, female relative reproductive success was significantly correlated with offspring performance for specific leaf area (SLA) in the growth chamber experiment, and stem mass fraction (SMF) in the experiment under semi-natural conditions, two adaptive traits related to abiotic stress-response in pines. Selection gradients based on genetic covariance of seedling traits and responses to selection at this stage involved traits related to biomass allocation (SMF) and growth (as decomposed by a Gompertz model) or delayed ontogenetic change, depending also on the testing environment. Conclusions Despite the evidence of microevolutionary change in adaptive traits in maritime pine, directional or disruptive changes are difficult to predict due to variable selection at different life stages and environments. At mature-tree stages, higher female effective reproductive success can be explained by differences in their production of offspring (due to seed quality) and, to a lesser extent, by seemingly better adapted seedlings. Selection gradients and responses to selection for seedlings also differed across experimental conditions. The distinct processes involved at the two life stages (mature trees or seedlings) together with environment-specific responses advice caution when predicting likely evolutionary responses to environmental change in Mediterranean forest trees. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0200-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Santiago C González-Martínez
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-Forest Research Centre (CIFOR), Avda, A Coruña km 7,5, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Al Hayek P, Touzard B, Le Bagousse-Pinguet Y, Michalet R. Phenotypic differentiation within a foundation grass species correlates with species richness in a subalpine community. Oecologia 2014; 176:533-44. [PMID: 25108551 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined consequences of ecotypic differentiation within alpine foundation species for community diversity and their feedbacks for the foundation species' fitness. Additionally, no study has quantified ecotypic differences in competitive effects in the field and in controlled conditions to disentangle genetic from plasticity effects in foundation/subordinate species interactions. We focused on a subalpine community of the French Pyrenees including two phenotypes of a cushion-forming species, Festuca gautieri: tight cushions in dry convex outcrops, and loose cushions (exhibiting high subordinate species richness) in wet concave slopes. We assessed, with field and shadehouse experiments, the genetic vs. plasticity basis of differences in: (1) cushion traits and (2) competitive effects on subordinates, and (3) quantified community feedbacks on foundation species' fitness. We found that trait differences across habitats had both genetic and plasticity bases, with stronger contribution of the latter. Field results showed higher competition within loose than tight phenotypes. In contrast, shadehouse results showed higher competitive ability for tight phenotypes. However, as changes in interactions across habitats were due to environmental effects without changes in cushion effects, we argue that heritable and plastic changes in competitive effects maintain high subordinate species diversity through decreasing competition. We showed high reproduction cost for loose cushions when hosting subordinates highlighting the occurrence of community feedbacks. These results suggest that phenotypic differentiation within foundation species may cascade on subordinate species diversity through heritable and plastic changes in the foundation species' competitive effects, and that community feedbacks may affect foundation species' fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Al Hayek
- UMR INRA 1202 BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, Avenue des Facultés, 33405, Talence, France,
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24
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Glacial history affected phenotypic differentiation in the alpine plant, Campanula thyrsoides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73854. [PMID: 24146742 PMCID: PMC3797877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous widespread Alpine plant species show molecular differentiation among populations from distinct regions. This has been explained as the result of genetic drift during glacial survival in isolated refugia along the border of the European Alps. Since genetic drift may affect molecular markers and phenotypic traits alike, we asked whether phenotypic differentiation mirrors molecular patterns among Alpine plant populations from different regions. Phenotypic traits can be under selection, so we additionally investigated whether part of the phenotypic differentiation can be explained by past selection and/or current adaptation. Using the monocarpic Campanula thyrsoides as our study species, a common garden experiment with plants from 21 populations from four phylogeographic groups located in regions across the Alps and the Jura Mountains was performed to test for differentiation in morphological and phenological traits. Past selection was investigated by comparing phenotypic differentiation among and within regions with molecular differentiation among and within regions. The common garden results indicated regional differentiation among populations for all investigated phenotypic traits, particularly in phenology. Delayed flowering in plants from the South-eastern Alps suggested adaptation to long sub-mediterranean summers and contrasted with earlier flowering of plants experiencing shorter growing seasons in regions with higher elevation to the West. Comparisons between molecular and phenotypic differentiation revealed diversifying selection among regions in height and biomass, which is consistent with adaptation to environmental conditions in glacial refugia. Within regions, past selection acted against strong diversification for most phenotypic traits, causing restricted postglacial adaptation. Evidence consistent with post-glacial adaptation was also given by negative correlation coefficients between several phenotypic traits and elevation of the population's origin. In conclusion, our study suggests that, irrespective of adaptation of plants to their current environment, glacial history can have a strong and long-lasting influence on the phenotypic evolution of Alpine plants.
