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Characterization of Genomic Variation from Lotus (Nelumbo Adans.) Mutants with Wide and Narrow Tepals. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7120593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared with rose, chrysanthemum, and water lily, the absence of short-wide and long-narrow tepals of ornamental lotus (Nelumbo Adans.) limits the commercial value of flowers. In this study, the genomes of two groups of lotus mutants with wide-short and narrow-long tepals were resequenced to uncover the genomic variation and candidate genes associated with tepal shape. In group NL (short for N. lutea, containing two mutants and one control of N. lutea), 716,656 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 221,688 insertion-deletion mutations (Indels) were obtained, while 639,953 SNPs and 134,6118 Indels were obtained in group WSH (short for ‘Weishan Hong’, containing one mutant and two controls of N. nucifera ‘Weishan Hong’). Only a small proportion of these SNPs and Indels was mapped to exonic regions of genome: 1.92% and 0.47%, respectively, in the NL group, and 1.66% and 0.48%, respectively, in the WSH group. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that out of 4890 (NL group) and 1272 (WSH group) annotated variant genes, 125 and 62 genes were enriched (Q < 0.05), respectively. Additionally, in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, 104 genes (NL group) and 35 genes (WSH group) were selected (p < 0.05). Finally, there were 306 candidate genes that were sieved to determine the development of tepal shape in lotus plants. It will be an essential reference for future identification of tepal-shaped control genes in lotus plants. This is the first comprehensive report of genomic variation controlling tepal shape in lotus, and the mutants in this study are promising materials for breeding novel lotus cultivars with special tepals.
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Surber LL, Fuller RC. CONTROVERSIES PAST AND PRESENT: PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY AND PLASTICITY‐LED EVOLUTION. Evolution 2021; 75:3224-3227. [PMID: 37139868 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Surber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Rebecca C. Fuller
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior University of Illinois Urbana Illinois 61801
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Lacey EP, Herrera FO, Richter SJ. Multiple modes of selection can influence the role of phenotypic plasticity in species' invasions: Evidence from a manipulative field experiment. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4140-4157. [PMID: 33976799 PMCID: PMC8093752 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In exploring the roles of phenotypic plasticity in the establishment and early evolution of invading species, little empirical attention has been given to the importance of correlational selection acting upon suites of functionally related plastic traits in nature. We illustrate how this lack of attention has limited our ability to evaluate plasticity's role during invasion and also, the costs and benefits of plasticity. We addressed these issues by transplanting clones of European-derived Plantago lanceolata L. genotypes into two temporally variable habitats in the species' introduced range in North America. Phenotypic selection analyses were performed for each habitat to estimate linear, quadratic, and correlational selection on phenotypic trait values and plasticities in the reproductive traits: flowering onset and spike and scape lengths. Also, we measured pairwise genetic correlations for our "colonists." Results showed that (a) correlational selection acted on trait plasticity after transplantation, (b) selection favored certain combinations of genetically correlated and uncorrelated trait values and plasticities, and (c) using signed, instead of absolute, values of plasticity in analyses facilitated the detection of correlational selection on trait value-plasticity combinations and their adaptive value. Based on our results, we urge future studies on species invasions to (a) measure correlational selection and (b) retain signed values of plasticity in order to better discriminate between adaptive and maladaptive plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott J. Richter
- Department of Mathematics & StatisticsUniversity of North CarolinaGreensboroNCUSA
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Caiza Guamba JC, Corredor D, Galárraga C, Herdoiza JP, Santillán M, Segovia-Salcedo MC. Geometry morphometrics of plant structures as a phenotypic tool to differentiate Polylepis incana Kunth. and Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav. reforested jointly in Ecuador. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1906138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Corredor
- Department of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Cristina Galárraga
- Department of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Jean Pierre Herdoiza
- Department of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Michelle Santillán
- Department of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - María C. Segovia-Salcedo
- Department of Life Sciences and Agriculture, Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
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Klápště J, Kremer A, Burg K, Garnier-Géré P, El-Dien OG, Ratcliffe B, El-Kassaby YA, Porth I. Quercus species divergence is driven by natural selection on evolutionarily less integrated traits. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:366-382. [PMID: 33110229 PMCID: PMC8027598 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional traits are organismal attributes that can respond to environmental cues, thereby providing important ecological functions. In addition, an organism's potential for adaptation is defined by the patterns of covariation among groups of functionally related traits. Whether an organism is evolutionarily constrained or has the potential for adaptation is based on the phenotypic integration or modularity of these traits. Here, we revisited leaf morphology in two European sympatric white oaks (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.), sampling 2098 individuals, across much of their geographical distribution ranges. At the phenotypic level, leaf morphology traditionally encompasses discriminant attributes among different oak species. Here, we estimated in situ heritability, genetic correlation, and integration across such attributes. Also, we performed Selection Response Decomposition to test these traits for potential differences in oak species' evolutionary responses. Based on the uncovered functional units of traits (modules) in our study, the morphological module "leaf size gradient" was highlighted among functionally integrated traits. Equally, this module was defined in both oaks as being under "global regulation" in vegetative bud establishment and development. Lamina basal shape and intercalary veins' number were not, or, less integrated within the initially defined leaf functional unit, suggesting more than one module within the leaf traits' ensemble. Since these traits generally show the greatest species discriminatory power, they potentially underwent effective differential response to selection among oaks. Indeed, the selection of these traits could have driven the ecological preferences between the two sympatric oaks growing under different microclimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Klápště
- Department of Genetics and Physiology of Forest Trees, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czechia.
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), 49 Sala Street, Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand.
| | - Antoine Kremer
- INRA, UMR Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612, Cestas Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Kornel Burg
- Department of Health and Environment (Bioresources), AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straβe 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Pauline Garnier-Géré
- INRA, UMR Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612, Cestas Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Omnia Gamal El-Dien
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Blaise Ratcliffe
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ilga Porth
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, 1030, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Natural selection on traits and trait plasticity in Arabidopsis thaliana varies across competitive environments. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21632. [PMID: 33303799 PMCID: PMC7728774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific competition reduces resource availability and can affect evolution. We quantified multivariate selection in the presence and absence of strong interspecific competition using a greenhouse experiment with 35 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. We assessed selection on nine traits representing plant phenology, growth, and architecture, as well as their plasticities. Competition reduced biomass and fitness by over 98%, and plastic responses to competition varied by genotype (significant G × E) for all traits except specific leaf area (SLA). Competitive treatments altered selection on flowering phenology and plant architecture, with significant selection on all phenology traits and most architecture traits under competition-present conditions but little indication that selection occurred in the absence of competitors. Plasticity affected fitness only in competition-present conditions, where plasticity in flowering time and early internode lengths was adaptive. The competitive environment caused changes in the trait correlation structure and surprisingly reduced phenotypic integration, which helped explain some of the observed selection patterns. Despite this overall shift in the trait correlation matrix, genotypes with delayed flowering had lower SLA (thicker, tougher leaves) regardless of the competitive environment, a pattern we have not seen previously reported in the literature. Overall, our study highlights multiple ways in which interspecific competition can alter selective regimes, contributing to our understanding of variability in selection processes over space and time.
