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Zannou AJ, Karaca MM, Karut K. Effect of constant and fluctuating low temperature on the survival of Tuta absoluta pupae. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 114:1-7. [PMID: 38098272 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Temperature is among the key factors impacting the establishment and spread of invasive pests. The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the major pests attacking Solanaceae plants and is known to possess overwintering capacities. However, the cold hardiness of T. absoluta pupae is poorly documented. In this study, we investigated the effect of constant temperature and stepwise cooling on T. absoluta pupae under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, bioassays on pupal development under constant temperature (5°C) for 30, 60 and 90 days, and stepwise changes in temperature (11, 10 and 8°C; in this order every 30 days), were assessed. We found that exposure to 5°C for 30 and 60 days did not affect the post-cooling emergence time of adults compared to the control. Pupae completed their development after 60 days of cold exposure at 5°C, but more adults emerged after 30 than 60 days. Even though alive pupae were observed after 90 days of cold exposure at 5°C, no adults emerged. External colours of pupae depended on the duration of cold periods, and green pupae obtained after 30 and 60 days were found to be positively correlated with the emergence of adults. When pupae were kept at 11°C for 30 days, 47% emerged, and when the temperature was changed to 10, only 12% of pupae emerged for the period 31-60 days. However, the decrease of the temperature to 8°C yielded no emergence for the period 61-90 days. Our study provides useful information to better understand the population dynamics of overwintering T. absoluta, and to underpin the development of monitoring and control strategies for the pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomide Joseph Zannou
- Laboratory of Insect Biotechnology, Department of Plant Protection, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Mete Karaca
- Laboratory of Insect Biotechnology, Department of Plant Protection, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Kamil Karut
- Laboratory of Insect Biotechnology, Department of Plant Protection, Çukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
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2
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Lahondère C, Bonizzoni M. Thermal biology of invasive Aedes mosquitoes in the context of climate change. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 51:100920. [PMID: 35421621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of arboviral diseases in tropical endemic areas and their emergence in new temperate countries is one of the most important challenges that Public Health agencies are currently facing. Because mosquitoes are poikilotherms, shifts in temperature influence physiological functions besides egg viability. These traits impact not only vector density, but also their interaction with their hosts and arboviruses. As such the relationship among mosquitoes, arboviral diseases and temperature is complex. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the thermal biology of Aedes invasive mosquitoes, highlighting differences among species. We also emphasize the need to expand knowledge on the variability in thermal sensitivity across populations within a species, especially in light of climate change that encompasses increase not only in mean environmental temperature but also in the frequency of hot and cold snaps. Finally, we suggest a novel experimental approach to investigate the molecular architecture of thermal adaptation in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Lahondère
- Department of Biochemistry, USA; The Fralin Life Science Institute, USA; Center of Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, USA; The Global Change Center, USA; Department of Entomology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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3
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Farleigh K, Vladimirova SA, Blair C, Bracken JT, Koochekian N, Schield DR, Card DC, Finger N, Henault J, Leaché AD, Castoe TA, Jezkova T. The effects of climate and demographic history in shaping genomic variation across populations of the Desert Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma platyrhinos). Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4481-4496. [PMID: 34245067 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Species often experience spatial environmental heterogeneity across their range, and populations may exhibit signatures of adaptation to local environmental characteristics. Other population genetic processes, such as migration and genetic drift, can impede the effects of local adaptation. Genetic drift in particular can have a pronounced effect on population genetic structure during large-scale geographic expansions, where a series of founder effects leads to decreases in genetic variation in the direction of the expansion. Here, we explore the genetic diversity of a desert lizard that occupies a wide range of environmental conditions and that has experienced post-glacial expansion northwards along two colonization routes. Based on our analyses of a large SNP data set, we find evidence that both climate and demographic history have shaped the genetic structure of populations. Pronounced genetic differentiation was evident between populations occupying cold versus hot deserts, and we detected numerous loci with significant associations with climate. The genetic signal of founder effects, however, is still present in the genomes of the recently expanded populations, which comprise subsets of genetic variation found in the southern populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaka Farleigh
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Christopher Blair
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Biology PhD Program, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Drew R Schield
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Daren C Card
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas Finger
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - Adam D Leaché
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Todd A Castoe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Tereza Jezkova
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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4
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Oliveira BF, Yogo WIG, Hahn DA, Yongxing J, Scheffers BR. Community-wide seasonal shifts in thermal tolerances of mosquitoes. Ecology 2021; 102:e03368. [PMID: 33866546 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The broadening in species' thermal tolerance limits and breadth from tropical to temperate latitudes is proposed to reflect spatial gradients in temperature seasonality, but the importance of seasonal shifts in thermal tolerances within and across locations is much less appreciated. We performed thermal assays to examine the maximum and minimum critical temperatures (CTmax and CTmin , respectively) of a mosquito community across their active seasons. Mosquito CTmin tracked seasonal shifts in temperature, whereas CTmax tracked a countergradient pattern with lowest heat tolerances in summer. Mosquito thermal breadth decreased from spring to summer and then increased from summer to autumn. We show a temporal dichotomy in thermal tolerances with thermal breadths of temperate organisms in summer reflecting those of the tropics ("tropicalization") that is sandwiched between a spring and autumn "temperatization." Therefore, our tolerance patterns at a single temperate latitude recapitulate classical patterns across latitude. These findings highlight the need to understand the temporal and spatial components of thermotolerance variation better, including plasticity and rapid seasonal selection, and the potential for this variation to affect species responses to climate change. With summers becoming longer and increasing winter nighttime temperatures, we expect increasing tropicalization of species thermal tolerances in both space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno F Oliveira
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Wendtwoin I G Yogo
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.,AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, 91190, France
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Jiang Yongxing
- Mosquito Control Services, City of Gainesville, 405 Northwest 39th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida, 32609, USA
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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5