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Olsen JT, Caudle KL, Johnson LC, Baer SG, Maricle BR. Environmental and genetic variation in leaf anatomy among populations of Andropogon gerardii (Poaceae) along a precipitation gradient. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1957-1968. [PMID: 24061213 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Phenotypes of two Andropogon gerardii subspecies, big bluestem and sand bluestem, vary throughout the prairie ecosystem of North America. This study sought to determine the role of genetics and environment in driving adaptive variation of leaf structure in big bluestem and sand bluestem. • METHODS Four populations of big bluestem and one population of sand bluestem were planted in common gardens at four sites across a precipitation gradient from western Kansas to southern Illinois. Internal leaf structure and trichome density of A. gerardii were examined by light microscopy to separate genetic and environmentally controlled traits. Leaf thickness, midrib thickness, bulliform cells, interveinal distance, vein size, and trichome density were quantified. • KEY RESULTS At all planting sites, sand bluestem and the xeric population of A. gerardii had thicker leaves and fewer bulliform cells compared with mesic populations. Environment and genetic source population were both influential for leaf anatomy. Leaves from plants grown in mesic sites (Carbondale, Illinois and Manhattan, Kansas) had thicker midribs, larger veins, fewer trichomes, and a greater proportion of bulliform cells compared to plants grown in drier sites (Colby and Hays, Kansas). • CONCLUSIONS Water availability has driven adaptive variation in leaf structure in populations of A. gerardii, particularly between sand bluestem and big bluestem. Genetically based differences in leaves of A. gerardii indicate adaptive variation and evolutionary forces differentiating sand bluestem from big bluestem. Environmental responses of A. gerardii leaves suggest an ability to adjust to drought, even in populations adapted to mesic home environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Olsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fort Hays State University, 600 Park Street, Hays, Kansas 67601, USA
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Verhoeven KJF, van Gurp TP. Transgenerational effects of stress exposure on offspring phenotypes in apomictic dandelion. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38605. [PMID: 22723869 PMCID: PMC3377677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heritable epigenetic modulation of gene expression is a candidate mechanism to explain parental environmental effects on offspring phenotypes, but current evidence for environment-induced epigenetic changes that persist in offspring generations is scarce. In apomictic dandelions, exposure to various stresses was previously shown to heritably alter DNA methylation patterns. In this study we explore whether these induced changes are accompanied by heritable effects on offspring phenotypes. We observed effects of parental jasmonic acid treatment on offspring specific leaf area and on offspring interaction with a generalist herbivore; and of parental nutrient stress on offspring root-shoot biomass ratio, tissue P-content and leaf morphology. Some of the effects appeared to enhance offspring ability to cope with the same stresses that their parents experienced. Effects differed between apomictic genotypes and were not always consistently observed between different experiments, especially in the case of parental nutrient stress. While this context-dependency of the effects remains to be further clarified, the total set of results provides evidence for the existence of transgenerational effects in apomictic dandelions. Zebularine treatment affected the within-generation response to nutrient stress, pointing at a role of DNA methylation in phenotypic plasticity to nutrient environments. This study shows that stress exposure in apomictic dandelions can cause transgenerational phenotypic effects, in addition to previously demonstrated transgenerational DNA methylation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J F Verhoeven