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Miller CN, Dumenil J, Lu FH, Smith C, McKenzie N, Chapman V, Ball J, Box M, Bevan M. Variation in the expression of a transmembrane protein influences cell growth in Arabidopsis thaliana petals by altering auxin responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:482. [PMID: 33092536 PMCID: PMC7584087 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The same species of plant can exhibit very diverse sizes and shapes of organs that are genetically determined. Characterising genetic variation underlying this morphological diversity is an important objective in evolutionary studies and it also helps identify the functions of genes influencing plant growth and development. Extensive screens of mutagenised Arabidopsis populations have identified multiple genes and mechanisms affecting organ size and shape, but relatively few studies have exploited the rich diversity of natural populations to identify genes involved in growth control. RESULTS We screened a relatively well characterised collection of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions for variation in petal size. Association analyses identified sequence and gene expression variation on chromosome 4 that made a substantial contribution to differences in petal area. Variation in the expression of a previously uncharacterised gene At4g16850 (named as KSK) had a substantial role on variation in organ size by influencing cell size. Over-expression of KSK led to larger petals with larger cells and promoted the formation of stamenoid features. The expression of auxin-responsive genes known to limit cell growth was reduced in response to KSK over-expression. ANT expression was also reduced in KSK over-expression lines, consistent with altered floral identities. Auxin responses were reduced in KSK over-expressing cells, consistent with changes in auxin-responsive gene expression. KSK may therefore influence auxin responses during petal development. CONCLUSIONS Understanding how genetic variation influences plant growth is important for both evolutionary and mechanistic studies. We used natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana to identify sequence variation in a promoter region of Arabidopsis accessions that mediated differences in the expression of a previously uncharacterised membrane protein. This variation contributed to altered auxin responses and cell size during petal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Miller
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jack Dumenil
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Fu Hao Lu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Caroline Smith
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neil McKenzie
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Volodymyr Chapman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Joshua Ball
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mathew Box
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michael Bevan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Marzi D, Brunetti P, Mele G, Napoli N, Calò L, Spaziani E, Matsui M, De Panfilis S, Costantino P, Serino G, Cardarelli M. Light controls stamen elongation via cryptochromes, phytochromes and COP1 through HY5 and HYH. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:379-394. [PMID: 32142184 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, stamen elongation, which ensures male fertility, is controlled by the auxin response factor ARF8, which regulates the expression of the auxin repressor IAA19. Here, we uncover a role for light in controlling stamen elongation. By an extensive genetic and molecular analysis we show that the repressor of light signaling COP1, through its targets HY5 and HYH, controls stamen elongation, and that HY5 - oppositely to ARF8 - directly represses the expression of IAA19 in stamens. In addition, we show that in closed flower buds, when light is shielded by sepals and petals, the blue light receptors CRY1/CRY2 repress stamen elongation. Coherently, at flower disclosure and in subsequent stages, stamen elongation is repressed by the red and far-red light receptors PHYA/PHYB. In conclusion, different light qualities - sequentially perceived by specific photoreceptors - and the downstream COP1-HY5/HYH module finely tune auxin-induced stamen elongation and thus male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marzi
- IBPM-CNR c/o Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Nadia Napoli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Calò
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Erica Spaziani
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Minami Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Simone De Panfilis
- Centre for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena, 291, Roma, I-00161, Italy
| | - Paolo Costantino
- IBPM-CNR c/o Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Serino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Sapienza, Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
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Teixido AL, Valladares F. Heat and drought determine flower female allocation in a hermaphroditic Mediterranean plant family. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:1024-1030. [PMID: 31282088 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In animal-pollinated hermaphroditic species, larger and xenogamous flowers increase male-biased resource allocation, whereas smaller and selfing flowers invest disproportionally more resources to female function. In Cistaceae, an entomophilous and hermaphroditic Mediterranean family, this pattern generally follows a phylogenetic signal. However, resource allocation to carpels is independent of phylogeny, which suggests trait divergences among closely related species during the diversification into different environmental conditions. We tested this hypothesis across 37 species of Cistaceae along a temperature and precipitation gradient, including semiarid, dry, subhumid and humid sites. We quantified the proportions of dry mass and nutrient investment to carpels and tested the influence of the climatic gradient and site-specific precipitation on the interspecific variation in carpel resource allocation. Lowest and highest percentages of resource allocation to carpels ranged from 1.5-4.2% to 24.2-36.6%, respectively. The proportion of resources comprised in carpels significantly decreased with increasing precipitation/decreasing temperature. Thus, carpels comprised proportionally more resources under drier and hotter conditions, especially in semiarid sites. Our results demonstrate how the extent of climatic constraints is more important than phylogenetic relationships in determining stress-induced differences in carpel resource allocation across species of Cistaceae in a Mediterranean environment. We suggest that allocation of proportionally more resources to carpels in drier and hotter sites lies within a strategy to deal with the most stressful conditions by means of a high reproductive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Teixido
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Integrating transcriptomic network reconstruction and eQTL analyses reveals mechanistic connections between genomic architecture and Brassica rapa development. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008367. [PMID: 31513571 PMCID: PMC6759183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant developmental dynamics can be heritable, genetically correlated with fitness and yield, and undergo selection. Therefore, characterizing the mechanistic connections between the genetic architecture governing plant development and the resulting ontogenetic dynamics of plants in field settings is critically important for agricultural production and evolutionary ecology. We use hierarchical Bayesian Function-Valued Trait (FVT) models to estimate Brassica rapa growth curves throughout ontogeny, across two treatments, and in two growing seasons. We find genetic variation for plasticity of growth rates and final sizes, but not the inflection point (transition from accelerating to decelerating growth) of growth curves. There are trade-offs between growth rate and duration, indicating that selection for maximum yields at early harvest dates may come at the expense of late harvest yields and vice versa. We generate eigengene modules and determine which are co-expressed with FVT traits using a Weighted Gene Co-expression Analysis. Independently, we seed a Mutual Rank co-expression network model with FVT traits to identify specific genes and gene networks related to FVT. GO-analyses of eigengene modules indicate roles for actin/cytoskeletal genes, herbivore resistance/wounding responses, and cell division, while MR networks demonstrate a close association between metabolic regulation and plant growth. We determine that combining FVT Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and MR genes/WGCNA eigengene expression profiles better characterizes phenotypic variation than any single data type (i.e. QTL, gene, or eigengene alone). Our network analysis allows us to employ a targeted eQTL analysis, which we use to identify regulatory hotspots for FVT. We examine cis vs. trans eQTL that mechanistically link FVT QTL with structural trait variation. Colocalization of FVT, gene, and eigengene eQTL provide strong evidence for candidate genes influencing plant height. The study is the first to explore eQTL for FVT, and specifically do so in agroecologically relevant field settings. We estimate the developmental dynamics of plant growth using mathematical functions to fit continuous functions to discrete plant height data collected throughout growth, and we use the parameters defining these mathematical functions as data. We identify genomic regions controlling plant growth and filter a novel transcriptomic data set using network reconstruction models to identify the genes and eigengenes associated with plant height. We combine these genomic and transcriptomic data to predict variation in plant height, and we use quantitative genetics to mechanistically connect plant genetics, transcriptomics, and development. Our approach demonstrates two powerful methods for the type of data reduction (FVT modeling and gene expression network reconstruction for targeted eQTL analyses) and data integration that will be necessary for driving forward the field of genetics in the post-genomic era. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to apply these techniques to continuous models of plant development, and the first to do so in agroecologically relevant field settings.