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Wagener C, Kruger N, Measey J. Progeny of Xenopus laevis from altitudinal extremes display adaptive physiological performance. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.233031. [PMID: 34424980 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental temperature variation generates adaptive phenotypic differentiation in widespread populations. We used a common garden experiment to determine whether offspring with varying parental origins display adaptive phenotypic variation related to different thermal conditions experienced in parental environments. We compared burst swimming performance and critical thermal limits of African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) tadpoles bred from adults captured at high (∼2000 m above sea level) and low (∼ 5 m above sea level) altitudes. Maternal origin significantly affected swimming performance. Optimal swimming performance temperature (Topt) had a >9°C difference between tadpoles with low altitude maternal origins (pure- and cross-bred, 35.0°C) and high-altitude maternal origins (pure-bred, 25.5°C; cross-bred, 25.9°C). Parental origin significantly affected critical thermal (CT) limits. Pure-bred tadpoles with low-altitude parental origins had higher CTmax (37.8±0.8°C) than pure-bred tadpoles with high-altitude parental origins and all cross-bred tadpoles (37.0±0.8 and 37.1±0.8°C). Pure-bred tadpoles with low-altitude parental origins and all cross-bred tadpoles had higher CTmin (4.2±0.7 and 4.2±0.7°C) than pure-bred tadpoles with high-altitude parental origins (2.5±0.6°C). Our study shows that the varying thermal physiological traits of Xenopus laevis tadpoles are the result of adaptive responses to their parental thermal environments. This study is one of few demonstrating potential intraspecific evolution of critical thermal limits in a vertebrate species. Multi-generation common garden experiments and genetic analyses would be required to further tease apart the relative contribution of plastic and genetic effects to the adaptive phenotypic variation observed in these tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Wagener
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
| | - Natasha Kruger
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602 South Africa
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6
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Carbonell JA, Wang YJ, Stoks R. Evolution of cold tolerance and thermal plasticity in life history, behaviour and physiology during a poleward range expansion. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1666-1677. [PMID: 33724470 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many species that are moving polewards encounter novel thermal regimes to which they have to adapt. Therefore, rapid evolution of thermal tolerance and of thermal plasticity in fitness-related traits in edge populations can be crucial for the success and speed of range expansions. We tested for adaptation in cold tolerance and in life history, behavioural and physiological traits and their thermal plasticity during a poleward range expansion. We reconstructed the thermal performance curves of life history (survival, growth and development rates), behaviour (food intake) and cold tolerance (chill coma recovery time) in the aquatic larval stage of the damselfly Ischnura elegans that is currently showing a poleward range expansion in northern Europe. We studied larvae from three edge and three core populations using a common-garden experiment. Consistent with the colder annual temperatures, larvae at the expansion front evolved an improved cold tolerance. The edge populations showed no overall (across temperatures) evolution of a faster life history that would improve their range-shifting ability. Moreover, consistent with damselfly edge populations from colder latitudes, edge populations evolved at the highest rearing temperature (28°C) a faster development rate, likely to better exploit the rare periods with higher temperatures. This was associated with a higher food intake and a lower metabolic rate. In conclusion, our results suggest that the edge populations rapidly evolved adaptive changes in trait means and thermal plasticity to the novel thermal conditions at the edge front. Our results highlight the importance of considering besides trait plasticity and the evolution of trait means, also the evolution of trait plasticity to improve forecasts of responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Carbonell
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Wetland Ecology, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Ying-Jie Wang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Everman ER, Cloud-Richardson KM, Macdonald SJ. Characterizing the genetic basis of copper toxicity in Drosophila reveals a complex pattern of allelic, regulatory, and behavioral variation. Genetics 2021; 217:1-20. [PMID: 33683361 PMCID: PMC8045719 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of heavy metals are required for normal cell function and homeostasis. However, the anthropogenic release of metal compounds into soil and water sources presents a pervasive health threat. Copper is one of many heavy metals that negatively impacts diverse organisms at a global scale. Using a combination of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and RNA sequencing in the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource, we demonstrate that resistance to the toxic effects of ingested copper in D. melanogaster is genetically complex and influenced by allelic and expression variation at multiple loci. QTL mapping identified several QTL that account for a substantial fraction of heritability. Additionally, we find that copper resistance is impacted by variation in behavioral avoidance of copper and may be subject to life-stage specific regulation. Gene expression analysis further demonstrated that resistant and sensitive strains are characterized by unique expression patterns. Several of the candidate genes identified via QTL mapping and RNAseq have known copper-specific functions (e.g., Ccs, Sod3, CG11825), and others are involved in the regulation of other heavy metals (e.g., Catsup, whd). We validated several of these candidate genes with RNAi suggesting they contribute to variation in adult copper resistance. Our study illuminates the interconnected roles that allelic and expression variation, organism life stage, and behavior play in copper resistance, allowing a deeper understanding of the diverse mechanisms through which metal pollution can negatively impact organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Everman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | | | - Stuart J Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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8
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Cavieres G, Rezende EL, Clavijo‐Baquet S, Alruiz JM, Rivera‐Rebella C, Boher F, Bozinovic F. Rapid within- and transgenerational changes in thermal tolerance and fitness in variable thermal landscapes. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8105-8113. [PMID: 32788964 PMCID: PMC7417229 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity may increase the performance and fitness and allow organisms to cope with variable environmental conditions. We studied within-generation plasticity and transgenerational effects of thermal conditions on temperature tolerance and demographic parameters in Drosophila melanogaster. We employed a fully factorial design, in which both parental (P) and offspring generations (F1) were reared in a constant or a variable thermal environment. Thermal variability during ontogeny increased heat tolerance in P, but with demographic cost as this treatment resulted in substantially lower survival, fecundity, and net reproductive rate. The adverse effects of thermal variability (V) on demographic parameters were less drastic in flies from the F1, which exhibited higher net reproductive rates than their parents. These compensatory responses could not totally overcome the challenges of the thermally variable regime, contrasting with the offspring of flies raised in a constant temperature (C) that showed no reduction in fitness with thermal variation. Thus, the parental thermal environment had effects on thermal tolerance and demographic parameters in fruit fly. These results demonstrate how transgenerational effects of environmental conditions on heat tolerance, as well as their potential costs on other fitness components, can have a major impact on populations' resilience to warming temperatures and more frequent thermal extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grisel Cavieres
- Departamento de EcologíaCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Enrico L. Rezende
- Departamento de EcologíaCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | | | - José M. Alruiz
- Departamento de EcologíaCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Carla Rivera‐Rebella
- Departamento de EcologíaCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Francisca Boher
- Departamento de EcologíaCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de EcologíaCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
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9