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Rieben S, Kalinina O, Schmid B, Zeller SL. Gene flow in genetically modified wheat. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29730. [PMID: 22216349 PMCID: PMC3246478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding gene flow in genetically modified (GM) crops is critical to answering questions regarding risk-assessment and the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops. In two field experiments, we tested whether rates of cross-pollination differed between GM and non-GM lines of the predominantly self-pollinating wheat Triticum aestivum. In the first experiment, outcrossing was studied within the field by planting "phytometers" of one line into stands of another line. In the second experiment, outcrossing was studied over distances of 0.5-2.5 m from a central patch of pollen donors to adjacent patches of pollen recipients. Cross-pollination and outcrossing was detected when offspring of a pollen recipient without a particular transgene contained this transgene in heterozygous condition. The GM lines had been produced from the varieties Bobwhite or Frisal and contained Pm3b or chitinase/glucanase transgenes, respectively, in homozygous condition. These transgenes increase plant resistance against pathogenic fungi. Although the overall outcrossing rate in the first experiment was only 3.4%, Bobwhite GM lines containing the Pm3b transgene were six times more likely than non-GM control lines to produce outcrossed offspring. There was additional variation in outcrossing rate among the four GM-lines, presumably due to the different transgene insertion events. Among the pollen donors, the Frisal GM line expressing a chitinase transgene caused more outcrossing than the GM line expressing both a chitinase and a glucanase transgene. In the second experiment, outcrossing after cross-pollination declined from 0.7-0.03% over the test distances of 0.5-2.5 m. Our results suggest that pollen-mediated gene flow between GM and non-GM wheat might only be a concern if it occurs within fields, e.g. due to seed contamination. Methodologically our study demonstrates that outcrossing rates between transgenic and other lines within crops can be assessed using a phytometer approach and that gene-flow distances can be efficiently estimated with population-level PCR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Rieben
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Revardel E, Franc A, Petit RJ. Sex-biased dispersal promotes adaptive parental effects. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:217. [PMID: 20637098 PMCID: PMC3055266 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In heterogeneous environments, sex-biased dispersal could lead to environmental adaptive parental effects, with offspring selected to perform in the same way as the parent dispersing least, because this parent is more likely to be locally adapted. We investigate this hypothesis by simulating varying levels of sex-biased dispersal in a patchy environment. The relative advantage of a strategy involving pure maternal (or paternal) inheritance is then compared with a strategy involving classical biparental inheritance in plants and in animals. Results We find that the advantage of the uniparental strategy over the biparental strategy is maximal when dispersal is more strongly sex-biased and when dispersal distances of the least mobile sex are much lower than the size of the environmental patches. In plants, only maternal effects can be selected for, in contrast to animals where the evolution of either paternal or maternal effects can be favoured. Moreover, the conditions for environmental adaptive maternal effects to be selected for are more easily fulfilled in plants than in animals. Conclusions The study suggests that sex-biased dispersal can help predict the direction and magnitude of environmental adaptive parental effects. However, this depends on the scale of dispersal relative to that of the environment and on the existence of appropriate mechanisms of transmission of environmentally induced traits.