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11
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A comparison of coffee floral traits under two different agricultural practices. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7331. [PMID: 31089179 PMCID: PMC6517588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Floral traits and rewards are important in mediating interactions between plants and pollinators. Agricultural management practices can affect abiotic factors known to influence floral traits; however, our understanding of the links between agricultural practices and floral trait expression is still poorly understood. Variation in floral morphological, nectar, and pollen traits of two important agricultural species, Coffea arabica and C. canephora, was assessed under different agricultural practices (sun and shade). Corolla diameter and corolla tube length were larger and pollen total nitrogen content greater in shade plantations of C. canephora than sun plantations. Corolla tube length and anther filament length were larger in shade plantations of C. arabica. No effect of agricultural practice was found on nectar volume, sugar or caffeine concentrations, or pollen production. Pollen total nitrogen content was lower in sun than shade plantations of C. canephora, but no difference was found between sun and shade for C. arabica. This study provides baseline data on the influence of agronomic practices on C. arabica and C. canephora floral traits and also helps fill a gap in knowledge about the effects of shade trees on floral traits, which can be pertinent to other agroforestry systems.
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12
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Ramírez-Valiente JA, Etterson JR, Deacon NJ, Cavender-Bares J. Evolutionary potential varies across populations and traits in the neotropical oak Quercus oleoides. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:427-439. [PMID: 30321394 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heritable variation in polygenic (quantitative) traits is critical for adaptive evolution and is especially important in this era of rapid climate change. In this study, we examined the levels of quantitative genetic variation of populations of the tropical tree Quercus oleoides Cham. and Schlect. for a suite of traits related to resource use and drought resistance. We tested whether quantitative genetic variation differed across traits, populations and watering treatments. We also tested potential evolutionary factors that might have shaped such a pattern: selection by climate and genetic drift. We measured 15 functional traits on 1322 1-year-old seedlings of 84 maternal half-sib families originating from five populations growing under two watering treatments in a greenhouse. We estimated the additive genetic variance, coefficient of additive genetic variation and narrow-sense heritability for each combination of traits, populations and treatments. In addition, we genotyped a total of 119 individuals (with at least 20 individuals per population) using nuclear microsatellites to estimate genetic diversity and population genetic structure. Our results showed that gas exchange traits and growth exhibited strikingly high quantitative genetic variation compared with traits related to leaf morphology, anatomy and photochemistry. Quantitative genetic variation differed between populations even at geographical scales as small as a few kilometers. Climate was associated with quantitative genetic variation, but only weakly. Genetic structure and diversity in neutral markers did not relate to coefficient of additive genetic variation. Our study demonstrates that quantitative genetic variation is not homogeneous across traits and populations of Q. oleoides. More importantly, our findings suggest that predictions about potential responses of species to climate change need to consider population-specific evolutionary characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Ramírez-Valiente
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. de la Coruna km 7.5, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota-Duluth, 1049 University Drive, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas J Deacon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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13
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Timerman D, Barrett SCH. Divergent selection on the biomechanical properties of stamens under wind and insect pollination. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20182251. [PMID: 30963912 PMCID: PMC6304045 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wind pollination has evolved from insect pollination in numerous angiosperm lineages and is associated with a characteristic syndrome of morphological traits. The traits initiating transitions to wind pollination and the ecological drivers involved are poorly understood. Here, we examine this problem in Thalictrum pubescens, an ambophilous (insect and wind pollination) species that probably represents a transitional state in the evolution of wind pollination. We investigated wind-induced pollen release by forced harmonic motion by measuring stamen natural frequency ( fn), a key vibration parameter, and its variability among nine populations. We assessed the repeatability of fn over consecutive growing seasons, the effect of this parameter on pollen release in a wind tunnel, and male reproductive success in the field using experimental manipulation of the presence or absence of pollinators. We found significant differences among populations and high repeatability within genotypes in fn. The wind tunnel assay revealed a strong negative correlation between fn and pollen release. Siring success was greatest for plants with lower fn when pollinators were absent, but this advantage diminished when pollinators were present. Our biomechanical analysis of the wind-flower interface has identified fn as a key trait for understanding early stages in the transition from insect to wind pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Timerman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 3B2
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14
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Ramírez‐Valiente JA, Deacon NJ, Etterson J, Center A, Sparks JP, Sparks KL, Longwell T, Pilz G, Cavender‐Bares J. Natural selection and neutral evolutionary processes contribute to genetic divergence in leaf traits across a precipitation gradient in the tropical oak
Quercus oleoides. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2176-2192. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas J. Deacon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Julie Etterson
- Department of Biology University of Minnesota Duluth Duluth MN USA
| | - Alyson Center
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
- Department of Biology Normandale Community College Bloomington MN USA
| | - Jed P. Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Kimberlee L. Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | | | - George Pilz
- Herbarium Paul C. Standley Escuela Agricola Panamericana Tegucigalpa Honduras
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15
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Baker RL, Leong WF, Welch S, Weinig C. Mapping and Predicting Non-Linear Brassica rapa Growth Phenotypes Based on Bayesian and Frequentist Complex Trait Estimation. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:1247-1258. [PMID: 29467188 PMCID: PMC5873914 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Predicting phenotypes based on genotypes and understanding the effects of complex multi-locus traits on plant performance requires a description of the underlying developmental processes, growth trajectories, and their genomic architecture. Using data from Brassica rapa genotypes grown in multiple density settings and seasons, we applied a hierarchical Bayesian Function-Valued Trait (FVT) approach to fit logistic growth curves to leaf phenotypic data (length and width) and characterize leaf development. We found evidence of genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity of rate and duration of leaf growth to growing season. In contrast, the magnitude of the plastic response for maximum leaf size was relatively small, suggesting that growth dynamics vs. final leaf sizes have distinct patterns of environmental sensitivity. Consistent with patterns of phenotypic plasticity, several QTL-by-year interactions were significant for parameters describing leaf growth rates and durations but not leaf size. In comparison to frequentist approaches for estimating leaf FVT, Bayesian trait estimation resulted in more mapped QTL that tended to have greater average LOD scores and to explain a greater proportion of trait variance. We then constructed QTL-based predictive models for leaf growth rate and final size using data from one treatment (uncrowded plants in one growing season). Models successfully predicted non-linear developmental phenotypes for genotypes not used in model construction and, due to a lack of QTL-by-treatment interactions, predicted phenotypes across sites differing in plant density.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Baker
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056,
| | - W F Leong
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - S Welch
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - C Weinig
- Department of Molecular Biology and
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
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16
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Baker RL, Leong WF, An N, Brock MT, Rubin MJ, Welch S, Weinig C. Bayesian estimation and use of high-throughput remote sensing indices for quantitative genetic analyses of leaf growth. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:283-298. [PMID: 29058049 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-3001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We develop Bayesian function-valued trait models that mathematically isolate genetic mechanisms underlying leaf growth trajectories by factoring out genotype-specific differences in photosynthesis. Remote sensing data can be used instead of leaf-level physiological measurements. Characterizing the genetic basis of traits that vary during ontogeny and affect plant performance is a major goal in evolutionary biology and agronomy. Describing genetic programs that specifically regulate morphological traits can be complicated by genotypic differences in physiological traits. We describe the growth trajectories of leaves using novel Bayesian function-valued trait (FVT) modeling approaches in Brassica rapa recombinant inbred lines raised in heterogeneous field settings. While frequentist approaches estimate parameter values by treating each experimental replicate discretely, Bayesian models can utilize information in the global dataset, potentially leading to more robust trait estimation. We illustrate this principle by estimating growth asymptotes in the face of missing data and comparing heritabilities of growth trajectory parameters estimated by Bayesian and frequentist approaches. Using pseudo-Bayes factors, we compare the performance of an initial Bayesian logistic growth model and a model that incorporates carbon assimilation (A max) as a cofactor, thus statistically accounting for genotypic differences in carbon resources. We further evaluate two remotely sensed spectroradiometric indices, photochemical reflectance (pri2) and MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (mtci) as covariates in lieu of A max, because these two indices were genetically correlated with A max across years and treatments yet allow much higher throughput compared to direct leaf-level gas-exchange measurements. For leaf lengths in uncrowded settings, including A max improves model fit over the initial model. The mtci and pri2 indices also outperform direct A max measurements. Of particular importance for evolutionary biologists and plant breeders, hierarchical Bayesian models estimating FVT parameters improve heritabilities compared to frequentist approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Baker