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Uno H, Stillman JH. Lifetime eurythermy by seasonally matched thermal performance of developmental stages in an annual aquatic insect. Oecologia 2020; 192:647-656. [PMID: 31989318 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Organisms with annual life cycles are exposed to life stage specific thermal environments across seasons. Seasonal variation in thermal environments can vary across years and among sites. We investigated how organisms with annual life cycles respond to predictable seasonal changes in temperature and unpredictable thermal variation between habitats and years throughout their lives. Field surveys and historical records reveal that the spatially and temporally heterogeneous thermal environments inhabited by the annual mayfly Ephemerella maculata (Ephemerellidae) shift the date for transition to the next, life stage, so that the thermal phenotype of each life stage matches the thermal environment of the specific habitat and year. Laboratory studies of three distinct life stages of this mayfly reveal that life stage transitions are temperature dependent, facilitating timing shifts that are synchronized with the current season's temperatures. Each life stage exhibited specific thermal sensitivity and performance phenotypes that matched the ambient temperature typically experienced during that life stage. Our study across the whole life cycle reveals mechanisms that allow organisms to achieve lifetime eurythermy in a dynamic seasonal environment, despite having narrower thermal ranges for growth and development in each life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Uno
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Jonathon H Stillman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Estuary and Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
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10
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Castellanos NL, Bueno AF, Haddi K, Silveira EC, Rodrigues HS, Hirose E, Smagghe G, Oliveira EE. The Fitness and Economic Benefits of Rearing the Parasitoid Telenomus podisi Under Fluctuating Temperature Regime. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:934-948. [PMID: 31728908 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Successful biological control requires detailed knowledge about the mass rearing conditions of the control agents in order to ensure higher quality of field-released insects. Thus, we investigated whether rearing fluctuating thermal condition would affect the fitness and costs of the parasitoid wasp Telenomus podisi Ashmead (a biocontrol agent used for controlling the Neotropical brown stink bug Euschistus heros (Fabricius)) when compared with parasitoid reared at constant temperature condition, which is commonly used in insect facilities. Parasitoids were reared under either constant (continuous exposure at 25 ± 2°C) or fluctuating temperature conditions (i.e., 30 ± 2°C during day and 20 ± 2°C at night) during four consecutive generations. Our results indicated that tested fluctuating temperature is more suitable for rearing of T. podisi as such temperature condition not only resulted in fitness benefits (e.g., shorter developmental time, longer female longevity, higher fecundity/fertility) but also reduced (approximately 23.5%) the estimated costs for producing the parasitoids. Furthermore, rearing T. podisi under fluctuating temperatures improved tolerance to low constant temperatures (i.e., 20°C) without changing the tolerance to constant high temperatures (30°C) in the fourth generation. Surprisingly, even parasitoids that developed under fluctuating thermal conditions performed better than those reared at constant temperature of 25°C. Collectively, our findings suggest that T. podisi reared under fluctuating thermal condition can tolerate better fluctuating temperatures that normally occur both during long periods of transport and in agricultural ecosystems, which will increase the quality and productivity of mass-reared T. podisi for inundative releases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Castellanos
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
- Dept of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - K Haddi
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - E C Silveira
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - H S Rodrigues
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - E Hirose
- EMBRAPA Soja, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - G Smagghe
- Dept of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E E Oliveira
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.
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11
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Bible JM, Evans TG, Sanford E. Differences in induced thermotolerance among populations of Olympia oysters. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 239:110563. [PMID: 31493552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An organism's ability to cope with thermal stress is an important predictor of survival in a changing climate. One way in which organisms may acclimatize to thermal stress in the short-term is through induced thermotolerance, whereby exposure to a sublethal heat shock enables the organism to subsequently survive what might otherwise be a lethal event. Whether induced thermotolerance is related to basal thermotolerance is not well understood for marine organisms. Furthermore, whether populations often differ in their capacity for induced thermotolerance is also unclear. Here, we tested for differences in basal thermotolerance and induced thermotolerance among six populations of Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) from three California estuaries. Oysters were raised under common-garden laboratory conditions for a generation and then exposed to two treatments (control or sublethal heat shock) followed by a spectrum of temperatures that bound the upper critical temperature in order to determine LT50 (temperature at which 50% of the population dies). All populations exhibited induced thermotolerance by increasing their LT50 to a similar maximum temperature when extreme thermal stress was preceded by a sublethal heat shock. However, populations differed in their basal thermotolerance and their plasticity in thermotolerance. Populations with the highest basal thermotolerance were least able to modify upper critical temperature, while the population with the lowest basal thermotolerance exhibited the greatest plasticity in the upper critical temperature. Our results highlight that populations with high basal thermotolerance may be most vulnerable to climate warming because they lack the plasticity required to adjust their upper thermal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Bible
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA; Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, 25800 Carlos Bee Boulevard, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA; Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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12
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Stage-specific genotype-by-environment interactions for cold and heat hardiness in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:479-491. [PMID: 31164731 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environments often vary across a life cycle, imposing fluctuating natural selection across development. Such fluctuating selection can favor different phenotypes in different life stages, but stage-specific evolutionary responses will depend on genetic variance, covariance, and their interaction across development and across environments. Thus, quantifying how genetic architecture varies with plastic responses to the environment and across development is vital to predict whether stage-specific adaptation will occur in nature. Additionally, the interaction of genetic variation and environmental plasticity (GxE) may be stage-specific, leading to a three-way interaction between genotype, environment, and development or GxDxE. To test for these patterns, we exposed larvae and adults of Drosophila melanogaster isogenic lines derived from a natural population to extreme heat and cold stress after developmental acclimation to cool (18 °C) and warm (25 °C) conditions and measured genetic variance for thermal hardiness. We detected significant GxE that was specific to larvae and adults for cold and heat hardiness (GxDxE), but no significant genetic correlation across development for either trait at either acclimation temperature. However, cross-development phenotypic correlations for acclimation responses suggest that plasticity itself may be developmentally constrained, though rigorously testing this hypothesis requires more experimentation. These results illustrate the potential for stage-specific adaptation within a complex life cycle and demonstrate the importance of measuring traits at appropriate developmental stages and environmental conditions when predicting evolutionary responses to changing climates.
