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Xuan W, Wang S, Alarcon-Calderon A, Bagwell MS, Para R, Wang F, Zhang C, Tian X, Stalboerger P, Peterson T, Sabbah MS, Du Z, Sarrafian T, Mahlberg R, Hillestad ML, Rizzo SA, Paradise CR, Behfar A, Vassallo R. Nebulized platelet-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate chronic cigarette smoke-induced murine emphysema. Transl Res 2024; 269:76-93. [PMID: 38325750 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent lung disease usually resulting from cigarette smoking (CS). Cigarette smoking induces oxidative stress, which causes inflammation and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and represents a compelling therapeutic target for COPD. Purified human platelet-derived exosome product (PEP) is endowed with antioxidant enzymes and immunomodulatory molecules that mediate tissue repair. In this study, a murine model of CS-induced emphysema was used to determine whether nebulized PEP can influence the development of CS-induced emphysema through the mitigation of oxidative stress and inflammation in the lung. Nebulization of PEP effectively delivered the PEP vesicles into the alveolar region, with evidence of their uptake by type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages. Lung function testing and morphometric assessment showed a significant attenuation of CS-induced emphysema in mice treated with nebulized PEP thrice weekly for 4 weeks. Whole lung immuno-oncology RNA sequencing analysis revealed that PEP suppressed several CS-induced cell injuries and inflammatory pathways. Validation of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic protein expression on the lung tissue revealed that mice treated with PEP had significantly lower levels of S100A8/A9 expressing macrophages, higher levels of CD4+/FOXP3+ Treg cells, and reduced NF-κB activation, inflammatory cytokine production, and apoptotic proteins expression. Further validation using in vitro cell culture showed that pretreatment of alveolar epithelial cells with PEP significantly attenuated CS extract-induced apoptotic cell death. These data show that nebulization of exosomes like PEP can effectively deliver exosome cargo into the lung, mitigate CS-induced emphysema in mice, and suppress oxidative lung injury, inflammation, and apoptotic alveolar epithelial cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Xuan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester 55905, Minnesota.; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester 55905, Minnesota
| | - Amarilys Alarcon-Calderon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester 55905, Minnesota
| | - Monique Simone Bagwell
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rachel Para
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester 55905, Minnesota.; Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Faping Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester 55905, Minnesota.; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chujie Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester 55905, Minnesota.; Department of Cardiology, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester 55905, Minnesota.; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Paul Stalboerger
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Timothy Peterson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael S Sabbah
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zeji Du
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tiffany Sarrafian
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ryan Mahlberg
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew L Hillestad
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Skylar A Rizzo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Atta Behfar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.; Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert Vassallo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester 55905, Minnesota.; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Allogenic Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Treatment: Clinical Effectiveness, Safety, Survival in the Wound Site, and Proteomic Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021472. [PMID: 36674989 PMCID: PMC9864558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although encouraging results of adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) use in wound healing are available, the mechanism of action has been studied mainly in vitro and in animals. This work aimed to examine the safety and efficacy of allogenic ADSCs in human diabetic foot ulcer treatment, in combination with the analyses of the wound. Equal groups of 23 participants each received fibrin gel with ADSCs or fibrin gel alone. The clinical effects were assessed at four time points: days 7, 14, 21 and 49. Material collected during debridement from a subset of each group was analyzed for the presence of ADSC donor DNA and proteomic changes. The reduction in wound size was greater at all subsequent visits, significantly on day 21 and 49, and the time to 50% reduction in the wound size was significantly shorter in patients who received ADSCs. Complete healing was achieved at the end of the study in seven patients treated with ADSCs vs. one treated without ADSCs. One week after ADSC application, 34 proteins significantly differentiated the material from both groups, seven of which, i.e., GAPDH, CAT, ACTN1, KRT1, KRT9, SCL4A1, and TPI, positively correlated with the healing rate. We detected ADSC donor DNA up to 21 days after administration. We confirmed ADSC-related improvement in wound healing that correlated with the molecular background, which provides insights into the role of ADSCs in wound healing-a step toward the development of cell-based therapies.
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Johnstone KF, Herzberg MC. Antimicrobial peptides: Defending the mucosal epithelial barrier. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:958480. [PMID: 35979535 PMCID: PMC9376388 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.958480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent epidemic caused by aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 virus illustrates the importance and vulnerability of the mucosal epithelial barrier against infection. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are key to the epithelial barrier, providing immunity against microbes. In primitive life forms, AMPs protect the integument and the gut against pathogenic microbes. AMPs have also evolved in humans and other mammals to enhance newer, complex innate and adaptive immunity to favor the persistence of commensals over pathogenic microbes. The canonical AMPs are helictical peptides that form lethal pores in microbial membranes. In higher life forms, this type of AMP is exemplified by the defensin family of AMPs. In epithelial tissues, defensins, and calprotectin (complex of S100A8 and S100A9) have evolved to work cooperatively. The mechanisms of action differ. Unlike defensins, calprotectin sequesters essential trace metals from microbes, which inhibits growth. This review focuses on defensins and calprotectin as AMPs that appear to work cooperatively to fortify the epithelial barrier against infection. The antimicrobial spectrum is broad with overlap between the two AMPs. In mice, experimental models highlight the contribution of both AMPs to candidiasis as a fungal infection and periodontitis resulting from bacterial dysbiosis. These AMPs appear to contribute to innate immunity in humans, protecting the commensal microflora and restricting the emergence of pathobionts and pathogens. A striking example in human innate immunity is that elevated serum calprotectin protects against neonatal sepsis. Calprotectin is also remarkable because of functional differences when localized in epithelial and neutrophil cytoplasm or released into the extracellular environment. In the cytoplasm, calprotectin appears to protect against invasive pathogens. Extracellularly, calprotectin can engage pathogen-recognition receptors to activate innate immune and proinflammatory mechanisms. In inflamed epithelial and other tissue spaces, calprotectin, DNA, and histones are released from degranulated neutrophils to form insoluble antimicrobial barriers termed neutrophil extracellular traps. Hence, calprotectin and other AMPs use several strategies to provide microbial control and stimulate innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Jukic A, Bakiri L, Wagner EF, Tilg H, Adolph TE. Calprotectin: from biomarker to biological function. Gut 2021; 70:1978-1988. [PMID: 34145045 PMCID: PMC8458070 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) emerged with Westernisation of dietary habits worldwide. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic debilitating conditions that afflict individuals with substantial morbidity and challenge healthcare systems across the globe. Since identification and characterisation of calprotectin (CP) in the 1980s, faecal CP emerged as significantly validated, non-invasive biomarker that allows evaluation of gut inflammation. Faecal CP discriminates between inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases of the gut and portraits the disease course of human IBD. Recent studies revealed insights into biological functions of the CP subunits S100A8 and S100A9 during orchestration of an inflammatory response at mucosal surfaces across organ systems. In this review, we summarise longitudinal evidence for the evolution of CP from biomarker to rheostat of mucosal inflammation and suggest an algorithm for the interpretation of faecal CP in daily clinical practice. We propose that mechanistic insights into the biological function of CP in the gut and beyond may facilitate interpretation of current assays and guide patient-tailored medical therapy in IBD, a concept warranting controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almina Jukic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Daitoku H, Someya M, Kako K, Hayashi T, Tajima T, Haruki H, Sekiguchi N, Uetake T, Akimoto Y, Fukamizu A. siRNA screening identifies METTL9 as a histidine Nπ-methyltransferase that targets the proinflammatory protein S100A9. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101230. [PMID: 34562450 PMCID: PMC8571522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein methylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications observed in basic amino acid residues, including lysine, arginine, and histidine. Histidine methylation occurs on the distal or proximal nitrogen atom of its imidazole ring, producing two isomers: Nτ-methylhistidine or Nπ-methylhistidine. However, the biological significance of protein histidine methylation remains largely unclear owing in part to the very limited knowledge about its contributing enzymes. Here, we identified mammalian seven-β-strand methyltransferase METTL9 as a histidine Nπ-methyltransferase by siRNA screening coupled with methylhistidine analysis using LC–tandem MS. We demonstrated that METTL9 catalyzes Nπ-methylhistidine formation in the proinflammatory protein S100A9, but not that of myosin light chain kinase MYLK2, in vivo and in vitro. METTL9 does not affect the heterodimer formation of S100A9 and S100A8, although Nπ-methylation of S100A9 at His-107 overlaps with a zinc-binding site, attenuating its affinity for zinc. Given that S100A9 exerts an antimicrobial activity, probably by chelation of zinc essential for the growth of bacteria and fungi, METTL9-mediated S100A9 methylation might be involved in the innate immune response to bacterial and fungal infection. Thus, our findings suggest a functional consequence for protein histidine Nπ-methylation and may add a new layer of complexity to the regulatory mechanisms of post-translational methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Daitoku
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Momoka Someya
- Master's Program in Agro-Bioresources Science and Technology, Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kako
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Doctoral Program in Life and Agricultural Sciences, Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tajima
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hikari Haruki
- Master's Program in Agro-Bioresources Science and Technology, Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Sekiguchi
- College of Agro-Biological Resource Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toru Uetake
- Master's Program in Agro-Bioresources Science and Technology, Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuto Akimoto
- College of Agro-Biological Resource Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; The World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pan X, Li Z, Li B, Zhao C, Wang Y, Chen Y, Jiang Y. Dynamics of rumen gene expression, microbiome colonization, and their interplay in goats. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:288. [PMID: 33882826 PMCID: PMC8059226 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preweaned rumen development is vital for animal health and efficient fermentation. In this study, we integrated ruminal transcriptomic and metagenomic data to explore the dynamics of rumen functions, microbial colonization, and their functional interactions during the first 8 weeks of life in goats. Results The dynamic rumen transcriptomic and microbial profiles both exhibited two distinct phases during early rumen development. The differentially expressed genes of the rumen transcriptome between the two phases showed that the immune-related response was enriched in the first phase and nutrient-related metabolism was enriched in the second phase, whereas the differentially expressed genes of the rumen microbiome were enriched in bacteriocin biosynthesis and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis activities. The developmental shift in the rumen transcriptome (at d 21) was earlier than the feed stimulus (at d 25) and the shift in the rumen microbiome (at d 42). Additionally, 15 temporal dynamic rumen gene modules and 20 microbial modules were revealed by coexpression network analysis. Functional correlations between the rumen and its microbiome were primarily involved in rumen pH homeostasis, nitrogen metabolism and the immune response. Rumen gene modules associated with the microbial alpha diversity index were also enriched in the immune response process. Conclusions The present study touched the critical developmental process of rumen functions, microbial colonization and their functional interactions during preweaned development. Taken together, these results demonstrated that rumen development at the first phase is more likely a programmed process rather than stimulation from feed and the microbiome, while the shift of rumen metagenomes was likely regulated by both the diet and host. The intensive functional correlations between rumen genes and the microbiome demonstrated that synergistic processes occurred between them during early rumen development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07595-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zongjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Bibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Huang X, Shen W, Veizades S, Liang G, Sayed N, Nguyen PK. Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Sex and Age Diversity of Gene Expression in Mouse Endothelial Cells. Front Genet 2021; 12:590377. [PMID: 33679877 PMCID: PMC7929607 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.590377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is well-known that sex and age are important factors regulating endothelial cell (EC) function, the impact of sex and age on the gene expression of ECs has not been systematically analyzed at the single cell level. In this study, we performed an integrated characterization of the EC transcriptome of five major organs (e.g., fat, heart-aorta, lung, limb muscle, and kidney) isolated from male and female C57BL/6 mice at 3 and 18 months of age. A total of 590 and 252 differentially expressed genes (DEGS) were identified between females and males in the 3- and 18-month subgroups, respectively. Within the younger and older group, there were 177 vs. 178 DEGS in fat, 305 vs. 469 DEGS in heart/aorta, 22 vs. 37 DEGS in kidney, 26 vs. 439 DEGS in limb muscle, and 880 vs. 274 DEGS in lung. Interestingly, LARS2, a mitochondrial leucyl tRNA synthase, involved in the translation of mitochondrially encoded genes was differentially expressed in all organs in males compared to females in the 3-month group while S100a8 and S100a9, which are calcium binding proteins that are increased in inflammatory and autoimmune states, were upregulated in all organs in males at 18 months. Importantly, findings from RNAseq were confirmed by qPCR and Western blot. Gene enrichment analysis found genes enriched in protein targeting, catabolism, mitochondrial electron transport, IL 1- and IL 2- signaling, and Wnt signaling in males vs. angiogenesis and chemotaxis in females at 3 months. In contrast, ECs from males and females at 18-months had up-regulation in similar pathways involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that gene expression is largely similar between males and females in both age groups. Compared to younger mice, however, older mice have increased expression of genes involved in inflammation in endothelial cells, which may contribute to the development of chronic, non-communicable diseases like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxi Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Wenjun Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Veizades