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
- Biology Department, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
| | - Wen Fung Leong
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Nan An
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Marcus T Brock
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Matthew J Rubin
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Stephen Welch
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Cynthia Weinig
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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17
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Tucić B, Budečević S, Manitašević Jovanović S, Vuleta A, Klingenberg CP. Phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental heterogeneity contributes to fluctuating asymmetry in plants: first empirical evidence. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:197-210. [PMID: 29134739 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is widely used to quantify developmental instability (DI) in ecological and evolutionary studies. It has long been recognized that FA may not exclusively originate from DI for sessile organisms such as plants, because phenotypic plasticity in response to heterogeneities in the environment might also produce FA. This study provides the first empirical evidence for this hypothesis. We reasoned that solar irradiance, which is greater on the southern side than on the northern side of plants growing in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, would cause systematic morphological differences and asymmetry associated with the orientation of plant parts. We used geometric morphometrics to characterize the size and shape of flower parts in Iris pumila grown in a common garden. The size of floral organs was not significantly affected by orientation. Shape and particularly its asymmetric component differed significantly according to orientation for three different floral parts. Orientation accounted for 10.4% of the total shape asymmetry within flowers in the falls, for 11.4% in the standards and for 2.2% in the style branches. This indicates that phenotypic plasticity in response to a directed environmental factor, most likely solar irradiance, contributes to FA of flowers under natural conditions. That FA partly results from phenotypic plasticity and not just from DI needs to be considered by studies of FA in plants and other sessile organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Tucić
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Budečević
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Manitašević Jovanović
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Vuleta
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Alvarado-Serrano DF, Chang SM, Baucom RS. Natural and Anthropogenic Influences on the Mating System of the Common Morning Glory. J Hered 2017; 109:126-137. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Teixido AL, Guzmán B, Staggemeier VG, Valladares F. Phylogeny determines flower size-dependent sex allocation at flowering in a hermaphroditic family. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:963-972. [PMID: 28727278 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In animal-pollinated hermaphroditic plants, optimal floral allocation determines relative investment into sexes, which is ultimately dependent on flower size. Larger flowers disproportionally increase maleness whereas smaller and less rewarding flowers favour female function. Although floral traits are considered strongly conserved, phylogenetic relationships in the interspecific patterns of resource allocation to floral sex remain overlooked. We investigated these patterns in Cistaceae, a hermaphroditic family. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among Cistaceae species and quantified phylogenetic signal for flower size, dry mass and nutrient allocation to floral structures in 23 Mediterranean species using Blomberg's K-statistic. Lastly, phylogenetically-controlled correlational and regression analyses were applied to examine flower size-based allometry in resource allocation to floral structures. Sepals received the highest dry mass allocation, followed by petals, whereas sexual structures increased nutrient allocation. Flower size and resource allocation to floral structures, except for carpels, showed a strong phylogenetic signal. Larger-flowered species allometrically allocated more resources to maleness, by increasing allocation to corollas and stamens. Our results suggest a major role of phylogeny in determining interspecific changes in flower size and subsequent floral sex allocation. This implies that flower size balances the male-female function over the evolutionary history of Cistaceae. While allometric resource investment in maleness is inherited across species diversification, allocation to the female function seems a labile trait that varies among closely related species that have diversified into different ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Teixido
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Móstoles, Spain
| | - B Guzmán
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - V G Staggemeier
- Department of Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Phenology Lab, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Friberg M, Waters MT, Thompson JN. Nutrient availability affects floral scent much less than other floral and vegetative traits in Lithophragma bolanderi. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:471-478. [PMID: 28655187 PMCID: PMC5591434 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Many plant-pollinator interactions are mediated by floral scents that can vary among species, among populations within species and even among individuals within populations. This variation could be innate and unaffected by the environment, but, because many floral volatiles have amino-acid precursors, scent variation also could be affected by differences in nutrient availability among environments. In plants that have coevolved with specific pollinators, natural selection is likely to favour low phenotypic plasticity in floral scent even under different conditions of nutrient availability if particular scents or scent combinations are important for attracting local pollinators. Methods Clonal pairs of multiple seed-families of two Lithophragma bolanderi (Saxifragaceae) populations were subjected to a high and a low nutrient treatment. These plants are pollinated primarily by host-specific Greya moths. It was evaluated how nutrient treatment affected variation in floral scent relative to other vegetative and reproductive traits. Key Results Floral scent strength (the per-flower emission rate) and composition were unaffected by nutrient treatment, but low-nutrient plants produced fewer and lighter leaves, fewer scapes and fewer flowers than high-nutrient plants. The results held in both populations, which differed greatly in the number and composition of floral scents produced. Conclusions The results reveal a strong genetic component both to scent composition and emission level, and partly contrasts with the only previous study that has assessed the susceptibility of floral volatile signals to variation in the abundance of nutrients. These results, and the tight coevolutionary relationship between Lithophragma plants and their specialized Greya moth pollinators, indicate that reproductive traits important to coevolving interactions, such as the floral scent of L. bolanderi, may be locally specialized and more canalized than other traits important for plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magne Friberg
- Uppsala University, Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, EBC, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia T Waters
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - John N Thompson
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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21
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Kuester A, Fall E, Chang SM, Baucom RS. Shifts in outcrossing rates and changes to floral traits are associated with the evolution of herbicide resistance in the common morning glory. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:41-49. [PMID: 27905176 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human-mediated selection can strongly influence the evolutionary response of natural organisms within ecological timescales. But what traits allow for, or even facilitate, adaptation to the strong selection humans impose on natural systems? Using a combination of laboratory and greenhouse studies of 32 natural populations of the common agricultural weed, Ipomoea purpurea, we show that herbicide-resistant populations self-fertilise more than susceptible populations. We likewise show that anther-stigma distance, a floral trait associated with self-fertilisation in this species, exhibits a nonlinear relationship with resistance such that the most and least resistant populations exhibit lower anther-stigma separation compared to populations with moderate levels of resistance. Overall, our results extend the general finding that plant mating can be impacted by human-mediated agents of selection to that of the extreme selection of the agricultural system. This work highlights the influence of human-mediated selection on rapid responses of natural populations that can lead to unexpected long-term evolutionary consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kuester
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eva Fall
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shu-Mei Chang
- Plant Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Regina S Baucom
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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22
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Reginato M, Michelangeli FA. Diversity and constraints in the floral morphological evolution of Leandra s.str. (Melastomataceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:445-58. [PMID: 27401539 PMCID: PMC4998978 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Putative processes related to floral diversification and its relation to speciation are still largely unaccounted for in the Melastomataceae. Leandra s.str. is one of the most diverse lineages of the Neotropical Miconieae and ranks among the ten most diverse groups in the Atlantic Forest. Here, we describe the floral diversity of this lineage in a continuous framework and address several questions related to floral evolution and putative developmental and environmental constraints in its morphology. METHODS The morphological data set includes individual size measurements and shape scores (from elliptical Fourier analysis) for hypanthia, petals, stamens and styles. We evaluate whether there is evidence of correlation among these floral structures, shifts and convergent patterns, and association of these traits with elevation. KEY RESULTS Leandra s.str. flower structures present a strong phylogenetic signal and tend to be conserved among close relatives. The extremes in flower regimes seem to be quite distinct, but non-overlapping discrete flower types are not observed. Overall, the morphology of Leandra s.str. floral structures is correlated, and anther colour and inflorescence architecture correlate with flower structures. Additionally, the rates of species diversification and morphological evolution are correlated in most clades. CONCLUSIONS Although some flower regimes tend to occur in different elevational ranges, no significant association is observed. The general idea that hypanthium-ovary fusion is associated with fruit types in the Melastomataceae does not hold for Leandra s.str., where, instead, hypanthium-ovary fusion seems to be associated with anther shape. The lowest rate of flower morphological change, when compared with species diversification rates, is observed in the clade that possesses the most specialized flowers in the group. While stuck on a single general pollination system, Leandra s.str. seems to be greatly wandering around it, given the flower diversity and convergent patterns observed in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Reginato