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13
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Enriquez-Urzelai U, Sacco M, Palacio AS, Pintanel P, Tejedo M, Nicieza AG. Ontogenetic reduction in thermal tolerance is not alleviated by earlier developmental acclimation in Rana temporaria. Oecologia 2019; 189:385-394. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Enriquez-Urzelai U, Palacio AS, Merino NM, Sacco M, Nicieza AG. Hindered and constrained: limited potential for thermal adaptation in post-metamorphic and adultRana temporariaalong elevational gradients. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1852-1862. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urtzi Enriquez-Urzelai
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas; Universidad de Oviedo UO; Oviedo Spain
- UMIB: Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UO-CSIC-PA); Mieres Spain
| | - Antonio S. Palacio
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas; Universidad de Oviedo UO; Oviedo Spain
- UMIB: Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UO-CSIC-PA); Mieres Spain
| | - Natalia M. Merino
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas; Universidad de Oviedo UO; Oviedo Spain
- UMIB: Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UO-CSIC-PA); Mieres Spain
| | - Martina Sacco
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas; Universidad de Oviedo UO; Oviedo Spain
- UMIB: Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UO-CSIC-PA); Mieres Spain
| | - Alfredo G. Nicieza
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas; Universidad de Oviedo UO; Oviedo Spain
- UMIB: Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UO-CSIC-PA); Mieres Spain
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15
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Sun B, Ma L, Li S, Williams CM, Wang Y, Hao X, Du W. Phenology and the physiological niche are co‐adapted in a desert‐dwelling lizard. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao‐Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley California
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shu‐Ran Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | | | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wei‐Guo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming China
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16
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Williams CM, Ragland GJ, Betini G, Buckley LB, Cheviron ZA, Donohue K, Hereford J, Humphries MM, Lisovski S, Marshall KE, Schmidt PS, Sheldon KS, Varpe Ø, Visser ME. Understanding Evolutionary Impacts of Seasonality: An Introduction to the Symposium. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:921-933. [PMID: 29045649 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonality is a critically important aspect of environmental variability, and strongly shapes all aspects of life for organisms living in highly seasonal environments. Seasonality has played a key role in generating biodiversity, and has driven the evolution of extreme physiological adaptations and behaviors such as migration and hibernation. Fluctuating selection pressures on survival and fecundity between summer and winter provide a complex selective landscape, which can be met by a combination of three outcomes of adaptive evolution: genetic polymorphism, phenotypic plasticity, and bet-hedging. Here, we have identified four important research questions with the goal of advancing our understanding of evolutionary impacts of seasonality. First, we ask how characteristics of environments and species will determine which adaptive response occurs. Relevant characteristics include costs and limits of plasticity, predictability, and reliability of cues, and grain of environmental variation relative to generation time. A second important question is how phenological shifts will amplify or ameliorate selection on physiological hardiness. Shifts in phenology can preserve the thermal niche despite shifts in climate, but may fail to completely conserve the niche or may even expose life stages to conditions that cause mortality. Considering distinct environmental sensitivities of life history stages will be key to refining models that forecast susceptibility to climate change. Third, we must identify critical physiological phenotypes that underlie seasonal adaptation and work toward understanding the genetic architectures of these responses. These architectures are key for predicting evolutionary responses. Pleiotropic genes that regulate multiple responses to changing seasons may facilitate coordination among functionally related traits, or conversely may constrain the expression of optimal phenotypes. Finally, we must advance our understanding of how changes in seasonal fluctuations are impacting ecological interaction networks. We should move beyond simple dyadic interactions, such as predator prey dynamics, and understand how these interactions scale up to affect ecological interaction networks. As global climate change alters many aspects of seasonal variability, including extreme events and changes in mean conditions, organisms must respond appropriately or go extinct. The outcome of adaptation to seasonality will determine responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Gustavo Betini
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zachary A Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Joe Hereford
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Murray M Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simeon Lisovski
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul S Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly S Sheldon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway.,Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Freda PJ, Alex JT, Morgan TJ, Ragland GJ. Genetic Decoupling of Thermal Hardiness across Metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:999-1009. [PMID: 29045669 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As organisms age the environment fluctuates, exerting differential selection across ontogeny. In particular, highly seasonal environments expose life stages to often drastically different thermal environments. This developmental variation is particularly striking in organisms with complex life cycles, wherein life history stages also exhibit distinct morphologies, physiologies, and behaviors. Genes acting pleiotropically on thermal responses may produce genetic correlations across ontogeny, constraining the independent evolution of each life stage to their respective thermal environments. To investigate whether developmental genetic correlations constrain the evolution thermal hardiness of the fly Drosophila melanogaster, we applied quantitative genetic analyses to cold hardiness measured in both larvae and adults from isogenic lines of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP), using survival at stressful low temperatures as the phenotypic metric. Using full genome resequencing data for the DGRP, we also implemented genome-wide association (GWA) analysis using Bayesian Sparse Linear Mixed Models (BSLMMs) to estimate associations between naturally segregating variation and cold hardiness for both larvae and adults. Quantitative genetic analyses revealed no significant genetic correlation for cold hardiness between life stages, suggesting complete genetic decoupling of thermal hardiness across the metamorphic boundary. Both quantitative genetic and GWA analyses suggested that polygenic variation underlies cold hardiness in both stages, and that associated loci largely affected one stage or the other, but not both. However, reciprocal enrichment tests and correlations between BSLMM parameters for each life stage support some shared physiological mechanisms that may reflect common cellular thermal response pathways. Overall, these results suggest no developmental genetic constraints on cold hardiness across metamorphosis in D. melanogaster, an important consideration in evolutionary models of responses to changing climates. Genetic correlations for environmental sensitivity across ontogeny remains largely unexplored in other organisms, thus assessing the generality of genetic decoupling will require further quantitative or population genetic analysis in additional species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Freda
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Jackson T Alex
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Theodore J Morgan
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA
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18
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Sheldon KS, Huey RB, Kaspari M, Sanders NJ. Fifty Years of Mountain Passes: A Perspective on Dan Janzen’s Classic Article. Am Nat 2018; 191:553-565. [DOI: 10.1086/697046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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Hua X. The impact of seasonality on niche breadth, distribution range and species richness: a theoretical exploration of Janzen's hypothesis. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0349. [PMID: 27466445 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Being invoked as one of the candidate mechanisms for the latitudinal patterns in biodiversity, Janzen's hypothesis states that the limited seasonal temperature variation in the tropics generates greater temperature stratification across elevations, which makes tropical species adapted to narrower ranges of temperatures and have lower effective dispersal across elevations than species in temperate regions. Numerous empirical studies have documented latitudinal patterns in species elevational ranges and thermal niche breadths that are consistent with the hypothesis, but the theoretical underpinnings remain unclear. This study presents the first mathematical model to examine the evolutionary processes that could back up Janzen's hypothesis and assess the effectiveness of limited seasonal temperature variation to promote speciation along elevation in the tropics. Results suggest that trade-offs in thermal tolerances provide a mechanism for Janzen's hypothesis. Limited seasonal temperature variation promotes gradient speciation not due to the reduction in gene flow that is associated with narrow thermal niche, but due to the pleiotropic effects of more stable divergent selection of thermal tolerance on the evolution of reproductive incompatibility. The proposed modelling approach also provides a potential way to test a speciation model against genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hua