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
- Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Liang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
- Cardiology Section, Department of Veteran Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Nazish Sayed
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Patricia K. Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
- Cardiology Section, Department of Veteran Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Patricia K. Nguyen
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Sharma A, Nigam R, Kumar A, Singh S. Mass Spectrometry-Based Identification of Urinary Antimicrobial Peptides in Dairy Cows. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:225-235. [PMID: 31654508 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666191025105038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine is considered one of the biological fluids in which antimicrobial peptides are secreted or expressed. Cow urine has not been investigated for the presence of these peptides using MALDI-TOF-MS. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to isolate, identify and assess the antimicrobial activity of urinary antimicrobial peptides from healthy normal cycling cows. METHODS We analyzed the urine sample using diafiltration, ion exchange chromatography, Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC), acid urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (AU-PAGE) coupled with identification through Peptide Mass Fingerprinting (PMF) by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDITOF- MS). The in vitro antimicrobial effects of purified fractions were assessed using Radial Diffusion Assay (RDA) and microtitre broth dilution assay against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. RESULTS Proteins corresponding to the peaks were identified using SWISSPROT protein database. This study revealed constitutive expression of β-Defensin-1 (DEFB1), β-Defensin-4A (DFB4A), Neutrophil Defensin-1 (DEF1), Neutrophil Defensin-3 (DEF3) in cow urine. The identified peptides are cationic antimicrobial peptides of the defensin family. The purified fractions exhibited antimicrobial effects in radial diffusion assay and MIC values in the range of 2.93-29.3 µM/L. CONCLUSION This study concludes that cow urine, previously unexplored with regard to antimicrobial peptides, would be a promising source of highly potent AMPs and an effective alternative to the resistant antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura-281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Nigam
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura-281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand-249 203, India
| | - Simmi Singh
- College of Biotechnology, DUVASU, Mathura-281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhou C, Monin L, Gordon R, Aggor FEY, Bechara R, Edwards TN, Kaplan DH, Gingras S, Gaffen SL. An IL-17F.S65L Knock-In Mouse Reveals Similarities and Differences in IL-17F Function in Oral Candidiasis: A New Tool to Understand IL-17F. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:720-730. [PMID: 32601099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is an opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa caused by the commensal fungus Candida albicans IL-17R signaling is essential to prevent OPC in mice and humans, but the individual roles of its ligands, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-17AF, are less clear. A homozygous IL-17F deficiency in mice does not cause OPC susceptibility, whereas mice lacking IL-17A are moderately susceptible. In humans, a rare heterozygous mutation in IL-17F (IL-17F.S65L) was identified that causes chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, suggesting the existence of essential antifungal pathways mediated by IL-17F and/or IL-17AF. To investigate the role of IL-17F and IL-17AF in more detail, we exploited this "experiment of nature" by creating a mouse line bearing the homologous mutation in IL-17F (Ser65Leu) by CRISPR/Cas9. Unlike Il17f-/- mice that are resistant to OPC, Il17fS65L/S65L mice showed increased oral fungal burdens similar to Il17a -/- mice. In contrast to humans, however, disease was only evident in homozygous, not heterozygous, mutant mice. The mutation was linked to modestly impaired CXC chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment to the infected tongue but not to alterations in oral antimicrobial peptide expression. These findings suggest mechanisms by which the enigmatic cytokine IL-17F contributes to host defense against fungi. Moreover, because these mice do not phenocopy Il17f-/- mice, they may provide a valuable tool to interrogate IL-17F and IL-17AF function in vivo in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Leticia Monin
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Rachael Gordon
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Felix E Y Aggor
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Rami Bechara
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Tara N Edwards
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sebastien Gingras
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
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10
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Seo H, Kang S, Park YS, Yun CW. The Role of Zinc in Gliotoxin Biosynthesis of Aspergillus fumigatus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6192. [PMID: 31817957 PMCID: PMC6940964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc performs diverse physiological functions, and virtually all living organisms require zinc as an essential trace element. To identify the detailed function of zinc in fungal pathogenicity, we carried out cDNA microarray analysis using the model system of Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungal pathogen. From microarray analysis, we found that the genes involved in gliotoxin biosynthesis were upregulated when zinc was depleted, and the microarray data were confirmed by northern blot analysis. In particular, zinc deficiency upregulated the expression of GliZ, which encodes a Zn2-Cys6 binuclear transcription factor that regulates the expression of the genes required for gliotoxin biosynthesis. The production of gliotoxin was decreased in a manner inversely proportional to the zinc concentration, and the same result was investigated in the absence of ZafA, which is a zinc-dependent transcription activator. Interestingly, we found two conserved ZafA-binding motifs, 5'-CAAGGT-3', in the upstream region of GliZ on the genome and discovered that deletion of the ZafA-binding motifs resulted in loss of ZafA-binding activity; gliotoxin production was decreased dramatically, as demonstrated with a GliZ deletion mutant. Furthermore, mutation of the ZafA-binding motifs resulted in an increase in the conidial killing activity of human macrophage and neutrophil cells, and virulence was decreased in a murine model. Finally, transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of ZafA and GliZ was upregulated during phagocytosis by macrophages. Taken together, these results suggest that zinc plays an important role in the pathogenicity of A. fumigatus by regulating gliotoxin production during the phagocytosis pathway to overcome the host defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cheol-Won Yun
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-S.P.)