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10458, USA The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fabián A Michelangeli
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
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23
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Puentes A, Granath G, Ågren J. Similarity in G matrix structure among natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Evolution 2016; 70:2370-2386. [PMID: 27501272 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the stability of the G matrix in natural populations is fundamental for predicting evolutionary trajectories; yet, the extent of its spatial variation and how this impacts responses to selection remain open questions. With a nested paternal half-sib crossing design and plants grown in a field experiment, we examined differences in the genetic architecture of flowering time, floral display, and plant size among four Scandinavian populations of Arabidopsis lyrata. Using a multivariate Bayesian framework, we compared the size, shape, and orientation of G matrices and assessed their potential to facilitate or constrain trait evolution. Flowering time, floral display and rosette size varied among populations and significant additive genetic variation within populations indicated potential to evolve in response to selection. Yet, some characters, including flowering start and number of flowers, may not evolve independently because of genetic correlations. Using a multivariate framework, we found few differences in the genetic architecture of traits among populations. G matrices varied mostly in size rather than shape or orientation. Differences in multivariate responses to selection predicted from differences in G were small, suggesting overall matrix similarity and shared constraints to trait evolution among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gustaf Granath
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Lind MI, Yarlett K, Reger J, Carter MJ, Beckerman AP. The alignment between phenotypic plasticity, the major axis of genetic variation and the response to selection. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20151651. [PMID: 26423845 PMCID: PMC4614775 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce more than one phenotype in order to match the environment. Recent theory proposes that the major axis of genetic variation in a phenotypically plastic population can align with the direction of selection. Therefore, theory predicts that plasticity directly aids adaptation by increasing genetic variation in the direction favoured by selection and reflected in plasticity. We evaluated this theory in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia pulex, facing predation risk from two contrasting size-selective predators. We estimated plasticity in several life-history traits, the G matrix of these traits, the selection gradients on reproduction and survival, and the predicted responses to selection. Using these data, we tested whether the genetic lines of least resistance and the predicted response to selection aligned with plasticity. We found predator environment-specific G matrices, but shared genetic architecture across environments resulted in more constraint in the G matrix than in the plasticity of the traits, sometimes preventing alignment of the two. However, as the importance of survival selection increased, the difference between environments in their predicted response to selection increased and resulted in closer alignment between the plasticity and the predicted selection response. Therefore, plasticity may indeed aid adaptation to new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I Lind
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden
| | - Kylie Yarlett
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Julia Reger
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mauricio J Carter
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK Centro Nacional del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Larrain 9975, La Reina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew P Beckerman
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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25
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A High Temperature-Dependent Mitochondrial Lipase EXTRA GLUME1 Promotes Floral Phenotypic Robustness against Temperature Fluctuation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006152. [PMID: 27367609 PMCID: PMC4930220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sessile plants have evolved diverse intrinsic mechanisms to control their proper development under variable environments. In contrast to plastic vegetative development, reproductive traits like floral identity often show phenotypic robustness against environmental variations. However, it remains obscure about the molecular basis of this phenotypic robustness. In this study, we found that eg1 (extra glume1) mutants of rice (Oryza savita L.) showed floral phenotypic variations in different growth locations resulting in a breakdown of floral identity robustness. Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that EG1 encodes a predominantly mitochondria-localized functional lipase and functions in a high temperature-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that numerous environmentally responsive genes including many floral identity genes are transcriptionally repressed in eg1 mutants and OsMADS1, OsMADS6 and OsG1 genetically act downstream of EG1 to maintain floral robustness. Collectively, our results demonstrate that EG1 promotes floral robustness against temperature fluctuation by safeguarding the expression of floral identify genes through a high temperature-dependent mitochondrial lipid pathway and uncovers a novel mechanistic insight into floral developmental control.
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26
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Baker RL, Leong WF, Brock MT, Markelz RJC, Covington MF, Devisetty UK, Edwards CE, Maloof J, Welch S, Weinig C. Modeling development and quantitative trait mapping reveal independent genetic modules for leaf size and shape. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:257-68. [PMID: 26083847 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Improved predictions of fitness and yield may be obtained by characterizing the genetic controls and environmental dependencies of organismal ontogeny. Elucidating the shape of growth curves may reveal novel genetic controls that single-time-point (STP) analyses do not because, in theory, infinite numbers of growth curves can result in the same final measurement. We measured leaf lengths and widths in Brassica rapa recombinant inbred lines (RILs) throughout ontogeny. We modeled leaf growth and allometry as function valued traits (FVT), and examined genetic correlations between these traits and aspects of phenology, physiology, circadian rhythms and fitness. We used RNA-seq to construct a SNP linkage map and mapped trait quantitative trait loci (QTL). We found genetic trade-offs between leaf size and growth rate FVT and uncovered differences in genotypic and QTL correlations involving FVT vs STPs. We identified leaf shape (allometry) as a genetic module independent of length and width and identified selection on FVT parameters of development. Leaf shape is associated with venation features that affect desiccation resistance. The genetic independence of leaf shape from other leaf traits may therefore enable crop optimization in leaf shape without negative effects on traits such as size, growth rate, duration or gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Baker
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Wen Fung Leong
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Marcus T Brock
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - R J Cody Markelz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michael F Covington
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Upendra K Devisetty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christine E Edwards
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, MO, 63166, USA
| | - Julin Maloof
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stephen Welch
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Cynthia Weinig
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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27
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González AV, Murúa MM, Pérez F. Floral integration and pollinator diversity in the generalized plant-pollinator system of Alstroemeria ligtu (Alstroemeriaceae). Evol Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Matesanz S, Sultan SE. High-performance genotypes in an introduced plant: insights to future invasiveness. Ecology 2014; 94:2464-74. [PMID: 24400498 DOI: 10.1890/12-1359.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining high reproductive output in diverse conditions has consistently been found to promote invasiveness in introduced taxa. Following on this key observation, studies have compared the performance across environments of invasive vs. native congeners, and of introduced vs. native populations within invasive species. Performance differences among genotypes within introduced species have received far less attention, although such genetic variation could be critical to invasive potential. If an introduced species contains genotypes that can maintain high fitness across contrasting environments, such broadly adaptive, high-performance genotypes could promote and shape the species' immediate spread across multiple habitats. Furthermore, their presence could lead to the evolution of greater aggressiveness in the species, as these high performers increase in frequency. We investigated the existence and distribution of high-performance genotypes in Polygonum cespitosum, a newly invasive Asian annual. We raised 416 genotypes, collected from 14 North American populations, under resource-rich conditions to identify potential high-performance genotypes (the top 5% in total reproductive output). We then compared their fitness, life history, and functional traits to a random group of the remaining genotypes in three contrasting environments to ask the following: (1) Do consistently high-performance genotypes (i.e., genotypes with high relative fitness in diverse conditions) exist within introduced-range populations? (2) If so, do these high-performance genotypes possess distinctive life history and/or functional traits? (3) Do these genotypes occur in all populations or in only a subset of populations? Genotypes initially identified as high-performance in favorable conditions also had higher reproductive output in resource-limited environments. Their fitness advantage compared with control genotypes varied in magnitude from one environment to another but was significant within all three test environments. High-performance genotypes shared a developmental syndrome characterized by rapid and high germination, fast seedling growth, early reproductive onset, and high reproductive allocation, but they did not differ in other functional traits. P. cespitosum includes a subset of genotypes with accelerated development and significantly greater fitness in both favorable and stressful conditions. The nonrandom distribution of these high-performance genotypes among populations in the species' introduced range highlights the importance of genotypic and population-level variation for invasion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Matesanz
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933, Spain.