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Bischoff A, Müller-Schärer H. Testing population differentiation in plant species - how important are environmental maternal effects. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Magalon H, Nidelet T, Martin G, Kaltz O. HOST GROWTH CONDITIONS INFLUENCE EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORY AND VIRULENCE OF A PARASITE WITH VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION. Evolution 2010; 64:2126-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Kosiński I. Long-term variation in seed mass and seed production in populations of Paris quadrifolia. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:206-214. [PMID: 20653903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Seed production of the perennial herb Paris quadrifolia L. (Liliaceae) was investigated in five populations in northern Poland. The long-term seed production per square metre differed significantly among populations and years. Moreover, throughout the 7-year study period, 30% of both whole ripe fruits and seeds alone were predated. Variation in seed mass per fruit in both space and time was significant. Throughout the 7-year study, nearly all the marked individuals produced fruits once every 2 years. The most frequent break between fruiting was 2 years and the longest was 5 years. Only the mean seed mass in fruits of the same individual varied significantly over subsequent years. In the five populations, the number of ovules, number of seeds in the fruit and seed mass varied significantly between populations. However seed/ovule ratio did not differ in fruits in the five populations. The seed mass/number trade-off in fruits was strongly partially correlated when the effect of total seed mass was considered. Breeding experiments suggest that P. quadrifolia has a substantial capacity for both inbreeding and outbreeding. There were no significant differences in the seed/ovule ratio, seed number or seed mass in fruits produced from bagged or control flowers. However, both seed/ovule ratio and number of seeds were significantly lower in fruits from emasculated flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kosiński
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland.
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32
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Bossdorf O, Shuja Z, Banta JA. Genotype and maternal environment affect belowground interactions betweenArabidopsis thalianaand its competitors. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Violle C, Castro H, Richarte J, Navas ML. Intraspecific seed trait variations and competition: passive or adaptive response? Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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MONTY A, LEBEAU J, MEERTS P, MAHY G. An explicit test for the contribution of environmental maternal effects to rapid clinal differentiation in an invasive plant. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:917-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Teixeira S, Foerster K, Bernasconi G. Evidence for inbreeding depression and post-pollination selection against inbreeding in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. Heredity (Edinb) 2008; 102:101-12. [PMID: 18698334 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2008.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In many species, inbred individuals have reduced fitness. In plants with limited pollen and seed dispersal, post-pollination selection may reduce biparental inbreeding, but knowledge on the prevalence and importance of pollen competition or post-pollination selection after non-self pollination is scarce. We tested whether post-pollination selection favours less related pollen donors and reduces inbreeding in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia. We crossed 20 plants with pollen from a sibling and an unrelated male, and with a mix of both. We found significant inbreeding depression on vegetative growth, age at first flowering and total fitness (22% in males and 14% in females). In mixed pollinations, the unrelated male sired on average 57% of the offspring. The greater the paternity share of the unrelated sire, the larger the difference in relatedness of the two males to the female. The effect of genetic similarity on paternity is consistent with predictions for post-pollination selection, although paternity, at least in some crosses, may be affected by additional factors. Our data show that in plant systems with inbreeding depression, such as S. latifolia, pollen or embryo selection after multiple-donor pollination may indeed reduce inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teixeira
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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36
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Marshall DL, Reynolds J, Abrahamson NJ, Simpson HL, Barnes MG, Medeiros JS, Walsh S, Oliveras DM, Avritt JJ. Do differences in plant and flower age change mating patterns and alter offspring fitness in Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2007; 94:409-18. [PMID: 21636410 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.3.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
When more pollen is present on stigmas than needed to fertilize all ovules, selection among pollen grains may occur due to effects of both pollen donors and maternal plants. We asked whether increasing plant age and flower age, two changes in maternal condition, altered the pattern of seed paternity after mixed pollination. We also asked whether changes in seed paternity affected offspring success in an experimental garden. While flower age did not affect seed paternity, there was a dramatic shift in pollen donor performance as plants aged. These differences were seen in the offspring as well, where the offspring of one pollen donor, which sired more seeds on young plants, flowered earlier in the season, and the offspring of another pollen donor, which sired more seeds on old plants, flowered later in the season. Thus, change in maternal condition resulted in altered seed paternity, perhaps because the environment for pollen tube growth was different. The pattern of seed paternity and offspring performance suggests that pollen donors may show temporal specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA