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11
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Niu L, Liu X, Ma Z, Yin Y, Sun L, Yang L, Zheng Y. Fungal keratitis: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103802. [PMID: 31626916 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of serious, potentially sight-threatening corneal infections with poor prognosis, fungal keratitis can bring a heavy economic burden to patients and seriously affect the quality of life, especially those in developing countries where fungal keratitis is more prevalent. Typical clinical features include immune rings, satellite lesions, pseudopods, hypha moss, hypopyon and endothelial plaques. The ideal therapeutic effects could not be achieved by current treatments for many reasons. Therefore, under the current status, understanding the pathogenesis, early diagnosis and prevention strategies might be of great importance. Here, in this review, we discuss the recent progresses that may advance our understanding of pathogenesis, early diagnosis and prevention of fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Niu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Lixia Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yanbian University Affiliated Hospital, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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12
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Lin CR, Bahmed K, Tomar D, Marchetti N, Criner GJ, Bolla S, Wilson MA, Madesh M, Kosmider B. The relationship between DJ-1 and S100A8 in human primary alveolar type II cells in emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L791-L804. [PMID: 31313618 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00494.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by alveolar type II (ATII) cell death, destruction of alveolar wall septa, and irreversible airflow limitation. Cigarette smoke induces oxidative stress and is the main risk factor for this disease development. ATII cells isolated from nonsmokers, smokers, and patients with emphysema were used for this study. ATII cell apoptosis in individuals with this disease was detected. DJ-1 and S100A8 have cytoprotective functions against oxidative stress-induced cell injury. Reduced DJ-1 and S100A8 interaction was found in ATII cells in patients with emphysema. The molecular function of S100A8 was determined by an analysis of the oxidation status of its cysteine residues using chemoselective probes. Decreased S100A8 sulfination was observed in emphysema patients. In addition, its lower levels correlated with higher cell apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke extract in vitro. Cysteine at position 106 within DJ-1 is a central redox-sensitive residue. DJ-1 C106A mutant construct abolished the cytoprotective activity of DJ-1 against cell injury induced by cigarette smoke extract. Furthermore, a molecular and complementary relationship between DJ-1 and S100A8 was detected using gain- and loss-of-function studies. DJ-1 knockdown sensitized cells to apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke extract, and S100A8 overexpression provided cytoprotection in the absence of DJ-1. DJ-1 knockout mice were more susceptible to ATII cell apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke compared with wild-type mice. Our results indicate that the impairment of DJ-1 and S100A8 function may contribute to cigarette smoke-induced ATII cell injury and emphysema pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ru Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karim Bahmed
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathaniel Marchetti
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard J Criner
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sudhir Bolla
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark A Wilson
- Redox Biology Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Schenten V, Plançon S, Jung N, Hann J, Bueb JL, Bréchard S, Tschirhart EJ, Tolle F. Secretion of the Phosphorylated Form of S100A9 from Neutrophils Is Essential for the Proinflammatory Functions of Extracellular S100A8/A9. Front Immunol 2018; 9:447. [PMID: 29593718 PMCID: PMC5859079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are members of the S100 family of cytoplasmic EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins and are abundantly expressed in the cytosol of neutrophils. In addition to their intracellular roles, S100A8/A9 can be secreted in the extracellular environment and are considered as alarmins able to amplify the inflammatory response. The intracellular activity of S100A8/A9 was shown to be regulated by S100A9 phosphorylation, but the importance of this phosphorylation on the extracellular activity of S100A8/A9 has not yet been extensively studied. Our work focuses on the impact of the phosphorylation state of secreted S100A9 on the proinflammatory function of neutrophils. In a first step, we characterized the secretion of S100A8/A9 in different stimulatory conditions and investigated the phosphorylation state of secreted S100A9. Our results on neutrophil-like differentiated HL-60 (dHL-60) cells and purified human neutrophils showed a time-dependent secretion of S100A8/A9 when induced by phorbol 12-myristoyl 13-acetate and this secreted S100A9 was found in a phosphorylated form. Second, we evaluated the impact of this phosphorylation on proinflammatory cytokine expression and secretion in dHL-60 cells. Time course experiments with purified unphosphorylated or phosphorylated S100A8/A9 were performed and the expression and secretion levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL8 were measured by real-time PCR and cytometry bead array, respectively. Our results demonstrate that only the phosphorylated form of the complex induces proinflammatory cytokine expression and secretion. For the first time, we provide evidence that S100A8/PhosphoS100A9 is inducing cytokine secretion through toll-like receptor 4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Schenten
- Calcium Signalling and Inflammation Laboratory, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Plançon
- Calcium Signalling and Inflammation Laboratory, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Jung
- Calcium Signalling and Inflammation Laboratory, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Justine Hann
- Calcium Signalling and Inflammation Laboratory, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Luc Bueb
- Calcium Signalling and Inflammation Laboratory, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sabrina Bréchard
- Calcium Signalling and Inflammation Laboratory, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Eric J Tschirhart
- Calcium Signalling and Inflammation Laboratory, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Fabrice Tolle
- Calcium Signalling and Inflammation Laboratory, Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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14
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Xia C, Braunstein Z, Toomey AC, Zhong J, Rao X. S100 Proteins As an Important Regulator of Macrophage Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1908. [PMID: 29379499 PMCID: PMC5770888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The S100 proteins, a family of calcium-binding cytosolic proteins, have a broad range of intracellular and extracellular functions through regulating calcium balance, cell apoptosis, migration, proliferation, differentiation, energy metabolism, and inflammation. The intracellular functions of S100 proteins involve interaction with intracellular receptors, membrane protein recruitment/transportation, transcriptional regulation and integrating with enzymes or nucleic acids, and DNA repair. The S100 proteins could also be released from the cytoplasm, induced by tissue/cell damage and cellular stress. The extracellular S100 proteins, serving as a danger signal, are crucial in regulating immune homeostasis, post-traumatic injury, and inflammation. Extracellular S100 proteins are also considered biomarkers for some specific diseases. In this review, we will discuss the multi-functional roles of S100 proteins, especially their potential roles associated with cell migration, differentiation, tissue repair, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xia
- College of Health Science and Nursing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Amelia C Toomey
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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15