| | - Sonia E Sultan
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
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Pélabon C, Osler NC, Diekmann M, Graae BJ. Decoupled phenotypic variation between floral and vegetative traits: distinguishing between developmental and environmental correlations. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:935-44. [PMID: 23471008 PMCID: PMC3631334 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In species with specialized pollination, floral traits are expected to be relatively invariant and decoupled from the phenotypic variation affecting vegetative traits. However, inferring the degree of decoupling between morphological characters from patterns of phenotypic correlations is difficult because phenotypic correlations result from the superimposition of several sources of covariance. In this study it is hypothesized that, in some cases, negative environmental correlations generated by non-congruent reaction norms across traits overshadow positive developmental correlations and generate a decoupling of the phenotypic variation between vegetative and floral traits. METHODS To test this hypothesis, Campanula rotundifolia were grown from two distinct populations under two temperature treatments, and patterns of correlation were analysed between leaf size and flower size within and among treatments. KEY RESULTS Flower size was less sensitive to temperature variation than leaf size. Furthermore, flower size and leaf size showed temperature-induced reaction norms in opposite directions. Flower size decreased with an increasing temperature, while leaf size increased. Consequently, among treatments, correlations between leaf size and flower size were negative or absent, while, within treatments, these correlations were positive or absent in the cold and warm environments, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that the decoupling of the phenotypic variation between vegetative and floral traits can be dependent on the environment. They also underline the importance of distinguishing sources of phenotypic covariance when testing hypotheses about phenotypic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Centre for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Abraham MC, Metheetrairut C, Irish VF. Natural variation identifies multiple loci controlling petal shape and size in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56743. [PMID: 23418598 PMCID: PMC3572026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural variation in organ morphologies can have adaptive significance and contribute to speciation. However, the underlying allelic differences responsible for variation in organ size and shape remain poorly understood. We have utilized natural phenotypic variation in three Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes to examine the genetic basis for quantitative variation in petal length, width, area, and shape. We identified 23 loci responsible for such variation, many of which appear to correspond to genes not previously implicated in controlling organ morphology. These analyses also demonstrated that allelic differences at distinct loci can independently affect petal length, width, area or shape, suggesting that these traits behave as independent modules. We also showed that ERECTA (ER), encoding a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like serine-threonine kinase, is a major effect locus determining petal shape. Allelic variation at the ER locus was associated with differences in petal cell proliferation and concomitant effects on petal shape. ER has been previously shown to be required for regulating cell division and expansion in other contexts; the ER receptor-like kinase functioning to also control organ-specific proliferation patterns suggests that allelic variation in common signaling components may nonetheless have been a key factor in morphological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Abraham
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Chanatip Metheetrairut
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vivian F. Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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31
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Earley RL, Hanninen AF, Fuller A, Garcia MJ, Lee EA. Phenotypic plasticity and integration in the mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus): a prospectus. Integr Comp Biol 2012; 52:814-27. [PMID: 22990587 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ics118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) is a small fish native to mangrove ecosystems in Florida, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. This species is one of only two self-fertilizing, hermaphroditic vertebrates capable of producing offspring that are genetically identical to both the parent and all siblings. Long bouts of selfing result in individuals with completely homozygous genotypes, effectively allowing for the production of "clones." Rivulus is also extremely sensitive to environmental change, both during development and adulthood. Life-history traits, behavior, physiology, morphology, and even sexual phenotype are shaped to a large extent by the interaction of genes with the environment, and many of these traits appear to co-vary. True reaction norms can be generated for this species in much the same way as has been done for clonally reproducing invertebrates and plants that have contributed immensely to our understanding of the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. That is, rivulus provides the opportunity to place individuals with identical genotypes in many different environments at any point during ontogeny or adulthood. In addition, rivulus populations are characterized by high genotypic diversity, a luxury not afforded by many clonal vertebrates, which allows us to evaluate variation among genotypes in the shape of reaction norms and in patterns of covariance among traits. We provide background information on phenotypic plasticity and phenotypic integration, coupled with a description of characteristics that we feel qualify rivulus as a potentially powerful model in which to study the evolution of reaction norms and covariance among traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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32
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Brock MT, Kover PX, Weinig C. Natural variation in GA1 associates with floral morphology in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:58-70. [PMID: 22510148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
• The genetic architecture of floral traits is evolutionarily important due to the fitness consequences of quantitative variation in floral morphology. Yet, little is known about the genes underlying these traits in natural populations. Using Arabidopsis thaliana, we examine molecular variation at GIBBERELLIC ACID REQUIRING 1 (GA1) and test for associations with floral morphology. • We examined full-length sequence in 32 accessions and describe two haplotypes (comprising four nonsynonymous polymorphisms) in GA1 that segregate at intermediate frequencies. In 133 A. thaliana accessions, we test for genotype-phenotype associations and corroborate these findings in segregating progenies. • The two common GA1 haplotypes were associated with the length of petals, stamens, and to a lesser extent style-stigma length. Associations were confirmed in a segregating progeny developed from 19 accessions. We find analogous results in recombinant inbred lines of the Bayreuth × Shahdara cross, which differ only at one of 4 SNPs, suggesting that this SNP may contribute to the observed association. • Assuming GA1 causally affects floral organ size, it is interesting that adjacent petal and stamen whorls are most strongly affected. This pattern suggests that GA1 could contribute to the greater strength of petal-stamen correlations relative to other floral-length correlations observed in some Brassicaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus T Brock
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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33
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Edwards CE, Ewers BE, McClung CR, Lou P, Weinig C. Quantitative variation in water-use efficiency across water regimes and its relationship with circadian, vegetative, reproductive, and leaf gas-exchange traits. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:653-68. [PMID: 22319207 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drought limits light harvesting, resulting in lower plant growth and reproduction. One trait important for plant drought response is water-use efficiency (WUE). We investigated (1) how the joint genetic architecture of WUE, reproductive characters, and vegetative traits changed across drought and well-watered conditions, (2) whether traits with distinct developmental bases (e.g. leaf gas exchange versus reproduction) differed in the environmental sensitivity of their genetic architecture, and (3) whether quantitative variation in circadian period was related to drought response in Brassica rapa. Overall, WUE increased in drought, primarily because stomatal conductance, and thus water loss, declined more than carbon fixation. Genotypes with the highest WUE in drought expressed the lowest WUE in well-watered conditions, and had the largest vegetative and floral organs in both treatments. Thus, large changes in WUE enabled some genotypes to approach vegetative and reproductive trait optima across environments. The genetic architecture differed for gas-exchange and vegetative traits across drought and well-watered conditions, but not for floral traits. Correlations between circadian and leaf gas-exchange traits were significant but did not vary across treatments, indicating that circadian period affects physiological function regardless of water availability. These results suggest that WUE is important for drought tolerance in Brassica rapa and that artificial selection for increased WUE in drought will not result in maladaptive expression of other traits that are correlated with WUE.