- Division of Evolution, Ecology, and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
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20
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Johansson MP, Laurila A. Maximum thermal tolerance trades off with chronic tolerance of high temperature in contrasting thermal populations of Radix balthica. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3149-3156. [PMID: 28480014 PMCID: PMC5415526 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal adaptation theory predicts that thermal specialists evolve in environments with low temporal and high spatial thermal variation, whereas thermal generalists are favored in environments with high temporal and low spatial variation. The thermal environment of many organisms is predicted to change with globally increasing temperatures and thermal specialists are presumably at higher risk than thermal generalists. Here we investigated critical thermal maximum (CT max) and preferred temperature (Tp) in populations of the common pond snail (Radix balthica) originating from a small-scale system of geothermal springs in northern Iceland, where stable cold (ca. 7°C) and warm (ca. 23°C) habitats are connected with habitats following the seasonal thermal variation. Irrespective of thermal origin, we found a common Tp for all populations, corresponding to the common temperature optimum (Topt) for fitness-related traits in these populations. Warm-origin snails had lowest CT max. As our previous studies have found higher chronic temperature tolerance in the warm populations, we suggest that there is a trade-off between high temperature tolerance and performance in other fitness components, including tolerance to chronic thermal stress. Tp and CT max were positively correlated in warm-origin snails, suggesting a need to maintain a minimum "warming tolerance" (difference in CT max and habitat temperature) in warm environments. Our results highlight the importance of high mean temperature in shaping thermal performance curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus P. Johansson
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and GeneticsEvolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and GeneticsEvolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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21
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Sibling Drosophila species (Drosophila leontia and Drosophila kikkawai) show divergence for thermotolerance along a latitudinal gradient. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Delava E, Fleury F, Gibert P. Effects of daily fluctuating temperatures on the Drosophila-Leptopilina boulardi parasitoid association. J Therm Biol 2016; 60:95-102. [PMID: 27503721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Koinobiont parasitoid insects, which maintain intimate and long-term relationships with their arthropod hosts, constitute an association of ectothermic organisms that is particularly sensitive to temperature variations. Because temperature shows pronounced natural daily fluctuations, we examined if experiments based on a constant temperature range can mask the real effects of the thermal regime on host-parasitoid interactions. The effects of two fluctuating thermal regimes on several developmental parameters of the Drosophila larval parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi were analyzed in this study. Regime 1 included a range of 16-23-16°C and regime 2 included a range of 16-21-26-21-16°C (mean temperature 20.1°C) compared to a 20.1°C constant temperature. Under an average temperature of 20.1°C, which corresponds to a cold condition of L. boulardi development, we showed that the success of parasitism is significantly higher under a fluctuating temperature regime than at constant temperature. A fluctuating regime also correlated with a reduced development time of the parasitoids. In contrast, the thermal regime did not affect the ability of Drosophila to resist parasitoid infestation. Finally, we demonstrated that daily temperature fluctuation prevented the entry into diapause for this species, which is normally observed at a constant temperature of 21°C. Overall, the results reveal that constant temperature experiments can produce misleading results, highlighting the need to study the thermal biology of organisms under fluctuating regimes that reflect natural conditions as closely as possible. This is particularly a major issue in host-parasitoid associations, which constitute a good model to understand the effect of climate warming on interacting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Delava
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Fleury
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Patricia Gibert
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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23
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Johansson MP, Quintela M, Laurila A. Genetic divergence and isolation by thermal environment in geothermal populations of an aquatic invertebrate. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1701-12. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Johansson
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - M. Quintela
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Grupo de investigación BIOCOST; University of A Coruña; A Coruña Spain
| | - A. Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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24
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Sheldon KS, Dillon ME. Beyond the Mean: Biological Impacts of Cryptic Temperature Change. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:110-9. [PMID: 27081192 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have typically used shifts in mean temperatures to make predictions about the biotic impacts of climate change. Though shifts in mean temperatures correlate with changes in phenology and distributions, other hidden, or cryptic, changes in temperature, such as temperature variation and extreme temperatures, could pose greater risks to species and ecological communities. Yet, these cryptic temperature changes have received relatively little attention because mean temperatures are readily available and the organism-appropriate temperature response is often elusive. An alternative to using mean temperatures is to view organisms as physiological filters of hourly temperature data. We explored three classes of physiological filters: (1) nonlinear thermal responses using performance curves of insect fitness, (2) cumulative thermal effects using degree-day models for corn emergence, and (3) threshold temperature effects using critical thermal maxima and minima for diverse ectotherms. For all three physiological filters, we determined the change in biological impacts of hourly temperature data from a standard reference period (1961-90) to a current period (2005-10). We then examined how well mean temperature changes during the same time period predicted the biotic impacts we determined from hourly temperature data. In all cases, mean temperature alone provided poor predictions of the impacts of climate change. These results suggest that incorporating high frequency temperature data can provide better predictions for how species will respond to temperature change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Sheldon
- *Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Michael E Dillon
- *Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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25
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Sheldon KS, Tewksbury JJ. The impact of seasonality in temperature on thermal tolerance and elevational range size. Ecology 2014; 95:2134-43. [PMID: 25230465 DOI: 10.1890/13-1703.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Environmental temperature variation can influence physiology, biogeography, and life history, with large consequences for ecology, evolution, and the impacts of climate change. Based on the seasonality hypothesis, greater annual temperature variation at high latitudes should result in greater thermal tolerance and, consequently, larger elevational ranges in temperate compared to tropical species. Despite the mechanistic nature of this hypothesis, most research has used latitude as a proxy for seasonality, failing to directly examine the impact of temperature variation on physiology and range size. We used phylogenetically matched beetles from locations spanning 60 degrees of latitude to explore links between seasonality, physiology and elevational range. Thermal tolerance increased with seasonality across all beetle groups, but realized seasonality (temperature variation restricted to the months species are active) was a better predictor of thermal tolerance than was annual seasonality. Additionally, beetles with greater thermal tolerance had larger elevational ranges. Our results support a mechanistic framework linking variation in realized temperature to physiology and distributions.