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Nyalwidhe JO, Grzesik WJ, Burch TC, Semeraro ML, Waseem T, Gerling IC, Mirmira RG, Morris MA, Nadler JL. Comparative quantitative proteomic analysis of disease stratified laser captured microdissected human islets identifies proteins and pathways potentially related to type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183908. [PMID: 28877242 PMCID: PMC5587329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. The goal of this study was to identify novel protein signatures that distinguish Islets from patients with T1D, patients who are autoantibody positive without symptoms of diabetes, and from individuals with no evidence of disease. High resolution high mass accuracy label free quantitative mass spectrometry analysis was applied to islets isolated by laser capture microdissection from disease stratified human pancreata from the Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes (nPOD), these included donors without diabetes, donors with T1D-associated autoantibodies in the absence of diabetes, and donors with T1D. Thirty-nine proteins were found to be differentially regulated in autoantibody positive cases compared to the no-disease group, with 25 upregulated and 14 downregulated proteins. For the T1D cases, 63 proteins were differentially expressed, with 24 upregulated and 39 downregulated, compared to the no disease controls. We have identified functional annotated enriched gene families and multiple protein-protein interaction clusters of proteins are involved in biological and molecular processes that may have a role in T1D. The proteins that are upregulated in T1D cases include S100A9, S100A8, REG1B, REG3A and C9 amongst others. These proteins have important biological functions, such as inflammation, metabolic regulation, and autoimmunity, all of which are pathways linked to the pathogenesis of T1D. The identified proteins may be involved in T1D development and pathogenesis. Our findings of novel proteins uniquely upregulated in T1D pancreas provides impetus for further investigations focusing on their expression profiles in beta cells/ islets to evaluate their role in the disease pathogenesis. Some of these molecules may be novel therapeutic targets T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius O. Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Wojciech J. Grzesik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tanya C. Burch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michele L. Semeraro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tayab Waseem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ivan C. Gerling
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jerry L. Nadler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- The Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical Center, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
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16
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Xia C, Braunstein Z, Toomey AC, Zhong J, Rao X. S100 Proteins As an Important Regulator of Macrophage Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 29379499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01908/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The S100 proteins, a family of calcium-binding cytosolic proteins, have a broad range of intracellular and extracellular functions through regulating calcium balance, cell apoptosis, migration, proliferation, differentiation, energy metabolism, and inflammation. The intracellular functions of S100 proteins involve interaction with intracellular receptors, membrane protein recruitment/transportation, transcriptional regulation and integrating with enzymes or nucleic acids, and DNA repair. The S100 proteins could also be released from the cytoplasm, induced by tissue/cell damage and cellular stress. The extracellular S100 proteins, serving as a danger signal, are crucial in regulating immune homeostasis, post-traumatic injury, and inflammation. Extracellular S100 proteins are also considered biomarkers for some specific diseases. In this review, we will discuss the multi-functional roles of S100 proteins, especially their potential roles associated with cell migration, differentiation, tissue repair, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xia
- College of Health Science and Nursing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Amelia C Toomey
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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17
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Jones J, Mirzaei M, Ravishankar P, Xavier D, Lim DS, Shin DH, Bianucci R, Haynes PA. Identification of proteins from 4200-year-old skin and muscle tissue biopsies from ancient Egyptian mummies of the first intermediate period shows evidence of acute inflammation and severe immune response. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2015.0373. [PMID: 27644972 PMCID: PMC5031639 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We performed proteomics analysis on four skin and one muscle tissue samples taken from three ancient Egyptian mummies of the first intermediate period, approximately 4200 years old. The mummies were first dated by radiocarbon dating of the accompany-\break ing textiles, and morphologically examined by scanning electron microscopy of additional skin samples. Proteins were extracted, separated on SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) gels, and in-gel digested with trypsin. The resulting peptides were analysed using nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We identified a total of 230 unique proteins from the five samples, which consisted of 132 unique protein identifications. We found a large number of collagens, which was confirmed by our microscopy data, and is in agreement with previous studies showing that collagens are very long-lived. As expected, we also found a large number of keratins. We identified numerous proteins that provide evidence of activation of the innate immunity system in two of the mummies, one of which also contained proteins indicating severe tissue inflammation, possibly indicative of an infection that we can speculate may have been related to the cause of death.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jones
- Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Prathiba Ravishankar
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Dylan Xavier
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Do Seon Lim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Sungnam, South Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raffaella Bianucci
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy UMR 7268, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Étique and Santé (ADÉS), Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 13344 Marseille, France
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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18
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Pruenster M, Vogl T, Roth J, Sperandio M. S100A8/A9: From basic science to clinical application. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 167:120-131. [PMID: 27492899 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils and monocytes belong to the first line of immune defence cells and are recruited to sites of inflammation during infection or sterile injury. Both cells contain huge amounts of the heterodimeric protein S100A8/A9 in their cytoplasm. S100A8/A9 belongs to the Ca2+ binding S100 protein family and has recently gained a lot of interest as a critical alarmin modulating the inflammatory response after its release (extracellular S100A8/A9) from neutrophils and monocytes. Extracellular S100A8/A9 interacts with the pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) promoting cell activation and recruitment. Besides its biological function, S100A8/A9 (also known as myeloid related protein 8/14, MRP8/14) was identified as interesting biomarker to monitor disease activity in chronic inflammatory disorders including inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, S100A8/A9 has been tested successfully in pre-clinical imaging studies to localize sites of infection or sterile injury. Finally, recent evidence using small molecule inhibitors for S100A8/A9 also suggests that blocking S100A8/A9 activity exerts beneficial effects on disease activity in animal models of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. This review will provide a comprehensive and detailed overview into the structure and biological function of S100A8/A9 and also will give an outlook in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic applications targeting S100A8/A9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pruenster
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany.