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34
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Karron JD, Ivey CT, Mitchell RJ, Whitehead MR, Peakall R, Case AL. New perspectives on the evolution of plant mating systems. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:493-503. [PMID: 22210849 PMCID: PMC3278297 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The remarkable diversity of mating patterns and sexual systems in flowering plants has fascinated evolutionary biologists for more than a century. Enduring questions about this topic include why sexual polymorphisms have evolved independently in over 100 plant families, and why proportions of self- and cross-fertilization often vary dramatically within and among populations. Important new insights concerning the evolutionary dynamics of plant mating systems have built upon a strong foundation of theoretical models and innovative field and laboratory experiments. However, as the pace of advancement in this field has accelerated, it has become increasingly difficult for researchers to follow developments outside their primary area of research expertise. SCOPE In this Viewpoint paper we highlight three important themes that span and integrate different subdisciplines: the changes in morphology, phenology, and physiology that accompany the transition to selfing; the evolutionary consequences of pollen pool diversity in flowering plants; and the evolutionary dynamics of sexual polymorphisms. We also highlight recent developments in molecular techniques that will facilitate more efficient and cost-effective study of mating patterns in large natural populations, research on the dynamics of pollen transport, and investigations on the genetic basis of sexual polymorphisms. This Viewpoint also serves as the introduction to a Special Issue on the Evolution of Plant Mating Systems. The 15 papers in this special issue provide inspiring examples of recent discoveries, and glimpses of exciting developments yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Karron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
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35
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Zywiec M, Delibes M, Fedriani JM. Microgeographical, inter-individual, and intra-individual variation in the flower characters of Iberian pear Pyrus bourgaeana (Rosaceae). Oecologia 2011; 169:713-22. [PMID: 22200854 PMCID: PMC3375002 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Flower characteristics have been traditionally considered relatively constant within species. However, there are an increasing number of examples of variation in flower characteristics. In this study, we examined the variation in attracting and rewarding flower characters at several ecological levels in a metapopulation of Pyrus bourgaeana in the Doñana area (SW Spain). We answered the following questions: what are the variances of morphological and nectar characters of flowers? How important are intra-individual and inter-individual variance in flower characters? Are there microgeographical differences in flower characters? And if so, are they consistent between years? In 2008 and 2009, we sampled flowers of 72 trees from five localities. For six flower morphological and two nectar characteristics, we calculated coefficients of variation (CV). The partitioning of total variation among-localities, among-individuals, and within-individuals was estimated. To analyze differences among localities and their consistency between years, we conducted generalized linear mixed models. The CVs of nectar characters were always higher than those of morphological characters. As expected, inter-individual variation was the main source of variation of flower morphology, but nectar characters had significant variation at both intra- and inter-individual levels. For most floral traits, there were no differences among localities. Our study documents that variation is a scale-dependent phenomenon and that it is essential to consider intra- and inter-individual variance when investigating the causes and consequences of variation. It also shows that single year studies of floral characters should be viewed with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zywiec
- Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland.
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36
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Rosas-Guerrero V, Quesada M, Armbruster WS, Pérez-Barrales R, Smith SD. INFLUENCE OF POLLINATION SPECIALIZATION AND BREEDING SYSTEM ON FLORAL INTEGRATION AND PHENOTYPIC VARIATION IN IPOMOEA. Evolution 2010; 65:350-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Floral genetic architecture: an examination of QTL architecture underlying floral (co)variation across environments. Genetics 2010; 186:1451-65. [PMID: 20837996 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.119982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic correlations are expected to be high among functionally related traits and lower between groups of traits with distinct functions (e.g., reproductive vs. resource-acquisition traits). Here, we explore the quantitative-genetic and QTL architecture of floral organ sizes, vegetative traits, and life history in a set of Brassica rapa recombinant inbred lines within and across field and greenhouse environments. Floral organ lengths were strongly positively correlated within both environments, and analysis of standardized G-matrices indicates that the structure of genetic correlations is ∼80% conserved across environments. Consistent with these correlations, we detected a total of 19 and 21 additive-effect floral QTL in the field and the greenhouse, respectively, and individual QTL typically affected multiple organ types. Interestingly, QTL×QTL epistasis also appeared to contribute to observed genetic correlations; i.e., interactions between two QTL had similar effects on filament length and two estimates of petal size. Although floral and nonfloral traits are hypothesized to be genetically decoupled, correlations between floral organ size and both vegetative and life-history traits were highly significant in the greenhouse; G-matrices of floral and vegetative traits as well as floral and life-history traits differed across environments. Correspondingly, many QTL (45% of those mapped in the greenhouse) showed environmental interactions, including approximately even numbers of floral and nonfloral QTL. Most instances of QTL×QTL epistasis for floral traits were environment dependent.