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26
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Kleynhans E, Mitchell KA, Conlong DE, Terblanche JS. Evolved variation in cold tolerance among populations of Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in South Africa. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1149-59. [PMID: 24773121 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Among-population variation in chill-coma onset temperature (CTmin ) is thought to reflect natural selection for local microclimatic conditions. However, few studies have investigated the evolutionary importance of cold tolerance limits in natural populations. Here, using a common-environment approach, we show pronounced variation in CTmin (± 4 °C) across the geographic range of a nonoverwintering crop pest, Eldana saccharina. The outcomes of this study provide two notable results in the context of evolved chill-coma variation: (1) CTmin differs significantly between geographic lines and is significantly positively correlated with local climates, and (2) there is a stable genetic architecture underlying CTmin trait variation, likely representing four key genes. Crosses between the most and least cold-tolerant geographic lines confirmed a genetic component to CTmin trait variation. Slower developmental time in the most cold-tolerant population suggests that local adaptation involves fitness costs; however, it confers fitness benefits in that environment. A significant reduction in phenotypic plasticity in the laboratory population suggests that plasticity of this trait is costly to maintain but also likely necessary for field survival. These results are significant for understanding field population adaption to novel environments, whereas further work is needed to dissect the underlying mechanism and gene(s) responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kleynhans
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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27
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Janssens L, Dinh Van K, Stoks R. Extreme temperatures in the adult stage shape delayed effects of larval pesticide stress: a comparison between latitudes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 148:74-82. [PMID: 24463491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and pesticide pollution are major threats for aquatic biodiversity. Yet, how pesticide effects are influenced by the increased frequency of extreme temperatures under global warming and how local thermal adaptation may mitigate these effects is unknown. We therefore investigated the combined impact of larval chlorpyrifos exposure, larval food stress and adult heat exposure on a set of fitness-related traits in replicated low- and high-latitude populations of the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Larval pesticide exposure resulted in lighter adults with a higher water content, lower fat content, higher Hsp70 levels and a lower immune function (PO activity). Heat exposure reduced water content, mass, fat content and flying ability. Importantly, both stressors interacted across metamorphosis: adult heat exposure lowered the reduction of fat content, and generated a stronger decrease in PO activity in pesticide-exposed animals. Larval pesticide exposure and larval food stress also reduced the defense response to the adult heat stress in terms of increased Hsp70 levels. In line with strong life history differences in the unstressed control situation, high-latitude animals were less sensitive to food stress (body mass and water content), but more sensitive to pesticide stress (development time and PO activity) and heat exposure (PO activity and Hsp70 levels). While low-latitude adults could better withstand the extreme temperature as suggested by the weaker increase in Hsp70, heat exposure similarly affected the delayed effects of larval pesticide exposure at both latitudes. Our study highlighted two key findings relevant for ecological risk assessment under global warming. Firstly, the delayed effects of larval pesticide exposure on adult damselflies depended upon subsequent adult heat exposure, indicating that larval pesticide stress and adult heat stress interacted across metamorphosis. Secondly, low- and high-latitude animals responded differently to the imposed stressors, highlighting that intraspecific evolution along natural thermal gradients may shape sensitivity to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne Janssens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Khuong Dinh Van
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Adaptations to "Thermal Time" Constraints in Papilio: Latitudinal and Local Size Clines Differ in Response to Regional Climate Change. INSECTS 2014; 5:199-226. [PMID: 26462585 PMCID: PMC4592633 DOI: 10.3390/insects5010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations to "thermal time" (=Degree-day) constraints on developmental rates and voltinism for North American tiger swallowtail butterflies involve most life stages, and at higher latitudes include: smaller pupae/adults; larger eggs; oviposition on most nutritious larval host plants; earlier spring adult emergences; faster larval growth and shorter molting durations at lower temperatures. Here we report on forewing sizes through 30 years for both the northern univoltine P. canadensis (with obligate diapause) from the Great Lakes historical hybrid zone northward to central Alaska (65° N latitude), and the multivoltine, P. glaucus from this hybrid zone southward to central Florida (27° N latitude). Despite recent climate warming, no increases in mean forewing lengths of P. glaucus were observed at any major collection location (FL to MI) from the 1980s to 2013 across this long latitudinal transect (which reflects the "converse of Bergmann's size Rule", with smaller females at higher latitudes). Unlike lower latitudes, the Alaska, Ontonogon, and Chippewa/Mackinac locations (for P. canadensis) showed no significant increases in D-day accumulations, which could explain lack of size change in these northernmost locations. As a result of 3-4 decades of empirical data from major collection sites across these latitudinal clines of North America, a general "voltinism/size/D-day" model is presented, which more closely predicts female size based on D-day accumulations, than does latitude. However, local "climatic cold pockets" in northern Michigan and Wisconsin historically appeared to exert especially strong size constraints on female forewing lengths, but forewing lengths quickly increased with local summer warming during the recent decade, especially near the warming edges of the cold pockets. Results of fine-scale analyses of these "cold pockets" are in contrast to non-significant changes for other Papilio populations seen across the latitudinal transect for P. glaucus and P. canadensis in general, highlighting the importance of scale in adaptations to climate change. Furthermore, we also show that rapid size increases in cold pocket P. canadensis females with recent summer warming are more likely to result from phenotypic plasticity than genotypic introgression from P. glaucus, which does increase size in late-flight hybrids and P. appalachiensis.
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29
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Muñoz MM, Stimola MA, Algar AC, Conover A, Rodriguez AJ, Landestoy MA, Bakken GS, Losos JB. Evolutionary stasis and lability in thermal physiology in a group of tropical lizards. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132433. [PMID: 24430845 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how quickly physiological traits evolve is a topic of great interest, particularly in the context of how organisms can adapt in response to climate warming. Adjustment to novel thermal habitats may occur either through behavioural adjustments, physiological adaptation or both. Here, we test whether rates of evolution differ among physiological traits in the cybotoids, a clade of tropical Anolis lizards distributed in markedly different thermal environments on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. We find that cold tolerance evolves considerably faster than heat tolerance, a difference that results because behavioural thermoregulation more effectively shields these organisms from selection on upper than lower temperature tolerances. Specifically, because lizards in very different environments behaviourally thermoregulate during the day to similar body temperatures, divergent selection on body temperature and heat tolerance is precluded, whereas night-time temperatures can only be partially buffered by behaviour, thereby exposing organisms to selection on cold tolerance. We discuss how exposure to selection on physiology influences divergence among tropical organisms and its implications for adaptive evolutionary response to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, , 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, NY 10027, USA, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, , Sir Clive Granger Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK, Stuyvestant High School, , 345 Chambers Street, New York, NY 10282, USA, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, , Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA, Sociedad Ornitológica de la Hispaniola, , Gustavo Mejía Ricart 119 B, Apto. 401, Galerías Residencial, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Department of Biology, Indiana State University, , Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
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30
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Stoks R, Geerts AN, De Meester L. Evolutionary and plastic responses of freshwater invertebrates to climate change: realized patterns and future potential. Evol Appl 2013; 7:42-55. [PMID: 24454547 PMCID: PMC3894897 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We integrated the evidence for evolutionary and plastic trait changes in situ in response to climate change in freshwater invertebrates (aquatic insects and zooplankton). The synthesis on the trait changes in response to the expected reductions in hydroperiod and increases in salinity indicated little evidence for adaptive, plastic, and genetic trait changes and for local adaptation. With respect to responses to temperature, there are many studies on temporal trait changes in phenology and body size in the wild that are believed to be driven by temperature increases, but there is a general lack of rigorous demonstration whether these trait changes are genetically based, adaptive, and causally driven by climate change. Current proof for genetic trait changes under climate change in freshwater invertebrates stems from a limited set of common garden experiments replicated in time. Experimental thermal evolution experiments and common garden warming experiments associated with space-for-time substitutions along latitudinal gradients indicate that besides genetic changes, also phenotypic plasticity and evolution of plasticity are likely to contribute to the observed phenotypic changes under climate change in aquatic invertebrates. Apart from plastic and genetic thermal adjustments, also genetic photoperiod adjustments are widespread and may even dominate the observed phenological shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aurora N Geerts
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Gray EM. Thermal acclimation in a complex life cycle: the effects of larval and adult thermal conditions on metabolic rate and heat resistance in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:1001-1007. [PMID: 23932965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It has now been well established that insects can respond to variation in their environment via acclimation, yet the extent of the response varies among populations and environmental characteristics. One under-investigated theme which may contribute to this variation concerns acclimation effects across the life cycle. The present study explores how acclimation in the larval stage of Culex pipiens affects thermal relations in the adult stage. Mosquitoes were reared in a full factorial design at 18 or 26 °C as larvae and adults, then critical thermal maxima (CTmax) and metabolic rate-temperature relationships (MR-T) were determined for all 4 treatments. CTmax was positively affected by both larval and adult acclimation treatments. MR-T slope was significantly affected only by adult treatment: warm acclimated adults had on average shallower slopes and higher y-intercepts than cool acclimated ones. These results demonstrate that larval acclimation effects can alter adult phenotypes in a species whose life cycle includes two drastically different environments, an aquatic and a terrestrial stage. Studying insects with complex life cycles, especially those with aquatic or subterranean larval stages, can provide valuable information on the effects of thermal variability and predictability on phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie M Gray
- Colorado College, 14 E Cache la Poudre Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States.