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37
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Adaptive genetic differentiation in life-history traits between populations of Mimulus guttatus with annual and perennial life-cycles. Evol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-0019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Lohse K, Gutierrez A, Kaltz O. EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE IN PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM AGAINST THE BACTERIAL PARASITE HOLOSPORA UNDULATA. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1554/05-656.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Trubina MR. Intrapopulation Differentiation by the Rates of Rosette Growth and Individual Plant Development in Narrow-Leaved Hawk’s Beard (Crepis tectorum L.): Aftereffects of Long-Term Stress. RUSS J ECOL+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11184-005-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Hereford J, Moriuchi KS. Variation among populations of Diodia teres (Rubiaceae) in environmental maternal effects. J Evol Biol 2005; 18:124-31. [PMID: 15669968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have quantified variation in environmental maternal effects (EME) within populations, but these effects could differ among populations as well. In this study we grew clonal replicates of individuals from three populations of the annual plant Diodia teres in their native and non-native environments. Our goal was to estimate the effects of maternal environment and maternal population on seed and seedling traits. Seeds that were produced in this field study were then planted in two soil types to quantify effects of the offspring environment on seedling traits. There was substantial variation among populations for seed weight. We found population variation for EME, and maternal environment by offspring environment interactions. We conclude that variation among populations in EME may be an unrecognized component of local adaptation, and that attempts to control maternal effects by statistically accounting for variation in seed weight may be ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hereford
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1100, USA.
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41
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Galloway LF. Maternal effects provide phenotypic adaptation to local environmental conditions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 166:93-9. [PMID: 15760354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In outcrossing plants, seed dispersal distance is often less than pollen movement. If the scale of environmental heterogeneity within a population is greater than typical seed dispersal distances but less than pollen movement, an individual's environment will be similar to that of its mother but not necessarily its father. Under these conditions, environmental maternal effects may evolve as a source of adaptive plasticity between generations, enhancing offspring fitness in the environment that they are likely to experience. This idea is illustrated using Campanula americana, an herb that grows in understory and light-gap habitats. Estimates of seed dispersal suggest that offspring typically experience the same light environment as their mother. In a field experiment testing the effect of open vs understory maternal light environments, maternal light directly influenced offspring germination rate and season, and indirectly affected germination season by altering maternal flowering time. Results to date indicate that these maternal effects are adaptive; further experimental tests are ongoing. Evaluating maternal environmental effects in an ecological context demonstrates that they may provide phenotypic adaptation to local environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Galloway
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA.
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42
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Augspurger CK. Developmental versus environmental control of early leaf phenology in juvenile Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/b03-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spring phenology of juveniles of many canopy tree species in deciduous forests predates that of adult conspecifics. To determine whether the earlier phenology of seedlings of Aesculus glabra Willd. (Ohio buckeye) in Illinois, U.S.A., is developmentally or environmentally controlled, seedlings of five maternal parents were grown either in the understory or above a barn roof, simulating environmental conditions experienced at canopy height. Relative to canopy seedlings, understory seedlings had significantly earlier bud break (mean = 6 d), leaf expansion (8 d), leaf senescence (23 d), and leaf drop (18 d). Bud break and leaf expansion of canopy seedlings equalled that of canopy trees of Ohio buckeye, but senescence and leaf drop of canopy seedlings predated canopy trees by 45 and 67 d, respectively. Overall, results show evidence for environmental control over the spring phenology of juveniles. Thermal sums in spring accumulated more rapidly in the forest understory where nighttime temperatures were warmer than above the barn roof. Thus, the environmental control of spring phenology appears to be a non-stage-specific temperature cue that accumulates at different rates along the forest's vertical gradient. In contrast, senescence and leaf drop, while somewhat responsive to the environment, displayed strong developmental constraint.Key words: bud break, developmental constraint, leaf drop, leaf expansion, leaf senescence, thermal sums.