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19
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Magon NJ, Turner R, Gearry RB, Hampton MB, Sly PD, Kettle AJ. Oxidation of calprotectin by hypochlorous acid prevents chelation of essential metal ions and allows bacterial growth: Relevance to infections in cystic fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:133-44. [PMID: 26006104 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calprotectin provides nutritional immunity by sequestering manganese and zinc ions. It is abundant in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis but fails to prevent their recurrent infections. Calprotectin is a major protein of neutrophils and composed of two monomers, S100A8 and S100A9. We show that the ability of calprotectin to limit growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is exquisitely sensitive to oxidation by hypochlorous acid. The N-terminal cysteine residue on S100A9 was highly susceptible to oxidation which resulted in cross-linking of the protein monomers. The N-terminal methionine of S100A8 was also readily oxidized by hypochlorous acid, forming both the methionine sulfoxide and the unique product dehydromethionine. Isolated human neutrophils formed these modifications on calprotectin when their myeloperoxidase generated hypochlorous acid. Up to 90% of the N-terminal amine on S100A8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from young children with cystic fibrosis was oxidized. Oxidized calprotectin was higher in children with cystic fibrosis compared to disease controls, and further elevated in those patients with infections. Our data suggest that oxidative stress associated with inflammation in cystic fibrosis will stop metal sequestration by calprotectin. Consequently, strategies aimed at blocking extracellular myeloperoxidase activity should enable calprotectin to provide nutritional immunity within the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Magon
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rufus Turner
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard B Gearry
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter D Sly
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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20
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Hou A, Lan W, Law KP, Khoo SCJ, Tin MQ, Lim YP, Tong L. Evaluation of global differential gene and protein expression in primary Pterygium: S100A8 and S100A9 as possible drivers of a signaling network. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97402. [PMID: 24825356 PMCID: PMC4019582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pterygium is a wing shaped fibrovascular growth on the ocular surface, characterized by fibrosis, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and inflammatory infiltrates. Epidemiologic studies have linked pterygium formation to various chronic inflammatory conditions, such as ultraviolet radiation, sawdust exposure, and dry eye disease. The purpose of this study is to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in primary pterygium by using a combination of gene microarray and proteomic platforms. Methods Paired pterygium and uninvolved conjunctiva tissues of four patients were evaluated for differences in global gene transcript levels using a genechip microarray. Proteins extracted from another four pairs of tissues were quantified by iTRAQ approach. Western blot and immunofluorescent staining on additional patients were used to validate dysregulated protein expression obtained from microarray and proteomics data. In addition, primary conjunctival fibroblasts were treated with recombinant S100A8, S100A9 or both. Transcript level changes of a panel of potential target genes were evaluated by real time-PCR. Results The following were up-regulated at both protein and transcript levels S100 A8 and A9, aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member1 (ALDH3A1) and vimentin (VIM). Conversely, serpin peptidase inhibitor clade A member 1 (SERPINA1) and transferrin (TF) were down-regulated. Upon adding S100A8, S100A9 or both, the inflammatory chemokine CXCL1, matrix proteins vimentin, biglycan, and gelsolin, as well as annexin-A2, thymosin-β4, chymase (CMA1), member of Ras oncogene family RAB10 and SERPINA1 were found to be up-regulated. Conclusions We identified 3 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated proteins by using a stringent approach comparing microarray and proteomic data. On stimulating cells with S100A8/9, a repertoire of key genes found to be up-regulated in pterygium tissue, were induced in these cells. S100A8/9 may be an upstream trigger for inflammation and other disease pathways in pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Hou
- Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (AH); (LT)
| | - Wanwen Lan
- Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Pong Law
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ser Chin Jasmine Khoo
- Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Qi Tin
- Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yoon Pin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Tong
- Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (AH); (LT)
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Synergistic Activity of Econazole-Nitrate and Chelerythrine against Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2014; 13:567-73. [PMID: 25237352 PMCID: PMC4157032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to assess the in-vitro interaction of two antifungal agents, econazole-nitrate and chelerythrine, against ten fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates and one ATCC type strain 10231 of Candida albicans. The checkerboard microdilution method was performed according to the recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, and the results were determined by visual examination. The interaction intensity was tested in all isolates using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). These experiments showed synergism between econazole-nitrate and chelerythrine in antifungal activity against C. albicans, and no antagonistic activity was observed in any of the strains tested. Moreover, time-kill curves were performed with selected strains to confirm the positive interactions. The similarity between the results of the FICI values and the time-kill curves revealed that chelerythrine greatly enhances the antifungal effects of econazole-nitrate against isolates of C. albicans. This synergistic effect may markedly reduce the dose of econazole-nitrate required to treat candidiasis, thereby decreasing the econazole-nitrate toxic side effects. This novel synergism might provide a potential combination treatment against fungal infections.
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S100A8 and S100A9: DAMPs at the crossroads between innate immunity, traditional risk factors, and cardiovascular disease. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:828354. [PMID: 24453429 PMCID: PMC3881579 DOI: 10.1155/2013/828354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplification of innate immune responses by endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) promotes inflammation. The involvement of S100A8 and S100A9, DAMPs belonging to the S100 calgranulin family, in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is attracting an increasing amount of interest. S100A8 and S100A9 (also termed MRP8 and MRP14) preferentially form the S100A8/A9 heterodimer (MRP8/14 or calprotectin) and are constitutively expressed in myeloid cells. The levels of circulating S100A8/A9 in humans strongly correlate to blood neutrophil counts and are increased by traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. S100A8/A9 is an endogenous ligand of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and has been shown to promote atherogenesis in mice. In humans, S100A8/A9 correlates with the extent of coronary and carotid atherosclerosis and with a vulnerable plaque phenotype. S100A8/A9 is locally released following myocardial infarction and amplifies the inflammatory responses associated with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Elevated plasma levels of S100A8/A9 are associated with increased risk of future coronary events in healthy individuals and in myocardial infarction survivors. Thus, S100A8/A9 might represent a useful biomarker and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Importantly, S100A8/A9 blockers have been developed and are approved for clinical testing.