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32
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Parkash R, Ranga P. Divergence for tolerance to thermal-stress related traits in two Drosophila species of immigrans group. J Therm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Parkash R, Singh D, Lambhod C. Divergent strategies for adaptations to stress resistance in two tropical Drosophila species: effects of developmental acclimation for D. bipectinata and the invasive species - D. malerkotliana. J Exp Biol 2013; 217:924-34. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.096818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Previous studies on two tropical Drosophila species (D. malerkotliana and D. bipectinata) have shown lower resistance to stress related traits but the rapid colonization of D. malerkotliana in the past few decades is not consistent with its sensitivity to desiccation and cold stress. We tested the hypothesis whether developmental acclimation at two growth temperatures (17 & 25 °C) can confer adaptations to desiccation and thermal stresses. We found divergence in developmental plastic effects on cuticular traits i.e. a significant increase of body melanisation (~2 fold) and of cuticular lipid mass (~3 fold) in D. malerkotliana but only 1.5 fold higher cuticular lipid mass in D. bipectinata when grown at 17 °C as compared with 25 °C. A comparison of water budget of these two species showed significantly higher effects of developmental acclimation on body water content, reduced rate of water loss and greater dehydration tolerance to confer higher desiccation resistance in D. malerkotliana as compared with D. bipectinata. Under less warmer growth conditions (17 °C), D. malerkotliana has evidenced greater resistance to cold as well as desiccation stress. In contrast, heat resistance of D. bipectinata is higher than D. malerkotliana when grown at 25 °C. These laboratory observations find support from data on seasonally varying populations. Further, adults acclimated to different stresses showed greater increase in D. malerkotliana as compared with D. bipectinata. Thus, significant increase of stress resistance of D. malerkotliana via developmental acclimation may be responsible for its invasion and ecological success on different continents as compared with D. bipectinata.
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Vorhees AS, Gray EM, Bradley TJ. Thermal resistance and performance correlate with climate in populations of a widespread mosquito. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 86:73-81. [PMID: 23303322 DOI: 10.1086/668851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The abundance and success of widely distributed species across variable environments make them suitable models for exploring which traits will be important for resilience to climate change. Using a widespread mosquito species, Culex tarsalis, we have investigated population-level variation in the critical thermal maximum (CT(max)) and the metabolic response to temperature (MR-T). Adult female C. tarsalis were sampled from three sites representing thermally distinct habitats in California, and flow-through respirometry was used to determine CT(max) and MR-T relationships. CT(max) differed significantly among the three populations and correlated positively with maximum temperatures at each site but not with mean temperatures. Culex tarsalis from our cool-temperature, high-altitude site had significantly higher metabolic rates at each test temperature compared with the two populations from warmer sites, consistent with previous examples of thermal compensation in ectothermic animals inhabiting cold climates. The MR-T slope was steepest in mosquitoes inhabiting the site with the lowest temperature variability, while shallower slopes were exhibited by mosquitoes from the two sites with higher thermal variability. Our results show the extent to which local populations may differentiate within their respective environments and suggest that plasticity in thermal tolerance traits may play a role in mediating resilience to climate change. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of thermal variability and extremes rather than average temperatures for the evolution of thermal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Vorhees
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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35
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Ducatez S, Baguette M, Trochet A, Chaput-Bardy A, Legrand D, Stevens V, Fréville H. Flight endurance and heating rate vary with both latitude and habitat connectivity in a butterfly species. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Boher F, Trefault N, Piulachs MD, Bellés X, Godoy-Herrera R, Bozinovic F. Biogeographic origin and thermal acclimation interact to determine survival and hsp90 expression in Drosophila species submitted to thermal stress. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 162:391-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lacey EP, Lovin ME, Richter SJ. Fitness effects of floral plasticity and thermoregulation in a thermally changing environment. Am Nat 2012; 180:342-53. [PMID: 22854077 DOI: 10.1086/666987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the evolution of phenotypic plasticity and thermoregulation and their potential value for ectotherms in the face of global warming, we conducted field experiments to measure their effects on fitness and their association with reproductive phenology in Plantago lanceolata in a thermally variable environment. We measured the reproductive timing and success of genotypes varying in thermoregulation, as mediated by floral-reflectance plasticity. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that thermoregulation is more adaptive when thermally variable reproductive seasons are shorter and cooler. Strong thermoregulation/plasticity increased reproductive success during the cool portion of the reproductive season but not during the warm portion. Directional selection that favored strongly thermoregulating genotypes early in the season shifted to stabilizing selection that favored genotypes with weaker thermoregulation later in the season. Thermoregulation and reproductive phenology were negatively correlated. Although reproductive onset and duration were similar between genotypes, strong thermoregulators produced more and larger spikes (clutches) early; weak thermoregulators produced more spikes late. Results suggest that with atmospheric warming, the benefit of raising body temperature via thermoregulation when it is cool should decline in extant populations. The negative correlation between thermoregulation and phenology should accelerate the evolutionary shift toward thermoconformity, that is, reduced plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Lacey
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
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Ragland GJ, Sim SB, Goudarzi S, Feder JL, Hahn DA. Environmental interactions during host race formation: host fruit environment moderates a seasonal shift in phenology in host races of Rhagoletis pomonella. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stoks R, De Block M. Rapid growth reduces cold resistance: evidence from latitudinal variation in growth rate, cold resistance and stress proteins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16935. [PMID: 21390210 PMCID: PMC3044720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physiological costs of rapid growth may contribute to the observation that
organisms typically grow at submaximal rates. Although, it has been
hypothesized that faster growing individuals would do worse in dealing with
suboptimal temperatures, this type of cost has never been explored
empirically. Furthermore, the mechanistic basis of the physiological costs
of rapid growth is largely unexplored. Methodology/Principal Finding Larvae of the damselfly Ischnura elegans from two univoltine
northern and two multivoltine southern populations were reared at three
temperatures and after emergence given a cold shock. Cold resistance,
measured by chill coma recovery times in the adult stage, was lower in the
southern populations. The faster larval growth rates in the southern
populations contributed to this latitudinal pattern in cold resistance. In
accordance with their assumed role in cold resistance, Hsp70 levels were
lower in the southern populations, and faster growing larvae had lower Hsp70
levels. Yet, individual variation in Hsp70 levels did not explain variation