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38
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Edwards CE, Weinig C. The quantitative-genetic and QTL architecture of trait integration and modularity in Brassica rapa across simulated seasonal settings. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 106:661-77. [PMID: 20736971 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Within organisms, groups of traits with different functions are frequently modular, such that variation among modules is independent and variation within modules is tightly integrated, or correlated. Here, we investigated patterns of trait integration and modularity in Brassica rapa in response to three simulated seasonal temperature/photoperiod conditions. The goals of this research were to use trait correlations to understand patterns of trait integration and modularity within and among floral, vegetative and phenological traits of B. rapa in each of three treatments, to examine the QTL architecture underlying patterns of trait integration and modularity, and to quantify how variation in temperature and photoperiod affects the correlation structure and QTL architecture of traits. All floral organs of B. rapa were strongly correlated, and contrary to expectations, floral and vegetative traits were also correlated. Extensive QTL co-localization suggests that covariation of these traits is likely due to pleiotropy, although physically linked loci that independently affect individual traits cannot be ruled out. Across treatments, the structure of genotypic and QTL correlations was generally conserved. Any observed variation in genetic architecture arose from genotype × environment interactions (GEIs) and attendant QTL × E in response to temperature but not photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Edwards
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
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39
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Pélabon C, Armbruster WS, Hansen TF. Experimental evidence for the Berg hypothesis: vegetative traits are more sensitive than pollination traits to environmental variation. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Department of Biology, Centre for Conservation Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - W. Scott Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA
| | - Thomas F. Hansen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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40
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Zhao ZG, Du GZ, Huang SQ. The effect of flower position on variation and covariation in floral traits in a wild hermaphrodite plant. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:91. [PMID: 20482889 PMCID: PMC3095358 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Floral traits within plants can vary with flower position or flowering time. Within an inflorescence, sexual allocation of early produced basal flowers is often female-biased while later produced distal flowers are male-biased. Such temporal adjustment of floral resource has been considered one of the potential advantages of modularity (regarding a flower as a module) in hermaphrodites. However, flowers are under constraints of independent evolution of a given trait. To understand flower diversification within inflorescences, here we examine variation and covariation in floral traits within racemes at the individual and the maternal family level respectively in an alpine herb Aconitum gymnandrum (Ranunculaceae). RESULTS We found that floral traits varied significantly with flower position and among families, and position effects were family-specific. Most of the variance of floral traits was among individuals rather than among flowers within individuals or among families. Significant phenotypic correlations between traits were not affected by position, indicating trait integration under shared developmental regulation. In contrast, positive family-mean correlations in floral traits declined gradually from basal to distal flowers (nine significant correlations among floral traits in basal flowers and only three in distal flowers), showing position-specificity. Therefore, the pattern and magnitude of genetic correlations decreased with flower position. CONCLUSIONS This finding on covariation pattern in floral reproductive structures within racemes has not been revealed before, providing insights into temporal variation and position effects in floral traits within plants and the potential advantages of modularity in hermaphrodites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology of Ministry of Education at Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guo-Zhen Du
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology of Ministry of Education at Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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41
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Mallitt KL, Bonser SP, Hunt J. The plasticity of phenotypic integration in response to light and water availability in the pepper grass, Lepidium bonariense. Evol Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nilson SE, Assmann SM. Heterotrimeric G proteins regulate reproductive trait plasticity in response to water availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 185:734-46. [PMID: 20028470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of one genotype to display different phenotypes under different environmental conditions. Although variation for phenotypic plasticity has been documented in numerous species, little is known about the genetic mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity. Given their widespread roles in hormonal and environmental signaling, we examined whether genes which encode heterotrimeric G proteins are plasticity genes. We grew multiple alleles of heterotrimeric G-protein mutants, together with wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana, under different watering regimes to determine the contributions of G-protein genes to phenotypic plasticity for a number of developmental and reproduction-related traits. G-protein mutations did not affect significantly the amount of phenotypic variation within an environment for any trait, but did affect significantly the amount of phenotypic plasticity for certain traits. AGB1, which encodes the beta subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein in Arabidopsis, is a plasticity gene and regulates reproductive trait plasticity in response to water availability, resulting in increased fitness (defined as seed production) under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Nilson
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802-5301, USA
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43
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Brock MT, Stinchcombe JR, Weinig C. Indirect effects of FRIGIDA: floral trait (co)variances are altered by seasonally variable abiotic factors associated with flowering time. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1826-38. [PMID: 19583697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive timing is a critical life-history event that could influence the (co)variation of traits developing later in ontogeny by regulating exposure to seasonally variable factors. In a field experiment with Arabidopsis thaliana, we explore whether allelic variation at a flowering-time gene of major effect (FRIGIDA) affects (co)variation of floral traits by regulating exposure to photoperiod, temperature, and moisture levels. We detect a positive latitudinal cline in floral organ size among plants with putatively functional FRI alleles. Statistically controlling for bolting day removes the cline, suggesting that seasonal abiotic variation affects floral morphology. Both photoperiod and precipitation at bolting correlate positively with the length of petals, stamens, and pistils. Additionally, floral (co)variances differ significantly across FRI backgrounds, such that the sign of some floral-trait correlations reverses. Subsequent experimental manipulations of photoperiod and water availability demonstrate direct effects of these abiotic factors on floral traits. In sum, these results highlight how the timing of life-history events can affect the expression of traits developing later in ontogeny, and provide some of the first empirical evidence for the effects of major genes on evolutionary potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Brock
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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44
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Stinchcombe JR, Weinig C, Heath KD, Brock MT, Schmitt J. Polymorphic genes of major effect: consequences for variation, selection and evolution in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 2009; 182:911-22. [PMID: 19416942 PMCID: PMC2710169 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.097030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of genes of major effect for evolutionary trajectories within and among natural populations has long been the subject of intense debate. For example, if allelic variation at a major-effect locus fundamentally alters the structure of quantitative trait variation, then fixation of a single locus can have rapid and profound effects on the rate or direction of subsequent evolutionary change. Using an Arabidopsis thaliana RIL mapping population, we compare G-matrix structure between lines possessing different alleles at ERECTA, a locus known to affect ecologically relevant variation in plant architecture. We find that the allele present at ERECTA significantly alters G-matrix structure-in particular the genetic correlations between branch number and flowering time traits-and may also modulate the strength of natural selection on these traits. Despite these differences, however, when we extend our analysis to determine how evolution might differ depending on the ERECTA allele, we find that predicted responses to selection are similar. To compare responses to selection between allele classes, we developed a resampling strategy that incorporates uncertainty in estimates of selection that can also be used for statistical comparisons of G matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Unversity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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45
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Vallejo-Marín M, Barrett SCH. Modification of flower architecture during early stages in the evolution of self-fertilization. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:951-62. [PMID: 19202135 PMCID: PMC2707899 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The evolution of selfing from outcrossing is characterized by a series of morphological changes to flowers culminating in the selfing syndrome. However, which morphological traits initiate increased self-pollination and which are accumulated after self-fertilization establishes is poorly understood. Because the expression of floral traits may depend on the conditions experienced by an individual during flower development, investigation of changes in mating system should also account for environmental and developmental factors. Here, early stages in the evolution of self-pollination are investigated by comparing floral traits among Brazilian populations of Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae), an annual aquatic that displays variation in selfing rates associated with the breakdown of tristyly to semi-homostyly. METHODS Thirty-one Brazilian populations under uniform glasshouse conditions were compared to investigate genetic and environmental influences on flower size and stigma-anther separation (herkogamy), two traits that commonly vary in association with transitions to selfing. Within-plant variation in herkogamy was also examined and plants grown under contrasting environmental conditions were compared to examine to what extent this trait exhibits phenotypic plasticity. KEY RESULTS In E. paniculata a reduction in herkogamy is the principal modification initiating the evolution of selfing. Significantly, reduced herkogamy was restricted to the mid-styled morph and occurred independently of flower size. Significant genetic variation for herkogamy was detected among populations and families, including genotypes exhibiting developmental instability of stamen position with bimodal distributions of herkogamy values. Cloned genets exposed to contrasting growth conditions demonstrated environmental control of herkogamy and genotypic differences in plasticity of this trait. CONCLUSIONS The ability to modify herkogamy independently of other floral traits, genetic variation in the environmental sensitivity of herkogamy, and the production of modified and unmodified flowers within some individuals, reveal the potential for dynamic control of the mating system in a species that commonly confronts heterogeneous aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vallejo-Marín
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2.
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46
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Sherrard ME, Maherali H, Latta RG. WATER STRESS ALTERS THE GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF FUNCTIONAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH DROUGHT ADAPTATION INAVENA BARBATA. Evolution 2009; 63:702-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Maze J. The effect of developmental variation on hybridization and rarity in Stipoid grasses. Biosystems 2008; 95:200-5. [PMID: 19014996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Developmental variation in some Achnatherum species was evaluated for two kinds of groups, (1) species pairs that do or do not hybridize and (2) rare and common species. Variation was assessed in two different ways, one that captures developmental events expressed in an individual and one reflecting developmental events that are part of the information systems of a species. The former captures the effect of the environment on development; the latter expresses developmental variation without the information controlling ontogenetic events being filtered through the environment. Development variation is lower for species pair that hybridizes when the effect of development in an individual is expressed. When that variation is of the species information system, the non-hybridizing species pair shows a lower level of developmental variation, likely the effect of greater similarity between those species. It is lower for rare species when variation in development is that of the information system of a species. The lower level of developmental variation seen in species pairs that hybridize likely reflects the necessity of compatible developmental programs in order for a hybrid to appear. Lower variation in development in rare species is expected. Here, though, the lower variation is a property of the species and not of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Maze
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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