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23
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Johnston DA, Yano J, Fidel PL, Eberle KE, Palmer GE. Engineering Candida albicans to secrete a host immunomodulatory factor. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 346:131-9. [PMID: 23829781 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene knockout and transgenic mice are important tools that are widely used to dissect the mammalian hosts' responses to microbial invasion. A novel alternative is to engineer the pathogen itself to secrete host factors that stimulate or suppress specific immune defense mechanisms. Herein, we have described and validated an approach to facilitate the production and export of ectopic host proteins, from the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Our strategy utilized a prepropeptide from the C. albicans secreted aspartic proteinase, Sap2p. The prepeptide facilitates entry of Sap2p into the secretory pathway, while the propeptide maintains the protease as an inactive precursor, until proteolytic cleavage in the Golgi apparatus releases the mature protein. The Sap2p prepropeptide coding sequence was linked to that of two mammalian calcium-binding proteins, S100A8 and S100A9, which are associated with symptomatic vaginal candidiasis. The resulting expression constructs were then introduced into C. albicans. While the S100A8 protein is secreted into the growth medium intact, the S100A9 protein is apparently degraded during transit. Nonetheless, culture supernatants from both S100A8 and S100A9 expressing C. albicans strains acted as potent chemoattractants for a macrophage-like cell line and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Thus, the pathogen-derived mammalian proteins possessed the expected biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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24
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Xiao H, Zhang L, Zhou H, Lee JM, Garon EB, Wong DTW. Proteomic analysis of human saliva from lung cancer patients using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 11:M111.012112. [PMID: 22096114 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.012112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is often asymptomatic or causes only nonspecific symptoms in its early stages. Early detection represents one of the most promising approaches to reduce the growing lung cancer burden. Human saliva is an attractive diagnostic fluid because its collection is less invasive than that of tissue or blood. Profiling of proteins in saliva over the course of disease progression could reveal potential biomarkers indicative of oral or systematic diseases, which may be used extensively in future medical diagnostics. There were 72 subjects enrolled in this study for saliva sample collection according to the approved protocol. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis combined with MS was the platform for salivary proteome separation, quantification, and identification from two pooled samples. Candidate proteomic biomarkers were verified and prevalidated by using immunoassay methods. There were 16 candidate protein biomarkers discovered by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and MS. Three proteins were further verified in the discovery sample set, prevalidation sample set, and lung cancer cell lines. The discriminatory power of these candidate biomarkers in lung cancer patients and healthy control subjects can reach 88.5% sensitivity and 92.3% specificity with AUC = 0.90. This preliminary data report demonstrates that proteomic biomarkers are present in human saliva when people develop lung cancer. The discriminatory power of these candidate biomarkers indicate that a simple saliva test might be established for lung cancer clinical screening and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiao
- Dental Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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25
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Lim SY, Raftery MJ, Geczy CL. Oxidative modifications of DAMPs suppress inflammation: the case for S100A8 and S100A9. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2235-48. [PMID: 20919939 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several S100 Ca(2+)-binding proteins are considered damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs). They are actively secreted or released from necrotic cells in response to tissue injury or stress and have various functions important in innate immunity. Here, we review several DAMPs, with particular focus on S100A8 and S100A9, which are susceptible to oxidative modifications by various forms of reactive oxygen species. We discuss the unique posttranslational modifications generated in S100A8 by hypochlorite and the likely structural consequences that alter function. We propose that some reversible modifications act as regulatory switches, representing a mechanism to arrest their novel antiinflammatory activities. These may be important in dampening mast cell activation and altering properties of the activated microcirculation to limit leukocyte adhesion, transmigration, and accumulation. S-nitrosylation of S100A8 in the vasculature could regulate nitric oxide transport and contribute to vessel reflow during resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin Lim
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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26
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Abstract
Fungal diseases have emerged as significant causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in immune-compromised individuals, prompting greater interest in understanding the mechanisms of host resistance to these pathogens. Consequently, the past few decades have seen a tremendous increase in our knowledge of the innate and adaptive components underlying the protective (and nonprotective) mechanisms of antifungal immunity. What has emerged from these studies is that phagocytic cells are essential for protection and that defects in these cells compromise the host's ability to resist fungal infection. This review covers the functions of phagocytes in innate antifungal immunity, along with selected examples of the strategies that are used by fungal pathogens to subvert these defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, United Kingdom.
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Chen H, Lunney JK, Cheng L, Li X, Cao J, Zhu M, Zhao S. Porcine S100A8 and S100A9: molecular characterizations and crucial functions in response to Haemophilus parasuis infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:490-500. [PMID: 21185856 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) and S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) are pivotal mediators of inflammatory and protective anti-infection responses for the mammalian host. In this study, we present the molecular cloning of porcine S100A8 (pS100A8) and porcine S100A9 (pS100A9). Both genes comprise 3 exons and 2 introns and are located on pig chromosome 4q21-q23 (closely linked to SW512). Homology comparison to other mammalian species affirmed that critical functional amino acids for post-transcriptional modification, inflammatory regulation, and formation of heterodimeric complexes exist in pS100A8 and pS100A9. Under normal conditions, both genes are preferentially expressed in porcine immune or immune-related organs, e.g., bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, and lung. Upon stimulation in porcine whole blood cultures with LPS or Poly(I:C), they are dramatically induced. Interestingly, the maximum increase of mRNA levels in blood cultures of Meishan pigs is significantly greater than that in Duroc pigs. We previously showed that pS100A8 and pS100A9 mRNA were up-regulated following Haemophilus parasuis (HPS) infection. We herein further confirm their up-regulation at the protein level in multiple HPS infected tissues (spleen, lung and liver). Functional cluster and network analysis based on our previous microarray data discovered that CEBPB may be one of the key transcription factors. A pS100A8/pS100A9-CASP3-SLC1A2 pathway regulating lipid metabolism was found. Both of their pro- and anti-inflammatory functions in response to HPS infection are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Chen
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
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28