in cold resistance. Conclusions/Significance We provide evidence for a novel cost of rapid growth: reduced cold
resistance. Our results indicate that the reduced cold resistance in
southern populations of animals that change voltinism along the latitudinal
gradient may not entirely be explained by thermal selection per
se but also by the costs of time constraint-induced higher
growth rates. This also illustrates that stressors imposed in the larval
stage may carry over and shape fitness in the adult stage and highlights the
importance of physiological costs in the evolution of life-histories at
macro-scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Lacey EP, Lovin ME, Richter SJ, Herington DA. Floral reflectance, color, and thermoregulation: what really explains geographic variation in thermal acclimation ability of ectotherms? Am Nat 2010; 175:335-49. [PMID: 20100107 DOI: 10.1086/650442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in thermally sensitive traits, that is, thermal acclimation, generally increases with increasing latitude and altitude. The presumed explanation is that high-latitude/altitude organisms have evolved greater acclimation ability because of exposure to greater temperature fluctuations. Using a conceptual model of the thermal environment during the reproductive season, we tested this hypothesis against an alternative that plasticity is greater because of increased exposure to specific temperatures that strongly select for thermal acclimation. We examined geographic variation in floral reflectance/color plasticity among 29 European populations of a widespread perennial herb, Plantago lanceolata. Individuals partially thermoregulate reproduction through temperature-sensitive plasticity in floral reflectance/color. Plasticity was positively correlated with latitude and altitude. Path analyses support the hypothesis that the thermal environment mediates these geographic effects. Plasticity declined as seasonal temperature range increased, and it increased as duration of the growing season shortened and as the proportion of time exposed to temperatures favoring thermoregulation increased. Data provide evidence that floral reflectance/color plasticity is adaptive and that it has evolved in response not to the magnitude of temperature variation during the reproductive season but rather to the relative exposure to low temperatures, which favor thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Lacey
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
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Sgrò CM, Overgaard J, Kristensen TN, Mitchell KA, Cockerell FE, Hoffmann AA. A comprehensive assessment of geographic variation in heat tolerance and hardening capacity in populations of Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2484-93. [PMID: 20874849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined latitudinal variation in adult and larval heat tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia. Adults were assessed using static and ramping assays. Basal and hardened static heat knockdown time showed significant linear clines; heat tolerance increased towards the tropics, particularly for hardened flies, suggesting that tropical populations have a greater hardening response. A similar pattern was evident for ramping heat knockdown time at 0.06°C min(-1) increase. There was no cline for ramping heat knockdown temperature (CT(max) ) at 0.1°C min(-1) increase. Acute (static) heat knockdown temperature increased towards temperate latitudes, probably reflecting a greater capacity of temperate flies to withstand sudden temperature increases during summer in temperate Australia. Larval viability showed a quadratic association with latitude under heat stress. Thus, patterns of heat resistance depend on assay methods. Genetic correlations in thermotolerance across life stages and evolutionary potential for critical thermal limits should be the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Environmental Stress & Adaptation Research, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
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Willett CS. POTENTIAL FITNESS TRADE-OFFS FOR THERMAL TOLERANCE IN THE INTERTIDAL COPEPOD TIGRIOPUS CALIFORNICUS. Evolution 2010; 64:2521-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Florin DA, Lawyer P, Rowton E, Schultz G, Wilkerson R, Davies SJ, Lipnick R, Keep L. Population dynamics of Lutzomyia shannoni (Diptera: Psychodidae) at the Patuxent National Wildlife Research Refuge, Maryland. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2010; 26:337-339. [PMID: 21033063 DOI: 10.2987/10-6022.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal abundance and temporal patterns of the adult sand fly (Lutzomyia shannoni Dyar) were examined at the Patuxent National Wildlife Research Refuge, MD, from August 3, 2005, to July 29, 2006. A total of 138 (53 males, 85 females) L. shannoni was collected from 4 dry ice-baited traps set at the same 4 locations throughout the study. The male:female ratio was 1:2.4. All 4 traps, separated by a maximum distance of approximately 1.6 km, operated simultaneously on the collection dates. The collection dates were spaced apart by near weekly intervals during the months of expected sand fly activity. No collections occurred in December-February. August was clearly the period of peak adult abundance as the numbers collected were significantly greater during this month than any other month of collection. Results indicate the existence of a unimodal pattern of abundance with adult emergence beginning in June and ending by September. The temporal pattern and abundance differ from what has been observed for the species on Ossabaw Island, a barrier island located along coastal Georgia, and at San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park, Gainesville, FL. Continued research is needed to compile multiyear data to confirm the temporal abundance patterns of this species in Maryland.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Florin
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA
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Hoffmann AA. Physiological climatic limits in Drosophila: patterns and implications. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:870-80. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.037630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Physiological limits determine susceptibility to environmental changes, and can be assessed at the individual, population or species/lineage levels. Here I discuss these levels in Drosophila, and consider implications for determining species susceptibility to climate change. Limits at the individual level in Drosophila depend on experimental technique and on the context in which traits are evaluated. At the population level, evidence from selection experiments particularly involving Drosophila melanogaster indicate high levels of heritable variation and evolvability for coping with thermal stresses and aridity. An exception is resistance to high temperatures, which reaches a plateau in selection experiments and has a low heritability/evolvability when temperatures are ramped up to a stressful level. In tropical Drosophila species, populations are limited in their ability to evolve increased desiccation and cold resistance. Population limits can arise from trait and gene interactions but results from different laboratory studies are inconsistent and likely to underestimate the strength of interactions under field conditions. Species and lineage comparisons suggest phylogenetic conservatism for resistance to thermal extremes and other stresses. Plastic responses set individual limits but appear to evolve slowly in Drosophila. There is more species-level variation in lower thermal limits and desiccation resistance compared with upper limits, which might reflect different selection pressures and/or low evolvability. When extremes are considered, tropical Drosophila species do not appear more threatened than temperate species by higher temperatures associated with global warming, contrary to recent conjectures. However, species from the humid tropics may be threatened if they cannot adapt genetically to drier conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Hoffmann
- The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Overgaard J, Sørensen JG, Jensen LT, Loeschcke V, Kristensen TN. Field tests reveal genetic variation for performance at low temperatures inDrosophila melanogaster. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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