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43
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Verhoeven KJF, Vanhala TK, Biere A, Nevo E, van Damme JMM. THE GENETIC BASIS OF ADAPTIVE POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION: A QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS ANALYSIS OF FITNESS TRAITS IN TWO WILD BARLEY POPULATIONS FROM CONTRASTING HABITATS. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/03-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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45
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Paschke M, Bernasconi G, Schmid B. POPULATION SIZE AND IDENTITY INFLUENCE THE REACTION NORM OF THE RARE, ENDEMIC PLANT COCHLEARIA BAVARICA ACROSS A GRADIENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0496:psaiit]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Decaestecker E, Vergote A, Ebert D, De Meester L. EVIDENCE FOR STRONG HOST CLONE-PARASITE SPECIES INTERACTIONS IN THE DAPHNIA MICROPARASITE SYSTEM. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0784:efshcs]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Gianoli E. Maternal environmental effects on the phenotypic responses of the twining vine Ipomoea purpurea
to support availability. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Etterson JR, Galloway LF. The influence of light on paternal plants in Campanula americana (Campanulaceae): pollen characteristics and offspring traits. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2002; 89:1899-906. [PMID: 21665618 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.89.12.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Offspring trait expression is determined by the combination of parental genes and parental environments. Although maternal environmental effects have been widely characterized, few studies have focused on paternal environmental effects. To determine whether light availability influences pollen and offspring traits in the woodland herb Campanula americana, we reared clones of 12 genotypes in two light levels. In the parental generation we measured pollen number and size. Plants grown under high light produced more pollen grains per flower than those grown under low light. However, the response was genotype specific; some individuals responded little to changes in light availability while others substantially reduced pollen production. As a consequence, paternity ratios may vary between light environments if more pollen is associated with greater siring success. We crossed a subset of these plants to produce the offspring generation. The paternal and maternal light environments influenced offspring seed mass, percentage germination, and days to germination, while only maternal light levels influenced later life traits, such as leaf number and size. Maternal and paternal environmental effects had opposite influences on seed mass, percentage germination and days to germination. Finally, there was no direct relationship between light effects on pollen production and offspring trait expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3003 USA
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49
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Biere A, Elzinga JA, Honders SC, Harvey JA. A plant pathogen reduces the enemy-free space of an insect herbivore on a shared host plant. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:2197-204. [PMID: 12427312 PMCID: PMC1691152 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An important mechanism in stabilizing tightly linked host-parasitoid and prey-predator interactions is the presence of refuges that protect organisms from their natural enemies. However, the presence and quality of refuges can be strongly affected by the environment. We show that infection of the host plant Silene latifolia by its specialist fungal plant pathogen Microbotryum violaceum dramatically alters the enemy-free space of a herbivore, the specialist noctuid seed predator Hadena bicruris, on their shared host plant. The pathogen arrests the development of seed capsules that serve as refuges for the herbivore's offspring against the specialist parasitoid Microplitis tristis, a major source of mortality of H. bicruris in the field. Pathogen infection resulted both in lower host-plant food quality, causing reduced adult emergence, and in twofold higher rates of parasitism of the herbivore. We interpret the strong oviposition preference of H. bicruris for uninfected plants in the field as an adaptive response, positioning offspring on refuge-rich, high-quality hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that plant-inhabiting micro-organisms can affect higher trophic interactions through alteration of host refuge quality. We speculate that such interference can potentially destabilize tightly linked multitrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Biere
- Department of Plant Population Biology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, Boterhoeksestraat 48, PO Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands.
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50
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Kaltz O, Shykoff JA. Within‐ and among‐population variation in infectivity, latency and spore production in a host–pathogen system. J Evol Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Kaltz
- Laboratoire d'Evolution et Systématique, CNRS URA 2154, Université de Paris‐Sud (XI), Bâtiment 362, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Experimentelle Ökologie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, ETHZ – NW, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. A. Shykoff
- Laboratoire d'Evolution et Systématique, CNRS URA 2154, Université de Paris‐Sud (XI), Bâtiment 362, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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