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Apolipoprotein E genotype and oxidative stress response to traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience 2010; 168:811-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lim SY, Raftery MJ, Goyette J, Geczy CL. S-glutathionylation regulates inflammatory activities of S100A9. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14377-88. [PMID: 20223829 PMCID: PMC2863208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.075242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species generated by activated neutrophils can cause oxidative stress and tissue damage. S100A8 (A8) and S100A9 (A9), abundant in neutrophil cytoplasm, are exquisitely sensitive to oxidation, which may alter their functions. Murine A8 is a neutrophil chemoattractant, but it suppresses leukocyte transmigration in the microcirculation when S-nitrosylated. Glutathione (GSH) modulates intracellular redox, and S-glutathionylation can protect susceptible proteins from oxidative damage and regulate function. We characterized S-glutathionylation of A9; GSSG and GSNO generated S-glutathionylated A8 (A8-SSG) and A9 (A9-SSG) in vitro, whereas only A9-SSG was detected in cytosol of neutrophils activated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but not with fMLP or opsonized zymosan. S-Glutathionylation exposed more hydrophobic regions in Zn(2+)-bound A9 but did not alter Zn(2+) binding affinity. A9-SSG had reduced capacity to form heterocomplexes with A8, but the arachidonic acid binding capacities of A8/A9 and A8/A9-SSG were similar. A9 and A8/A9 bind endothelial cells; S-glutathionylation reduced binding. We found little effect of A9 or A9-SSG on neutrophil CD11b/CD18 expression or neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. However, A9, A9-SSG and A8/A9 promoted neutrophil adhesion to fibronectin but, in the presence of A8, A9-mediated adhesion was abrogated by glutathionylation. S-Glutathionylation of A9 may protect its oxidation to higher oligomers and reduce neutrophil binding to the extracellular matrix. This may regulate the magnitude of neutrophil migration in the extravasculature, and together with the functional changes we reported for S-nitrosylated A8, particular oxidative modifications of these proteins may limit tissue damage in acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin Lim
- From the Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research and
| | - Mark J. Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- From the Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research and
| | - Carolyn L. Geczy
- From the Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 612-9385-2777; E-mail:
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Goyette J, Geczy CL. Inflammation-associated S100 proteins: new mechanisms that regulate function. Amino Acids 2010; 41:821-42. [PMID: 20213444 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on new aspects of extracellular roles of the calgranulins. S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 are constitutively expressed in neutrophils and induced in several cell types. The S100A8 and S100A9 genes are regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and their functions may depend on cell type, mediators within a particular inflammatory milieu, receptors involved in their recognition and their post-translational modification. The S100A8 gene induction in macrophages is dependent on IL-10 and potentiated by immunosuppressive agents. S100A8 and S100A9 are oxidized by peroxide, hypochlorite and nitric oxide (NO). HOCl generates intra-chain sulfinamide bonds; stronger oxidation promotes cross-linked forms that are seen in human atheroma. S100A8 is >200-fold more sensitive to oxidative cross-linking than low-density lipoprotein and may reduce oxidative damage. S100A8 and S100A9 can be S-nitrosylated. S100A8-SNO suppresses mast cell activation and inflammation in the microcirculation and may act as an NO transporter to regulate vessel tone in inflammatory lesions. S100A12 activates mast cells and is a monocyte and mast cell chemoattractant; a G-protein-coupled mechanism may be involved. Structure-function studies are discussed in relation to conservation and divergence of functions in S100A8. S100A12 induces cytokines in mast cells, but not monocytes/macrophages. It forms complexes with Zn(2+) and, by chelating Zn(2+), S100A12 significantly inhibits MMPs. Zn(2+) in S100A12 complexes co-localize with MMP-9 in foam cells in atheroma. In summary, S100A12 has pro-inflammatory properties that are likely to be stable in an oxidative environment, because it lacks Cys and Met residues. Conversely, S100A8 and S100A9 oxidation and S-nitrosylation may have important protective mechanisms in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Goyette
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Guo N, Wu X, Yu L, Liu J, Meng R, Jin J, Lu H, Wang X, Yan S, Deng X. In vitroandin vivointeractions between fluconazole and allicin against clinical isolates of fluconazole-resistantCandida albicansdetermined by alternative methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:193-201. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hsu K, Champaiboon C, Guenther BD, Sorenson BS, Khammanivong A, Ross KF, Geczy CL, Herzberg MC. ANTI-INFECTIVE PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF S100 CALGRANULINS. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2009; 8:290-305. [PMID: 20523765 PMCID: PMC2879674 DOI: 10.2174/187152309789838975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The calgranulins are a subgroup of proteins in the S100 family (calgranulin A, S100A8; calgranulin B, S100A9 and calgranulin C, S100A12) that provide protective anti-infective and anti-inflammatory functions for the mammalian host. In this review, we discuss the structure-function relationships whereby S100A8 and S100A9, and for comparison, S100A12, provide intra- and extracellular protection during the complex interplay between infection and inflammation and how the calgranulins are regulated to optimally protect the host. Ideally located to support epithelial barrier function, calprotectin, a complex of S100A8/S100A9, is expressed in squamous mucosal keratinocytes and innate immune cells present at mucosal surfaces. The calgranulins are also abundantly produced in neutrophils and monocytes, whereas expression is induced in epidermal keratinocytes, gastrointestinal epithelial cells and fibroblasts during inflammation. The calgranulins show species-specific expression and function. For example, S100A8 is chemotactic in rodents but not in humans. In humans, S100A12 appears to serve as a functional chemotactic homolog to murine S100A8. Transition metal-binding and oxidation sites within calgranulins are able to create structural changes that may orchestrate new protective functions or binding targets. The calgranulins thus appear to adopt a variety of roles to protect the host. In addition to serving as a leukocyte chemoattractant, protective functions include oxidant scavenging, antimicrobial activity, and chemokine-like activities. Each function may reflect the concentration of the calgranulin, post-transcriptional modifications, oligomeric forms, and the proximal intracellular or extracellular environments. Calprotectin and the calgranulins are remarkable as multifunctional proteins dedicated to protecting the intra- and extracellular environments during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hsu
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chantrakorn Champaiboon
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Brian D. Guenther
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Brent S. Sorenson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Ali Khammanivong
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Karen F. Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Carolyn L. Geczy
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and the Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
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Urban CF, Ermert D, Schmid M, Abu-Abed U, Goosmann C, Nacken W, Brinkmann V, Jungblut PR, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil extracellular traps contain calprotectin, a cytosolic protein complex involved in host defense against Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000639. [PMID: 19876394 PMCID: PMC2763347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1195] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of defense at the site of an infection. They encounter and kill microbes intracellularly upon phagocytosis or extracellularly by degranulation of antimicrobial proteins and the release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). NETs were shown to ensnare and kill microbes. However, their complete protein composition and the antimicrobial mechanism are not well understood. Using a proteomic approach, we identified 24 NET-associated proteins. Quantitative analysis of these proteins and high resolution electron microscopy showed that NETs consist of modified nucleosomes and a stringent selection of other proteins. In contrast to previous results, we found several NET proteins that are cytoplasmic in unstimulated neutrophils. We demonstrated that of those proteins, the antimicrobial heterodimer calprotectin is released in NETs as the major antifungal component. Absence of calprotectin in NETs resulted in complete loss of antifungal activity in vitro. Analysis of three different Candida albicans in vivo infection models indicated that NET formation is a hitherto unrecognized route of calprotectin release. By comparing wild-type and calprotectin-deficient animals we found that calprotectin is crucial for the clearance of infection. Taken together, the present investigations confirmed the antifungal activity of calprotectin in vitro and, moreover, demonstrated that it contributes to effective host defense against C. albicans in vivo. We showed for the first time that a proportion of calprotectin is bound to NETs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin F. Urban
- Department for Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Ermert
- Department for Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Schmid
- Protein Analysis Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Abu-Abed
- Department for Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Goosmann
- Department for Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Nacken
- Institute for Immunology, Münster University, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter R. Jungblut
- Protein Analysis Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department for Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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